Human homeostasis is the homeostasis of humans, i. Homeostasis (from Greek: ὅμος hómos, "equal" and ιστημι istēmi, "to stand" lit Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus e. the property to regulate the internal environment of the body so as to maintain a stable, constant condition.
The kidneys are major contributors to human homeostasis, regulating in five important ways: regulation of blood water levels, reabsorption of substances into the blood, maintenance of salt and ion levels in the blood, regulation of blood pH, and excretion of urea and other wastes. The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles
Much disease results from disturbance of homeostasis, a condition known as homeostatic imbalance. For instance, heart failure has been seen where negative feedback mechanisms become overwhelmed, and destructive positive feedback mechanisms then take over. Heart failure is a Cardiac condition that occurs when a problem with the structure or function of the Heart impairs its ability to supply [1] Diseases which result from a homeostatic imbalance include diabetes, dehydration, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, gout and any disease caused by a toxin present in the bloodstream. Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc Dehydration ( hypohydration) is the removal of Water ( hydro in ancient Greek) from an object Hypoglycemia or hypoglycaemia is the medical term for a pathologic state produced by a lower than normal level of Glucose ( sugar) in the blood Hyperglycemia, hyperglycaemia, or high blood sugar is a condition in which an excessive amount of Glucose circulates in the Blood plasma Gout (also called metabolic arthritis) is a disease created by a buildup of Uric acid. All of these conditions result from the presence of an increased amount of a particular substance. In these cases medical intervention may be required to restore balance, or permanent damage to the organs may result.
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Temperature
Humans are warm-blooded, maintaining a near-constant body temperature. Thermoregulation is the ability of an Organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries even when temperature surrounding is very different In Biology, a warm-blooded Animal species is one whose members maintain thermal Homeostasis; that is they keep their body temperature at a roughly constant Thermoregulation is an important aspect of human homeostasis. Homeostasis (from Greek: ὅμος hómos, "equal" and ιστημι istēmi, "to stand" lit Heat is mainly produced by the liver and muscle contractions. Humans have been able to adapt to a great diversity of climates, including hot humid and hot arid. High temperatures pose serious stresses for the human body, placing it in great danger of injury or even death. In order to deal with these climatic conditions, humans have developed physiologic and cultural modes of adaptation.
Temperature may enter a circle of positive feedback, when temperature reaches extremes of 45ºC (113ºF), at which cellular proteins denature, causing the active site in proteins to change, thus causing metabolism stop and ultimately death. Positive feedback, sometimes referred to as "cumulative causation" is a Feedback loop system in which the system responds to perturbation in the same direction
Iron
Iron is an essential element for human beings. Human iron metabolism is the set of chemical reactions maintaining Human homeostasis of Iron. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 The control of this necessary but potentially toxic substance is an important part of many aspects of human health and disease. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism Health is a state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly Hematologists have been especially interested in the system of iron metabolism because iron is essential to red blood cells. Hematology ( American English) or haematology ( British English) is the branch of biology (physiology Pathology, Clinical laboratory Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. Red blood cells are the most common type of Blood cell and the Vertebrate body's principal means of delivering Oxygen to the body tissues via the Blood In fact, most of the human body's iron is contained in red blood cells' hemoglobin, and iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia. The human body is the entire physical and mental structure of a Human Organism. Hemoglobin ( also spelled haemoglobin and abbreviated Hb or Hgb) is the Iron -containing Oxygen -transport Metalloprotein Anemia ( AmE) or anæmia/anaemia ( BrE) (from the Ancient Greek grc-Latn anaîmia, meaning “without blood” is defined as a qualitative
When body levels of iron are too low, then hepcidin in the duodenal epithelium is decreased. Hepcidin is a recently discovered Peptide hormone produced by the Liver, that appears to be the master regulator of iron homeostasis in humans and This causes an increase in ferroportin activity, stimulating iron uptake in the digestive system. Ferroportin is a Transmembrane protein that transports Iron from the inside of a cell to the outside of it Digestion is the breaking down of chemicals in the body into a form that can be absorbed Vice versa in iron surplus.
