Human migration denotes any movement by humans from one locality to another, sometimes over long distances or in large groups. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus Humans are known to have migrated extensively throughout history and prehistory.

Migration (resulting in population isolation) is one of the four evolutionary forces (along with natural selection, genetic drift, and mutation). Natural selection is the process by which favorable Heritable traits become more common in successive Generations of a Population of In Population genetics, genetic drift is the accumulation of random events that change the makeup of a gene pool slightly but often compound over time In biology mutations are changes to the Nucleotide sequence of the Genetic material of an organism The discipline of Population genetics is the study of the distribution of and change in gene variation (allele) frequencies under such influences. Population genetics is the study of the Allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the four evolutionary forces Natural selection, Genetic An allele (ˈæliːl (UK /əˈliːl/ (US (from the Greek αλληλος allelos, meaning each other) is one member of a pair or series of different forms

The movement of populations in modern times has continued under the form of both voluntary migration within one's region, country, or beyond, and involuntary migration (which includes the slave trade, trafficking in human beings and ethnic cleansing). Forced migration (also called deracination) refers to the coerced movement of a person or persons away from their Home or home Region. The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history Human trafficking is the recruitment transportation harbouring or receipt of people for the purposes of slavery forced labor (including bonded labor or debt bondage and servitude Ethnic cleansing is a Euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment expulsion or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity People who migrate are called migrants, or, more specifically, emigrants, immigrants or settlers, depending on historical setting, circumstances and perspective. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term "Emigrant" redirects here For the Butterflies, see Catopsilia. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term A settler is a person who has migrated to an area and established permanent residence there often to colonize the area

The pressures of human migrations, whether as outright conquest or by slow cultural infiltration and resettlement, have affected the grand epochs in history (e. g. the fall of the Western Roman Empire); under the form of colonization, migration has transformed the world (e. The Decline of the Roman Empire, leading to the Fall of the Roman Empire, or the Fall of Rome, was the end of the Western Roman Empire. Colonisation (also known as Colonization) occurs whenever any one or more species populates a new area g. the prehistoric and historic settlements of Australia and the Americas). Population genetics studied in traditionally settled modern populations have opened a window into the historical patterns of migrations, a technique pioneered by Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza. Population genetics is the study of the Allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the four evolutionary forces Natural selection, Genetic Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza (born January 25, 1922) is an Italian population geneticist born in Genoa, who has been a professor at

Forced migration (see population transfer) has been a means of social control under authoritarian regimes, yet free initiative migration is a powerful factor in social adjustment (e. Population transfer is the movement of a large group of people from one region to another by state policy or international authority most frequently on the basis of ethnicity or religion g. the growth of urban populations).

In December 2003 The Global Commission on International Migration (GCIM) was launched with the support of Kofi Annan and several countries, with an independent 19-member Commission, threefold mandate and a finite life-span, ending December 2005. Kofi Atta Annan, GCMG (born 8 April 1938 is a Ghanaian Diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations Its report, based on regional consultation meetings with stakeholders and scientific reports from leading international migration experts, was published and presented to UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan on 5 October 2005. ^[1]

Different types of migration include:

• Daily human commuting. Commuting is the process of Travelling between one's place of residence and regular place of work
• Seasonal human migration is mainly related to agriculture. Seasonal human migration is very common in agricultural cycles.
• Permanent migration, for the purposes of permanent or long-term stays.
• Local
• Regional
• Rural to Urban, more common in developing countries as industrialization takes effect (urbanization)
• Urban to Rural, more common in developed countries due to a higher cost of urban living (see white flight)
• International migration

Contents 1 Pre-modern migrations 2 Modern migrations 2.1 Industrialization 2.1.1 World War II 2.1.2 Contemporary migration 3 Migrations and climate cycles 4 Toward an understanding of migration 4.1 Types of migrations 4.2 Ravenstein's 'laws of migration' 4.3 Other migration models 4.4 Causes of migrations 5 Push and Pull Factors 6 Effects of migration 7 Migration in the European Union 8 See also 9 Further information 9.1 Literature 9.2 Online Databases 9.3 Documentary films 9.4 External links 10 References

