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Western Philosophy
17th-century philosophy
Hugo Grotius - Portrait by Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt, 1631
Name
Hugo Grotius
Birth 10 April 1583 (Delft, Holland)
Death 28 August 1645 (Rostock, Pomerania)
School/tradition Natural Law, Social contract, Humanism, Scholasticism
Main interests Philosophy of war, International law, Political philosophy, Theology
Notable ideas early theorist of natural rights, sought to ground just war principles in natural law, defended principle of pacta sunt servanda
Influenced by Aristotle, Cicero, Erasmus, Vitoria, Gentili, Bodin, Suárez
Influenced Selden, Hobbes, Cumberland, Pufendorf, Locke, Bynkershoek, Barbeyrac, Vattel, Rousseau, Kant, Scottish Enlightenment, American Founding Fathers

Hugo Grotius or Huig de Groot, or Hugo de Groot; (Delft, 10 April 1583 – Rostock, 28 August 1645) worked as a jurist in the Dutch Republic and laid the foundations with Francisco de Vitoria for international law, based on natural law. Western philosophy is a term that refers to philosophical thinking in the Western or Occidental world, as distinct from Eastern or Oriental philosophies 17th century philosophy in the Western world is generally regarded as being the start of Modern philosophy, and a departure from the medieval approach Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt (or Mierveld or Mireveldt 1567 - 27 June 1641) Dutch painter was born at Delft, the son of a Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Delft is a city and Municipality in the province of South Holland (Zuid-Holland the Netherlands. Holland is a region in the western part of the Netherlands. A maritime and economic power in the 17th century Holland today consists of the Dutch provinces of Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital Rostock (ˈʁɔstɔk from Polabian Roz toc, literally "to flow apart" is the largest City in the north German state Natural law or the law of nature ( Latin: lex naturalis) is a theory that posits the existence of a law whose content is set by Nature and that Social contract describes a broad class of republican theories whose subjects are implied agreements by which people form Nations and maintain a Social order Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal Scholasticism was the dominant form of theology and philosophy in the Latin West in the Middle Ages, particularly in the 12th 13th and 14th centuries The philosophy of war examines War beyond the typical questions of Weaponry and strategy, inquiring into such things as the meaning and Etiology International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards Political philosophy is the study of questions about the City, Government, Politics, Liberty, Justice, Property, Rights Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Just War theory is a Doctrine of military ethics of Roman philosophical and Catholic origin studied by moral Theologians Ethicists and international Natural law or the law of nature ( Latin: lex naturalis) is a theory that posits the existence of a law whose content is set by Nature and that Pacta sunt servanda ( Latin for "agreements must be kept" is a Brocard, a basic principle of civil law and of International law Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman Francisco de Vitoria ( Francisci de Victoria; c 1492 &ndash 12 August, 1546) was a Spanish Renaissance Roman Catholic philosopher Alberico Gentili (Lat Albericus Gentilis; January 14, 1552 &ndash June 19, 1608) was an Italian jurist Jean Bodin ( 1529 / 1530 &ndash1596was born in Angers France and became a French Jurist and political philosopher, member of the Parlement Francisco Suárez ( 5 January 1548, Granada, Spain - 25 September 1617, Lisbon, Portugal) was a John Selden ( December 16, 1584 &ndash November 30, 1654) was an English Jurist, scholar of England's ancient laws Thomas Hobbes (born 5 April 1588died 4 December 1679 was an English philosopher, whose famous 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation Richard Cumberland (1631 &ndash 1718 was an English philosopher and Bishop of Peterborough from 1691 Baron Samuel von Pufendorf ( January 8, 1632 &ndash October 13, 1694) was a German Jurist, political Philosopher John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 was an English Philosopher. Cornelius van Bynkershoek ( 1673 – 1743) was a Dutch Jurist and legal theorist who contributed to the development of International Jean Barbeyrac ( March 15, 1674 ? March 3, 1744) was a French Jurist. Emer (Emerich or Emmerich de Vattel ( April 25, 1714 - December 28, 1767) was a Swiss Philosopher, Diplomat, and legal Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg The Scottish Enlightenment was the period in 18th century Scotland characterised by an outpouring of intellectual and scientific accomplishments The Founding Fathers of the United States are the Political leaders who signed the Declaration of Independence or otherwise participated in the Delft is a city and Municipality in the province of South Holland (Zuid-Holland the Netherlands. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Rostock (ˈʁɔstɔk from Polabian Roz toc, literally "to flow apart" is the largest City in the north German state Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital JURIST is an online legal news service hosted by the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, written by founder Professor Bernard Hibbitts and a staff of more than "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Francisco de Vitoria ( Francisci de Victoria; c 1492 &ndash 12 August, 1546) was a Spanish Renaissance Roman Catholic philosopher International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards Natural law or the law of nature ( Latin: lex naturalis) is a theory that posits the existence of a law whose content is set by Nature and that He was also a philosopher, Christian apologist, playwright, and poet. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Christian apologetics is a field of Christian theology that aims to present a rational basis for the Christian faith, defend the faith against objections A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes dramatic literature or Drama. A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose"

