| Hugo Chávez | |
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| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 2 February 1999 |
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| Vice President | Isaías Rodríguez Adina Bastidas Diosdado Cabello José Vicente Rangel Jorge Rodríguez Ramón Carrizales |
| Preceded by | Rafael Caldera |
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| Born | 28 July 1954 Sabaneta, Barinas, Venezuela |
| Political party | MVR (1997 – 2008) PSUV (2008 – present) |
| Spouse | Nancy Colmenares (div. ||-||} Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->The President of Venezuela (Presidente Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Adina Bastidas Castillo (born 1943 is a Venezuelan Economist active in politics Diosdado Cabello Rondón (born April 15, 1963) is a Venezuelan politician José Vicente Rangel Vale (born on 10 July 1929 in Caracas) is a Venezuelan leftist politician Dr Jorge Rodríguez Gómez (born November 9 1965) is a Venezuelan politician and psychiatrist who was Vice-President of Venezuela from January 2007 Ramón Alonso Carrizales Rengifo is a Venezuelan politician and the current Vice-President of Venezuela. Rafael Antonio Caldera Rodríguez (born January 24 1916 was President of Venezuela from 1969 to 1974 and again from 1994 to 1999 Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Sabaneta is a city in Venezuela 's Barinas State. It was the birthplace of current President Estado Barinas is one of the 23 states ''(estados'' into which Venezuela is divided Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the The Fifth Republic Movement ( Spanish: Movimiento V República, MVR) was a left-wing Political party in Venezuela The United Socialist Party of Venezuela (Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela PSUV) is a left wing political party in Venezuela that is in the process ) Marisabel Rodríguez (div. Marisabel Rodríguez Oropeza (born 24 November 1964) is a Venezuelan Journalist. ) |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (pronounced [ˈuɰo rafaˈel ˈtʃaβ̞es ˈfɾias]) (born July 28, 1954) is the current President of Venezuela. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) ||-||} Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->The President of Venezuela (Presidente As the leader of the Bolivarian Revolution, Chávez promotes a political doctrine of democratic socialism and Latin American integration. The “Bolivarian Revolution” refers to a mass social movement and political process in Venezuela. Democratic socialism is a description used by various socialist movements tendencies and organizations to emphasize the democratic character of their political orientation [1] He is also a critic of neoliberalism, globalization and United States foreign policy. Originally coined by its critics and opponents " neoliberalism " is a label referring to the recent reemergence of Economic liberalism or Classical liberalism Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones The foreign policy of the United States is highly influential on the world stage as it is a Superpower. [2]
A career military officer, Chávez founded the left-wing Fifth Republic Movement after orchestrating a failed 1992 coup d'état against former President Carlos Andrés Pérez. The Fifth Republic Movement ( Spanish: Movimiento V República, MVR) was a left-wing Political party in Venezuela The Venezuelan coup attempts of 1992 were an abortive Coup d'état led by Hugo Chávez in February 1992 and a second attempted coup in November 1992 directed by Carlos Andrés Pérez Rodríguez (born October 27, 1922) best known as CAP, was President of Venezuela from 1974 to 1979 and again Chávez was elected President in 1998 with a campaign centering on promises of aiding Venezuela's poor majority, and was reelected in 2000 and in 2006. In the December 6, 1998 Venezuelan presidential election, Hugo Chávez was elected to his first term as President of Venezuela with A presidential election was held in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela on July 30 2000. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela held presidential elections on 3 December 2006, to choose a president for the six-year term to begin on Domestically, Chávez has maintained nation wide Bolivarian Missions, whose goals are to combat disease, illiteracy, malnutrition, poverty, and other social ills. The Bolivarian Missions are a series of social justice social welfare anti-poverty educational electoral and military recruiting programs implemented under the administration of the Abroad, Chávez has acted against the Washington Consensus by supporting alternative models of economic development, and has advocated cooperation among the world's poor nations, especially those in Latin America. The term Washington Consensus was initially coined in 1989 by John Williamson to describe a set of ten specific economic policy prescriptions that he considered to constitute Economic development is the development of economic wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their inhabitants
