For the biological matter in soil, see Humus; for the band, see Humus (band). Humus (Origin 1790–1800 Latin: earth ground) is the organic material in Soil lending it a dark brown or black colouration Humus is a psychedelic band from Mexico which has been active since the late 1980s

Hummus (also spelled hamos, houmous, hommos, hommus, hummos, hummous or humus; see romanization of Arabic) is a dip or spread made from cooked, mashed chickpeas, blended with tahini, olive oil, lemon juice, salt and garlic. Different approaches and methods for the Romanization of Arabic exist A dip or dipping sauce is a common Condiment for many types of food A spread is a food that is spread with a knife onto Bread, crackers, or other bread products The chickpea ( Cicer arietinum) (also garbanzo bean, Indian pea, ceci bean, bengal gram, chana, kadale kaalu, Tahini, or sesame paste, is a paste of ground Sesame seeds used in cooking Olive oil is a fruit oil obtained from the olive ( Olea europaea; family Oleaceae along with Lilacs Jasmine and ash trees The lemon ( Citrus × limon) is a hybrid in cultivated wild plants Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants Allium sativum L, commonly known as garlic, is a species in the Onion family Alliaceae. Hummus is a popular food in various local forms throughout the Middle Eastern world. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. ^[1]

Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Nutritional information 4 Serving methods 4.1 Lebanon 4.2 Palestine 4.3 Syria 4.4 Egypt 4.5 Jordan 4.6 Israel 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References

Etymology

The word comes from Arabic حمٌص ḥummuṣ^[2] 'chickpeas'. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Like other Arabic loanwords, its spelling in English is unstable. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States ^[2] The earliest known use of the word hummus in English noted by the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) was in 1955. The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English ^[3] The three most common spellings for the word as transliterated into English are hummus, hommos and hoummos. The spelling humus is avoided in English due to its similarity to the English word humus, though this is the most common ] spelling^[2] and the OED indicates the word entered the English language from Arabic. Humus (Origin 1790–1800 Latin: earth ground) is the organic material in Soil lending it a dark brown or black colouration Humus (Origin 1790–1800 Latin: earth ground) is the organic material in Soil lending it a dark brown or black colouration ^[3] The full Arabic name of the prepared spread is حُمُّص بطحينة (hummus bi tahina) which means chickpeas with tahini. Tahini, or sesame paste, is a paste of ground Sesame seeds used in cooking

History

Many cuisine-related sources describe hummus as one of the oldest known prepared foods,^[4][5][6] with a long history in the Middle East which stretches back to antiquity but its historical origins are unknown. ^[7][8] The main ingredients of hummus were known in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle Eastern worlds, however it is unknown whether hummus bi tahini or any similar dish was made. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East.

While the antiquity of hummus is not well documented, the history of its two principle ingredients is more widely understood. Chickpeas are hummus' main ingredient and have been a human food item for over 10,000 years. ^[9] The chickpea was used as a food item in Palestine before 4000 BC, was a common street dish in ancient Rome^[10] and was one of the earliest crops cultivated in Mesopotamia. Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Archeological evidence identifies chickpeas in the Sumerian diet before 2500 BC. ^[11] They are noted in a 13th century work by Muhammad ibn al-Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Karim al Katab al Baghdadi of Persia for a "simple dish" of meat, pulses and spices. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia ^[12]

Tahini (sesame paste) lacks a clear historical context, although sesame was grown in ancient Assyrian and Babylonian gardens and is mentioned by Columella. Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital Lucius Iunius Moderatus Columella ( Gades, Hispania Baetica, AD 4 - ca ^[13] It was common in Roman and Persian kitchens in the form of sesame oil and not the tahini paste of hummus bi tahini. Sesame oil (also known as "gingelly oil" or "til oil" is an edible Vegetable oil derived from Sesame seeds Besides being used as a Cooking ^[14]