Contents

Early life

Born in Delft during the Dutch Revolt, Hugo was the first child of Jan de Groot and Alida van Overschie. The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568—1648 was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries His father was a man of learning, once having studied with the eminent Justus Lipsius at Leiden, as well as of political distinction, and he groomed his son from an early age in a traditional humanist and Aristotelian education. Justus Lipsius, Joost Lips or Josse Lips ( 18 October 1547 — 23 March 1606) was a Flemish Philologist "Leyden" redirects here For other uses see Leyden (disambiguation. Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal A prodigious learner, Hugo entered the University of Leiden when he was just eleven years old. List of child prodigies|Fictional child prodigies A child prodigy is a one who masters one or more skills or arts at an early age Leiden University (Universiteit Leiden located in the city of Leiden, is the oldest University in The Netherlands. There he studied with some of the most acclaimed intellectuals in northern Europe, including Franciscus Junius, Joseph Justus Scaliger, and Rudolph Snellius. Franciscus Junius ( May 1, 1545 &ndash October 13, 1602) also known as Francis Junius, Franz Junius, and François Joseph Justus Scaliger ( August 5 1540 &ndash January 21 1609) was a French religious leader and scholar known for expanding the Rudolph Snellius ( Rudolph Snel van Royen; Oudewater October 5, 1547 &ndash Leiden 1613 was a linguist and mathematician who held [1]

Upon graduation from Leiden in 1598, Grotius was invited to accompany the influential Dutch statesman, Johan van Oldenbarnevelt on a diplomatic mission to France. Johan van Oldenbarnevelt ( September 14, 1547, Amersfoort &ndash May 13, 1619, The Hague) was a Dutch statesman This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. When the fifteen-year-old Grotius was brought into an audience with King Henry IV, his impressive learning so delighted the court that the king declared "Behold the miracle of Holland!". Henry IV (Henri IV ( 13 December 1553 &ndash 14 May 1610) ruled as King of France from 1589 to 1610 and as Henry III A court is a forum used by a power base to adjudicate disputes and dispense civil, labour administrative and criminal Justice under its Holland is a region in the western part of the Netherlands. A maritime and economic power in the 17th century Holland today consists of the Dutch provinces of [2] Grotius mingled with a variety of noted intellects while in France, and before he returned to his home country, the University of Orleans conferred upon him an honorary Doctor of Laws. The University of Orléans ( Université d'Orléans) is a French university in the Academy of Orléans and Tours Doctor of Laws ( Latin: Legum Doctor, LLD) is a Doctorate -level Academic degree in Law.

