| Hui حُوِ ذَو 回族 (Huízú) |
|---|
 |
| Hui people |
| Total population |
|
9. 82 million (in 2000 census) |
| Regions with significant populations |
| China |
| Languages |
| Chinese language |
| Religions |
| Islam |
| Related ethnic groups |
| Dungan, Panthay, Han Chinese, other Muslim ethnic groups, possibly other Sino-Tibetan peoples |
| Hui people | |
|---|---|
| Chinese name | |
| Chinese: | 回族 |
| Russian name | |
| Russian: | Дунгане |
| Dunganese name | |
| Dungan: | Хуэйзў |
| Xiao'erjing: | حُوِ ذَو |
| Romanization: | Huejzw |
The Hui people (Chinese: 回族; pinyin: Huízú, Xiao'erjing: حُوِ ذَو ) are a Chinese ethnic group, typically distinguished by their practice of Islam. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Dungan (Дунгане is a term used in territories of the former Soviet Union to refer to a Muslim people of Chinese origin Panthays form a group of Chinese Muslims in Burma Some people refer to Panthays as the oldest group of Chinese Muslims in Burma Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. The term Sino-Tibetan peoples is used to describe a people speaking a Sino-Tibetan language. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The Dungan language is a Sinitic language spoken by the Dungan of Central Asia, an ethnic group related to the Hui people of China Xiao'erjing or Xiao'erjin ( Xiao'erjing ar شِيَوْ عَر دٍ or in its shortened form Xiaojing ( is the practice of writing Sinitic languages In Linguistics, romanization (or latinization, also spelled romanisation or latinisation) is the representation of a Word or Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Xiao'erjing or Xiao'erjin ( Xiao'erjing ar شِيَوْ عَر دٍ or in its shortened form Xiaojing ( is the practice of writing Sinitic languages The following is a list of ethnic groups in China where "China" is taken to mean areas controlled by either of the two states using "China" in their formal For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. Ethnic minorities in China refer to the non- Han Chinese population in Mainland China and Taiwan. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES They are concentrated in Northwestern China (Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang), but communities exist across the country. Northwestern China (西北 Xīběi includes the autonomous regions of Xinjiang and Ningxia and the provinces of Shaanxi, Gansu Ningxia ( Postal map spelling: Ningsia full name Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region ( is a Hui autonomous region of the People's Republic ( is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk Most Hui are similar in culture to Han Chinese with the exception that they practice Islam, and have some distinctive cultural characteristics as a result. Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. Islam in China has a rich heritage China has some of the oldest Muslim history dating back to as early as 650 when the uncle of For example, as Muslims, they follow Islamic dietary laws and reject the consumption of pork, the most common meat consumed in Chinese culture, and have also given rise to their variation of Chinese cuisine, Chinese Islamic cuisine. This is a sub-article to Hygiene in Islam, Healthy diet and Food and cooking hygiene. The Culture of China (traditional Chinese 中國文化 simplified Chinese 中国文化 is home to one of the world's oldest and most complex Civilizations covering a history Chinese cuisine ( Traditional Chinese: 中國菜 Simplified Chinese: 中国菜 originated from the various regions of China and has become widespread in Chinese Islamic cuisine (清真菜 or 回族菜 is the cuisine of the Hui (ethnic Chinese Muslims and other Muslims living in China. Their mode of dress also differs only in that adult males wear white caps and females wear headscarves or (occasionally) veils, as is the case in most Islamic cultures. For other uses see Headgear. Headscarves are scarves covering most or all of the top of a woman's hair and her head A veil is an article of clothing worn almost exclusively by women that is intended to cover some part of the head or Face. Muslim Culture is a term primarily used in Secular Academia to describe all cultural practices common to historically Islamic peoples
In modern usage, the definition of Hui does not include ethnic groups such as the Uyghur, who live in China and practice Islam, but are Turkic people and are thus different culturally from Han Chinese. The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur, Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family For example, in Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous Region, where about 10 percent of the Hui of China reside, the Hui have a distinct ethnic identity from that of the Uyghurs, Kazakhs, and Kyrgyz, who are Turkic peoples. Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; Kazakh: Қазақтар qɑzɑqtɑr Russian: Казахи the English name is transliterated The Kyrgyz (also spelled Kirgiz, Kirghiz) are a Turkic Ethnic group found primarily in Kyrgyzstan.
