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Photograph of Hugo Wolf
Photograph of Hugo Wolf

Hugo Wolf (March 13, 1860 – February 22, 1903) was an Austrian composer of Slovene origin, particularly noted for his art songs, or Lieder. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance Slovenes or Slovenians ( Slovene Slovenci, dual Slovenca, singular Slovenec, feminine Slovenke, dual Slovenki de Lied (plural de Lieder) (liːt plural) is a German word meaning literally " Song " among English speakers however the word He brought to this form a concentrated expressive intensity which was unique in late Romantic music, somewhat related to that of the Second Viennese School in concision but utterly unrelated in technique. Romantic Music is a Musicological term referring to a particular period theory compositional practice and canon in European music history from about 1815 to 1910 The Second Viennese School is the term generally used in English -speaking countries to denote the group of Composers that comprised Arnold Schoenberg

Though he had several bursts of extraordinary productivity, particularly in 1888 and 1889, depression frequently interrupted his creative periods, and his last composition was written in 1898, before he died of syphilis. In the fields of Psychology and Psychiatry, the terms depression or depressed refer to both expected and pathologically chronic or severe Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Syphilis is a Sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochetal Bacterium Treponema pallidum pallidum.

Contents

Biography

Early life (1860 – 1887)

Wolf was born in Windischgraz (now Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia), then a part of the Austrian Empire. Slovenj Gradec ( German: Windischgraz or older Windischgrätz) is a town and a municipality formerly in the Slovene Styria region Slovenj Gradec ( German: Windischgraz or older Windischgrätz) is a town and a municipality formerly in the Slovene Styria region Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. Hugo Wolf spent most of his life in Vienna, becoming a representative of "New German" trend in Lieder, a trend which followed from the expressive, chromatic, and dramatic musical innovations of Richard Wagner. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. de Lied (plural de Lieder) (liːt plural) is a German word meaning literally " Song " among English speakers however the word The chromatic scale is a Musical scale with twelve pitches each a Semitone or Half step apart

A child prodigy, Wolf was taught piano and violin by his father beginning at the age of four, and once in primary school studied piano and music theory with Sebastian Weixler. List of child prodigies|Fictional child prodigies A child prodigy is a one who masters one or more skills or arts at an early age The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member Music theory is the field of study that deals with the Mechanics of music and how Music works However, subjects other than music failed to hold his interest; he was dismissed from the first secondary school he attended as being "wholly inadequate", left another over his difficulties in the compulsory Latin studies, and after a falling-out with a professor who commented on his "damned music", quit the last. From there, he went to the Vienna Conservatory to the disappointment of his father, who had hoped Wolf would not try to make his living from music; again, however, he was dismissed for "breach of discipline", though the often-rebellious Wolf would claim he quit in frustration over the school's conservatism. The Konservatorium Wien is a music conservatory in Vienna, Austria.

After eight months with his family, he returned to Vienna to teach music. Though his fiery temperament was not ideally suited to teaching, Wolf's musical gifts—as well as his personal charm—earned him attention and patronage. This support of his benefactors allowed him to make a living as a composer, and a daughter of one of his greatest benefactors inspired him to write: Vally ("Valentine") Franck was Wolf's first love, with whom he was involved for three years. During their relationship, hints of his mature style would become evident in his Lieder. Wolf was prone to depression and wide mood swings, which would affect him all through his life. When Franck left him just before his 21st birthday, he was despondent; he returned home, though his family relationships were also strained; his father remained convinced that Wolf was a ne'er-do-well. His brief and undistinguished tenure as second Kapellmeister at Salzburg only reinforced this opinion—Wolf had neither the temperament, the conducting technique, nor the affinity for the decidedly non-Wagnerian repertoire to be successful, and within a year had again returned to Vienna to teach in much the same circumstances as before. Kapellmeister (kəˈpɛlˌmaɪstər is a German word designating a person in charge of music-making is the fourth-largest city in Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg.