In Holland, Grotius earned an appointment as advocate to The Hague in 1599 and then as official historiographer for the States of Holland in 1601. His first occasion to write systematically on issues of international justice came in 1604, when he became involved in the legal proceedings following the seizure by Dutch merchants of a Portuguese carrack and its cargo in the Strait of Singapore. A carrack or nau was a three- or four- masted Sailing ship developed in the Atlantic Ocean in the 15th century by the Portuguese The Singapore Strait (or Straits of Singapore;) is a 105 kilometer long 16 kilometer wide Strait between the Strait of Malacca in the west and the

De Indis and Mare Liberum

Portrait of Grotius at age 25. Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt, 1608.
Portrait of Grotius at age 25. Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt, 1608. Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt (or Mierveld or Mireveldt 1567 - 27 June 1641) Dutch painter was born at Delft, the son of a
Page written in Grotius' hand from the manuscript of De Indis (circa 1604-05).
Page written in Grotius' hand from the manuscript of De Indis (circa 1604-05).

The Dutch were at war with Spain and Portugal when the loaded merchant ship, the Santa Catarina, had been captured by captain Jacob van Heemskerk in 1603. The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568—1648 was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Jacob van Heemskerk ( Amsterdam March 13, 1567 - April 25, 1607 Bay of Gibraltar) was a Dutch Explorer Heemskerk was employed with the United Amsterdam Company (part of the Dutch East India Company), and though he did not have authorization from the company or the government to initiate the use of the force, many of the shareholders were eager to accept the riches that he brought back to them. The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian Not only was the legality of keeping the prize questionable under Dutch statute, but a faction of shareholders (mostly Mennonite) in the Company also objected to the forceful seizure on moral grounds, and of course, the Portuguese were demanding their cargo back. Prize is a term used in Admiralty law to refer to Equipment, Vehicles, and Vessels captured during armed conflict The Mennonites are a group of Christian Anabaptist denominations named after Menno Simons (1496&ndash1561 though his teachings were a relatively The scandal led to a public judicial hearing and a wider contest to sway public (and international) opinion. It was in this wider contest that representatives of the Company called upon Grotius to draft a polemical defense of the seizure. Polemics (pəˈlɛmɪks/ /poʊ- is the practice of disputing or controverting religious, philosophical, or political matters [3]

The result of Grotius' efforts in 1604-1605 was a long, theory-laden treatise that he provisionally entitled De Indis (On the Indies). Grotius sought to ground his defense of the seizure in terms of the natural principles of justice. Natural law or the law of nature ( Latin: lex naturalis) is a theory that posits the existence of a law whose content is set by Nature and that In this, he had cast a net much wider than the case at hand; his interest was in the source and ground of war's lawfulness in general. The treatise was never published in full during Grotius' lifetime, perhaps because the court ruling in favor of the Company preempted the need to garner public support. The manuscript was not made public until it was uncovered from Grotius' estate in 1864 and published under the title, De Jure Praedae (On the Right of Capture). An estate is the Net worth of a person at any point in time It is the sum of a person's Assets - legal rights interests and entitlements to Property of The principles that Grotius developed there, however, laid the basis for his mature work on international justice, De jure belli ac pacis, and in fact one chapter of the earlier work did make it to the press in the form of the influential pamphlet, Mare Liberum.

In Mare Liberum (The Free Seas, published 1609) Grotius formulated the new principle that the sea was international territory and all nations were free to use it for seafaring trade. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered Trade is the willing exchange of goods, services, or both Trade is also called Commerce. Grotius, by claiming 'free seas', provided suitable ideological justification for the Dutch breaking up of various trade monopolies through its formidable naval power (and then establishing its own monopoly). This article is about the concept in International law and Admiralty law. In Economics, a monopoly (from Greek monos, alone or single + polein, to sell exists when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient

England, competing fiercely with the Dutch for domination of world trade, opposed this idea and claimed That the Dominion of the British Sea, or That Which Incompasseth the Isle of Great Britain, is, and Ever Hath Been, a Part or Appendant of the Empire of that Island. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland [4] In Mare clausum (1635) John Selden endeavoured to prove that the sea was in practice virtually as capable of appropriation as terrestrial territory. John Selden ( December 16, 1584 &ndash November 30, 1654) was an English Jurist, scholar of England's ancient laws As conflicting claims grew out of the controversy, maritime states came to moderate their demands and base their maritime claims on the principle that it extended seawards from land. A workable formula was found by Cornelius Bynkershoek in his De dominio maris (1702), restricting maritime dominion to the actual distance within which cannon range could effectively protect it. Cornelius van Bynkershoek ( 1673 – 1743) was a Dutch Jurist and legal theorist who contributed to the development of International Year 1702 ( MDCCII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year This became universally adopted and developed into the three-mile limit. The three-mile limit refers to a traditional and now largely obsolete conception of the International law of the seas which defined a country's Territorial waters,