Pre-modern migrations

Main articles: Early human migrations and Historical migration

Historical migration of human populations begins with the movement of Homo erectus out of Africa across Eurasia about a million years ago. Homo erectus ( Latin: "upright man" is an extinct species of the genus Homo, believed to have been the first hominin In Paleoanthropology, the recent African origin of modern humans is one of two hypotheses of the origin of anatomically modern humans Homo sapiens sapiens For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. Homo sapiens appear to have colonised all of Africa about 150,000 years ago, moved out of Africa 70,000 years ago, and had spread across Australia, Asia and Europe by 40,000 years ago. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus The prehistory of Australia is the period between the first human habitation of the Australian continent and the first definitive sighting of Australia by Europeans Homo erectus and Neanderthals settled in Paleolithic Europe long before the emergence of modern humans Homo sapiens. Migration to the Americas took place 20 to 15,000 years ago, and by 2,000 years ago, most of the Pacific Islands were colonised. There are several popular models of migration to the New World proposed by the anthropological community The Pacific Ocean contains an estimated 20000 to 30000 Islands (the exact number has yet to be precisely determined Later population movements notably include the Neolithic revolution, Indo-European expansion, and the Early Medieval Great Migrations including Turkic expansion and Barbarian invasions. The Neolithic Revolution was the first Agricultural revolution &mdashthe transition from hunting and gathering communities and bands to Agriculture and The Proto-Indo-Europeans (PIE were the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language, who likely lived around 4000 BC, during the Copper Age and the The Turkic migration as defined in this article was the expansion of the Turkic peoples across most of Central Asia into Europe and the Middle The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions, or sometimes Völkerwanderung ( German for "wandering of peoples" is the English name

Archaeological evidence indicates that the ancestors of the Austronesians spread from the South Chinese mainland to Taiwan at some time around 8,000 years ago. The Austronesian people or Austronesian-speaking people, are a population group present in Oceania and Southeast Asia who speak or had ancestors who spoke Evidence from historical linguistics suggests that it is from this island that seafaring peoples migrated, perhaps in distinct waves separated by millennia, to the entire region encompassed by the Austronesian languages. It is believed that this migration began around 6,000 years ago. ^[2] Indo-Aryan migration to and within Northern India is consequently presumed to have taken place in the Middle to Late Bronze Age, contemporary to the Late Harappan phase in India (ca. Models of the Indo-Aryan migration discuss scenarios of Prehistoric migrations of the early Indo-Aryans to their historically attested areas of settlement ( North The Cemetery H culture developed out of the northern part of the Indus Valley Civilization around 1900 BCE in and around the Punjab region which is located on the 1700 to 1300 BC). From 180 BC, a series of invasions from Central Asia followed, including those led by the Indo-Greeks, Indo-Scythians, Indo-Parthians and Kushans in the north-western Indian subcontinent. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Indo-Greek Kingdom (or sometimes Graeco-Indian Kingdom) covered various parts of the northwest and northern Indian subcontinent during the last two centuries The Indo-Scythians are a branch of the Indo-Iranian Sakas ( Scythians) who migrated from southern Siberia into Bactria, The Indo-Parthian Kingdom was established during the 1st century by Gondophares, and at its greatest extent extended into areas that are in present-day Afghanistan The Kushan Empire (c 1st &ndash 3rd centuries) was a Bactrian state that at its cultural zenith Circa 105 &ndash 250 This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. ^[3][4][5]

From about 750 BC the Greeks began 250 years of expansion, settling colonies in all directions. Events and trends 756 BC — Founding of Cyzicus. 755 BC — Ashur-nirari V succeeds Ashur-Dan III as king of Assyria The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Colonies in antiquity were City-states founded from a mother- City Other examples are small movements like ancient Scots moving from Hibernia to Caledonia and Magyars into Pannonia (modern-day Hungary). The Scots people ( Scots Gaelic: Albannaich) are a Nation and an Ethnic group indigenous to Scotland. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Turkic peoples spread across most of Central Asia into Europe and the Middle East between the 6th and 11th centuries. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Recent research suggests that the Madagascar was uninhabited until Malay seafarers from Indonesia arrived during the 5th and 6th centuries A. Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern The concept of the Malay World is based on the idea of a Malay race, and refers to a cultural and linguistic sphere of influence covering the archipelago of modern-day The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. D. Subsequent migrations from both the Pacific and Africa further consolidated this original mixture, and Malagasy people emerged. The Malagasy ( French: Malgache) ethnic group forms the vast majority of the population of Madagascar. ^[6]