In individual cells, an iron deficiency causes responsive element binding protein (IRE-BP) to bind to iron responsive elements (IRE) on mRNAs for transferrin receptors, resulting in increased production of transferrin receptors. The iron-responsive element binding proteins, also known as IRE-BP and IRBP, bind to Iron responsive elements (IREs in the regulation of Human iron The Iron response element or Iron-responsive element (IRE is a short conserved Stem-loop which is bound by iron response proteins (IRPs also named IRE-BP or Transferrin receptor (TfR is a Carrier protein for Transferrin. These receptors increase binding of transferrin to cells, and therefore stimulating iron uptake. Transferrin is a Blood plasma Protein for Iron Ion delivery Transferrin is a Glycoprotein, which binds iron very tightly but reversibly
Blood composition
The balance of many blood solutes belongs to renal physiology. Renal physiology is the study of the Physiology of the Kidneys Functions of the kidney The functions of the kidney can be divided into two groups
Sugar
- See also: Blood sugar#Regulation
Humans regulate their blood glucose with insulin and glucagon. Blood sugar, used in a physiological context is a misnomer and misleading Insulin is a Hormone with intensive effects on both metabolism and several other body systems (eg vascular compliance Glucagon is an important Hormone involved in Carbohydrate metabolism. These hormones are released by the pancreas. The pancreas is a Gland organ in the digestive and Endocrine system of Vertebrates.
When blood sugar levels become too high, insulin is released from the pancreas, lowering the blood sugar levels. On the other hand, when blood sugar levels become too low, glucagon is released, increasing blood sugar levels.
If the pancreas is for any reason unable to produce enough of these two hormones diabetes results. Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc
Fats
- See also: Blood lipids
Osmoregulation
Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of bodily fluids to maintain the homeostasis of the body's water content; that is it keeps the body's fluids from becoming too dilute or too concentrated. Blood lipids (or blood fats are Lipids in the Blood, either free or bound to other molecules Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the Osmotic pressure of bodily fluids to maintain the Homeostasis of the body's Water content that is it keeps Osmotic pressure is the hydrostatic pressure produced by a difference in concentration between solutions on the two sides of a surface such as a semipermeable membrane Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Osmotic pressure is a measure of the tendency of water to move into one solution from another by osmosis. In Chemistry, a solution is a Homogeneous Mixture composed of two or more substances Osmosis is the Diffusion of a solvent (frequently water through a semi-permeable membrane, from a solution of low solute concentration (high water potential The higher the osmotic pressure of a solution the more water wants to go into the solution.
The kidneys are used to remove excess ions from the blood, thus affecting the osmotic pressure. The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles These are then expelled as urine. Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the Kidneys by a process of filtration from Blood and Excreted through the Urethra.
Pressure
- See also: Renin-angiotensin system
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a hormone system that helps regulate long-term blood pressure and extracellular v olume in the body. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS or the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS is a hormone system that regulates Blood pressure and water ( fluid The endocrine system is an integrated system of small organs that involve the release of extracellular signaling molecules known as Hormones The endocrine system is instrumental Blood pressure is also the title of a short story by Damon Runyan in Guys and Dolls and Other Stories Extracellular fluid (ECF usually denotes all body fluid outside of cells
Calcium
When blood calcium becomes too low, calcium-sensing receptors in the parathyroid gland become inactivated. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 In Biochemistry, a receptor is a Protein molecule embedded in either the Plasma membrane or Cytoplasm of a cell to which a mobile signaling The parathyroid glands are small endocrine Glands in the neck usually located behind the Thyroid gland, which produce Parathyroid hormone. This results in the release of PTH, which acts to increase blood calcium, e. Parathyroid hormone (PTH, or parathormone, is secreted by the Parathyroid glands as a Polypeptide containing 84 Amino acids. g. by release from bones. Bones are rigid organs that form part of the Endoskeleton of Vertebrates They function to move support and protect the various organs of the body produce
On the other hand, excessive blood calcium levels causes an activation of calcium-sensing receptors in the parathyroid gland, resulting in decreased PTH release and a decrease in blood calcium.