The dispute would later have important economic implications. The Dutch Republic supported the idea of free trade (even though it imposed a special trade monopoly on nutmeg and cloves in the Moluccas). Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions In Economics, a monopoly (from Greek monos, alone or single + polein, to sell exists when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient The nutmegs Myristica are a Genus of Evergreen Trees indigenous to tropical southeast Asia and Australasia This article is about the Spice; for other meanings see Clove (disambiguation. The Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas, Moluccan Islands, the Spice Islands or simply Maluku) are an Archipelago England adopted the Act of Navigation (1651), forbidding any goods from entering England except on English ships. The Act subsequently led to the First Anglo-Dutch War (1652 - 1654). The First Anglo–Dutch War (Eerste Engelse Zeeoorlog (1652–54 (called the First Dutch War in England and the First English Sea-War in the Netherlands was

The Arminian controversy, arrest and exile

Part of a series on
Arminianism
Jacobus Arminius

Background
Protestantism
Reformation
Calvinist-Arminian Debate

People
Jacobus Arminius
Hugo Grotius
The Remonstrants
John Wesley

Doctrine
Total depravity
Prevenient grace
Substitutionary atonement
Unlimited atonement
Conditional election

Conditional preservation
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Aided by his continued association with van Oldenbarnevelt, Grotius made considerable advances in his political career, being retained as Oldenbarnevelt's resident advisor in 1605, Advocate General of the Fisc of Holland, Zeeland and Friesland in 1607, and then as Pensionary of Rotterdam (the equivalent of a mayoral office) in 1613. Arminianism is a school of soteriological thought within Protestant Christianity based on the theological ideas of the Dutch Jacobus Arminius, the Latinized name of the Dutch Reformed theologian Jakob Harmenszoon (also known by the Anglicized Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Arminiusjpg|thumb|200px| Jacobus Arminius (1560-1609 who gave his name to Arminianism. Jacobus Arminius, the Latinized name of the Dutch Reformed theologian Jakob Harmenszoon (also known by the Anglicized Remonstrants, the name given to those Dutch Protestants who after the death of Arminius, maintained the views associated with his name and in 1610 presented to the John Wesley (ˈwɛslɪ ( – March 2, 1791) was an Anglican cleric and Christian theologian who was the founder of the (Evangelical Total depravity (also called total inability and total corruption) is a theological Doctrine that derives from the Augustinian concepts Prevenient grace is a Christian theological concept rooted in Augustinian theology and embraced primarily by Arminian Christians who are influenced by the Substitutionary atonement is a Doctrine in Christian theology which states that Jesus of Nazareth died &ndash intentionally and willingly &ndash Unlimited atonement (sometimes called general atonement or universal atonement) is the majority doctrine in Protestant Christianity that is normally In Christian theology, conditional election is the belief that God chooses for eternal salvation those who He foresees will have faith in Christ The term Conditional Preservation of the Saints is used to describe the belief that a Christian's salvation can be lost Johan van Oldenbarnevelt ( September 14, 1547, Amersfoort &ndash May 13, 1619, The Hague) was a Dutch statesman Under the Merovingians and Carolingians the fisc (Root word of "fiscal" applied to the royal Demesne which paid taxes entirely in kind Holland is a region in the western part of the Netherlands. A maritime and economic power in the 17th century Holland today consists of the Dutch provinces of Zeeland ( also called Zealand in English and Zeelandic, is a province of the Netherlands. Friesland ( West Frisian: Fryslân, Dutch Friesland) is a province in the north of the Netherlands and part of the bigger region known A pensionary was a name given to the leading functionary and legal adviser of the principal town corporations in the Netherlands because they received a Salary, or Rotterdam (pronounced) is the 2nd-largest City by population in the Netherlands, located in the province of [5] In 1608 he married Maria van Reigersbergen, with whom he would have eight children (four surviving beyond youth) and who would be invaluable in helping him and the family to weather the storm to come.