Before the expansion of the Bantu languages and their speakers, the southern half of Africa is believed to have been populated by Pygmies and Khoisan speaking people, today occupying the arid regions around the Kalahari and the forest of Central Africa. Bantu may refer to Bantu expansion, a series of migrations of Bantu speakers Bantu languages Bantu people Pygmies (singular Pygmy) refers to a member of any human group whose adult males grow to less than 150 cm (4 feet 11 inches in average height or less than 155 cm Khoisan (increasingly commonly spelled Khoesan or Khoe-San) is the name for two major Ethnic groups of Southern Africa. By about 1000 AD Bantu migration had reached modern day Zimbabwe and South Africa. See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The Banu Hilal and Banu Ma'qil were a collection of Arab Bedouin tribes from the Arabian peninsula who migrated westwards via Egypt between the 11th and 13th centuries. The Banu Hilal ( بنو هلال) were a confederation of Arab tribes that migrated from Arabia into North Africa in the 11th century, having The Maqil or Maquil were a collection of Arab Bedouin tribes of Yemeni origin who migrated westwards via Egypt during the The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Bedouin, (from the Arabic (ar بدوي pl badū) are a desert-dwelling Arab Nomadic pastoralist, or previously The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Their migration strongly contributed to the arabization and islamization of the western Maghreb, which was until then dominated by Berber tribes. Arabization ( Arabic: تعريب) describes a growing cultural influence on a non-Arab area that gradually changes into one that speaks Arabic and/or Islamization (also spelt Islamisation, see Spelling differences) or Islamification means the process of a society's conversion to the religion of Islam The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. Ostsiedlung was the medieval eastward migration and settlement of Germans. This article covers the medieval eastward migrations of Germans This article is about the German diaspora See Germans for the German ethnicity in general The 13th century was the time of the great Mongol and Turkic migrations across Eurasia. The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. ^[7]

Between the 11th and 18th centuries, the Vietnamese expanded southward in a process known as nam tiến (southward expansion). The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system The Vietnamese people (người Việt or vi ''người Kinh'' are an Ethnic group originating from what is now northern Vietnam and southern China. The history of Vietnam begins around 2700 years ago Successive dynasties based in China ruled Vietnam directly for most of the period from 111 BC until 938 ^[8] Manchuria was separated from China proper by the Inner Willow Palisade, which restricted the movement of the Han Chinese into Manchuria during the Qing dynasty, as the area was off-limits to the Han until the Qing started colonizing the area with them later on in the dynasty's rule. Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast China proper (also known as Inner China) refers to the historical lands of China where the Han Chinese are the majority Ethnic group, in contrast Willow Palisade (柳條邊 was a system of ditches and embankments planted with Willows intended to restrict movement into Manchuria, built by the Qing Dynasty Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China ^[9]

