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Human trafficking is the recruitment, transportation, harbouring, or receipt of people for the purpose of exploitation. It is estimated to be a $5 to $9 billion-a-year industry. [1]The Council Of Europe states "People trafficking has reached epidemic proportions over the past decade, with a global annual market of about $42. 5 billion". [2][3] Trafficking victims typically are recruited using coercion, deception, fraud, the abuse of power, or outright abduction. Coercion (co-er-shion is the practice of compelling a person or manipulating them to behave in an involuntary way (whether through action or inaction by use of threats Deception (also called beguilement or subterfuge) is the act of convincing another to believe Information that is not true or not the whole truth as in In the broadest sense a fraud is a Deception made for personal gain or to damage another individual Threats, violence, and economic leverage can often make a victim consent to exploitation.

Exploitation includes forcing people into prostitution or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs. The term " exploitation " may carry two distinct meanings The act of utilizing something for any purpose Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money. Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations especially in modern or early modern history in which people are employed against their will As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Organ theft is the practice of stealing people's organs via surgery while they are under the influence of drugs or once the person is dead when the organs can be illicitly removed and For children, exploitation may also include forced prostitution, illicit international adoption, trafficking for early marriage, or recruitment as child soldiers, beggars, for sports (such as child camel jockeys or football players), or for religious cults. International adoption, or intercountry adoption is a type of Adoption in which an individual or couple becomes the legal and permanent parents of a child born in another country The military use of Children takes three distinct forms children can take direct part in hostilities (child soldiers or they can be used in support roles such as porters spies messengers "Beggar" redirects here Distinguish from Begga and Bega. Before 2005 children as young as four are trafficked from countries such as Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sudan for use as jockeys in the Persian [4]

Contents

Overview

Human trafficking differs from people smuggling. People smuggling is a term which is used to describe transportation of people across international borders to a non-official entry point of a destination country for a variety of reasons In the latter, people voluntarily request smuggler's service for fees and there may be no deception involved in the (illegal) agreement. On arrival at their destination, the smuggled person is usually free. On the other hand, the trafficking victim is enslaved, or the terms of their debt bondage are highly exploitative. Debt bondage or bonded labor is a means of paying off loans with direct labor instead of currency or goods The trafficker takes away the basic human rights of the victim. [5] [6]

Victims are sometimes tricked and lured by false promises or physically forced. A temptation is an act that looks appealing to an individual It is usually used to describe acts with negative connotations and as such tends to lead a person to Regret [7] Some traffickers use coercive and manipulative tactics including deception, intimidation, feigned love, isolation, threat and use of physical force, debt bondage, other abuse, or even force-feeding with drugs to control their victims. Deception (also called beguilement or subterfuge) is the act of convincing another to believe Information that is not true or not the whole truth as in Intimidation (also called cowing) is intentional behavior "which would cause a person of ordinary sensibilities" fear of Injury or Harm. Debt bondage or bonded labor is a means of paying off loans with direct labor instead of currency or goods [8] People who are seeking entry to other countries may be picked up by traffickers, and misled into thinking that they will be free after being smuggled across the border. In some cases, they are captured through slave raiding, although this is increasingly rare. Slave raiding is a Crime sometimes seen as a normal part of Warfare It is possibly as old as human Civilization itself as it is attested to

Trafficking is a fairly lucrative industry. In some areas, like Russia, Eastern Europe, Hong Kong, Japan, and Colombia, trafficking is controlled by large criminal organizations. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. [9] However, the majority of trafficking is done by networks of smaller groups that each specialize in a certain area, like recruitment, transportation, advertising, or retail. This is very profitable because little startup capital is needed, and prosecution is relatively rare. [10]

Trafficked people are usually the most vulnerable and powerless minorities in a region. They often come from the poorer areas where opportunities are limited, they often are ethnic minorities, and they often are displaced persons such as runaways or refugees (though they may come from any social background, class or race). A displaced person (sometimes abbreviated DP) is a person who has been forced to leave his or her native place a phenomenon known as Forced migration. A runaway is a minor who has left the home of his or her Parent or Legal guardian without permission or has been thrown out by his or her parent According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race

Trafficking of children often involves exploitation of the parents' extreme poverty. Trafficking of children is the recruitment transportation transfer harboring or receipt of children for the purpose of exploitation The latter may sell children to traffickers in order to pay off debts or gain income or they may be deceived concerning the prospects of training and a better life for their children. In West Africa, trafficked children have often lost one or both parents to the African AIDS crisis. [11]

The adoption process, legal and illegal, results in cases of trafficking of babies and pregnant women between the West and the developing world. In David M. Smolin’s papers on child trafficking and adoption scandals between India and the United States,[12][13] he cites there are systemic vulnerabilities in the intercountry adoption system that makes adoption scandals predictable. David Mark Smolin (born in New York City, USA) is a professor of law at Cumberland School of Law in Birmingham, Alabama.