Chávez's policies have evoked controversy in Venezuela and abroad, receiving anything from vehement criticism to enthusiastic support. Hugo Chávez is a passionately disputed personality Supporters view him as a socialist Liberator, hailing him for promoting Latin American integration, The government of the United States, claim Chávez is a threat to democracy in Latin America. The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. [3] Others sympathize with his ideology[4] or welcome his bilateral trade and reciprocal aid agreements. [5] In 2005 and 2006 he was named one of Time magazine's 100 most influential people. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and The Time 100 is an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world as assembled by Time. [6][7]
Contents |
Early life (1954–1992)
Chávez was born on July 28, 1954 in the town of Sabaneta, Barinas. Family and ancestry The second son of Hugo de los Reyes Chávez and Elena Frías de Chávez (née Frías Chávez was born in the town of Sabaneta Early military career (1975&ndash1982 After his undergraduate studies concluded in 1975 Chávez entered active-duty military service Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Sabaneta is a city in Venezuela 's Barinas State. It was the birthplace of current President Estado Barinas is one of the 23 states ''(estados'' into which Venezuela is divided The second son of two schoolteachers, Hugo de los Reyes Chávez and Elena Frías de Chávez, he is of mixed Amerindian, Afro-Venezuelan, and Spanish descent. Elena Frías de Chávez is the mother of Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez and is First Lady of the province of Barinas For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. An Afro-Latin American (also Afro-Latino) is a Latin American person of at least partial Black African ancestry the term may also refer to historical [8] Chávez was born in a mud hut near Sabaneta. Due to his impoverished conditions at an early age, Chávez was sent to Sabaneta with his older brother Adán to live with his paternal grandmother, Rosa Inés Chávez. Adán Chávez Frías is the elder brother of current Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez. There, he pursued hobbies such as painting, singing, and baseball, while also attending elementary school at the Julián Pino School. He was later forced to relocate to the town of Barinas to attend high school at the Daniel Florencio O'Leary School. [9]
At age seventeen, Chávez enrolled at the Venezuelan Academy of Military Sciences. The Academia Militar de Venezuela (" Venezuelan Academy of Military Sciences " founded in 1810, is the oldest Military academy in Latin After graduating in 1975 as a sub-lieutenant with a degree in Military Arts and Science, Chávez entered military service for several months. He was then allowed to pursue graduate studies in political science at Caracas' Simón Bolívar University, but left without a degree. Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems Caracas (kaˈɾakas is the Capital and largest city of Venezuela. Simón Bolívar University ( Universidad Simón Bolívar in Spanish or USB, is a public institution located in Caracas, Venezuela with scientific [9]
Over the course of his college years, Chávez and fellow students developed a left-nationalist doctrine that they termed "Bolivarianism," inspired by the Pan-American philosophy of 19th century Venezuelan revolutionary Simón Bolívar, the influence of former Peruvian President Juan Velasco and the thought of various socialist and communist leaders including Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Bolivarianism is a set of political doctrines that enjoys currency in parts of South America, especially Venezuela. Pan-Americanism is a movement which through diplomatic political economic and social means seeks to create encourage and organize relationships associations and cooperation between A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround" is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco,Venezuelan or commonly known as Simón Bolívar ( July 24, 1783 &ndash Juan Francisco Velasco Alvarado ( June 16 1910 &ndash December 24 1977) was a left -leaning Peruvian General who Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij [10][11] Chávez engaged in sporting events and cultural activities during these years as well. He played both baseball and softball with the Criollitos de Venezuela, progressing with them to the Venezuelan National Baseball Championships in 1969. Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each Softball is a team Sport popular especially in the United States. Chávez also wrote numerous poems, stories and theatrical pieces. [9]
Upon completing his studies, Chávez initially entered active-duty military service as a member of a counter insurgency battalion stationed in Barinas. See also Insurgency In the context of an occupation or a Civil war, counter-insurgency (abbreviated COIN is a military term for the combat Chávez's military career lasted 17 years, during which time he held a variety of posts including command and staff positions, eventually rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel. Early military career (1975&ndash1982 After his undergraduate studies concluded in 1975 Chávez entered active-duty military service Chávez also held a series of teaching and staffing positions at the Military Academy of Venezuela, where he was first acknowledged by his peers for his fiery lecturing style and radical critique of Venezuelan government and society. [12] In 1983, Chávez established the Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement-200 (MBR-200). The Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement-200 ( Movimiento Bolivariano Revolucionario 200 or MBR-200) was the political and social movement that current Venezuelan Afterwards, he rose to a number of high-level positions in Caracas and was decorated several times. Caracas (kaˈɾakas is the Capital and largest city of Venezuela. [9]
