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For other uses, see Humour (disambiguation).

Humour or humor (see spelling differences) is the tendency of particular images, stories or situations to provoke laughter and provide amusement. American and British English spelling differences are one aspect of American and British English differences. Amusement is the state of experiencing humorous and usually entertaining events or situations and is associated with Enjoyment, Many theories exist about what humour is and what social function it serves. Yet, people of all ages and cultures respond to humour and most people share a common sense of humour.

The term derives from the humoral medicine of the ancient Greeks, which stated that a mix of fluids known as humours (Greek: χυμός, chymos, literally: juice or sap, metaphorically: flavour) controlled human health and emotion. Humorism, or humoralism, was a theory of the makeup and workings of the human body adopted by Greek and Roman physicians and philosophers The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly JUICE is a widely used non-commercial Software package for editing and analysing phytosociological data Flavor or flavour is the sensory impression of a Food or other substance, and is determined

A sense of humour is the ability to experience humour, although the extent to which an individual will find something humorous depends on a host of variables, including geographical location, culture, maturity, level of education, intelligence, and context. A variable (ˈvɛərɪəbl is an Attribute of a physical or an abstract System which may change its Value while it is under Observation. In Geography, location is a position or point in Physical space that something occupies on Earths' surface Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency For example, young children may possibly favour slapstick, such as Punch and Judy puppet shows or cartoons (e. Slapstick is a type of Comedy involving exaggerated physical violence or activities which exceed the boundaries of common sense such as a character being hit in the face with Punch and Judy is a traditional popular English Puppet show featuring the characters of Punch and his wife Judy g. Tom and Jerry). Tom and Jerry is a series of theatrical Short subjects (cartoons created by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Satire may rely more on understanding the target of the humour, and thus tends to appeal to more mature audiences. Satire is often strictly defined as a literary genre or form; although in practice it is also found in the graphic and Performing arts In satire human Non-satirical humour can be specifically termed "recreational drollery". [1][2]

Smiling often reflects a sense of humour and amusement, shown in a painting by Eduard von Grützner.
Smiling often reflects a sense of humour and amusement, shown in a painting by Eduard von Grützner. This article is about the facial expression For the typographical symbol see Smiley. Eduard Theodor Ritter von Grützner ( May 26, 1846 &ndash April 2, 1925) was a German painter and professor of art especially noted


Contents

Understanding humour

Humor occurs when

Arthur Schopenhauer lamented the misuse of the term (the German loanword from English) to mean any type of comedy. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one Language from another with little or no translation English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States However, both terms are often used when theorizing about the subject. The connotation of "humor" is more that of response, while "comic" refers more to stimulus. "Humor" also originally had a connotation of a combined ridiculousness and wit in one individual; the paradigm case being Shakespeare's Sir John Falstaff. The French were slow to adopt the term "humour," and in French "humeur" and "humour" are still two different words, the former still referring only to the archaic concept of humors. Erich Adickes, Eduard Spränger, Ernst Kretschmer, and Erich Fromm all theorized on the four temperaments (with different names and greatly

Western humor theory begins with Plato who attributed to Socrates (as a semi-historical dialogue character), in the Philebus (p. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece SOCRATES is the European Community action programme in the field of Education. Philebus (often called The Philebus) is among the last of the late Socratic dialogues of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato. 49b), the view that the essence of the ridiculous is an ignorance in the weak who are thus unable to retaliate when ridiculed. Later in Greek philosophy, Aristotle in the Poetics (1449a p 34-35) suggested that an ugliness that does not disgust is fundamental to humor. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Poetics refers generally to the theory of literary Discourse and specifically to the theory of Poetry, although some speakers use the term so broadly as to denote

The Incongruity Theory originated mostly with Kant who claimed that the comic is an expectation that comes to nothing. Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg Henri Bergson attempted to perfect incongruity, by reducing it to the 'living' and 'mechanical'. [3]

An incongruity like Bergson's, in things juxtaposed simultaneously, is still in vogue. This is often debated against theories of the shifts in perspectives in humor. Hence the debate in the series Humor Research between John Morreall and Robert Latta. [4] Morreall presented mostly simultaneous juxtapositions,[5], with Latta countering that it requires a "cognitive shift," created by a discovery or solution to a puzzle or problem. Latta is criticized for having reduced jokes' essence to their own puzzling aspect.

Humour frequently contains an unexpected, often sudden, shift in perspective, which gets assimilated by the Incongruity Theory. This view has been defended by Latta (1998) and by Brian Boyd (2004). Brian Boyd is a Distinguished Professor in the Department of English at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. [6] Boyd views the shift as from seriousness to play. Nearly anything can be the object of this perspective twist. It is, however is in the areas of human creativity (science and art being the other two) that the shift results from ‘structure mapping’ (termed "bisociation" by Koestler) to create novel meanings. [7] Koestler argues that humour results when two different frames of reference are set up and a collision is engineered between them.

Tony Veach, who is taking a more formalised computational approach than Koestler did, has written on the role of metaphor and metonymy in humour,[8][9][10] using inspiration from Koestler as well as from Dedre Gentner´s theory of structure-mapping, George Lakoff´s and Mark Johnson´s theory of conceptual metaphor and Mark Turner´s and Gilles Fauconnier´s theory of conceptual blending. Dedre Gentner is a professor in the Department of Psychology at Northwestern University. "Lakoff" and "Professor Lakoff" redirect here Mark Johnson may refer to Academics Mark Johnson (professor, philosophy professor Mark H In Cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphor refers to the understanding of one idea or Conceptual domain in terms of another for example understanding Quantity Mark Turner is a cognitive scientist, linguist, and Author. He is Institute Professor and Professor and Chair of Cognitive Science at Case Western Gilles Fauconnier (ʒil fokɔˈnje (born August 19, 1944) is a French linguist, researcher in Cognitive science, and Author Conceptual Blending (aka Conceptual Integration) is a general theory of Cognition.