The Age of Exploration and European Colonialism led to an accelerated pace of migration since Early Modern times. The Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century during which Europeans explored See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism In the 16th century perhaps 240,000 Europeans entered American ports. ^[10] In the 19th century over 50 million people left Europe for the Americas. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar ^[11] The local populations or tribes, such as the Aboriginal people in Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, Japan^[12] and the United States, were usually far overwhelmed numerically by the settlers. The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical More recent examples are the movement of ethnic Chinese into Tibet and Eastern Turkestan^[13], ethnic Javanese into Western New Guinea and Kalimantan^[14] (see Transmigration program), Brazilians into Amazonia^[15], Israelis into the West Bank and Gaza, ethnic Arabs into Iraqi Kurdistan, and ethnic Russians into Siberia and Central Asia. Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk The Javanese are an Ethnic group native to the Indonesian island of Java. In most languages in the world the term Kalimantan refers to the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo, while for Indonesians the name "Kalimantan" The transmigration program ( Indonesian: Transmigrasi) was an initiative of the Indonesian government to move landless people from densely populated areas Brazil ' s population is very diverse comprising many races and Ethnic groups In general Brazilians trace their origins from four sources of migration The Amazon Rainforest (Brazilian Portuguese: Floresta Amazônica or Amazônia; Spanish: Selva Amazónica or Amazonía The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria Gaza (غزة, עַזָּה ʕazzā is the largest city in the Gaza Strip and the Palestinian territories. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding History See also History of the Kurdish people Ancient period See also Hurrians, Guti, Mannaeans, Medes The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south ^[16]

Modern migrations

Industrialization

While the pace of migration had accelerated since the 18th century already (including the involuntary slave trade), it would increase further in the 19th century. Manning distinguishes three major types of migration: labour migration, refugee migrations and lastly: urbanization. Urbanizationn (also spelled urbanisation) is the physical growth of Urban areas into rural or natural land as a result of population in-migration to an existing Millions of agricultural workers left the countryside and moved to the cities causing unprecedented levels of urbanization. This phenomenon began in Britain in the late 18th century and spread around the world and continues to this day in many areas.

Industrialization encouraged migration wherever it appeared. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the The increasingly global economy globalised the labour market. Atlantic slave trade diminished sharply after 1820, which gave rise to self-bound contract labour migration from Europe and Asia to plantations. The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World An indentured servant is a form of Debt bondage worker The Laborer is under Contract of an Employer for some period of time usually three to Also overpopulation, open agricultural frontiers and rising industrial centres attracted voluntary, encouraged and sometimes coerced migration. Moreover, migration was significantly eased by improved transportation techniques.

During this same period similar large numbers of people migrated over large distances within Asia. Southeast Asia received 50 million migrants, mainly from India and south China. North Asia, that be Manchuria, Siberia, Central Asia and Japan together, received another 50 million. Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south A movement that started in the 1890s with migrants from China, Russia and Korea, and was especially large due to coerced migration from the Soviet Union and Japan in the 1930s. Less is known about exact numbers of the migrations from and within Africa in this period, but Africa experienced a small net immigration between 1850 and 1950, from a variety of origins.

Transnational labour migration reached a peak of three million migrants per year in the early twentieth century. Italy, Norway, Ireland and the Quongdong region of China were regions with especially high emigration rates during these years. These large migration flows influenced the process of nation state formation in many ways. Immigration restrictions have been developed, as well as diaspora cultures and myths that reflect the importance of migration to the foundation of certain nations, like the American melting pot. There have been a number of Immigration Acts in the United States. The term Diaspora (in Greek, διασπορά &ndash " a scattering or sowing of seeds " refers any population sharing common ethnic The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures races and religions are The transnational labour migration fell to a lower level from 1930s to the 1960s and then rebounded.

The United States experienced considerable internal migration related to industrialization, including its African American population. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa From 1910-1970, approximately 7 million African Americans migrated from the rural Southern United States, where blacks faced both poor economic opportunities and considerable political and social prejudice, to the industrial cities of the Northeast, Midwest and West where relatively well paid jobs were available. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive ^[17] This phenomenon came to be known in the United States as its own Great Migration. See also Second Great Migration (African American The Great Migration was the movement of approximately seven million African-Americans out of the

The twentieth century experienced also an increase in migratory flows caused by war and politics. Muslims moved from the Balkan to Turkey, while Christians moved the other way, during the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish 400. 000 Jews moved to Palestine in the early twentieth century. The Russian Civil War caused some 3 million Russians, Poles and Germans to migrate out of the Soviet Union. The Russian Civil War (1917–1923 was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed World War II and decolonization also caused migrations, see below. Decolonization refers to the undoing of Colonialism, the establishment of governance or authority through the creation of settlements by another country or jurisdiction

sources:
Patrick Manning, Migration in World History (2005) p 132-162.
Adam McKeown, 'Global migration, 1846-1940' in: Journal of Global History (June 2004).