Wagner's death was another deeply moving event in the life of the young composer. The song "Zur Ruh, zur Ruh" was composed shortly afterward and is considered to be the best of his early works; it is speculated that it was intended as an elegy for Wagner. Wolf often despaired of his own future in the years following, in a world from which his idol had gone, leaving tremendous footsteps to follow and no guidance on how to do so. This left him often extremely temperamental, alienating friends and patrons, though his charm helped him retain them more than his actions merited. His songs meanwhile had caught the attention of Franz Liszt, whom he respected greatly, and who like Wolf's previous mentors advised him to pursue larger forms; advice he this time followed with the symphonic tone poem on Penthesilea. Wolf's activities as a critic began to pick up; he was merciless in his criticism of the inferior works he saw taking over the musical atmosphere of the time (Anton Rubinstein in particular he considered odious) and fervent in his support of the genius of Liszt, Schubert, and Chopin. This article is about the 19th century Russian pianist and composer Known as "Wild Wolf" for the intensity and expressive strength of his convictions, his vitriol made him some enemies. Though he composed little during this time, what he did write he could not get performed: the Rosé Quartet would not even look at his work after being picked apart in a column, and the premiere of Penthesilea was met by the orchestra with nothing but derision for the man who had dared to criticize Brahms. The Rosé Quartet was a String quartet formed by Arnold Rosé in 1882

He abandoned his activities as a critic in 1887 as he began composing once more; perhaps not unexpectedly, the first songs following his compositional hiatus are settings of texts by Goethe, Joseph von Eichendorff, and Joseph Viktor von Scheffel on themes of strength and resolution under adversity. ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff ( March 10, 1788 – November 26, 1857) was a German Poet and Novelist Joseph Victor von Scheffel Shortly thereafter Wolf completed the Italienische Serenade, which is regarded as one of the first works of his mature style as a composer. Only a week later his father died, leaving Wolf devastated, and he did not compose for the remainder of the year.

Maturity (1888 – 1896)

1888 and 1889 proved to be amazingly productive years for Wolf, and a turning point in his career. After the publication of a dozen of his songs late the preceding year, Wolf once again desired to return to composing, and travelled to the vacation home of the Werners—family friends whom Wolf had known since childhood—in Perchtoldsdorf (a short train ride from Vienna), in order to escape and compose in solitude. Perchtoldsdorf is a town in the district of Mödling in the Austrian state of Lower Austria, located about 16 km southwest of Vienna. Here he composed the Mörike-Lieder at a frenzied pace. Eduard Friedrich Mörike ( Ludwigsburg, September 8, 1804 &ndash June 4, 1875 in Stuttgart) was a German A short break, and a change of house, this time to the vacation home of more longtime friends, the Ecksteins, and the Eichendorff-lieder followed, then the 51 Goethe-lieder, spilling into 1889. Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff ( March 10, 1788 – November 26, 1857) was a German Poet and Novelist After a summer holiday, the Spanisches Liederbuch was begun in October 1889; though Spanish-flavoured compositions were in fashion in the day, Wolf sought out poems that had been neglected by other composers.

Wolf himself saw the merit of these compositions immediately, raving to friends that they were the best things he had yet composed (it was with the aid and urging of several of the more influential of them that the works were initially published). It was now that the world outside Vienna would recognize Wolf as well. Tenor Ferdinand Jäger, whom Wolf had heard in Parsifal during his brief summer break from composing, was present at one of the first concerts of the Mörike works and quickly became a champion of his music, performing a recital of only Wolf and Beethoven in December 1888. Parsifal is an Opera, or Music drama, in three acts by Richard Wagner. His works were praised in reviews, including one in the Münchener Allgemeine Zeitung, a widely-read German newspaper. (Of course the recognition was not always positive; Brahms's adherents, still smarting from Wolf's merciless reviews, returned the favor—when they would have anything to do with him at all. Brahms's biographer Max Kalbeck ridiculed Wolf for his immature writing and odd tonalities; another composer refused to share a program with him, while Amalie Materna, a Wagnerian singer, had to cancel her Wolf recital when allegedly faced with the threat of being on the critics' blacklist if she went on. Max Kalbeck ( January 4, 1850 in Breslau &ndash May 4, 1921 in Vienna) was an important German writer on music )