Included among the Hui in Chinese census statistics (and not officially recognized as a separate ethnic group) are several thousand Utsuls in southern Hainan province, who speak an Austronesian language (Tsat) related to that of the Cham Muslim minority of Vietnam, and who are said to be descended from Chams who migrated to Hainan. The Utsuls are a tiny ethnic group which lives on the Chinese island of Hainan and are considered one of the People's Republic of China's undistinguished ethnic Tsat (also known as Utsat Utset Huihui Hui or Hainan Cham is a language spoken on Hainan Island in China by the Utsuls Tsat is a member of the The Cham people ( Vietnamese: người Chăm or người Chàm) are an ethnic group in Southeast Asia. Hainan ( POJ: Hai-lam Pinyin:, Jyutping: hoi2 naam4 literal meaning "South of the Sea" is the smallest province of the People's
A traditional Chinese term for Islam is 回教 (pinyin: Huíjiào, literally "the religion of the Hui"), though the most prevalent is the transliteration 伊斯蘭教 (pinyin: 'Yīsīlán jiào, literally "Islam religion"). Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice
Contents |
Origins
| History of Islam in China |
|
History |
| Architecture |
| Major figures |
| People Groups |
|
Hui • Salar • Uygur |
| Islamic Cities/Regions |
| Culture |
|
Islamic Association of China |
The Hui Chinese have diverse origins. Islam in China has a rich heritage China has some of the oldest Muslim history dating back to as early as 650 when the uncle of The History of Islam in China begins just a few decades after the rise of Islam. The History of Islam in China goes back to the earliest years of Islam. The change in dynasty in China from the Tang to the dynasties that included the Song Dynasty did not greatly interrupt the trends of Muslims established during the The establishment of the Yuan Dynasty in China had dramatically benefited Islam in China in contrast to previous dynasties As the Yuan Dynasty ended many Mongols as well as the Muslims who came with them remained in China. The rise of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911 made relations between the Muslims and Chinese more difficult After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, which was hostile to Muslims, there appeared to be a reason for hope as Sun Yat Sen, who led the new republic immediately proclaimed This is a list of Mosques in China. Note: When adding new mosques please update the template TemplateMosques in China. The Niujie Mosque ( is the oldest Mosque in Beijing, China. It was first built in 996 and was reconstructed as well as enlarged under the Qing Emperor Biography Hajj Ma performed the Hajj in 1841 leaving China by a circuitous route as ocean travel out of China had been disrupted by the Opium War Zheng He ( Birth name 馬三寶 / 马三宝; Arabic / Persian name حجّي محمود شمس Hajji Mahmud Shams) (1371&ndash1433 was a Hui Biography In his childhood he received instruction from his father Liu Sanjie (劉三杰 Hajji Noor Deen Mi Guangjiang (米廣江 born 1963 is an expert in Islamic calligraphy, specializing in the Sini style which originated from The Salar people ( Salar: Salar Chinese: 撒拉族 Pinyin: Sālāzú) are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur, Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; Kazakh: Қазақтар qɑzɑqtɑr Russian: Казахи the English name is transliterated The Kyrgyz (also spelled Kirgiz, Kirghiz) are a Turkic Ethnic group found primarily in Kyrgyzstan. The Chinese Tatars (塔塔尔族 Tǎtǎěrzú) form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. The Bonan (also Bao'an) people (保安族 Pinyin: bǎoān zú native) are an Ethnic group living in Gansu and Qinghai The Uzbeks (Self designation sg O‘zbek, pl O‘zbeklar) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. The Tibetan Muslims, also known as the Kachee ( Kache) form a small minority in Tibet. The Dongxiang people (autonym Sarta or Santa (撒尔塔) are one of 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of Tajiks in China ( Chinese: 塔吉克族 Pinyin: Tǎjíkèzú are one of the 56 nationalities officially recognized by the People's Republic of The Utsuls are a tiny ethnic group which lives on the Chinese island of Hainan and are considered one of the People's Republic of China's undistinguished ethnic Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk Ningxia ( Postal