Coup attempt of 1992
.jpg/230px-Hugo_Chávez_(1992_Coup_Surrender).jpg)
After an extended period of popular dissatisfaction and economic decline[13] under the administration of President Carlos Andrés Pérez and the violent repression known as El Caracazo,[14] Chávez made extensive preparations for a military coup d'état. The Venezuelan coup attempts of 1992 were an abortive Coup d'état led by Hugo Chávez in February 1992 and a second attempted coup in November 1992 directed by Carlos Andrés Pérez Rodríguez (born October 27, 1922) best known as CAP, was President of Venezuela from 1974 to 1979 and again Other uses ''El Caracazo ''(film. The caracazo or sacudón is the name given to the wave of protests riots and looting that [15] Initially planned for December, Chávez delayed the MBR-200 coup until the early twilight hours of February 4, 1992. Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) On that date, five army units under Chávez's command barreled into urban Caracas with the mission of assaulting and overwhelming key military and communications installations throughout the city, including the Miraflores presidential palace, the defense ministry, La Carlota military airport, and the Historical Museum. Chávez's ultimate goal was to intercept and take custody of Pérez, who was returning to Miraflores from an overseas trip.
Chávez held the loyalty of less than 10% of Venezuela's military forces;[16] still, numerous betrayals, defections, errors, and other unforeseen circumstances soon left Chávez and a small group of rebels cut off in the Historical Museum, without any means of conveying orders to their network of spies and collaborators spread throughout Venezuela. [17] Further, Chávez's allies were unable to broadcast their prerecorded tapes on the national airwaves in which Chávez planned to issue a general call for a mass civilian uprising against Pérez. As the coup unfolded, the coup plotters were unable to capture Pérez: fourteen soldiers were killed, and 50 soldiers and some 80 civilians injured in the ensuing violence. [18] Nevertheless, rebel forces in other parts of Venezuela made advances and were ultimately able to take control of such large cities as Valencia, Maracaibo, and Maracay with the help of spontaneous civilian aid. Valencia is the capital city of Carabobo State, and the third largest city of Venezuela. Maracaibo is the second-largest city in Venezuela after the national capital Caracas and is the capital of Zulia state Maracay is a city in central Venezuela and is the capital and most important city of the Aragua State. Chávez's forces, however, had failed to take Caracas. [19]
Chávez, alarmed, soon gave himself up to the government. He was then allowed to appear on national television to call for all remaining rebel detachments in Venezuela to cease hostilities. When he did so, Chávez quipped on national television that he had only failed "por ahora" (for now). [20] Chávez was catapulted into the national spotlight, with many poor Venezuelans seeing him as a figure who had stood up against government corruption and kleptocracy. A kleptocracy (sometimes cleptocracy, occasionally kleptarchy) ( root klepto+kratein = rule by thieves) is a term applied to a [21][22] Chávez was sent to Yare prison; meanwhile, Pérez, the coup's intended target, was impeached a year later. While in prison, Chávez developed a carnosity of the eye, which spread to his iris. A carnosity is a medical condition defined by any abnormal fleshy excrescence or Tuberosity. The iris consists of Pigmented Fibrovascular tissue known as a stroma. The clarity of his eyesight was slowly corrupted; despite treatments and operations, Chávez's eyesight was permanently damaged. [23]
Political rise (1992–1999)
- Further information: Venezuelan presidential election, 1998
| Hugo Chávez's Election Results | |||||||||||||||
| — 1998 presidential election — Source: CNE data |
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After a two-year imprisonment, Chávez was pardoned by President Rafael Caldera in 1994. ||-||} Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->The President of Venezuela (Presidente Rafael Antonio Caldera Rodríguez (born January 24 1916 was President of Venezuela from 1969 to 1974 and again from 1994 to 1999 Upon his release, Chávez reconstituted the MBR-200 as the Fifth Republic Movement (MVR—Movimiento Quinta República, with the V representing the Roman numeral five). The Fifth Republic Movement ( Spanish: Movimiento V República, MVR) was a left-wing Political party in Venezuela V is the twenty-second letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled vee or occasionally ve (viː Roman numerals are a Numeral system originating in ancient Rome, adapted from Etruscan numerals. Later, in 1998, Chávez began to campaign for the presidency. In working to earn the trust of voters, Chávez drafted an agenda that drew heavily on his ideology of Bolivarianism. Chávez and his followers described their aim as "laying the foundations of a new republic" to replace the existing one, which they cast as "party-dominated"; the current constitution, they argued, was no more than the 'juridico-political embodiment of puntofijismo,' the country's traditional two-party patronage system. Puntofijismo was a formal arrangement arrived at between representatives of Venezuela 's three main political parties in 1958 Acción Democrática, COPEI Patronage is the support encouragement privilege and often financial aid given by a person or an organization [24]