In these years a great theological controversy broke out between the followers of Jacobus Arminius, chair of theology at Leiden, and the more confessional Reformed or Calvinist theologian, Franciscus Gomarus. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Jacobus Arminius, the Latinized name of the Dutch Reformed theologian Jakob Harmenszoon (also known by the Anglicized The Reformed churches are a group of Christian Protestant Denominations formally characterized by a similar Calvinist system of doctrine historically Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the Franciscus Gomarus ( January 30, 1563, Bruges - January 11, 1641, Groningen) was a Dutch theologian In 1610, several months after the death of their leader, the Arminians issued a 'Remonstrance' declaring their doctrinal differences with the mainstream Reformed doctrines of salvation, most often associated with the Protestant Reformer Calvin, but also held by most Reformed pastors and theologians throughout Europe. Arminianism is a school of soteriological thought within Protestant Christianity based on the theological ideas of the Dutch Doctrine (Latin doctrina) is a codification of beliefs or "a body of teachings quot or "instructions" taught principles or positions as the The Protestant Reformers were those Theologians churchmen, and Statesmen whose careers works and actions brought about the Protestant Reformation of the John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564 was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and They had particular problems with the Belgic Confession, art. The Confession of Faith is popularly known as the Belgic Confession, following the seventeenth-century Latin designation Confessio Belgica. 16, on election and reprobation. An election is a Decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office Predestination (Calvinism Reprobation, in Christian theology, is a corollary to the Calvinistic doctrine of Unconditional election which derives that some The Remonstrants did not reject the doctrines of election or predestination, as is often assumed, but rather redefined them so that the decisive factor in a person's salvation is not God's inscrutable decree, but the individual's faith, which God foresees from eternity. Remonstrants, the name given to those Dutch Protestants who after the death of Arminius, maintained the views associated with his name and in 1610 presented to the Predestination (also linked with Foreknowledge) is a religious concept which involves the relationship between God and His creation In Theology, salvation can mean three related things being saved from or Liberation from something such as Suffering or the punishment of According to Arminius and the Remonstrants, God decrees to elect all who meet the condition of faith. Led by Oldenbarnevelt, the States of Holland took an official position of toleration towards the disputants, and Grotius was eventually asked to draft an edict to express this policy. States of Holland and West Frisia ( Dutch: Staten van Holland en Westfriesland) were the representation of the two Estates ( Religious toleration is the condition of accepting or permitting others' religious beliefs and practices which disagree with one's own [6] The edict of 1613 put into practice a view that Grotius had been developing in his writings on church and state (see Erastianism): that only the basic tenets necessary for undergirding civil order (e. Separation of church and state is a Political and Legal Doctrine that Government and religious institutions are to be kept separate Thomas Erastus ( September 7, 1524 &ndash December 31, 1583) was a Swiss theologian best known for a posthumously g. , the existence of God and His providence) ought to be enforced while differences on obscure theological doctrines should be left to private conscience. In Theology, Divine Providence, or simply Providence, is the sovereignty superintendence or agency of God over events in people's lives and throughout [7]

