Human rib cage - Citizendia

Human rib cage

The human rib cage. (Source: Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body, 20th ed. Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body (or Gray's Anatomy as it has commonly been shortened is an English-language Human anatomy Textbook 1918. )
Dorlands/Elsevier	c_01/12204262

The human rib cage is a part of the human skeleton within the thoracic area. Elsevier, the world's largest Publisher of Medical and Scientific literature, forms part of the Reed Elsevier group The human skeleton consists of both fused and individual Bones supported and supplemented by Ligaments Tendons Muscles and Cartilage The thorax is a division of an Animal 's body that lies between the head and the Abdomen. A typical human ribcage consists of 24 ribs, 12 on each side of the thoracic cavity, the sternum and the 12 thoracic vertebrae in both males and females. In Vertebrate Anatomy, ribs ( Latin costae) are the long curved Bones which form the ribcage. The thoracic cavity (or chest cavity) is the chamber of the human body (and other animal bodies that is protected by the Thoracic wall ( Thoracic cage The sternum (from Greek στέρνον sternon, "chest" or breastbone) is a long flat Bone located in the center of the thorax (chest The 12 thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment of the Vertebral column, between the Cervical vertebrae and the Lumbar vertebrae.

1 Number of ribs
2 Function
3 Rib anatomy
4 Types of ribs
- 4.1 Atypical ribs
5 Medical conditions
6 Additional images
7 See also
8 References

Number of ribs

The number of ribs was noted by the Flemish anatomist Vesalius in 1543, setting off a wave of controversy, as it was traditionally assumed from the Biblical story of Adam and Eve that men's ribs would number one fewer than women's. The terms Fleming and Flemings ( Vlaming and Vlamingen in Dutch) denote respectively a person and people and the Flemings or Anatomy (from the Greek anatomia, from ana separate apart from and temnein, to cut up cut open is a branch of Biology that is the consideration Andreas Vesalius ( Brussels, December 31, 1514 - Zakynthos, October 15, 1564) was an anatomist, Physician Adam (אָדָם ʼĀḏām, "dust man mankind" آدم; Ge'ez: አዳ and Eve (חַוָּה Ḥawwā, "living (De humani corporis fabrica^[1]) A small proportion of people have one pair more or fewer but this is unrelated to sex. De humani corporis fabrica libri septem ( On the fabric of the human body in seven books) is a textbook of human anatomy written by Andreas Vesalius Humans have seven rows of true ribs, each with its own connection to the sternum. The first seven ribs are connected behind with the Vertebral column, and in front through the intervention of the costal cartilages with the Sternum; they are called true Humans also have three rows of false ribs which connect to the ones above it. The false ribs are the five sets of Ribs below the top seven True ribs. The last two rows, which don't connect to the sternum, are called floating ribs. Floating ribs are four Atypical ribs (two lowermost pairs XI-XII in the Human Ribcage. In the front, the upper 7 ribs are attached to the sternum by means of costal cartilage. Cartilage is a type of dense Connective tissue. It is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix Due to their elasticity they allow movement when inhaling and exhaling. The 8th, 9th, and 10th ribs join with the costal cartilages of the ribs above. The 11th and 12th ribs are known as floating ribs, as they do not have any anterior connection.

Function

The Human rib cage is a component of the human respiratory system. In living organisms a respiratory system functions to allow Gas exchange. It encloses the thoracic cavity, which contains the lungs. The thoracic cavity (or chest cavity) is the chamber of the human body (and other animal bodies that is protected by the Thoracic wall ( Thoracic cage An inhalation is accomplished when the muscular diaphragm, at the floor of the thoracic cavity, contracts and flattens, while contraction of intercostal muscles lift the rib cage up and out. Intercostal muscles are several groups of Muscles that run between the Ribs, and help form and move the Chest wall. These actions produce an increase in volume, and a resulting partial vacuum, or negative pressure, in the thoracic cavity, resulting in atmospheric pressure pushing air into the lungs, inflating them. An exhalation results when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, and elastic recoil of the rib cage and lungs expels the air.

Rib anatomy

The human rib parts:

The head is the end of a rib closest to the vertebral column. In Vertebrate Anatomy, ribs ( Latin costae) are the long curved Bones which form the ribcage. The head of the rib is the end of a Rib closest to the Vertebral column, with which it articulates with In Vertebrate Anatomy, ribs ( Latin costae) are the long curved Bones which form the ribcage. In Human anatomy, the vertebral column ( backbone or spine) is a column of 34 Vertebrae the Sacrum, Intervertebral
The neck is the flattened portion which extends lateralward from the head. The neck of the rib is the flattened portion which extends lateralward from the Head; it is about 2
The tubercle is an eminence on the posterior surface. The tubercle of a Rib is an eminence on the posterior surface at the junction of the neck and body of the Rib, and nearer the lower than the upper border
The angle is a bending part. The angle of a Rib may both refer to the bending part of it and a prominent line in this area a little in front of the tubercle
The Costal groove is a groove between the ridge of the internal surface of the rib and the inferior border. The Costal groove is a groove between the ridge of the internal surface of the Rib and the inferior border In Vertebrate Anatomy, ribs ( Latin costae) are the long curved Bones which form the ribcage.