Chávez utilized his flamboyant public speaking style, which was noted for its abundance of colloquialisms and ribald manner—on the campaign trail to win the trust and favour of a primarily poor and working class following. A colloquialism is an expression not used in formal speech, writing or Paralinguistics. Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types By May 1998, Chávez's support had risen to 30% in polls, and by August he was registering 39%. Chávez went on to win the 1998 presidential election on December 6, 1998 with 56% of the votes. In the December 6, 1998 Venezuelan presidential election, Hugo Chávez was elected to his first term as President of Venezuela with Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) [15][25]
Presidency (1999–present)
Chávez was sworn in as president on February 2, 1999. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Among his first acts was the launching of Plan Bolivar 2000, which included road building, housing construction, and mass vaccination. Plan Bolívar 2000 (launched February 27, 1999) was the first of the Bolivarian Missions enacted under of administration of current Venezuelan Vaccination is the administration of Antigenic material (the Vaccine) to produce immunity to a disease [26] Chávez also halted planned privatizations of, among others, the national social security system, aluminum industry holdings, and the oil sector. Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of business from the Public sector (government to the Private sector (business Social security primarily refers to a Social insurance program providing social protection or protection against socially recognized conditions including poverty old [27] Chávez also overhauled the formerly lax tax collection and auditing system—especially regarding major corporations and landholders. A financial audit, or more accurately an audit of financial statements, is the examination by an independent third party of the financial statements of a company
| Hugo Chávez's Election Results | ||||||||||||
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Responding to the stalling of his legislation in the National Assembly, Chávez scheduled two national elections for July 1999, including a referendum for and elections to fill a new constitutional assembly. |||} Elections in Venezuela gives information on Elections and election results in Venezuela. |||}The National Assembly ( Asamblea Nacional) is the current legislative branch of the Venezuelan government The Constitutional Assembly was created when the referendum passed with a 72% "yes" vote, while the pro-Chávez Polo Patriotico ("Patriotic Pole") won 95% (120 out of the total 131) of its seats. In August 1999, the Constitutional Assembly's "Judicial Emergency Committee" declared a "legislative emergency" whereby a seven-member committee conducted the National Assembly's functions; meanwhile, the National Assembly was prohibited from holding meetings. [28] The Constitutional Assembly drafted the 1999 Venezuelan Constitution, which included an increase in the presidential term from five to six years, a new presidential two-term limit, a new provision for presidential recall elections, renaming of the country to República Bolivariana de Venezuela, expanded presidential powers, conversion of the bicameral National Assembly into a unicameral legislature, merit-based appointments of judges, and creation of the Public Defender, an office authorized to regulate the activities of the presidency and the National Assembly. |||}The Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela is the current Constitution of Venezuela. A recall election is a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office In Government, bicameralism (bi + Latin la ''camera'' chamber is the practice of having two legislative or Parliamentary chambers Thus a bicameral Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or Parliamentary chamber [29]
In December 1999, the new constitution was approved. On December 15, after weeks of heavy rain, statewide mudslides claimed the lives of an estimated 30,000 people. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of The 1999 Vargas tragedy was a disaster that struck the Vargas State of Venezuela in December 1999 Critics claim Chávez was distracted by the referendum and that the government ignored a civil defense report, calling for emergency measures, issued the day the floods struck. [30] The government rejected these claims. [30] Chávez personally led the relief effort afterwards. [31]
2000–2001: Reelection
- Further information: Venezuelan presidential election, 2000
| Hugo Chávez's Election Results | |||||||||||||||
| — 2000 presidential election — Source: CNE data |
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| — 2000 labor union reform referendum — State-monitored labor union elections? Source: CNE data |