World War II

See World War II evacuation and expulsion and Population transfer in the Soviet Union for World War II forced migrations. World War II evacuation and expulsion refers to forced deportation mass evacuation and displacement of peoples spurred on by the hostilities between Axis and Allied powers and the border Population transfer in the Soviet Union may be classified into the following broad categories deportations of " Anti-Soviet " categories of population often classified

The Jewish across Europe, the Mediterranean and the Middle East formed from voluntary migrations, enslavement, threats of enslavement and pogroms. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses After the Nazis brought the Holocaust upon Jewish people in the 1940s, there was increased migration to the British Mandate of Palestine, which became the modern day state of Israel as a result of the 1947 UN Partition Plan. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as The 1940s decade ran from 1940 to 1949 Events and trends The 1940s was a period between the radical 1930s and the conservative 1950s which also leads the period to be The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine or United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 was a plan approved by the General Assembly on November 29

Provisions of the Potsdam Agreement from 1945 signed by victorious Western Allies and the Soviet Union led to one of the largest European migrations, and definitely the largest in the 20th century. The Potsdam Agreement was an agreement on policy for the occupation and reconstruction of Germany and other nations after fighting in the European Theatre of World War II The Western Allies were the democracies and their colonial peoples within the broader coalition of Allies during World War II. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The twentieth century of the Common Era began on It involved the migration and resettlement of close to or over 20 million people. The largest affected group were 16.5 million Germans expelled from Eastern Europe westwards. The expulsion of Germans after World War II was the Forced migration and Ethnic cleansing of German nationals ( Reichsdeutsche) and ethnic The second largest group were Poles, millions of whom were expelled westwards from eastern Kresy region and resettled in the so-called Recovered Territories (see Allies decide Polish border in the article on the Oder-Neisse line). The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. The term Kresy, meaning Outskirts or Borderlands, was first used to define the Polish eastern frontier Recovered or Regained Territories (Ziemie Odzyskane was the official term used by the Polish post-war authorities to denote those territories which were transferred The Oder-Neisse line (Granica na Odrze i Nysie Łużyckiej Oder-Neiße-Grenze was drawn in the aftermath of World War II as the eastern border of Germany and The Oder-Neisse line (Granica na Odrze i Nysie Łużyckiej Oder-Neiße-Grenze was drawn in the aftermath of World War II as the eastern border of Germany and Hundreds of thousands of Poles, Ukrainians (Operation Wisła), Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians and some Belarusians, were in the meantime expelled eastwards from Europe to the Soviet Union. This article is about the 1947 deportation of Ukrainians by the Polish government Finally, many of the several hundred thousand Jews remaining in the Eastern Europe after the Holocaust migrated outside Europe to Israel. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Berihah, or "Brichah" ( was the organized effort that helped Jews escape post- Holocaust Europe to Palestine. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.

Contemporary migration

Further information: immigration, forced migration, and refugees

Target regions with currently high immigration rates are North America, Australia, and Europe except eastern Europe. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term Forced migration (also called deracination) refers to the coerced movement of a person or persons away from their Home or home Region. According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. [1]

• Bosnia and Herzegovina: 1. Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan 3% per year
• Burundi: 0. Burundi (buˈɾundi officially the Republic of Burundi, is a small country in the Great Lakes region of Eastern Africa bordered by Rwanda 8%
• Jordan: 0. Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern 63%
• Canada: 0. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page 48%
• Ireland: 0. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world 48%
• Argentina: 0. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. 9%
• Australia: 0. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. 38%
• New Zealand: 0. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island 36%
• Angola: 0. Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central 35%
• Portugal: 0. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. 34%
• USA: 0. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 32%
• Switzerland: 0. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation 31%
• Netherlands: 0. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands 27%
• Denmark: 0. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe 25%
• Belarus: 0. Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east 23%
• Greece: 0. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία 23%
• Germany^[18]: 0. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. 92%
• United Kingdom: 0. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located 22%
• Italy: 0. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest 82%