Women, who form over 80% of trafficking victims, are particularly at risk to become involved in sex trafficking. Potential kidnappers exploit lack of opportunities, promise good jobs or opportunities for study, and then force the victims to become prostitutes, participate in pornography or escort services. Through agents and brokers who arrange the travel and job placements, women are escorted to their destinations and delivered to the employers. Upon reaching their destinations, some women learn that they have been deceived about the nature of the work they will do; most have been lied to about the financial arrangements and conditions of their employment; and all find themselves in coercive and abusive situations from which escape is both difficult and dangerous.

The main motive of a woman (in some cases an underage girl) to accept an offer from a trafficker is better financial opportunities for herself or her family. In many cases traffickers initially offer ‘legitimate’ work or the promise of an opportunity to study. The main types of work offered are in the catering and hotel industry, in bars and clubs, modeling contracts, or au pair work. Traffickers sometimes use offers of marriage, threats, intimidation and kidnapping as means of obtaining victims. In the majority of cases, the women end up in prostitution. Also some (migrating) prostitutes become victims of human trafficking. Some women know they will be working as prostitutes, but they have an inaccurate view of the circumstances and the conditions of the work in their country of destination. [14] [15]

Men are also at risk of being trafficked for unskilled work predominantly involving hard labor. Other forms of trafficking include bonded and sweatshop labor, forced marriage, and domestic servitude. Children are also trafficked for both labor exploitation and sexual exploitation. On a related issue, children are forced to be child soldiers.

Many women are forced into the sex trade after answering false advertisements, and others are simply kidnapped. Thousands of children from Asia, Africa, and South America are sold into the global sex trade every year. Often they are kidnapped or orphaned, and sometimes they are actually sold by their own families. [16]

Extent

According to United States State Department data, an "estimated 600,000 to 820,000 men, women, and children [are] trafficked across international borders each year, approximately 70 percent are women and girls and up to 50 percent are minors. The data also illustrates that the majority of transnational victims are trafficked into commercial sexual exploitation. "[17] Due to the illegal nature of trafficking and differences in methodology, the exact extent is unknown.

Since the fall of the Iron Curtain, the impoverished former Eastern bloc countries such as Albania, Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria, Russia, Belarus and Ukraine have been identified as major trafficking source countries for women and children. The " Iron Curtain " was the symbolic ideological and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II until the end This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. [18][19] Young women and girls are often lured to wealthier countries by the promises of money and work and then reduced to sexual slavery. [20] It is estimated that 2/3 of women trafficked for prostitution worldwide annually come from Eastern Europe, three-quarters have never worked as prostitutes before. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. [21][22] The major destinations are Western Europe (Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, UK, Greece), the Middle East (Turkey, Israel, the United Arab Emirates), Asia, Russia and the United States. [23][24] An estimated 500,000 women from Central and Eastern Europe are working in prostitution in the EU alone. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in [25]

An estimated 14,000 people are trafficked into the United States each year, although again because trafficking is illegal, accurate statistics are difficult. [26] According to the Massachusetts based Trafficking Victims Outreach and Services Network (project of the nonprofit MataHari: Eye of the Day) in Massachusetts alone, there were 55 documented cases of human trafficking in 2005 and the first half of 2006 in Massachusetts. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. MataHari Eye of the Day is a Boston based non-profit organization that organizes and supports community members impacted by Human trafficking, domestic [27] In 2004, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) estimated that 600-800 persons are trafficked into Canada annually and that additional 1,500-2,200 persons are trafficked through Canada into the United States. [28] In Canada, foreign trafficking for prostitution is estimated to be worth $400 million annually. [29]

In the United Kingdom, 71 women were known to have been trafficked into prostitution in 1998 and the Home Office recognized that the scale is likely greater as the problem is hidden and research estimates that the actual figure could be up to 1,420 women trafficked into the UK during the same period. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Home Office is the United Kingdom government department responsible for security and order [30] Trafficking in people is increasing in Africa, South Asia and into North America.

Russia is a major source of women trafficked globally for the purpose of sexual exploitation, Russian women are in prostitution in over 50 countries. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending [31][32] Annually, thousands of Russian women end up as prostitutes in Israel, China, Japan or South Korea. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː [33] Russia is also a significant destination and transit country for persons trafficked for sexual and labor exploitation from regional and neighboring countries into Russia, and on to the Gulf states[34], Europe, Asia, and North America.

