An ad for a "Peoples Show" (Völkerschau) in Stuttgart (Germany), 1928

Human zoos (also called "ethnological expositions" or "Negro Villages") were 19th and 20th century public exhibits of human beings, usually in a "natural" or "primitive" state. Negro is a term referring to people of Black African ancestry The displays often emphasized the cultural differences between Western and non-European peoples. Ethnographic zoos were often predicated on unilinealism, scientific racism, and a version of Social Darwinism. Unilineal evolution (also referred to as classical social evolution) is a 19th century Social theory about the Evolution of societies and Cultures Scientific racism denotes the use of scientific or ostensibly scientific findings and methods to support or validate racist attitudes and worldviews Social Darwinism is a theory that competition among all individuals groups nations or ideas drives Social evolution in human societies A number of them placed indigenous people (particularly Africans) in a continuum somewhere between the great apes and human beings of European descent. The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical For this reason, ethnographic zoos have since been criticized as highly degrading and racist. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that

First human zoos

A caricature of Saartjie Baartman, called the Hottentot Venus. Saartjie "Sarah" Baartman ( 1789 &ndash December 29, 1815) was the most famous of at least two Khoikhoi women who were exhibited Born to a Khoisan family, she was displayed in London in the early 19th century. Khoisan (increasingly commonly spelled Khoesan or Khoe-San) is the name for two major Ethnic groups of Southern Africa.

One of the first modern public human exhibitions was P.T. Barnum's exhibition of Joice Heth on February 25, 1835^[1] and, subsequently, the Siamese twins Chang and Eng Bunker. Phineas Taylor Barnum (July 5 1810 &ndash April 7 1891 was an American Showman remembered for Hoaxes and for founding the Circus that became the Joice Heth (c1756– February 19, 1836) was an African American slave who was exhibited by P Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Conjoined twins are whose bodies are joined in utero A rare phenomenon the occurrence is estimated to range from 1 in 50000 births to 1 in 200000 births with a somewhat higher incidence However, the notion of the human curiosity has a history at least as long as colonialism. For instance, Columbus brought indigenous Americans from his voyages in the New World to the Spanish court in 1493. Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer ^[2] Another famous example was that of Saartjie Baartman of the Namaqua, often referred to as the Hottentot Venus, who was displayed in London until her death in 1815. Saartjie "Sarah" Baartman ( 1789 &ndash December 29, 1815) was the most famous of at least two Khoikhoi women who were exhibited Nama (in older sources also called Namaqua) are an African Ethnic group of South Africa, Namibia and Botswana. During the 1850s, Maximo and Bartola, two microcephalic children from Central America, were exhibited in the US and Europe under the names "Aztec Children" and "Aztec Lilliputians" (See Aguirre, Informal Empire, ch. Microcephaly is a Neurodevelopmental disorder in which the circumference of the head 4). However, human zoos would become common only in the 1870s in the midst of the New Imperialism period. New Imperialism refers to the colonial expansion adopted by Europe 's powers and later Japan and the United States, during the 19th

1870s to World War II

Exhibitions of exotic populations became popular in various countries in the 1870s. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Events and Trends Technology The invention of the prototype telephone by Alexander G Human zoos could be found in Hamburg, Antwerp, Barcelona, London, Milan, New York, and Warsaw with 200,000 to 300,000 visitors attending each exhibition. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany ||-||-||-||} Antwerp ( Dutch:, French: Anvers) is a City and Municipality in Belgium and the capital of the Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. In Germany, Carl Hagenbeck, a merchant in wild animals and future entrepreneur of many European zoos, decided in 1874 to exhibit Samoan and Sami people as "purely natural" populations. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Carl Hagenbeck ( June 10, 1844 - April 14, 1913) was a merchant of Wild animals who supplied many European Zoos as well An entrepreneur is a person who has possession over a company enterprise, or Venture, and assumes significant accountability for the inherent risks and the outcome Samoans are a Polynesian ethnic group living in the Samoan Islands. The Sami people are the Indigenous people of northern Europe inhabiting Sápmi, which today encompasses parts of northern Sweden, Norway In 1876, he sent a collaborator to the Egyptian Sudan to bring back some wild beasts and Nubians. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. The Nubians (Arabic نوبي Nuubi are an ethnic group originally from northern Sudan, now inhabiting East Africa and some parts of Northeast Africa in southern Egypt The Nubian exhibit was very successful in Europe and toured Paris, London, and Berlin. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. He also dispatched an agent to Labrador to secure a number of "Esquimaux" (Inuit) from the settlement of Hopedale; these Inuit were exhibited in his Hamburg Tierpark. Inuit (plural the singular Inuk, means "man" or "person" is a general term for a group of culturally similar Indigenous peoples inhabiting The Tierpark Hagenbeck is a Zoo in Stellingen, in Hamburg, Germany.

Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire, director of the Jardin d'acclimatation, decided in 1877 to organize two ethnological spectacles that presented Nubians and Inuit. The Jardin d'Acclimatation (20 hectares 49 acres is a children's amusement park with a Menagerie, the Exploradome museum and other attractions located in the northern Inuit (plural the singular Inuk, means "man" or "person" is a general term for a group of culturally similar Indigenous peoples inhabiting That year, the audience of the Jardin d'acclimatation doubled to one million. Between 1877 and 1912, approximately thirty ethnological exhibitions were presented at the Jardin zoologique d'acclimatation.

Both the 1878 and the 1889 Parisian World's Fair presented a Negro Village (village nègre). The third Paris World's Fair, called an Exposition Universelle in French, was held from May 1 though to November 10, 1878 The Exposition Universelle of 1889 was a World's Fair held in Paris, France from May 6, to October 31, 1889. Visited by 28 million people, the 1889 World's Fair displayed 400 indigenous people as the major attraction. The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical The 1900 World's Fair presented the famous diorama living in Madagascar, while the Colonial Exhibitions in Marseilles (1906 and 1922) and in Paris (1907 and 1931) also displayed human beings in cages, often nude or semi-nude. The word diorama can refer either to a nineteenth century mobile theatre device or in modern usage a three-dimensional model usually enclosed in a glass showcase for a museum Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern A colonial exhibition was a type of international exhibition intended to boost trade and bolster popular support for the various colonial empires during ^[3] The 1931 exhibition in Paris was so successful that 34 million people attended it in six months, while a smaller counter-exhibition entitled The Truth on the Colonies, organized by the Communist Party, attracted very few visitors—in the first room, it recalled Albert Londres and André Gide's critics of forced labour in the colonies. The Paris Colonial Expostion (or " Exposition coloniale internationale " International Colonial Exposition was a six-month Colonial Exhibition held The French Communist Party ( French: Parti communiste français or PCF) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of Albert Londres (1884 - 1932 was a French Journalist and Writer. Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations especially in modern or early modern history in which people are employed against their will Nomadic Senegalese Villages were also presented. Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa.

Native people of Suriname were displayed in the International Colonial and Export Exhibition in Amsterdam held behind the Rijksmuseum in 1883. Suriname ( Dutch: Suriname; Sranan Tongo: Sranan) officially the Republic of Suriname (traditionally spelled Surinam by Rijksmuseum ( English: State Museum is the general name for a National museum in the Dutch language.

Ota Benga, a human exhibit, in 1906. Ota Benga (c1881 or 1884 &ndash March 20, 1916) was a Congolese Pygmy who was featured in a 1906 Human zoo exhibit at the

In 1906, socialite and amateur anthropologist Madison Grant, head of the New York Zoological Society, had Congolese pygmy Ota Benga put on display at the Bronx Zoo in New York City alongside apes and other animals. Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Madison Grant ( November 19, 1865 &ndash May 30, 1937) was an American Lawyer, known primarily for his work as a New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions Pygmies (singular Pygmy) refers to a member of any human group whose adult males grow to less than 150 cm (4 feet 11 inches in average height or less than 155 cm Ota Benga (c1881 or 1884 &ndash March 20, 1916) was a Congolese Pygmy who was featured in a 1906 Human zoo exhibit at the This article is about the zoo for the TV series see The Bronx Zoo (TV series; for the book "The Bronx Zoo" about the Yankees see Sparky Lyle, its At the behest of Grant, a prominent eugenicist, the zoo director placed Ota Benga in a cage with a chimpanzee and labeled him The Missing Link, suggesting that in evolutionary terms Africans like Ota Benga were closer to apes than were Europeans. Eugenics is a social Philosophy which advocates the improvement of Human Hereditary traits through various forms of intervention Chimpanzee (often shortened to chimp) is the common name for the two extant Species of Apes in the Genus Pan. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008