Small countries like island states can have extremely high migration rates that fluctuate over short times due to their low overall population: Micronesia -2% per year, Grenada -1. Micronesia, from the Greek mikros (μικρός (meaning small) and nesos (νῆσος (meaning island) is a Subregion Grenada (grɪˈneɪdə is an Island nation that includes the southern Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. 6%, Samoa -1. Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa, is a country governing the western part of the Samoan Islands Archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean 2%, Dominica -0. The Commonwealth of Dominica, commonly known as Dominica, is an Island nation in the Caribbean Sea. 93%, Suriname and Virgin Islands -0. Suriname ( Dutch: Suriname; Sranan Tongo: Sranan) officially the Republic of Suriname (traditionally spelled Surinam by See also Culture of the Virgin Islands Music of the Virgin Islands Virgin Islands Creole 87%, Greenland -0. Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat meaning "Land of the Greenlanders" Grønland is a self-governing Danish Province located between the 83%, Guyana and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -0. Guyana (ɡaɪˈænə or /ɡiːˈɑːnə/ officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is the only Nation state Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is an island nation in the Lesser Antilles chain of the Caribbean Sea. 75%; Liberia 2. Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the west coast of Africa, bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire 7%, Kuwait 1. The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed 6%, Turks and Caicos Islands 1. The Turks and Caicos Islands ( TCI) (ˈtɜːks ænd ˈkeɪkəs are a British Overseas Territory consisting of two groups of tropical islands in the West Indies 1%, San Marino 1. The Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino is a country in the Apennine Mountains. 1%.

For more data on contemporary migration see:

• Net Human Migration Rate
• [http://www.oecd.org/statisticsdata/0,3381,en_2649_37415_1_119656_1_1_37415,00.html OECD International selena waz here may 16,2008

Migrations and climate cycles

The modern field of climate history suggests that the successive waves of Eurasian nomadic movement throughout history have had their origins in climatic cycles, which have expanded or contracted pastureland in Central Asia, especially Mongolia and the Altai. Climate change is any long-term significant change in the “average weather” that a given region experiences Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East People were displaced from their home ground by other tribes trying to find land that could be grazed by essential flocks, each group pushing the next further to the south and west, into the highlands of Anatolia, the plains of Hungary, into Mesopotamia or southwards, into the rich pastures of China. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The Pannonian Plain is a large Plain in Central Europe that remained when the Pliocene Pannonian Sea dried out Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National

Toward an understanding of migration

Types of migrations

• The cyclic movement which involves commuting, a seasonal movement, and nomadism. Nomadic people, (from the νομάδες nomádes, "those who let pasture herds" also known as nomads, are communities of people that
• The periodic movement which consists of migrant labor, military service, and pastoral farming Transhumance. The term migrant worker has different official meanings and connotations in different parts of the world the United Nations' definition is very broad essentially including anyone Transhumance is a term with two accepted usages Older sources use transhumance for vertical seasonal Livestock movement typically to higher
• The migratory movement that moves from the eastern part of the United States to the western part. It also moves from China to southeast Asia, from Europe to North America, and from South America to the middle part of the Americas.
• Internal migration

Ravenstein's 'laws of migration'

Certain laws of social science have been proposed to describe human migration. The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies The following was a standard list after Ravenstein's proposals during the time frame of 1834 to 1913. The laws are as follows:

1. Most migrants travel short distances and with increasing distance the numbers of migrants decrease. This law is based upon the assumptions that the higher travel costs and a lack of knowledge of more distant places acts against large volumes of migration.
2. Migration occurs in stages and with a wave-like motion. Based on his observations in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries that migration occurred in steps with people gradually moving up the settlement hierarchy - from rural areas to villages, to towns, to cities and finally the capital city.
3. Migration increases in volume as industries and commerce develop and transport improves, and the major direction of movement is from agricultural areas to centres of industry and commerce.
4. Most Migrants are adult. Families rarely migrate out of their country of birth.
5. Women are more migratory than men within their country of birth but men more frequently venture beyond it.
6. Urban dwellers are less likely to move than their rural counterparts.