In poverty-stricken Moldova, where the unemployment rate for women ranges as high as 68% and one-third of the workforce live and work abroad, experts estimate that since the collapse of the Soviet Union between 200,000 and 400,000 women have been sold into prostitution abroad — perhaps up to 10% of the female population. Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. [35][36] In Ukraine, a survey conducted by the NGO La Strada Ukraine in 2001-2003, based on a sample of 106 women being trafficked out of Ukraine found that 3% were under 18, and the US State Department reported in 2004 that incidents of minors being trafficked was increasing. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. La Strada Program is an international network working on the prevention of trafficking in women from Central and Eastern Europe. It is estimated that half million Ukrainian women were trafficked abroad since 1991 (80% of all unemployed in Ukraine are women). Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. [37][38]

The ILO estimates that 20 percent of the five million illegal immigrants in Russia are victims of forced labor, which is a form of trafficking. However even citizens of Russian Federation have become victims of human trafficking. They are typically kidnapped and sold by police to be used for hard labor, being regularly drugged and chained like dogs to prevent them from escaping. [39] There were reports of trafficking of children and of child sex tourism in Russia. The Government of Russia has made some effort to combat trafficking but has also been criticized for not complying with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking. [40] [41]

The majority of child trafficking cases are in Asia, although it is a global problem.

In Asia, Japan is the major destination country for trafficked women, especially from the Philippines and Thailand. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj The US State Department has rated Japan as either a ‘Tier 2’ or a ‘Tier 2 Watchlist’ country every year since 2001 in its annual Trafficking in Persons reports. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Both these ratings implied that Japan was (to a greater or lesser extent) not fully compliant with minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking trade. There are currently an estimated 300,000 women and children involved in the sex trade throughout Southeast Asia. [42] It is common that Thai women are lured to Japan and sold to Yakuza-controlled brothels where they are forced to work off their price. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. History Origins Despite their notoriety in modern Japan the precise origin of the Yakuza is still somewhat the subject of debate [43][44]

Many of the Iraqi women fleeing the Iraq War are turning to prostitution, while others are trafficked abroad, to countries like Syria, Jordan, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, and Iran. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign [45] In Syria alone, an estimated 50,000 Iraqi refugee girls and women, many of them widows, are forced into prostitution. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Throughout the past 100 years there have been a growing number of Refugees fleeing Iraq and settling throughout the world peaking recently with the latest Iraq War Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money. [46] Cheap Iraqi prostitutes have helped to make Syria a popular destination for sex tourists. The clients come from wealthier countries in the Middle East - many are Saudi men. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi [47] High prices are offered for virgins. [48]

As many as 200,000 Nepali girls, many under 14, have been sold into the sex slavery in India. Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. Sexual slavery refers to the organised coercion of persons into various different sexual practices forced Prostitution single-owner sexual slavery Nepalese women and girls, especially virgins, are favored in India because of their light skin. [49][50]

In parts of Ghana, a family may be punished for an offense by having to turn over a virgin female to serve as a sex slave within the offended family. The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast to the west Burkina Faso to the north Togo to the [51] In this instance, the woman does not gain the title of "wife". In parts of Ghana, Togo, and Benin, shrine slavery persists, despite being illegal in Ghana since 1998. TOGO was a Japanese roller coaster design company famous for inventing the Stand-up roller coaster. Benin (bə'nɪn officially the Republic of Benin, and also known as Benin Republic, is a country in Western Africa. In this system of slavery of ritual servitude, sometimes called trokosi (in Ghana) or voodoosi in Togo and Benin, young virgin girls are given as slaves in traditional shrines and are used sexually by the priests in addition to providing free labor for the shrine. Overview Ritual servitude is a practice in Ghana, Togo, and Benin where traditional Religious Shrines take human beings [52]

Reporters have witnessed a rapid increase in prostitution in Cambodia, Bosnia, and Kosovo after UN and, in the case of the latter two, NATO peacekeeping forces moved in. The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The North Atlantic Treaty Peacekeeping, as defined by the United Nations, is "a way to help countries torn by conflict create conditions for sustainable peace Peacekeeping forces have been linked to trafficking and forced prostitution. Proponents of peacekeeping argue that the actions of a few should not incriminate the many participants in the mission, yet NATO and the UN have come under criticism for not taking the issue of forced prostitution linked to peacekeeping missions seriously enough. [53] [54][55] [56]

In the western world, Canada in particular has a major problem with modern-day sexual slavery. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Sexual slavery refers to the organised coercion of persons into various different sexual practices forced Prostitution single-owner sexual slavery In a 2006 report the Future Group, a Canadian humanitarian organization dedicated to ending human trafficking, ranked eight industrialized nations and gave Canada an F for its "abysmal" record treating victims. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Humanitarianism is an active belief in Humanism (the idea of the value of human life whereby Humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other humans The report, titled "Falling Short of the Mark: An International Study on the Treatment of Human Trafficking Victims", concluded that Canada "is an international embarrassment" when it comes to combating this form of slavery. [57]