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General elections were held on July 30, 2000. A presidential election was held in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela on July 30 2000. |||} Elections in Venezuela gives information on Elections and election results in Venezuela. A presidential election was held in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela on July 30 2000. The National Electoral Council (Consejo Nacional Electoral or CNE, is the institution in charge of all electoral processes that take place in Venezuela. Francisco Javier Arias Cárdenas (born on November 20, 1950 in San Cristóbal, Táchira) is a Venezuelan politician and career military Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Chávez's coalition garnered two-thirds of seats in the National Assembly while Chávez was reelected with 60% of the votes. The Carter Center monitored the election; their report stated that, due to lack of transparency, Consejo Nacional Electoral (CNE; "National Electoral Council") partiality, and political pressure from the Chávez government that resulted in early elections, it was unable to validate the official CNE results. The Carter Center is a nongovernmental not-for-profit organization founded in 1982 by former U [32] However, they concluded that the presidential election legitimately expressed the will of the people. [33]
Later, on December 3, 2000, local elections and a referendum were held. Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The referendum, backed by Chávez, proposed a law that would force Venezuela's labor unions to hold state-monitored elections. The referendum was widely condemned by international labor organisations—including the International Labour Organization—as undue government interference in internal union matters; these organisations threatened to apply sanctions on Venezuela. The International Labour Organization International sanctions are actions taken by Countries against others for political reasons either Unilaterally or Multilaterally. [34]
After the May and July 2000 elections, Chávez backed the passage of the "Enabling Act" by the National Assembly. This act allowed Chávez to rule by decree for one year. Rule by decree is a style of governance allowing quick unchallenged creation of law by a single person or group and is used primarily by Dictators and Absolute monarchs In November 2001, shortly before the Enabling Act was set to expire, Chávez enacted a set of 49 decrees. These included the Hydrocarbons Law and the Land Law. Fedecámaras, a national business federation, and the Confederación de Trabajadores de Venezuela (CTV), a federation of labor unions, opposed the approval of the new laws and called for a general business strike on December 10, 2001[35] in the hope that the President would reconsider his legislative action and, instead, open a debate about those laws. The Venezuelan Federation of Chambers of Commerce (Federación de Cámaras y Asociaciones de Comercio y Producción de Venezuela or Fedecámaras is composed of chambers of Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> Confederación de Trabajadores de Venezuela ( CTV, A general strike is a Strike action by a critical mass of the labour force in a city region or country Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. [36] The strike failed to significantly impact Chávez's decision or policies. [37]
By the end of the first three years of his presidency, Chávez had initiated a land transfer program and had introduced several reforms aimed at improving the social welfare of the population. Land reforms (also Agrarian reform, though that can have a broader meaning is an often- controversial alteration in the societal arrangements whereby government These reforms entailed the lowering of infant mortality rates; the implementation of a free, government-funded health care system; and free education up to the university level. This article describes policy-related systems For the article on hospital networks which are sometimes referred to as health care systems see Hospital network. By December of 2001, inflation fell to 12. 3% the lowest since 1986,[38] while economic growth was steady at four percent. [39] Chávez's administration also reported an increase in primary school enrollment by one million students. [39]
2002: Coup and strike/lockout
- Further information: 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt
On April 9, 2002, CTV leader Carlos Ortega called for a two-day general strike. The Venezuelan coup attempt of 2002 was a failed Coup d'état on April 11, 2002 that lasted only 47 hours whereby the head of state President Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> Confederación de Trabajadores de Venezuela ( CTV, Carlos Ortega Carvajal is a union and political leader in Venezuela. Hundreds of thousands[40] took to the streets on April 11, 2002 and marched towards the headquarters of Venezuela's state-owned oil company, Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA), in defense of its recently-fired management. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Petróleos de Venezuela SA ( PDVSA) is the Venezuelan state-owned Petroleum company The organisers decided to redirect the march to Miraflores, the presidential palace, where a pro-Chávez demonstration was taking place. The Palacio de Miraflores ( Spanish for "Miraflores Palace" is the official workplace of the President of Venezuela. Gunfire and violence erupted between two groups of demonstrators, Caracas' Metropolitan Police (under the control of the oppositionist mayor), and the Venezuelan national guard (under Chávez's command), and snipers were reported from the areas where both opposition and Chávez supporters were concentrated. Various civilians were shot and died in the incident.