Other migration models

• Migration occurs because individuals search for food, sex and security outside their usual habitation. (Idyorough, 2008)

• Zipf's Inverse distance law (1956)
• Gravity model and the Friction of distance
• Buffer Theory
• Stouffer's Theory of intervening opportunities (1340)
• Lee's Push-pull theory (1967)
• Zelinsky's Mobility Transition Model (1971)
• Bauder's Regulation of labor markets (2004) "suggests that the international migration of workers is necessary for the survival of industrialized economies. The concept of friction of distance is based on the notion that Distance usually requires some amount of effort Money, and/or Energy to overcome In the late 1950s a number of European countries (most notably West Germany and France) decided on a migration policy know as the Buffer theory. Stouffer's law of intervening opportunities states that the amount of migration over a given distance is directly proportional to the number of opportunities at the place of destination This article is for the legal term For regulation of genes see Regulation of gene expression. Labour economics seeks to understand the functioning of the Market and dynamics for labour. . . [It] turns the conventional view of international migration on its head: it investigates how migration regulates labor markets, rather than labor markets shaping migration flows. " (from the book description)

Causes of migrations

Causes of migrations have modified over hundreds of years. Some cases are constant, some of them do not carry the same importance as years ago (for example: in 18th and 19th centuries labor migration did not have the same character like today).

In general we can divide factors causing migrations into two groups of factors: Push and pull factors. Human migration denotes any movement by Humans from one locality to another sometimes over long distances or In general:

• Push Factors are economic, political, cultural, and environmentally based.
• Pull Factors are economic, political, cultural, and environmentally based.
• Barriers/Obstacles which is an example of Nigeria in the 1970s and 1980s.

Some certain factors are both push and pull like education, industry etc.

On the macro level, the causes of migration can be distilled into two main categories: security dimension of migration (natural disasters, conflicts, threats to individual safety, poor political prospects) and economic dimension of migration (poor economic situation, poor situation of national market). [AIV document]

Push and Pull Factors

Push and pull factors are those factors which either forcefully push people into migration or attract them. A push factor is forceful, and a factor which relates to the country from which a person migrates. It is generally some problem which results in people wanting to migrate. Different types of push factors can be seen further below. A pull factor is something concerning the country to which a person migrates. It is generally a benefit that attracts people to a certain place. Push and pull factors are usually considered as north and south poles on a magnet.

Push Factors

• Not enough jobs
• Few opportunities
• "Primitive" conditions
• Political fear
• Poor medical care
• Not being able to practice religion
• Loss of wealth
• Natural Disasters
• Death threats
• Slavery
• Poor housing
• Landlords
• Bullying
• Poor chances of finding courtship

Pull Factors

• Job opportunities
• Better living conditions
• Political and/or religious freedom
• Enjoyment
• Education
• Better medical care
• Security
• Family links
• Better chances of finding courtship

Effects of migration

Migration like any other process shapes many fields of life, having both advantages and disadvantages. Effects of migrations are:

• changes in population distribution
• demographic consequences: since migration is selective of particular age groups, migrants are mostly young and in productive age. It can cause a demographic crisis – population ageing, what in turn can be followed by economic problems (shrinking group of economically active population has to finance extending group of inactive population). Population ageing (Aging Population also or population aging (see English spelling differences) occurs when the median age of a country or region
• economic results, which are of the greatest importance for the development of the countries. One of the most important dimension of migrations’ effects Economic results of migrations are the most relevant to development

Migration in the European Union

The wages in the European Union are generally higher than the rest of Europe- thus explaining why a large number of Eastern Europeans choose to migrate to the EU. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. However, such migration is becoming increasingly difficult with the EU's ever more stringent immigration laws. Immigrants from the ten mostly Eastern European states admitted to the EU in 2004, however, can freely migrate to the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland and Sweden. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation.