The report's principal author Benjamin Perrin wrote, "Canada has ignored calls for reform and continues to re-traumatize trafficking victims, with few exceptions, by subjecting them to routine deportation and fails to provide even basic support services. "

In the report, the only other country to flunk was the United Kingdom, which received a D, while the United States received a B+ and Australia, Norway, Sweden, Germany and Italy all received grades of B or B-. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The report criticizes former Liberal Party of Canada cabinet ministers Irwin Cotler, Joe Volpe and Pierre Pettigrew for "passing the buck" on the issue. The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political

Commenting on the report, the then Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, Monte Solberg told Sun Media Corporation, "It's very damning, and if there are obvious legislative or regulatory fixes that need to be done, those have to become priorities, given especially that we're talking about very vulnerable people. The Minister of Citizenship and Immigration ( French: Ministre de la Citoyenneté et de l'Immigration) is the Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Monte Kenton Solberg PC, MP (born September 17, 1958 in Calgary Alberta) is a Canadian Member of Parliament Sun Media Corporation is the owner of several widely read Tabloid Newspapers in Canada. "[58]

Causes of trafficking

Some causes of trafficking include:

Trafficking in people has been facilitated by porous borders and advanced communication technologies, it has become increasingly transnational in scope and highly lucrative. Unlike drugs or arms, people can be "sold" many times. The opening up of Asian markets, porous borders, the end of the Soviet Union and the collapse of the former Yugoslavia have contributed to this globalization. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian:


Human trafficking and other vulnerability issues

Human trafficking is not a stand alone issue. It is closely related other issues that threaten security well being of the victims. Victims are exposed to continuous threats of physical violence by traffickers to ensure compliance. Many are held in bondage and beaten to suppress resistance. Other threats include absolute poverty due to wage deprivation. They are unprotected by labor laws,long working hours and lack of holiday is common. For example, 15 is the standard working hours per day among Chinese victims in France. In Japan, Thai trafficking victims also complained of breach of work contracts, non-payment of wages, mandatory night work and poor accommodation [65].

Human trafficking and Sexual exploitation

There is no universally accepted definition of trafficking for sexual exploitation. The term encompasses the organized movement of people, usually women, between countries and within countries for sex work. Such trafficking also includes coercing a migrant into a sexual act as a condition of allowing or arranging the migration. Sexual trafficking uses physical coercion, deception and bondage incurred through forced debt. Trafficked women and children, for instance, are often promised work in the domestic or service industry, but instead are usually taken to brothels where their passports and other identification papers are confiscated. They may be beaten or locked up and promised their freedom only after earning – through prostitution – their purchase price, as well as their travel and visa costs [60][61]

In Japan the prosperous entertainment market had created huge demand for commercial sexual workers, and such demand is being met by trafficking women and children from the Philippines, Colombia and Thailand. Women are forced into street prostitution, based stripping and live sex acts. [62] Victims of human trafficking are exposed to sexually transmittable diseases including HIV/AIDS. It is believed that human trafficking and forced sex work is one of the causes for prevalence of HIV/AIDS in some countries. On one hand HIV/AIDS increases the number of children trafficked because that they are perceived to be HIV negative, and on the other hand trafficking increases HIV/AIDS transmission because of victims inability to negotiate the use and access of condoms. Multiple sexual partners and injury received during sex increase their chances of infection (MAPODE in its Research Report on Children in Prostitution, Pornography, and Trafficking for Commercial Sexual Exploitation, Labour and Crime in Zambia). In Bangladesh, there is a correlation between ages of those infected with HIV/AIDS ( 15-24 years) with the victims of trafficking [66] , suggesting the linkage between human trafficking and HIV/AIDS.

Trafficking victims are also exposed to different psychological problems. They suffer social alienation in the host and home countries. Stigmatization, social exclusion and intolerance make reintegration into local communities difficult. The governments offer little assistance and social services to trafficked victims upon their return. As the victims are also pushed into drug trafficking, many of them face criminal sanctions.

Efforts to reduce human trafficking

Governments, international associations, and nongovernmental organizations have all tried to end human trafficking with various degrees of success.

Government actions

A human trafficking awareness poster from the Canadian Department of Justice.
A human trafficking awareness poster from the Canadian Department of Justice.

Actions taken to combat human trafficking vary from government to government. Some have introduced legislation specifically aimed at making human trafficking illegal. Governments can also develop systems of co-operation between different nation’s law enforcement agencies and with non-government organisations (NGOs).