Only a few more settings were completed in 1891 before Wolf's mental and physical health once again took a downturn at the end of the year; exhaustion from his prolific past few years combined with the effects of syphilis and his depressive temperament caused him to stop composing for the next several years. Continuing concerts of his works in Austria and Germany spread his growing fame; even Brahms and the critics who had previously reviled Wolf gave favorable reviews. Wolf, however, was consumed with depression, which stopped him from writing—which only left him more depressed. He completed orchestrations of previous works, but new compositions were not forthcoming, and certainly not the opera which he was now fixated on composing, still convinced that success in the larger forms was the mark of compositional greatness.

Wolf had scornfully rejected the libretto to Der Corregidor when it was first presented to him in 1890, but his determination to compose an opera blinded him to its faults upon second glance. Based on El sombrero de tres picos, by Pedro Antonio de Alarcón, the darkly humorous story about an adulterous love triangle is one that Wolf could identify with: he had been in love with Melanie Köchert, married to his friend Heinrich Köchert, for several years. El Sombrero de Tres Picos ( The Three-Cornered Hat) is a Ballet composed by Manuel de Falla, commissioned in its development by Sergei Diaghilev Pedro Antonio de Alarcón y Ariza ( 10 March 1833 - 19 July 1891) was a Spanish Author, Writer and Political (It is speculated that their romance began in earnest in 1884, when Wolf accompanied the Köcherts on holiday; though Heinrich discovered the affair in 1893 he remained Wolf's patron and Melanie's husband. ) The opera was completed in nine months and was met initially with success, but Wolf's musical setting could not compensate for the weakness of the text, and it was doomed to failure; it has not yet been successfully revived.

Final years (1897 – 1903)

Wolf's last concert appearance, which included his early champion Jäger, was in February 1897. Shortly thereafter Wolf slipped into syphilitic insanity, with only occasional spells of wellbeing. He left sixty pages of an unfinished opera, Manuel Venegas, in 1897, in a desperate attempt to finish before he lost his mind completely; after mid-1899 he could make no music at all, and once tried to drown himself, after which he was placed in a Vienna asylum at his own insistence. Melanie visited him faithfully during his decline until his death on February 22, 1903; her lack of faith to her husband, however, tortured her, and she killed herself in 1906. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting

Wolf is buried in the Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) in Vienna, along with many other notable composers. The Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery is situated in the district of Simmering, Simmeringer Hauptstraße 230–244 Vienna 1110 Austria, and is the

Music

Wolf's greatest musical influence was Richard Wagner, who, in an encounter after Wolf first came to the Vienna Conservatory, encouraged the young composer to persist in composing and to attempt larger-scale works, cementing Wolf's desire to emulate his musical idol. His antipathy to Johannes Brahms was fueled partly by his devotion to Wagner, and partially by misunderstanding and clash of personality, rather than any ill-will on Brahms' part. Johannes Brahms ( pronounced ˈbʁaːms (May 7 1833 &ndash April 3 1897 was a German Composer

His true fame is his lieder; Wolf's temperament and abilities led him to more private and personal forms. Though he initially believed that mastering the larger forms was the hallmark of a great composer (a belief that his early mentors reinforced), the smaller scale of the art song provided an excellent basis upon which to develop basic compositional skills and later came to be his greatest strength. Wolf's lieder are noted for compressing expansive musical ideas and depth of feeling; his skill at interpreting and depicting texts musically is suited to the form. Though Wolf himself was obsessed with the idea that to compose only short forms was to be second-rate, his organization of poem settings into complete dramatic cycles, finding connections between texts not explicitly intended by the poet, as well as his conceptions of individual songs as dramatic works in miniature, mark him as a talented dramatist despite having written only one not particularly successful opera.