map spelling: Ningsia full name Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region ( is a Hui autonomous region of the People's Republic Kashgar or Kashi (officially transliterated as Kaxgar in Uyghur; قەشقەر/K̡ǝxk̡ǝr, is an Oasis The Islamic Association of China (中国伊斯兰教协会 Pinyin: Zhōngguó Yīsīlánjiào xiéhuì claims to represent Chinese Muslims nationwide Chinese Islamic cuisine (清真菜 or 回族菜 is the cuisine of the Hui (ethnic Chinese Muslims and other Muslims living in China. Sini is a Chinese Islamic calligraphic form for the Arabic script. Muslim Chinese martial arts have a long history in China, and many Muslims have participated at the highest level of Chinese martial arts. Some in the southeast coast are descended from Arab and Persian Muslim traders who settled in China and gradually intermarried and assimilated into the surrounding population keeping only their distinctive religion. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion A totally different explanation is available for the Mandarin Chinese-speaking Yunnan and Northern Huis, whose ethnogenesis might be a result of the convergence of large number of Mongol, Turkic or other Central Asian settlers in these regions who formed the dominant stratum in the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai However, even Cantonese Muslims, of the southeastern coast, typically resemble northern Asians much more so than their typical Cantonese neighbours.
It was documented that a proportion of these nomad or military ethnic groups were originally Nestorian Christians many of whom later converted to Islam, while under the sinicizing pressures of the Ming and Qing states. The East Syrian Rite is also known as the Chaldean Rite, Assyrian Rite, or Persian Rite although it originated in Edessa. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China
This explains the ethnonym "Hui," in close affinity with that of "Uyghur," albeit Sinicized and contradistinctive from "Uyghur" in usage. The ethnonym "Hui," though for a long time used as an umbrella term (at least since Qing) to designate Muslim Chinese speakers everywhere and Muslims in general (for example, a Qing Chinese might describe a Uyghur as a "Chantou" who practiced the "Hui" religion), was not used in the Southeast as much as "Qīngzhēn", a term still in common use today, especially for Muslim (Hui) eating establishments and for mosques (qīngzhēn sì in Mandarin). An umbrella term is a word that provides a Superset or grouping of related concepts also called a Hypernym. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger
Southeastern Muslims also have a much longer tradition of synthesizing Confucian teachings with the Sharia and Qur'anic teachings, and were reported to have been contributing to the Confucian officialdom since the Tang period. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Among the Northern Hui, on the other hand, there are strong influences of Central Asian Sufi schools such as Kubrawiyya, Qadiriyya, Naqshbandiyya (Khufiyya and Jahriyya) etc. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Naqshbandi ( Naqshbandiyya) is one of the major Tasawwuf orders ( Tariqa) of Islam. mostly of the Hanafi Madhhab (whereas among the Southeastern communities the Shafi'i Madhhab is more of the norm). The Hanafi ( Arabic حنفي school is the oldest of the four schools of thought ( Madhhabs Madhhab or Mazhab ( Arabic مذهب mæðhæb pl مذاهب mæðæːhıb) is an Islamic school of thought, or The Shāfi‘ī Madhab ( ar شافعي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh, or religious law within Before the "Ihwani" movement, a Chinese variant of the Salafi movement, Northern Hui Sufis were very fond of synthesizing Taoist teachings and martial arts practices with Sufi philosophy. Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions Martial arts are systems of codified practices and traditions of training for Combat.
In early modern times, villages in Northern Chinese Hui areas still bore labels like "Blue-cap Huihui," "Black-cap Huihui," and "White-cap Huihui," betraying their possible Christian, Judaic and Muslim origins, even though the religious practices among North China Hui by then were by and large Islamic. Hui is also used as a catch-all grouping for Islamic Chinese who are not classified under another ethnic group.