Other actions governments could take is raise awareness. This can take on three forms. Firstly in raising awareness amongst potential victims, in particular in countries where human traffickers are active. Secondly, raising awareness amongst police, social welfare workers and immigration officers. And in countries where prostitution is legal or semi-legal, raising awareness amongst the clients of prostitution, to look out for signs of a human trafficking victim.

Laws against trafficking in the United States are prosecuted at the federal level. The overwhelming majority of states do not have laws against human trafficking. For example, in Maryland it is a felony to have sex with a minor, but only a misdemeanour for making it available to those who wish to have sex with a minor.

Raising awareness can take on different forms. One method is through the use of awareness films [63] or through posters [64].

International law

In 2000 the United Nations adopted the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, also called the Palermo Convention, and two Palermo protocols there to:

All of these instruments contain elements of the current international law on trafficking in human beings.

Council of Europe

The Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings [65] was adopted by the Council of Europe on 16 May 2005. The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The aim of the convention is to prevent and combat the trafficking in human beings. The Convention entered into force on 1 February 2008. Of the 47 member states of the Council of Europe, so far 21 have signed the convention and 17 have ratified it. [66]

United States law

The United States federal government has taken a firm stance against human trafficking both within its borders and beyond. The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. Domestically, human trafficking a federal crime under Title 18 of the United States Code. In the United States, a federal crime or federal offense is a Crime that is either made illegal by U Title 18 of the United States Code is the Criminal and Penal code of the Federal government of the United States. Section 1584 makes it a crime to force a person to work against his will, whether the compulsion is effected by use of force, threat of force, threat of legal coercion or by "a climate of fear" (an environment wherein individuals believe they may be harmed by leaving or refusing to work); Section 1581 similarly makes it illegal to force a person to work through "debt servitude. Debt bondage or bonded labor is a means of paying off loans with direct labor instead of currency or goods " Human trafficking as it relates to involuntary servitude and slavery is prohibited by the 13th Amendment. Involuntary servitude is a United States legal and Constitutional term for a person laboring against that person's will to benefit another under some form As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit Slavery, and with limited exceptions such as those Federal laws on human trafficking are enforced by the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division, Criminal Section. The US Department of Justice Civil Rights Division is the institution within the federal government responsible for enforcing federal statutes prohibiting Discrimination

The Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 allowed for greater statutory maximum sentences for traffickers, provided resources for protection of and assistance for victims of trafficking and created avenues for interagency cooperation. It also allows many trafficking victims to remain in the United States and apply for permanent residency under a T-1 Visa. A T visa is a type of visa allowing certain victims of Human trafficking to remain in the United States if they agree to assist law enforcement in testifying [67]. The act also attempted to encourage efforts to prevent human trafficking internationally, by creating annual country reports on trafficking and tying financial non-humanitarian assistance to foreign countries to real efforts in addressing human trafficking. Aid (from the french word aide, also known as international aid, overseas aid, or foreign aid, especially in the United States) is

The United States Department of State has a high-level official charged with combating human trafficking, the Director of the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons ("anti-trafficking czar"). The current director is Mark P. Lagon. [2]

International NGOs such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International have called on the United States to improve its measures aimed at reducing trafficking. Human Rights Watch is a United States -based international Non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on Human rights. Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a Western based international Non-governmental organization which defines its mission as "to They recommend that the United States more fully implement the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children and for immigration officers to improve their awareness of trafficking and support the victims of trafficking. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The Convention against Transnational Organized Crime is a United Nations convention against Transnational organized crime, adopted in 2000 The Protocol to Prevent Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons especially Women and Children, supplementing the Convention against Transnational Organised Crime, was adopted [68][69]

Several state governments have took action to address human trafficking in their borders. State governments in the United States (sometimes referred to as "The State" is generally structured in accordance with the laws of the various individual states

Florida state law prohibits forced labor, sex trafficking, and document servitude, and provides for mandatory law enforcement trainings and victim services. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the State law in the United States, is the Law of each separate U Sexual slavery refers to the organised coercion of persons into various different sexual practices forced Prostitution single-owner sexual slavery A 2006 Connecticut law prohibits coerced work and makes trafficking a violation of the Connecticut RICO Act. Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (commonly referred to as RICO Act or RICO) is a United States federal law that provides for extended

Non-Governmental Organizations

Several non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have been formed to combat human trafficking:

Criticisms

In a 2003 report the Thai sex worker support organization EMPOWER stated that many anti-trafficking groups fail to see the difference between migrant sex workers and women forced to prostitute themselves against their will. Stop the Traffik is a campaigning coalition involving organisations such as schools and faith groups as well as businesses and Charities which aims to put an end to The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj A sex worker is a person who works in the Sex industry. Sex workers may be employed as prostitutes strippers go-go dancers burlesque performers escorts dominatrices EMPOWER (Education Means Protection Of Women Engaged in Recreation or Moolniti Songserm Okard Pooying (มูลนิธิส่งเสริมโอกาสผู้หญิง They documented a May 2003 "raid and rescue" operation on a brothel in Chiang Mai that was carried out without the consent of the workers, resulting in numerous human rights violations. Chiang Mai (in Thai; locally (Kham Muang Jiang Mai also sometimes written as "Chiengmai" is the largest and most culturally significant [70]