Early in his career Wolf modelled his Lieder after those of Franz Schubert and Robert Schumann, particularly in the period around his relationship with Franck; in fact, they were good enough imitations to pass off as the real thing, which he once attempted, though his cover was blown too soon. Robert Schumann, sometimes given as Robert Alexander Schumann (June 8 1810 &ndash July 29 1856 was a German Composer, Aesthete and influential Music critic It is speculated that his choice of lieder texts in the earlier years, largely dealing with sin and anguish, were partly influenced by his contraction of syphilis. His love for Franck, not fully requited, bore the intellectual children of the Wesendonck Lieder: impassioned settings of works by Nikolaus Lenau. The Wesendonck Lieder is a Song-cycle composed by Richard Wagner while he was working on Die Walküre. Nikolaus Lenau was the Nom de plume of Nikolaus Franz Niembsch Edler von Strehlenau ( August 25, 1802, Schadat The others were as distant from those in mood as possible; lighthearted and humorous. Penthesilea, too, is tempestuous and highly colored; though Wolf admired Liszt, who had encouraged him to complete the work, he felt Liszt's music too dry and academic, and strove for color and passion.

1888 marked a turning point in his style as well as his career, with the Mörike, Eichendorff, and Goethe sets drawing him away from Schubertiana and into "Wölferl's own howl". Mörike in particular drew out and complemented Wolf's musical gifts, the variety of subjects suiting Wolf's tailoring of music to text, his dark sense of humor matching Wolf's own, his insight and imagery demanding a wider variety of compositional techniques and command of text painting to portray. Word painting (also known as tone painting or text painting) is the musical technique of having the music mimic the literal meaning of a song In his later works he relied less on the text to give him his musical framework and more on his pure musical ideas themselves; the later Spanish and Italian songs reflect this move toward "absolute music".

Wolf wrote hundreds of Lieder, three operas, incidental music, choral music, as well as some rarely-heard orchestral, chamber and piano music. de Lied (plural de Lieder) (liːt plural) is a German word meaning literally " Song " among English speakers however the word Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto Incidental music is Music in a play, Television program Radio program Video game, film or some other form not primarily musical Chamber music is a form of Classical music, written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber His most famous instrumental piece is the Italian Serenade (1887), originally for string quartet and later transcribed for orchestra, which marked the beginning of his mature style.

Wolf was famous for his use of tonality to reinforce meaning. Tonality is a system of Music in which specific hierarchical pitch relationships are based on a key "center" or tonic. Concentrating on two tonal areas to musically depict ambiguity and conflict in the text became a hallmark of his style, resolving only when appropriate to the meaning of the song. His chosen texts were often full of anguish and inability to find resolve, and thus so too was the tonality wandering, unable to return to the home key. Use of deceptive cadences, chromaticism, dissonance, and chromatic mediants obscure the harmonic destination for as long as the psychological tension is sustained. In Western Musical theory, a harmonic cadence (Latin cadentia, "a falling" is a formula of two chords that conclude His formal structure as well reflected the texts being set, and he wrote almost none of the straightforward strophic songs favoured by his contemporaries, instead building the form around the nature of the work. In Music, strophic form (or chorus form) is a sectional and/or Additive way of structuring a piece of Music based on the