Other ingredients are used in various versions hummus bi tahini. The olive originated in Syria and Palestine where it was being cultivated by the fourth millennium BC. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية A variety may have been indigenous to Crete, where olives were being cultivated by 2500 BC. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the The Bible mentions olive oil many times and it was exported from Palestine to places such as Egypt. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Several Roman writers indicate salt was used in extracting the oil. ^[15] Garlic was grown in the gardens of King Merodach-Baladan II of Babylon and probably was in Greece by the early Bronze Age. Marduk-apla-iddina II (the biblical Merodach-baladan, also called Marduk-baladan, Baladan and Berodach-baladan. The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for ^[16] The lemon was last to arrive in the Middle East and Mediterranean world, originating in India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country However, depictions of lemons have been found at Pompeii and Tusculum, so this fruit must have reached the Roman world, at least as a luxury import, by the first century. Pompeii is a ruined and partially buried Roman town-city near modern Naples and Caserta in the Italian region of Campania, in For other uses of Tusculum see Tusculum (disambiguation. Tusculum is the classical Roman name of a major ancient Alban Hills city in ^[17]

No date or history has been documented as to when these items were first combined into the now widely-known food hummus bi tahini. Sources such as Cooking in Ancient Civilizations by Cathy K. Kaufman^[10] carry speculative recipes for ancient Egyptian hummus, substituting vinegar for lemon juice, but acknowledge we do not know how the Egyptians ate their chick-peas. Similarly, no recipe for hummus has been identified among the many books on cooking surviving from ancient Rome. Hummus has been noted as a food in 18th-century Damascus (although the same source claims it was unknown elsewhere)^[18] and is noted in one of the sources cited by the OED as a traditonal Arab dish. The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding ^[19]

Nutritional information

Hummus is high in iron and vitamin C. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Vitamin C or L-ascorbate is an Essential nutrient for a large number of higher primate species a small number of other Mammalian The chickpeas make it a good source of protein and dietary fiber. Dietary fibers are the indigestible portion of plant foods that move food through the Digestive system, absorbing water and easing Defecation. Depending on the recipe hummus carries varying amounts of monounsaturated fat. For discussion how dietary fats affect cardiovascular health see Diet and heart disease. ^[20] Hummus is useful in vegetarian and vegan diets and like other combinations of grains and pulses, when eaten with bread it provides essential amino acids. Vegetarianism is the practice of a diet that excludes Meat (including game and slaughter by-products Fish (including Shellfish and other sea Pulses are annual leguminous crops yielding from one to twelve Grains or Seeds of variable size shape and color within a Pod, according An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid is an Amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo by the organism (usually referring to In the United States, the government is trying to introduce healthier food in school cafeterias to slow obesity rates; along with whole-grain pizzas and baked chicken nuggets, the new offerings include hummus. ^[21]

Serving methods

As an appetizer and dip hummus is scooped with flatbread (such as pita). ApetitizerShpjpg|thumb|Swiss cuisine ( Schynige Platte)]] Hors d'œuvre ( French literally 'outside the work' English ɔrˈdɝv or appetizers are Pita (also called and less commonly known as pitta or pide (Turkish pitka (Bulgarian and pronounced "pitta" in Greek is an often round Hummus is also served as part of a meze or as an accompaniment to falafel, grilled chicken, fish or eggplant. Meze or mezze ( Arabic, مَزة, Greek mezé (μεζέ Bulgarian: мезé / mezé, Turkish Falafel (فلافل; פלאפל also known in Egypt and Sudan as ta'meya Arabic طعمية is a fried ball or patty made from Spiced Fava The chicken ( Gallus gallus, sometimes G gallus domesticus) is a domesticated Fowl which is traditionally believed to have descended from Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two The eggplant, aubergine, or brinjal ( Solanum melongena) is a plant of the family Solanaceae (also known as the nightshades Garnishes include chopped tomato, cucumber, cilantro, parsley, sautéed mushrooms, whole chickpeas, olive oil, hard-boiled eggs, paprika, ful, olives and pickles. The tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum, syn Lycopersicon lycopersicum) is a herbaceous usually sprawling plant in the Solanaceae or nightshade family The cucumber ( Cucumis sativus) is a widely cultivated plant in the Gourd family Cucurbitaceae, which includes squash, and in the same Coriander ( Coriandrum sativum) also commonly called cilantro, is an annual Herb in the family Apiaceae. A mushroom is the fleshy Spore -bearing Fruiting body of a Fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source The chickpea ( Cicer arietinum) (also garbanzo bean, Indian pea, ceci bean, bengal gram, chana, kadale kaalu, Olive oil is a fruit oil obtained from the olive ( Olea europaea; family Oleaceae along with Lilacs Jasmine and ash trees Ful medames ( Arabic: فول مدمس fūl mudammas) is one of the National dishes of Sudan and Egypt, often eaten at breakfast Outside the Middle East it is sometimes served with tortilla chips or crackers. A tortilla chip is a Snack food made from corn Tortillas which are cut into wedges and then fried (alternately they may be discs pressed out of corn