Definition of Hui
The definition of Hui Chinese poses some interesting issues. The obvious definition of the Hui as being Islamic Chinese poses two problems. The first is that the People's Republic of China is nominally atheist. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Atheism The second is that if Chinese Muslims are entitled to ethnic group status, then there is uncertainty about the status of Chinese Christians and Buddhists. Christianity in China is a growing minority religion that comprises Protestants (called 基督教 Jī dū jiào or Christ Religion) Catholics Chinese Buddhism ( Pinyin fójiào refers collectively to the various schools of Buddhism that have flourished in China proper since ancient times In defining the Hui, the government has sidestepped this issue by defining them in terms of their group identity and ignoring the fact that their group identity is based on religion. However, many Hui and others believe that the label is appropriate because the Hui have a history and culture that would not be such without their being Muslim, and thus setting them apart from other Chinese groups. In contrast, the cultural differences between Han Chinese Christians and other Chinese are much more subtle, and the boundary between the two is much more fluid, especially considering the level of Crypto-Christianity among the Han population. Crypto-Christianity commonly refers to the secret practice of the Christian Religion, usually while attempting to camouflage it as another faith or observing the rituals In addition, many say that a person that is Hui is quite different from a Han Chinese who simply converts to Islam.
Huis anywhere are referred to by Central Asian Turks and Tajiks as Dungans. Dungan (Дунгане is a term used in territories of the former Soviet Union to refer to a Muslim people of Chinese origin In its population censuses, the Soviet Union also identified Chinese Muslims as "Dungans" (дунгане) and recorded them as located mainly in Kyrgyzstan, southern Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan. In the Russian census of 2002, a total of 800 Dungans were enumerated. In Thailand Chinese Muslims are referred to as chin ho, in Myanmar and Yunnan Province, as Panthay. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. Panthays form a group of Chinese Muslims in Burma Some people refer to Panthays as the oldest group of Chinese Muslims in Burma
Hui in Malaysia
There is evidence that Chinese Hui migrated to Peninsular Malaysia in the influx of Chinese labourers during the nineteenth and late twentieth century. Chinese who have the surname Ma are suspected to have Hui ancestry. A number of them settled in the region of Lumut in Peninsular Malaysia. It is speculated that these Muslims assimilated with the local non-Muslim Chinese and now most of them are no longer Muslims. Nonetheless, there are those who still maintain their Islamic faith. A famous Chinese Muslim missionary in Malaysia has the surname of Ma.
If they are married to Muslim Malaysian indigenous persons, their offspring are officially accepted as part of the "Bumiputra" (indigenous people or "sons of the land"). Otherwise, the society might treat them as party of the large Chinese minority group. However as Islam is also an ethnic marker in Malaysia, many Chinese converts in Malaysia tend to adopt and assimilate into the indigenous culture. However, there is a trend since the 1900s for Chinese converts to retain their original pre-Muslim Chinese surname, probably to maintain their cultural identity.
Surnames
These are surnames generally used by the Hui ethnic group:
- Ma for Muhammad
- Han for Muhammad
- Ha for Hasan
- Hu for Hussein
- Sai for Said
- Sha for Shah
- Zheng for Shams
- Koay for Kamaruddin
- Chuah for Osman
Prominent Hui
- Bai Chongxi (白崇禧), a general of the Republic of China
- Bai Shouyi (白壽彝), prominent Chinese historian and ethnologist
- Hui Liangyu (回良玉), a Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China
- Li Zhi (李贄), a descendant of Persian merchant and famous philosopher, would perhaps be considered a Hui if he lived today
- Ma Dexin (马德新), Islamic scholar in Yunnan
- Ma Hualong (马化龙), one of the leaders of the Muslim Rebellion of 1862-77. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Hasan ( ar حسن) is an Arabic language word It is used in Hadith evaluation meaning roughly "good Husein, Hussein, Hossain, Hussain, Husain, Hosein, Husayn, Hussaini ( Arabic:حسین Shah is an Iranian term for a Monarch (leader that has been adopted in many other languages Bai Chongxi ( ( 18 March 1893 &ndash 1 December 1966) also spelled Pai Chung-hsi, was a Chinese Muslim General Bai Shouyi ( Traditional 白壽彝 Simplified 白寿彝 Pinyin: Bái Shòuyì (February 1909 &ndash March 21 2000) was a prominent This is a Chinese name; the family name is Hui. Hui Liangyu (回良玉 born October 1944 in Jilin Province Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Li Zhi ( 1527-1602 was a prominent Chinese philosopher historian and writer in the late Ming dynasty. Biography Hajj Ma performed the Hajj in 1841 leaving China by a circuitous route as ocean travel out of China had been disrupted by the Opium War Ma Hualong (马化龙 (died 1871 a leader of the Jahriya (also spelt Jahariyah) school of Sufism, was a leader in the Muslim Rebellion of The Dungan Revolt was a religious war It also known as the Hui Minorities' War and the Muslim Rebellion.