In her 2007 book Sex at the Margins: Migration, Labour Markets and the Rescue Industry, sociologist Laura María Agustín has likewise criticized what she calls the "rescue industry" for viewing all migrant sex workers as victims of trafficking that need to be saved, with the effect of severely restricting international freedom of movement. Laura María Agustín is a sociologist who studies migrant Sex workers In her writings she is critical of the conflation of the terms " Human trafficking " Agustín does not deny human trafficking or forced prostitution takes place, but rather that the ‘rescue industry’ overestimates figures. Critics of Agustín have claimed that Agustín is as guilty of statistical manipulation for her ideological perspective.

Human trafficking in popular culture

River of Innocents follows the 17-year-old Majlinda into the world of modern-day slavery, where she struggles to hold on to her humanity and to help the stolen children around her survive. [3]

Lilya 4-ever, a film based loosely on the real life of Dangoule Rasalaite, portrays a young woman from the former Soviet Union who is deceived into being trafficked for exploitation in Sweden. Human trafficking has also been portrayed in the Canadian/UK TV drama Sex Traffic. Sex Traffic is a British - Canadian television 2-part drama production about the Trafficking of women first shown in the UK and Canada in October

Based on true events, Svetlana's Journey by Michael Cory Davis depicts the trials of a 13-year-old who loses her family and is sold to human traffickers by her adoptive family. Drugged, raped, and forced to endure continuous abuse by her 'clients' and traffickers, she attempts to commit suicide, but survives.

A Movie by Dzmitry Vasilyeu, about Human-trafficking in Eastern Europe

Season Two (2003) of the HBO series, The Wire, opens with the discovery of thirteen suffocated young women, locked in a cargo container on the docks of Baltimore. An investigation ensues, which reveals that the women, from Russia and Eastern Europe, were being smuggled into the country as part of a prostitution operation run by an international crime organization, that is also involved with corruption of the local dockworkers' union, as well as the distribution of narcotics in Baltimore.

Holly (2006) is a movie about a little girl, sold by her poor family and smuggled across the border to Cambodia to work as a prostitute in a red light village. The Virgin Harvest is a feature length documentary that was filmed at the same time. [4]

The 2007 film Trade deals with human trafficking out of Mexico and a brother's attempt to rescue his kidnapped and trafficked young sister. Trade is a 2007 film produced by Roland Emmerich and Rosilyn Heller, directed by Marco Kreuzpaintner and starring Kevin Kline It is based on Peter Landesman's article about sex slaves, which was featured as the cover story in the January 24, 2004 issue of New York Times Magazine. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "

The film The Transporter deals with the hero, Frank Martin, played by Jason Statham, trying to stop a container full of men and women being illegally transported. The Transporter (French Le Transporteur) is a Franco-American action / Crime movie directed by Louis Leterrier and Jason Michael Statham (born 12 September 1972 is an English actor known for his roles in the Guy Ritchie Crime films Lock Stock and Two Smoking Barrels

Human Trafficking (2005) (TV) by Christian Duguay stars Mira Sorvino, Donald Sutherland, and Robert Carlyle. Human Trafficking is a television mini-series about an agent going undercover to stop an organization from trafficking people, and shows the struggles of three trafficked A sixteen-year-old girl from the Ukraine, a single mother from Russia, an orphaned seventeen-year-old girl from Romania, and a twelve-year-old American tourist become the victims of international sex slave traffickers. Sorvino and Sutherland are the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents who struggle to save them.

Ghosts (2006 film) a documentary by independent film maker Nick Broomfield, follows the story of the victims of the 2004 Morecambe Bay cockling disaster, in which smuggled immigrants are forced in to hard labour. Ghosts (鬼佬 is a 2006 Drama film directed by Nick Broomfield, based on the 2004 Morecambe Bay cockling disaster. Nicholas Broomfield (born 30 January 1948 in London) is an English documentary filmmaker Ghosts The film Ghosts, directed by Nick Broomfield, which is a dramatisation of the events leading up to the tragedy was aired on

The Jammed, an Australian film about human trafficking in Australia. [5]

The new film The Sugar Babies (2007) by Amy Serrano is a documentary that highlights the plight of Haitian victims of human trafficking in the Dominican Republic. The Sugar Babies While exposing those who continue to profit the award-winning feature-length documentary vividly explores the lives of descendants of the first Africans Amy Serrano (born in Havana, Cuba) is a Cuban-American writer director Cinematographer and producer It was produced by Thor Halvorssen and funded by the Human Rights Foundation. The Human Rights Foundation ( HRF) is a non-profit organization that works on “defending human rights and promoting liberal democracy in the Americas

The song Kill The Pimps. On December 10, 2006, (International Human Rights Day) The Blood produced their first major work of the 21st century. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. For the Seinfeld episode see The Blood (Seinfeld episode. For the album by Kevin Max, see ''The Blood'' (album. Their song, criticizes governments that turn a blind eye to human trafficking.