Notable works

Opera

Lieder

Instrumental

Recording Projects

Individual songs have been included in the recorded repertoire of many singers. Significant early Wolf recording artists included Elisabeth Schumann, Heinrich Rehkemper, Heinrich Schlusnus, Josef von Manowarda, Lotte Lehmann, Karl Erb and others. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Elisabeth Schumann ( 13 June 1888 in Merseburg Heinrich Rehkemper (b 1894 died 1949 was a German Baritone singer whose repertoire was in Opera and Lieder, and whose career was principally Heinrich Schlusnus ( August 6, 1888 - June 18, 1952) was Germany's foremost lyric Baritone of the period between World War One Lotte Lehmann ( February 27, 1888 &ndash August 26, 1976) was a German Soprano Karl Erb (b 13 July 1877 in Ravensburg &ndash 13 July 1958) was a German Tenor vocalist who made his career [1] Early post-War collections were recorded by Suzanne Danco, Anton Dermota and Gerard Souzay (all before 1953), Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (1954), Hans Hotter (1954), Erna Berger (1956), Heinrich Rehfuss (1955) and Elisabeth Schumann (1958), and important individual songs by Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Nicola Rossi-Lemeni, and Elisabeth Höngen. Suzanne Danco ( January 22, 1911 - August 10, 2000) was a celebrated Belgian Soprano and Mezzo-soprano. Kammersänger Anton Dermota ( June 4, 1910 &ndash June 22, 1989) was a Slovene Tenor. Gérard Souzay ( December 8, 1918 &ndash August 17, 2004) was a French Baritone singer regarded as one of the best interpreters of The German Baritone Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (born 28 May 1925 is a German singer and conductor of Classical music, one of the most famous Hans Hotter ( 19 January 1909 &ndash 6 December 2003) was a German Operatic Bass-baritone, admired internationally Erna Berger ( October 19, 1900 – June 14, 1990) was a German Soprano of the Coloratura style Dame Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, DBE ( December 9, 1915 &ndash August 3, 2006) was a German -born Austrian British Nicola Rossi-Lemeni, ( November 6, 1920 &ndash March 12, 1991) was a Basso Opera singer of mixed Italian - Elisabeth Höngen ( December 7, 1906, Gevelsberg - August 7, 1997, Vienna) was a German operatic Mezzo-soprano [2] Gerald Moore was a distinguished accompanist in Wolf song recordings. Gerald Moore CBE (30 July 1899 &ndash 13 March 1987 was an English pianist best known for accompanying many famous singers in the performance and recording Fischer-Dieskau published a large collection of Morike songs with him in March 1959. [3] Two major projects stand out for more comprehensive coverage.

The Hugo Wolf Society was formed in September 1931 for the recording, under the aegis of English His Master's Voice records, a substantial proportion of the song repertoire, in limited editions for subscribers. His Master's Voice, today usually abbreviated to HMV, is a famous Trademark in the music business and for many years was the name of a large record label [4] The selection of artists was restricted to singers under contract to this company. Each volume consisted of six HMV red-label discs (unobtainable separately) and retailed new at $15. 00 Am.
Volume I, entirely performed by Elena Gerhardt accompanied by Coenraad van Bos, presented a selection mainly from the Spanish and Italian songbooks and the Mörike songs. Elena Gerhardt ( 11 November 1883, Connewitz (nr Leipzig) &ndash 11 January 1961, London) was a German For many years this scarce set[5] was regarded as a collector's prize, and forms a distinct corpus within her recorded art. Later volumes always included more than one singer. Volume II: 16 of the 51 Goethe songs, all (apart from McCormack) accompanied by Coenraad van Bos, but with Friedrich Schorr's Prometheus with the orchestral accompaniment. Volume III: A selection of 17 items, including three Michelangelo songs, three Mörike songs, four from the Spanisches Liederbuch and six from the Italienisches Liederbuch. All accompanied by Coenraad van Bos. Volume IV: 30 items from Italienisches Liederbuch. Accompaniments by Coenraad van Bos, Michael Raucheisen and Hanns Udo Müller. Translated from German Wikipedia Michael Raucheisen (b Rain am Lech, 9 February 1889 d Volume V: A selection of 20 songs (mainly Mörike and Spanisches Liederbuch). Volume VI: Various. Artists included Alexander Kipnis (III, IV, V); Herbert Janssen (II, V); Gerhard Hüsch (II, III, IV, V); John McCormack (accompanied by Edwin Schneider) (II); Alexandre Trianti (II, III); Ria Ginster (IV, V); Friedrich Schorr (II); Elisabeth Rethberg (IV, V); Tiana Lemnitz [6] Each volume was accompanied by a booklet containing a short essay by Ernest Newman (I: Words and Music in Hugo Wolf, II: Wolf's Goethe Songs, III: A Note of Wolf as Craftsman, IV: The Italienisches Liederbuch) together with German texts, English translations (by Winifred Radford) and notes on each song (by Newman). Alexander Kipnis (Олександр Кіпнiс born ( February 13, (February 1 Julian calendar 1891 in Zhytomyr, the capital of the government of Volhynia Herbert Janssen ( Cologne, September 22 1892 &ndash June 3 1965 in New York) was a German Baritone Gerhard Heinrich Wilhelm Fritz Hüsch ( Hanover, February 2, 1901 - Munich, November 23, 1984) was one of the most important John McCormack (14 June 1884 &ndash 16 September 1945 was a world-famous Irish Tenor and recording artist celebrated for his performances of the Operatic WikipediaWikiProject Opera#Infoboxes --> Friedrich Schorr ( September 2, 1888, Oradea ( Nagyvarad The German Soprano Elisabeth Rethberg ( 22 September 1894 &ndash 6 June 1976) was an opera singer of international Tiana Lemnitz (1897–1994 Possessed of an unforgettably beautiful voice the German soprano Tiana Lemnitz made her operatic career between the two world wars Ernest Newman ( Everton Liverpool, November 30, 1868 – Tadworth, Surrey, July 7, 1959) was an English [7]