The edict did not have the intended effect, and hostilities flared throughout the republic. To maintain civil order, Oldenbarnevelt eventually proposed that local authorities be given the power to raise troops (the Sharp Resolution). Such a measure putatively undermined the authority of the stadtholder of the republic, Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, son of William the Silent. A Stadtholder ( Dutch: stadhouder, " steward " or literally "place-keeper" or "stead-holder" in older Dutch in the Low Maurice of Nassau (Maurits van Nassau ( 14 November 1567 &ndash 23 April 1625) Prince of Orange (1618&ndash1625 William I Prince of Orange ( April 24 1533 — July 10 1584) also widely known as William the Silent (Willem de Zwijger or simply Maurice seized the opportunity to solidify the preeminence of the Gomarists, whom he had supported, and to eliminate the nuissance he perceived in Oldenbarnevelt (the latter had previously brokered the Twelve Years' Truce with Spain in 1609 against Maurice's wishes). Franciscus Gomarus ( January 30, 1563, Bruges - January 11, 1641, Groningen) was a Dutch theologian The Twelve Years' Truce was the name given later to the 12-year period of Ceasefire within the Eighty Years' War in the Netherlands from March He had Oldenbarnevelt and Grotius arrested on 29 August 1618. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) Ultimately, Oldenbarnevelt was executed, and Grotius was sentenced to life imprisonment in Loevestein castle. Castle Loevestein ( Slot Loevestein in Dutch) is a Medieval Castle built by the Knight Dirc Loef van Horne in 1368

In 1621, with the help of his wife and maidservant, Grotius managed to escape the castle in a book chest and fled to Paris. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city In the Netherlands today, he is mainly famous for this daring escape. Both the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam and the museum Het Prinsenhof in Delft claim to have the original book chest in their collection. Rijksmuseum ( English: State Museum is the general name for a National museum in the Dutch language. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west The Prinsenhof ("The Court of the Prince" in Delft in The Netherlands is an Urban palace built in the Middle Ages as a Monastery Delft is a city and Municipality in the province of South Holland (Zuid-Holland the Netherlands.

Grotius was well received in Paris by his former acquaintances and was granted a royal pension under Louis XIII. For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) It was here in France that Grotius completed his most famous philosophical works.

On The Truth of the Christian Religion

A statue of Hugo Grotius in Delft, the Netherlands.
A statue of Hugo Grotius in Delft, the Netherlands. Delft is a city and Municipality in the province of South Holland (Zuid-Holland the Netherlands. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands

While in Paris, Grotius set about rendering into Latin prose a work which he had compiled in prison, providing rudimentary yet systematic arguments for the truth of Christianity. (Showcasing Grotius' skill as a poet, the earlier Dutch version of the work, Bewijs van den waren Godsdienst (pub. 1622), was written entirely in didactic verse. ) The Latin work was first published in 1627 as De veritate religionis Christianae.

It was the first Protestant textbook in Christian apologetics, and was divided into six books. Part of the text dealt with the emerging questions of historical consciousness concerning the authorship and content of the canonical gospels. Other sections of the work addressed pagan religion, Judaism and Islam. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. What also distinguished this work in the history of Christian apologetics is its precursor role in anticipating the problems expressed in Eighteenth century Deism, and that Grotius represents the first of the practitioners of legal or juridical apologetics in the defence of Christian belief. Deism is the belief that a supreme God exists and created the physical universe and that religious truths can be arrived at by the application of reason alone without dependence on revelation Hugely popular, the book was translated from Latin into English, Arabic, Persian and Chinese by Edward Pococke for use in missionary work in the East and remained in print until the end of the nineteenth century. Edward Pococke (1604-1691 was an English Orientalist and biblical scholar

Grotius also developed a particular view of the atonement of Christ known as the "Governmental" or "Moral government" theory. The atonement is a doctrine found within both Christianity and Judaism. The governmental view of the Atonement (also known as the moral government theory) is a doctrine in Christian theology concerning the meaning and effect He theorized that Jesus' sacrificial death occurred in order for the Father to forgive while still maintaining his just rule over the universe. This idea, further developed by theologians such as John Miley, became the dominant view in Arminianism and Methodism. John Miley (1813-1895 was an American Christian Theologian in the Methodist tradition who was one of the major Methodist theological voices Arminianism is a school of soteriological thought within Protestant Christianity based on the theological ideas of the Dutch Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations

De Jure Belli ac Pacis

Title page from the second edition (Amsterdam 1631) of De jure belli ac pacis
Title page from the second edition (Amsterdam 1631) of De jure belli ac pacis

Living in the times of the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Netherlands and the Thirty Years' War between Catholic and Protestant European nations, it is not surprising that Grotius was deeply concerned with matters of conflicts between nations and religions. The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568—1648 was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. His most lasting work, begun in prison and published during his exile in Paris, was a monumental effort to restrain such conflicts on the basis of a broad moral consensus. Grotius wrote:

“ Fully convinced. . . that there is a common law among nations, which is valid alike for war and in war, I have had many and weighty reasons for undertaking to write upon the subject. Throughout the Christian world I observed a lack of restraint in relation to war, such as even barbarous races should be ashamed of; I observed that men rush to arms for slight causes, or no cause at all, and that when arms have once been taken up there is no longer any respect for law, divine or human; it is as if, in accordance with a general decree, frenzy had openly been let loose for the committing of all crimes. [8] ”

De jure belli ac pacis libri tres (On the Law of War and Peace: Three books) was first published in 1625, dedicated to Grotius' current patron, Louis XIII. The treatise advances a system of principles of natural law, which are held to be binding on all people and nations regardless of local custom. Natural law or the law of nature ( Latin: lex naturalis) is a theory that posits the existence of a law whose content is set by Nature and that The work is divided into three books:

The arguments of this work constitute a theory of just war. Just War theory is a Doctrine of military ethics of Roman philosophical and Catholic origin studied by moral Theologians Ethicists and international Roughly, the second book takes up questions of jus ad bellum (justice in the resort to war) and the third, questions of jus in bello (justice in the conduct of war). Jus ad bellum ( Latin for "Justice to War" see also Just War) are a set of criteria that are consulted before engaging in War, in order The law of war (also law of armed conflict, LOAC) is Law concerning acceptable practices relating to war The way that Grotius conceived of these matters had, together with Francisco de Vitoria's De potestate civili, a profound influence on the tradition after him and on the later formulation of international law. International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards

Later years

Many exiled Remonstrants began to return to the Netherlands after the death of Prince Maurice in 1625, but Grotius, who refused to ask for pardon since it would imply an admission of guilt, was denied repatriation despite his repeated requests. A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it Repatriation (from late Latin repatriare - to restore someone to his homeland is the process of return of Refugees or Soldiers to their homes Driven out once again after attempting to return to Rotterdam in October of 1631, Grotius fled to Hamburg. Rotterdam (pronounced) is the 2nd-largest City by population in the Netherlands, located in the province of Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany In 1634 he met the opportunity to serve as Sweden's ambassador to France. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The recently deceased Swedish king, Gustavus Adolphus had been an admirer of Grotius (he was said to have carried a copy of De jure belli ac pacis always in his saddle when leading his troops)[9], and his successor's regent, Axel Oxenstierna, was keen to have Grotius in his employ. For the other Swedish kings known as Gustavus Adolphus see Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden or Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden ( June 16, 1583 &ndash August 28, 1654) Count of Södermöre was a Swedish statesman Grotius accepted the offer and took up diplomatic residence at Paris, which remained his home until he was released from his post in 1645. Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states While departing from his last visit to Sweden, Grotius was shipwrecked on his voyage. A shipwreck can refer to a wrecked ship or to the event that caused the wreck such as the striking of something that causes the ship to sink the stranding of the ship on rocks He washed up on the shore of Rostock, ill and weather-beaten, and on August 28, 1645 he died; his body at last returned to the country of its youth, being laid to rest in the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft. Rostock (ˈʁɔstɔk from Polabian Roz toc, literally "to flow apart" is the largest City in the north German state Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital Nieuwe Kerk (English New Church) is a landmark church in Delft, The Netherlands. Delft is a city and Municipality in the province of South Holland (Zuid-Holland the Netherlands.

Trivia

Grotius at age 15, under his family motto: Ruit hora. He displays the medal presented to him by Henry IV.
Grotius at age 15, under his family motto: Ruit hora. He displays the medal presented to him by Henry IV.
Grotius hic Hugo est, Batavum captivus et exsul
Legatus regni, Suecia magna, tui.
(Here is Hugo Grotius, Batavian captive and exile
Ambassador of thy realm, great Sweden!)[10]

Selected works

Works are listed in order of publication, with the exception of works published posthumously or after long delay (estimated composition dates are given). [11] Where an English translation is available, the most recently published translation is listed beneath the title.

Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty, ed. Martine Julia van Ittersum (Liberty Fund, 2006).
The Free Sea, ed. David Armitage (Liberty Fund, 2004).
The Antiquity of the Batavian Republic, ed. Jan Waszink and others (van Gorcum, 2000).
Meletius, ed. G. H. M. Posthumus Meyjes (Brill, 1988).
The Annals and History of the Low-Countrey-warrs, ed. Thomas Manley (London, 1665).
Ordinum Hollandiae ac Westfrisiae pietas, ed. Edwin Rabbie (Brill, 1995).
De imperio summarum potestatum circa sacra, ed. Harm-Jan van Dam (Brill, 2001).
Defensio fidei catholicae de satisfactione Christi, ed. Fausto Paolo Sozzini, also known as Faustus Socinus or Faust Socyn (Polish ( December 5, 1539 in Siena &ndash March 4 Edwin Rabbie (van Gorcum, 1990).
The Jurisprudence of Holland, ed. R. W. Lee (Oxford, 1926).
The Rights of War and Peace, ed. Richard Tuck (Liberty Fund, 2005).
The Truth of the Christian Religion, ed. John Clarke (Edinburgh, 1819).

See also

Notes

  1. ^ See Vreeland (1919), chapter 1
  2. ^ Vreeland (1919), p. The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568—1648 was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries The historical period sets in with the Roman Empire, as the parts south of the Rhine were included in the province of Gallia Belgica, and later of The Synod of Dort was a National Synod held in Dordrecht in 1618[[ 619|/19]] by the Dutch Reformed Church, in order to settle a serious controversy Just War theory is a Doctrine of military ethics of Roman philosophical and Catholic origin studied by moral Theologians Ethicists and international Natural law or the law of nature ( Latin: lex naturalis) is a theory that posits the existence of a law whose content is set by Nature and that International waterways Several international treaties have established freedom of navigation on semi-enclosed seas This article is about the concept in International law and Admiralty law. The ' English School' of International relations theory, also known as Liberal Realism, Rationalism or the British institutionalists, maintains Coenraad van Beuningen (1622 - Amsterdam 26 October 1693 was the Republic's most experienced diplomat burgemeester of Amsterdam in 1669 1672 1680 1681 1683 and 1684 24.
  3. ^ See Ittersum (2006), chapter 1.
  4. ^ Selden, John. Mare Clausum. Of the Dominion, or, Ownership of the sea. Book One.
  5. ^ Vreeland (1919), chapter 3.
  6. ^ A translation edict is printed in full in the appendix to Vreeland (1919).
  7. ^ See his manuscript for Meletius (1611) and the more systematic De imperio summarum potestatum circa sacra (published 1617).
  8. ^ The Law of War and Peace, trans. Francis Kelsey (Carnegie edition, 1925), Prol. sect. 28.
  9. ^ Grotius, Hugo The Rights of War and Peace Book I, Introduction by Tuck, Richard: Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2005.
  10. ^ Nussbaum, Arthur. A Concise History of the Law of Nations, 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan Co. , 1947, p. 102.
  11. ^ See Catalogue of the Grotius Collection (Peace Palace Library, The Hague) and 'Grotius, Hugo' in Dictionary of Seventeenth Century Dutch Philosophers (Thoemmes Press 2003).

References

Further reading

External links

Texts online


Persondata
NAME Grotius, Hugo
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Huig de Groot; Hugo de Groot
SHORT DESCRIPTION philosopher
DATE OF BIRTH 10 April 1583
PLACE OF BIRTH Delft, Holland
DATE OF DEATH 28 August 1645
PLACE OF DEATH Rostock, Pomerania
Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Delft is a city and Municipality in the province of South Holland (Zuid-Holland the Netherlands. Holland is a region in the western part of the Netherlands. A maritime and economic power in the 17th century Holland today consists of the Dutch provinces of Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital Rostock (ˈʁɔstɔk from Polabian Roz toc, literally "to flow apart" is the largest City in the north German state
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