Some claim that humour cannot or should not be explained. Author E. B. White once said that "Humor can be dissected as a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind. An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created Elwyn Brooks "E B" White ( July 11, 1899 – October 1 1985) was an American writer "

Evolution of humour

As with any form of art, the same goes for humour, acceptance depends on social demographics and varies from person to person. Throughout history comedy has been used as a form of entertainment all over the world, whether in the courts of the Western kings or the villages of the far east. Both a social etiquette and a certain intelligence can be displayed through forms of wit and sarcasm. 18th-century German author Georg Lichtenberg said that "the more you know humour, the more you become demanding in fineness. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Georg Christoph Lichtenberg ( 1 July 1742 – 24 February 1799) was a German Scientist, Satirist and "

Humour formulae

Root components:

Methods:

Rowan Atkinson explains in his lecture in the documentary "Funny Business",[11] that an object or a person can become funny in three different ways. Reality, in everyday usage means "the state of things as they actually exist" Metaphor (from the Greek: μεταφορά - metaphora, meaning "transfer" is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects Hyperbole (haɪˈpɝːbəli hye-PER-buh-lee; "HYE-per-bowl" is a mispronunciation comes from Greek "υπερβολή" (meaning exaggeration and is a Reframing is a technique in Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP where an undesirable behavior or trait is conferred a positive intention. Comic timing is use of rhythm and tempo to enhance Comedy and Humor. Reductio ad absurdum ( Latin for "reduction to the absurd" also known as an apagogical argument, reductio ad impossibile A farce is a Comedy written for the stage or film which aims to Entertain the audience by means of unlikely extravagant and improbable situations disguise and mistaken Rowan Atkinson (born 6 January 1955 is an English Comedian, actor and writer famous for his title roles in the British television comedies Blackadder Funny Business is a documentary style television series about the craft of Comedy consisting of six 50-minute episodes They are:

Most sight gags fit into one or more of these categories. In comedy a visual gag or sight gag is anything which conveys its Humor visually often without words being used at all

Humour is also sometimes described as an ingredient in spiritual life. Humour is also the act of being funny. Some synonyms of funny or humour are hilarious, knee-slapping, spiritual, wise-minded, outgoing, and amusing. Some Masters have added it to their teachings in various forms. A famous figure in spiritual humour is the laughing Buddha, who would answer all questions with a laugh. Budai ( or Budai Luohan, pronounced Hotei in Japanese, also known as the Laughing Buddha, is an interpretation of the Bodhisattva

See also

References

  1. ^ Seth Benedict Graham A CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE RUSSO-SOVIET ANEKDOT 2003 p. Clowns are comic performers stereotypically characterized by their Grotesque appearance colored wigs stylistic makeup, outlandish Costumes unusually Comedy (from the Greek κωμωδίαkomodia has a popular meaning (any discourse generally intended to amuse especially in Television, Film, and A comedian or comic is a person who seeks to entertain an audience primarily by making them laugh Comics (via Latin from the Greek "" kōmikos, of or pertaining to "comedy" from kōmos "revel" Computational humor is a branch of Computational linguistics and Artificial intelligence which uses Computers in Humor research See also Mathematics of humor A joke is a short story or ironic depiction of a situation communicated with the intent of being humorous. The Internet has long been a resource for the circulation of Humorous ideas and Jokes Countless web-sites are devoted to the collection This page lists publications in humor research, with brief annotations The Mark Twain Prize for American Humor is awarded by the John F Satire is often strictly defined as a literary genre or form; although in practice it is also found in the graphic and Performing arts In satire human Political satire is a significant part of Satire that specializes in gaining entertainment from politicsusing political cartoons politicians and public affairs 13
  2. ^ Bakhtin, Mikhail. Rabelais and His World [1941, 1965]. Trans. Hélène Iswolsky. Bloomington: Indiana University Press p. 12
  3. ^ Henri Bergson, Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic (1900) English translation 1914.
  4. ^ Robert L. Latta (1999) The Basic Humor Process: A Cognitive-Shift Theory and the Case against Incongruity, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 3110161036 (Humor Research no. 5)
  5. ^ John Morreall (1983) Taking Laughter Seriously , SUNY Press, ISBN 0873956427
  6. ^ Brian Boyd, Laughter and Literature: A Play Theory of Humor Philosophy and Literature - Volume 28, Number 1, April 2004, pp. 1-22
  7. ^ Koestler, Arthur (1964): "The Act of Creation".
  8. ^ Veach, Tony (2003): "Metaphor and Metonymy: The Cognitive Trump-Cards of Linguistic Humor"[1]
  9. ^ Veale, Tony (2006): "The Cognitive Mechanisms of Adversarial Humor"[2]
  10. ^ Veale, Tony (2004): "Incongruity in Humour: Root Cause of Epiphenomonon?"[3]
  11. ^ Rowan Atkinson/David Hinton, Funny Business (tv series), Episode 1 - aired 22 November 1992, UK, Tiger Television Productions

Peter Balow

Further reading

External links

The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory

Dictionary

humour

-noun

  1. Something funny such as a joke, satire, parody, etc.
  2. (archaic) Four "fluids" that were believed to control the health and mood of the human body - blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm.
  3. (figuratively) A mood.
  4. Either of the two regions of liquid within the eyeball, the aqueous humour and vitreous humour.

-verb

  1. (transitive) To pacify by indulging.
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