For more information go to:

• OECD International Migration Data 2006
• Net Human Migration Rate in OECD Countries
• Inflows of asylum seekers into OECD countries

See also

• Exodus (disambiguation)
• Population mobility
• Globalization
• Most recent common ancestor
• Migrant literature
• Snowbird (people)
• Separation barrier

Further information

Literature

Books

• Bauder, Harald Labor Movement: How Migration Regulates Labor Markets, New York: Oxford University Press 2006
• Behdad, Ali, A Forgetful Nation: On Immigration and Cultural Identity in the United States, Duke UP 2005
• Fell, Peter and Hayes, Debra, "What are they doing here? A critical guide to asylum and immigration. Population mobility, geographic mobility or more simply mobility is a statistic that measures migration within a population Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones In Genetics, the most recent common ancestor ( MRCA) of any set of Organisms is the most recent individual from which all organisms in the group are directly Migrant literature, that is Writings by and to a lesser extent about Migrants is a topic which has commanded growing interest within literary studies since the 1980s This article is about migratory people called Snowbirds for alternate meanings see Snowbird. The term separation barrier is a Euphemism for walls or fences constructed to limit the movement of people across a certain line or Border, or to separate two populations " Birmingham (UK): Venture Press 2007.
• Hoerder, Dirk Cultures in Contact. World Migrations in the Second Millennium, Duke University Press 2002
• Knörr, Jacqueline Women and Migration. Anthropological Perspectives, Frankfurt & New York: Campus Verlag & St. Martin's Press 2000.
• Knörr, Jacqueline Childhood and Migration. From Experience to Agency, Bielefeld: Transcript 2005
• Manning, Patrick Migration in World History, New York and London: Routledge 2005
• Migration for Employment Paris: OECD Publications, 2004.
• OECD International Migration Outlook 2007, Paris: OECD Publications, 2007
• Abdelmalek Sayad, The Suffering of the Immigrant, Preface by Pierre Bourdieu, Polity Press 2004
• Stalker, Peter, No-Nonsense Guide to International Migration, New Internationalist, second edition, 2008. Pierre Bourdieu ( August 1, 1930 – January 23, 2002) was an acclaimed French Sociologist and writer known for his

Journals

• International Migration Review

Online Books

• OECD International Migration Outlook 2007 (subscription service)

Online Databases

• International Migration Data 2006

Documentary films

• The Short Life of José Antonio Gutierrez
• El Inmigrante, Directors: David Eckenrode, John Sheedy, John Eckenrode. The Short Life of José Antonio Gutierrez ( Das Kurze Leben des José Antonio Gutierrez) is a 2006 Documentary film directed by Heidi El Inmigrante is a 2005 documentary directed and written by brothers David and John Eckenrode along with John Sheedy about Immigrant deaths along the U 2005. 90 min. (U. S. /Mexico)

External links

• Migration patterns of early Humans and the full size map
• Migration Heritage route : Luxembourg
• Pictures of Refugees in Europe - Features by Jean-Michel Clajot, Belgian photographer
• : Presentation of the Human Migrations Documentation Center that coordinates the European Week of Migration Heritage, 2007
• European Institute of Cultural Routes : Presentation of the Migration Heritage Route in Europe,2005
• Migration News
• Metropolitan Museum page on Lapita culture
• Michael Haerdter Remarks on modernity, mobility, nomadism and the arts
• An mtDNA view of the peopling of the world by Homo sapiens
• National Geographic: Atlas of the Human Journey (Haplogroup-based human migration maps)
• Journey of Mankind : the Peopling of the World
• Stalker's Guide to International Migration Comprehensive interactive guide, with map and statistics
• Diplomacy Monitor - Migration
• Global Culture: essays on migration and globalization
• Snapshot: Global Migration: "Nearly 190 million people, about three percent of the world's population, lived outside their country of birth in 2005. A look at the flow of people around the globe. " Flash graphic with tabs showing Net flow, Share of total migrants, Share of local population, Money sent home by migrants and Money sent home as a share of GDP. (New York Times, June 22, 2007)
• NSW Migration Heritage Centre, Australia
• Metropolis Project
• International Organization for Migration
• IMISCOE-International migration, integration and social cohesion
• IMES-Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies
• International Organization for Migration

References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
• Erectus Ahoy

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