Calcitonin works the opposite way, increasing calcium levels. Calcitonin is a 32-amino acid linear polypeptide Hormone that is produced in Humans primarily by the parafollicular (also known as C-cells of the
Acid-base
The kidneys maintain acid-base homeostasis by regulating the pH of the blood plasma. Acid-base homeostasis is the part of Human homeostasis concerning the proper balance between Acids and bases, in other words the PH. Blood plasma is the Liquid component of Blood, in which the Blood cells are suspended Gains and losses of acid and base must be balanced. The study of the acid-base reactions in the body is acid base physiology.
Volume
The body's homeostatic control mechanisms, which maintain a constant internal environment, ensure that a balance between fluid gain and fluid loss is maintained. Fluid balance is the concept of Human homeostasis that the amount of Fluid lost from the body is equal to the amount of fluid taken in Homeostasis (from Greek: ὅμος hómos, "equal" and ιστημι istēmi, "to stand" lit The hormones ADH (Anti-diuretic Hormone, also known as vasopressin) and Aldosterone play a major role in this. Arginine vasopressin ( AVP) also known as vasopressin, argipressin or antidiuretic hormone ( ADH) is a Hormone found in Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the tubules of the kidneys to retain sodium and water
- If the body is becoming fluid-deficient, there will be an increase in the secretion of these hormones (ADH), causing fluid to be retained by the kidneys and urine output to be reduced.
- Conversely, if fluid levels are excessive, secretion of these hormones (aldosterone) is suppressed, resulting in less retention of fluid by the kidneys and a subsequent increase in the volume of urine produced.
- If you have too much Carbon dioxide(CO2) in the blood, it can cause the blood to become acidic. People respirate heavily not due to low oxygen(O2) content in the blood, but because they have too much CO2.
Hemostasis
Hemostasis is the process whereby bleeding is halted. Hemostasis (or Haemostasis refers to a process whereby bleeding is halted in most animals with a closed Circulatory system. A major part of this is coagulation. Coagulation is a complex process by which Blood forms Clots It is an important part of Hemostasis (the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel whereby
Platelet accumulation causes blood clotting in response to a break or tear in the lining of blood vessels. Platelets, or Thrombocytes, are small cytoplasmic bodies derived from cells They circulate in the Blood of Mammals and are involved Coagulation is a complex process by which Blood forms Clots It is an important part of Hemostasis (the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel whereby Another example is the release of oxytocin to intensify the contractions that take place during childbirth. Oxytocin ( IPA: /ˌɔksɪˈtoʊsɪn/ (Greek "quick birth" is a Mammalian Hormone that also acts as a Neurotransmitter in the [1]
Sleep
Sleep timing depends upon a balance between homeostatic sleep propensity, the need for sleep as a function of the amount of time elapsed since the last adequate sleep episode, and circadian rhythms which determine the ideal timing of a correctly structured and restorative sleep episode. [2]
Extracellular fluid
The kidneys by regulating the blood composition, also controls the extracellular fluid homeostasis. The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles
References
- ^ a b Marieb, Elaine N. & Hoehn, Katja (2007). Human Anatomy & Physiology (Seventh ed. ). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
- ^ Wyatt, James K. ; Ritz-De Cecco, Angela; Czeisler, Charles A. ; Dijk, Derk-Jan (October 1999). "Circadian temperature and melatonin rhythms, sleep, and neurobehavioral function in humans living on a 20-h day". Am J Physiol 277 (4): R1152–R1163. Fulltext. PMID 10516257. “. . . significant homeostatic and circadian modulation of sleep structure, with the highest sleep efficiency occurring in sleep episodes bracketing the melatonin maximum and core body temperature minimum”
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