The European series Matroesjka's deals with girls from ex-soviet countries, who have been deceived into sex slavery in Belgium. Matroesjka's, ( Dutch for Matryoshka doll) also known overseas under its English titles Matrioshki or Russian Dolls Sex Trade, is a

The video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas features a mission in which the main character helps free refugees trafficked onboard a container ship travelling from Vietnam to the United States. Grand Theft Auto San Andreas is a sandbox-style action-adventure computer and Video game developed by Rockstar North Container ships are Cargo ships that carry all of their load in truck-size containers in a technique called Containerization. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

In the Tom Clancy novel Debt of Honor there is an American woman who has been kidnapped and used as a sex slave by a wealthy Japanese businessman. She is murdered before two CIA operatives sent to rescue her can perform an extraction.

The 2007 film Eastern Promises by David Cronenberg deals with a British midwife who unravels a gang of Russian slavers when she seeks relatives to a baby of a sex slave named Tatiana. Eastern Promises is a 2007 Crime drama Mystery Thriller film directed by David Cronenberg, from a Screenplay David Paul Cronenberg OC, FRSC (born March 15, 1943) is a Canadian Film director and occasional Actor.

In the Punisher story arc "The Slavers" by Garth Ennis and Leandro Fernandez, the punisher saves a fugitive sex slave from Moldavia from thugs who were after her and decides to bring down the slavers who trafficked her to the U. The Punisher ( Frank Castle) is a fictional Antihero that appears in the Comic books published by Marvel Comics. Garth Ennis (born January 16, 1970 in Holywood, Northern Ireland) is an Irish Comics writer best known for the DC Leandro Fernández may refer to Leandro Fernández (footballer, Argentine footballer Leandro Fernández (artist, comic book artist Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians S.

The episode "Cargo" of the TV series Cold Case deals with a longshoreman who stumbles upon a cargo containers filled with young women from Eastern Europe brought to the United States by a human trafficking ring. Cold Case is an American Police procedural Television series revolving around a fictionalized Philadelphia Police Department division The episode deals with his efforts to rescue one of the girls from a life of forced prostitution.