- Shi Zhongxin, mayor of Harbin from 2002 to February 2007, whose ancestors came from Jilin
- Zhang Chengzhi (張承志), contemporary author and alleged creator of the term "Red Guards"
- Zheng He (鄭和), a Semu Muslim, probably the most famous Muslim in Chinese history, would perhaps be considered a Hui if he lived today
Related group names
- Dungan (in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan)
- Panthay (in Burma)
- Utsul (in Hainan Island; speakers of a Malayo-Polynesian language, but officially classified by the Chinese government as Hui)
See also
Further reading
- Chuah, Osman (April 2004). ( Russian Kharbin) is a Sub-provincial city and the Capital of the Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China. ( Postal map spelling: Kirin; Manchu: Girin ula is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern Zhang Chengzhi (born 10 September, 1948) is a contemporary Hui Chinese author Zheng He ( Birth name 馬三寶 / 马三宝; Arabic / Persian name حجّي محمود شمس Hajji Mahmud Shams) (1371&ndash1433 was a Hui Semu (色目 in Chinese characters is the name of a caste established in China under the Yuan Dynasty. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Dungan (Дунгане is a term used in territories of the former Soviet Union to refer to a Muslim people of Chinese origin Kyrgyzstan (ˈkɻ̩gɪztɑn (AmE or /'kɝgəztan/ (BrE Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан; Russian: Киргизия or Киргизстан or Кыргызстан Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the Panthays form a group of Chinese Muslims in Burma Some people refer to Panthays as the oldest group of Chinese Muslims in Burma Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. The Utsuls are a tiny ethnic group which lives on the Chinese island of Hainan and are considered one of the People's Republic of China's undistinguished ethnic Hainan ( POJ: Hai-lam Pinyin:, Jyutping: hoi2 naam4 literal meaning "South of the Sea" is the smallest province of the People's Hui pan-nationalism refers to the post- 1949 (the foundation of the People's Republic of China phenomenon of a sense of common nationhood kindled among diverse communities of Islam in China has a rich heritage China has some of the oldest Muslim history dating back to as early as 650 when the uncle of The Dungan Revolt was a religious war It also known as the Hui Minorities' War and the Muslim Rebellion. The Panthay Rebellion (known in PRC as the Du Wenxiu Qiyi 杜文秀起义 1856&ndash1873 was a separatist movement of the Hui people and Chinese Muslims "Muslims in China: the social and economic situation of the Hui Chinese". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 24 (1): 155-162.
References
- Dru C. Gladney, "Ethnic Identity in China: The Making of a Muslim Minority Nationality (Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology)", 1997, ISBN 0155019708.
- Dru C. Gladney, "Dislocating China: Muslims, Minorities, and Other Subaltern Subjects", 2004, ISBN 0226297756.
- Dru C. Gladney, "Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic". 1st ed. 1991; 2nd ed. , 1996. ISBN 0-674-59497-5.
- "CHINA'S ISLAMIC HERITAGE" China Heritage Newsletter (Australian National University), No. 5, March 2006.
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