Legacy of human zoos

The concept of the human zoo has not completely disappeared. A Congolese Village was displayed at the Brussels 1958 World's Fair. The Belgian Congo ( Dutch: Belgisch Kongo French: Congo Belge German: Belgisch Kongo was the formal title of present-day Democratic Republic Expo 58, also known as the Brussels World’s Fair, Brusselse Wereldtentoonstelling or Exposition Universelle et Internationale de Bruxelles, was held from ^[4] An African Village was opened in Augsburg's zoo in Germany in July 2005. Augsburg is an independent City in the south-west of Bavaria. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. 2005: January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October ^[5] In August 2005, London Zoo also displayed human beings wearing fig leaves (though in this case, the participants volunteered). PortalCurrent events News collections and sources WikipediaNews collections and sources. ZSL London Zoo is the world's oldest scientific Zoo. It was opened in London on April 27 1828, and was originally intended to be used ^[6] In 2007, Adelaide Zoo ran a Human Zoo exhibit which consisted of a group of people who, as part of a study exercise, had applied to be housed in the former ape enclosure by day, but then returned home by night. Adelaide Zoo is Australia's second oldest zoo located in Adelaide, South Australia and the only major metropolitan zoo in Australia to be owned and operated The inhabitants took part in several exercises, much to the amusement of onlookers, who were asked for donations towards a new ape enclosure. In 2007, Pygmy performers at the Festival of Pan-African Music were housed at a zoo. Pygmies (singular Pygmy) refers to a member of any human group whose adult males grow to less than 150 cm (4 feet 11 inches in average height or less than 155 cm ^[7]

See also

• Anthropology
• Colonialism
• Freak show
• New Imperialism
• Scramble for Africa
• Zoo
• Abraham Ulrikab

References

• Robert D. Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism Generally considered in contemporary times as a highly inappropriate and dehumanizing term a freak show is an exhibition of rarities "freaks of nature" — such New Imperialism refers to the colonial expansion adopted by Europe 's powers and later Japan and the United States, during the 19th The Scramble for Africa, also known as the Race for Africa, was the proliferation of conflicting European claims to African territory during the New A zoological garden, shortened to zoo, is an institution in which living animals are exhibited in captivity Abraham Ulrikab (c 1845 - January 13 1881) was an Inuk from Hebron, Labrador, in the present day province of Newfoundland Aguirre, Informal Empire: Mexico and Central America in Victorian Culture, (Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press, 2005).

Bibliography and films

• Nicolas Bancel, Pascal Blanchard, Gilles Boëtsch, Eric Deroo, Sandrine Lemaire Zoos humains. De la Vénus hottentote aux reality shows, edition La Découverte (2002) 480 pages (French) - French presentation of the book here ISBN 2-7071-4401-0
• The Couple in the Cage. Saartjie "Sarah" Baartman ( 1789 &ndash December 29, 1815) was the most famous of at least two Khoikhoi women who were exhibited Reality television is a genre of Television programming which presents purportedly unscripted dramatic or humorous situations documents actual events and usually features ordinary Éditions Gallimard is one of the leading French Publishers of books 1997. Dir. Coco Fusco and Paula Eredia. 30 min.
• Régis Warnier, the film Man to Man

"From Bella Coola to Berlin". 2006. Dir. Barbara Hager. 48 minutes. Broadcaster -- Bravo! Canada (2007) "Indianer in Berlin: Hagenbeck's Volkerschau". 2006. Dir. Barbara Hager. Broadcaster -- Discovery Germany Geschichte Channel (2007).

External links

• "Human zoos - Racist theme parks for Europe's colonialists", Le Monde Diplomatique, August 2000. Le Monde diplomatique (nicknamed "Le Diplo" by its French readers is a monthly publication offering analysis and opinion on politics culture and current affairs   (English); "Ces zoos humains de la République coloniale", Le Monde Diplomatique, August 2000. Le Monde diplomatique (nicknamed "Le Diplo" by its French readers is a monthly publication offering analysis and opinion on politics culture and current affairs   (French) (available to everyone)
• "On A Neglected Aspect Of Western Racism", by Kurt Jonassohn, December 2000 (Jonassohn is known for his book with Frank Chalk, The history and sociology of genocide : analyses and case studies, 1990, Yale University Press; New Haven) (English)
• On the construction of the African "savage" stereotype necessary to colonialism, on Africansocieties.org (English)
• "First thoughts on the site of the Groote Schuur Zoo by Nick Shepherd & David Van Reybrouck (English)
• The Colonial Exposition of May 1931 by Michael Vann (English)
• May 2003 Symposium "Human Zoos or the exhibition of the creature" (French)
• Imperial Culture in countries without colonies : Africa and Switzerland; The Human Zoo in Switzerland: object of popular curiosity or tool of colonial propaganda? by Patrick Minder, University of Neuchâtel (French)
• Guido Abbattista, Africains en exposition (Italie XIXe siècle) entre racialisme, spectacularité et humanitarisme (French)
• "Official site of the Adelaide Human Zoo" (English)