References

  1. ^ Economic Roots of Trafficking in the UNECE Region - Regional Prep. Meeting for Beijing+10 - pr2004/04gen_n03e.htm
  2. ^ http://www.channel4.com/more4/drama/g/ghosts_traffik_campaign.html
  3. ^ http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/05/europe/EU_GEN_Greece_Trafficking.php
  4. ^ uefa.com
  5. ^ http://www.unodc.un.or.th/material/document/Distinguishing.pdf UN Office on Drugs and Crime - Distinguishing between Human Trafficking and People Smuggling
  6. ^ http://action.amnesty.org.au/refugees/comments/people_smuggling/ Amnesty International - People smuggling
  7. ^ Local women fall prey to sex slavery abroad
  8. ^ - Trafficking in Human Beings
  9. ^ http://www.iom.int/jahia/page748.html International Organization for Migration - Counter-Trafficking
  10. ^ HumanTrafficking.com ~ The Online Research and Training Center
  11. ^ http://hrw.org/english/docs/2003/04/01/togo5489.htm] [http://hrw.org/reports/2003/togo0403/
  12. ^ "The Two Faces of Intercountry Adoption: The Significance of the Indian Adoption Scandals" by David M. Smolin, Seton Hall Law Review, 35:403–493, 2005.
  13. ^ "Child Laundering: How the Intercountry Adoption System Legitimizes and Incentivizes the Practices of Buying, Trafficking, Kidnapping, and Stealing Children" by David M. Smolin, bepress Legal Series, Working Paper 749, August 29, 2005.
  14. ^ http://www.prostitutie.nl/studie/documenten/mensenhandel/researchcasestraffick.pdf
  15. ^ http://www.solidaritycenter.org/files/IndoTraffickingFactSheetCauses.pdf Causes of Human Trafficking
  16. ^ UNICEF - Child protection from violence, exploitation and abuse - Trafficking and sexual exploitation
  17. ^ I. Introduction
  18. ^ Eastern Europe Exports Flesh to the EU
  19. ^ Local women fall prey to sex slavery abroad
  20. ^ Crime gangs 'expand sex slavery into shires'
  21. ^ Eastern Europe - Coalition Against Trafficking of Women
  22. ^ A modern slave's brutal odyssey
  23. ^ Moldova: Lower prices behind sex slavery boom and child prostitution
  24. ^ The Russian Mafia in Asia
  25. ^ For East Europe’s Women, a Rude Awakening
  26. ^ Attorney General's Annual Report to Congress on U.S. Government Activities to Combat Trafficking in Persons Fiscal Year 2005
  27. ^ http://www.patriotledger.com/articles/2006/03/27/news/news04.txt
  28. ^ Human Trafficking & Modern-day Slavery - Canada
  29. ^ http://www.unpac.ca/economy/g_migration.html
  30. ^ Stopping Traffic: Exploring the extent of, and responses to, trafficking in women for sexual exploitation in the UK
  31. ^ Russia: With No Jobs At Home, Women Fall Victim To Trafficking
  32. ^ Court acquits brothers in assault and detention case
  33. ^ Police bring home 3 sex slaves from China
  34. ^ Sex worker on trial for abortion
  35. ^ Sold as a sex slave in Europe
  36. ^ Jana Costachi, "Preventing Victimization in Moldova" Global Issues, June 2003
  37. ^ The "Natasha" Trade - The Transnational Shadow Market of Trafficking in Women
  38. ^ Poverty, crime and migration are acute issues as Eastern European cities continue to grow
  39. ^ Correspondent's hour by RFE/RL
  40. ^ [1]
  41. ^ Human Trafficking & Modern-day Slavery - Russia
  42. ^ Sex-slave trade flourishes in Thailand
  43. ^ "Woman's Dying Wish: to punish traffickers who ruined her life" The Nation, January 23, 2006
  44. ^ A modern form of slavery: Trafficking of Burmese Women and Girls into Brothels in Thailand
  45. ^ Iraqi sex slaves recount ordeals
  46. ^ '50,000 Iraqi refugees' forced into prostitution
  47. ^ Iraqi refugees forced into prostitution
  48. ^ Desperate Iraqi Refugees Turn to Sex Trade in Syria
  49. ^ Millions Suffer in Sex Slavery
  50. ^ Fair skin and young looks: Nepalese victims of human trafficking languish in Indian brothels
  51. ^ Slavery in Ghana. The Trokosi Tradition
  52. ^ Ghana's trapped slaves, By Humphrey Hawksley in eastern Ghana, 8 February 2001. This article is about the radio broadcast service For the REM Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. BBC News
  53. ^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,1211214,00.html Nato force 'feeds Kosovo sex trade'
  54. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3686173.stm Kosovo UN troops 'fuel sex trade'
  55. ^ http://www.refugeesinternational.org/content/article/detail/4146?PHPSESSID=8cd9d5b0df1ae0bbae8d3ddf647ec715 Conflict, Sexual Trafficking, and Peacekeeping
  56. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4313617.stm UN troops cautioned on sex abuse
  57. ^ ottawasun.com - National/World - Canada's sex-slave shame
  58. ^ Canada an “International Embarrassment” on Sex Trafficking
  59. ^ Treaty to Combat "Sex Slavery"
  60. ^ Migration Information Programme. Trafficking and prostitution: the growing exploitation of migrant women from central and eastern Europe. Geneva, International Organization for Migration, 1995.
  61. ^ Chauzy JP. Kyrgyz Republic: trafficking. Geneva, International Organization for Migration, 20 January 2001 (Press briefing notes).
  62. ^ Dinan K. Owed justice: Thai women trafficked into debt bondage in Japan. New York, NY, Human Rights Watch, 2000
  63. ^ http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/trafficking_tv_campaign_2002.html
  64. ^ Trafficking in Persons - Poster (English version)
  65. ^ http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/197.htm
  66. ^ http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ChercheSig.asp?NT=197&CM=1&DF=4/24/2008&CL=ENG
  67. ^ http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2002/January/02_crt_038.htm
  68. ^ U.S.: Efforts to Combat Human Trafficking and Slavery (Human Rights Watch, 7-7-2004)
  69. ^ Stop Trafficking
  70. ^ A report by Empower Chiang Mai on the human rights violations women are subjected to when "rescued" by anti-trafficking groups who employ methods using deception, force and coercion, June 2003

See also

External links

Articles and Resources

Government and international governmental organizations

Dictionary

human trafficking

-noun

  1. A criminal activity in which people are recruited, harboured, transported, bought, or kidnapped to serve an exploitative purpose, such as sexual slavery, forced labor, or child soldiery.
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