A Hugo Wolf Lieder Edition was recorded by Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau and Daniel Barenboim during the 1970s for DGG, each volume containing three records. The German Baritone Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (born 28 May 1925 is a German singer and conductor of Classical music, one of the most famous Daniel Barenboim (born November 15, 1942) is a pianist and conductor. Polydor Records is a Record label currently headquartered in the UK, and is a subsidiary of Universal Music Group. Volume I (1974): Mörike Lieder (Paris Grand Prix du Disque). Volume II (1976): Lieder on poems by Goethe, Heinrich Heine and Nikolaus Lenau. ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer Christian Johann Heinrich Heine ( December 13, 1797 – February 17, 1856) was a Journalist, Essayist and one of the Nikolaus Lenau was the Nom de plume of Nikolaus Franz Niembsch Edler von Strehlenau ( August 25, 1802, Schadat Volume III (1977): Lieder on poems by Eichendorff, Michelangelo, Robert Reinick, William Shakespeare, Lord Byron, Hoffmann von Fallersleben, Joseph Viktor von Scheffel, etc. Robert Reinick ( 22 February 1805 &ndash 7 February 1852) was a German painter and Poet. William Shakespeare ( baptised ( April 2, 1798 - January 19, 1874) who used as his pen name was a German Poet. Joseph Victor von Scheffel The accompanying volumes include essays by Hans Jancik, texts of the poems, and translations by Lionel Salter (English) and Jacques Fournier and others (French). [8]

Notes and References

  1. ^ R. D. Darrell, The Gramophone Shop Encyclopedia of Recorded Music (Gramophone Shop, Inc. , New York 1936).
  2. ^ A Complete List of HMV, Columbia, Parlophone and MGM Long Playing Records Issued up to and including June 1955 (EMI, London 1955); The Art of Record Buying 1960 (EMG, London 1960).
  3. ^ (HMV ALP 1618-1619).
  4. ^ Hugo Wolf Society Publications (HMV, Hayes 1931-1936).
  5. ^ It became rare because HMV claimed that to reissue it would betray the original terms of the limited edition. This was deplored, on behalf of the singer, by Desmond Shawe-Taylor ('Elena Gerhardt and the Gramophone', in E. Gerhardt, Recital (London, Methuen 1953), 168) and by Gerald Moore (Am I Too Loud? (Harmondsworth 1966), 93).
  6. ^ E. Sackville-West and D. Shawe-Taylor, The Record Year 2 (Collins, London 1953), 683-693(VI).
  7. ^ Hugo Wolf Society Publications (HMV, Hayes 1931-1936).
  8. ^ Hugo Wolf Lieder Publications (Deutsche Grammophon, 1974-1977).

External links

The Choral Public Domain Library (CPDL is a Sheet music archive which focuses on choral and vocal Music in the Public domain. The Werner Icking Music Archive, often abbreviated WIMA, is a web archive of Public domain Sheet music. The International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP) is a project for the creation of a virtual library of Public domain music scores, based on the
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