Types of ribs

Anterior surface of sternum and costal cartilages.

The first seven pairs of ribs are connected to the sternum in front and are known as true ribs or vertebrosternal ribs (costae verae, I-VII). The sternum (from Greek στέρνον sternon, "chest" or breastbone) is a long flat Bone located in the center of the thorax (chest
The eighth, ninth, and tenth attached in front to the cartilaginous portion of the next rib above and are known as false ribs or vertebrochondral ribs (costae spuriae, VIII-X). Cartilage is a type of dense Connective tissue. It is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix
The lower two, that is the eleventh and twelfth, are not attached in front and are called floating ribs or vertebral ribs (costae fluitantes, XI-XII). Floating ribs are four Atypical ribs (two lowermost pairs XI-XII in the Human Ribcage.
In some humans, the rib remnant of the 7th cervical vertebra on one or both sides is replaced by a free extra rib called a cervical rib, which can cause problems in the nerves going to the arm. In Vertebrates cervical vertebrae (singular vertebra) are those vertebrae immediately behind (posterior to the Skull. A cervical rib is a supernumerary (or extra Rib which arises from the seventh Cervical vertebra.

The spaces between the ribs are known as intercostal spaces; they contain the intercostal muscles, nerves, and arteries. The intercostal space (ICS is the space between two Ribs (Lat Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse" is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the A nerve is an enclosed cable-like bundle of peripheral Axons (the long slender projections of Neurons. Arteries are Blood vessels that carry blood away from the Heart. The rib cage allows for breathing due to its elasticity. Breathing takes Oxygen in and Carbon dioxide out of the body Aerobic Organisms require oxygen to create energy via respiration, in

Atypical ribs

The atypical ribs are the 1st, 2nd, and 10th to 12th.

The first rib has a shaft that is wide and nearly horizontal, and has the sharpest curve of the seven true ribs. Its head has a single facet to articulate with the first thoracic vertebra (T1). The 12 thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment of the Vertebral column, between the Cervical vertebrae and the Lumbar vertebrae. It also has two grooves for the subclavian vessels, which are separated by the scalene tubercle.

The second rib is thinner, less curved, and longer than the first rib. It has two facets to articulate with T2 and T1, and a tubercle for muscles to attach to.

The 10th to 12th ribs have only one facet on their head; the 11th and 12th ribs are short with no necks or tubercles and terminate in the abdominal wall before fusing with the costal cartilages. The costal cartilages are bars of Hyaline Cartilage which serve to prolong the ribs forward and contribute very materially to the elasticity of the walls of the

Medical conditions

Rib fractures can occur. A rib fracture is a break or fracture in one or more of the Bones making up the Rib cage. These most frequently affect the middle ribs. When several ribs are injured, this can result in a flail chest. A flail chest is a life-threatening medical condition that occurs when a segment of the Chest wall breaks under extreme stress and becomes detached from the rest of the chest

A bifid rib is a congenital abnormality occurring in about 1. A bifid rib or bifurcated Rib or sternum bifidum is a Congenital Abnormality occurring in about 1 A congenital disorder is a disease or disorder that is present at birth Abnormality is a subjectively defined characteristic assigned to those with rare or dysfunctional conditions 2% of the population.

Pectus deformities: Pectus excavatum also called "sunken chest"; and Pectus carinatum, also called "pigeon chest". Pectus excavatum (a Latin term meaning hollowed chest) is the most common Congenital deformity of the anterior wall of the chest in which several Pectus carinatum, also called pigeon chest, is a deformity of the chest characterized by a protrusion of the Sternum and Ribs.

Additional images


	X-ray image of human chest, with ribs labeled. X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of Electromagnetic radiation.

References

^ Chapter 19 On the Bones of the Thorax. Rib Removal is a Surgical operation where usually the lowest Ribs are removed to make the Waist thinner The costovertebral joints are the articulations that connect the heads of the Ribs with the bodies of the Thoracic Vertebrae. Retrieved on 2007-08-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire

Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 4th ed. Keith L. Moore and Robert F. Dalley. pp. 62-64
Tortora GJ and Derrickson B. PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY, 11th ED. John Wiley and Sons, 2006. ISBN-10: 0-471-68934-3

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