Hummus ful (pronounced /fuːl/) is topped with a paste made from fava beans boiled until soft and then crushed. Ful medames ( Arabic: فول مدمس fūl mudammas) is one of the National dishes of Sudan and Egypt, often eaten at breakfast Vicia faba, the broad bean, fava bean, faba bean, horse bean, field bean, tic bean is a species of Hummus masubha/mashawsha is a mixture of hummus paste, warm chickpeas and tahini. Masabcha (מֶ‏סָ‏בָּ‏‏חָ‏ה or m'sabcha (sometimes called " mashawsha " is a variation of Hummus popular in Israel

Lebanon

In Lebanon hummus is a traditional, widely consumed and very popular dish. Hummus in Lebanon may be garnished with colorful vegetables along with parsley and sumac. Parsley ( Petroselinum crispum) is a bright Green, biennial Herb, also used as Spice. Sumac (ˈʃuːmæk or /ˈs(juːmæk/ also spelled sumach) is any one of approximately 250 species of Flowering plants in the Genus Rhus Pickled turnips along with pickled cucumbers and hot green peppers may be served on the side with a traditional garnish of sour pomegranate seeds. Pickling, also known as brining or corning, is the process of preserving Food by Anaerobic fermentation in Brine (a solution For similar vegetables also called "turnip" see Turnip (disambiguation. In Lebanon hummus is also served with whole chickpeas and olive oil on top. Hummus awarma is topped with minced meat, onions and pine nuts. Many Lebanese restaurants have introduced and made hummus a very popular dish to various cities around the world.

Palestine

In Palestine hummus has long been a staple food, garnished with olive oil and mint leaves, paprika, parsley, or cumin. Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. ^[22] A related dish popular in both Jordan and the territories is laban ma' hummus ("Yogurt and chickpeas") which uses yogurt in the place of tahini and butter in the place of olive oil. Yoghurt, yogurt, yoghourt, youghurt or yogourt (see spelling below is a The chickpeas are first boiled alone before the other ingredients are added, and it is served hot. ^[23] The Palestinian hummus have many variations for example the Hummus masabacha is made with lemon-spiked tahini garnished with whole chickpeas and a sprinkling of paprika

Syria

In Vegetarian Dishes from the Middle East Arto der Hartoiunian calls hummus "one of the most popular and best-known of all Syrian dishes" and "a must on any mezzeh table. Meze or mezze ( Arabic, مَزة, Greek mezé (μεζέ Bulgarian: мезé / mezé, Turkish "^[24] Syrians in Canada's Arab diaspora prepare and consume hummus along with other dishes like falafel, kibbe and tabouleh, even among the third and fourth-generation offspring of the original immigrants. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Falafel (فلافل; פלאפל also known in Egypt and Sudan as ta'meya Arabic طعمية is a fried ball or patty made from Spiced Fava Kibbeh or kibbe (also kubbeh) ( Arabic كبة 'kibbeh or 'kubbah is a family of Levantine dishes made of Burghul, chopped Tabbouleh (تبولة also tabouleh or tabouli) is a Levantine Arab dish often used as part of a Mezze. ^[25]

Egypt

Hummus is traditionally garnished with cumin in Egypt. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics.

Jordan

In Jordan hummus mahluta (also known as kudshiya) is covered with a combination of ful paste and warm chick peas. Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern

Israel

Hummus is a common part of everyday meals in Israel. ^[26] Many restaurants in Israel, mainly the Arab Palestinian restaurants, are dedicated to hot hummus, which may be served as chickpeas softened with baking soda along with garlic, olive oil, cumin and tahini. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The Israeli version of hummus is actually the Palestinian hummus variations, for example the Hummus masabacha is made with lemon-spiked tahini garnished with whole chickpeas and a sprinkling of paprika^[27].

See also

• Arab cuisine
• Greek cuisine
• Lebanese cuisine
• Palestinian cuisine
• Syrian cuisine

Notes

References

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