Then, unexpectedly, Lucas Rincón, commander-in-chief of the Venezuelan armed forces, announced in a broadcast to a nationwide audience that Chávez had tendered his resignation from the presidency. General Lucas Rincón Romero was the highest-ranking Venezuelan military officer at the time of the Coup d'etat against Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez While Chávez was brought to a military base and held there, military leaders appointed the president of the Fedecámaras, Pedro Carmona, as Venezuela's interim president. The Venezuelan Federation of Chambers of Commerce (Federación de Cámaras y Asociaciones de Comercio y Producción de Venezuela or Fedecámaras is composed of chambers of Pedro Francisco Carmona Estanga (born 1941 in Barquisimeto, Lara, Venezuela) is a former Venezuelan trade organization leader who was briefly declared Carmona's first decree reversed the major social and economic policies that comprised Chávez's "Bolivarian Revolution", and dissolved both the National Assembly and the Venezuelan judiciary, while reverting the nation's name back to República de Venezuela. The Act Constituting the Government of Democratic Transition and National Unity (Acta de Constitución del Gobierno de Transición Democrática y Unidad Nacional — known colloquially
Carmona's decrees were followed by pro-Chávez uprisings and looting across Caracas. Responding to these disturbances, Venezuelan soldiers loyal to Chávez called for massive popular support for a counter-coup. These soldiers later stormed and retook the presidential palace, and retrieved Chávez from captivity. The shortest-lived government in Venezuelan history was thus toppled, and Chávez resumed his presidency on the night of Saturday, April 13, 2002. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Following this episode, Rincón was reappointed by Chávez as Commander of the Army, and later as Interior Minister in 2003. [41]
After Chávez resumed his presidency in April 2002, he claimed that a plane with U. S. registration numbers had visited and been berthed at Venezuela's Orchila Island airbase, where Chávez had been held captive. On May 14, 2002, Chávez alleged that he had definitive proof of U.S. military involvement in April's coup. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The United States Armed Forces are the overall unified military forces of the United States He claimed that during the coup Venezuelan radar images had indicated the presence of U.S. naval vessels and aircraft in Venezuelan waters and airspace. Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships The Guardian published a claim by former US intelligence officer Wayne Madsen alleging U. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Wayne Madsen is a Washington DC -based investigative Journalist, Author, and syndicated Columnist. S. Navy involvement. [42] U.S. Senator Christopher Dodd, D-CT, requested an investigation of concerns that Washington appeared to condone the removal of Mr Chávez,[43][44] which subsequently found that "U. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Christopher John Dodd (born May 27, 1944) is an American Lawyer and Democratic Politician, who is currently serving Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D S. officials acted appropriately and did nothing to encourage an April coup against Venezuela's president," nor did they provide any naval logistical support. [45][46] According to Democracy Now!, CIA documents indicate that the Bush administration knew about a plot weeks before the April 2002 military coup. Democracy Now! is a syndicated program of news analysis and opinion aired by more than 700 Radio and Television, satellite near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all They cite a document dated April 6, 2002, which says: "dissident military factions. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. . . are stepping up efforts to organize a coup against President Chávez, possibly as early as this month. " According to William Brownfield, ambassador to Venezuela, the U. William R Brownfield (born 1952 is currently the United States Ambassador to Colombia S. embassy in Venezuela warned Chávez about a coup plot in April 2002. [47] The United States Department of State and the investigation by the Office of the Inspector General found no evidence that "U. Office of the Inspector General ( OIG) is a sub-agency that is part of Cabinet departments and independent agencies of the United States federal government S. assistance programs in Venezuela, including those funded by the National Endowment for Democracy (NED), were inconsistent with U. The National Endowment for Democracy, or NED, is a US Non-profit organization that was founded in 1983 to promote Democracy by providing cash S. law or policy" or ". . . directly contributed, or was intended to contribute, to [the coup d'état]. "[48][45] Payments by the NED had been stepped up in the weeks preceding the coup. According to The Observer, the coup was approved by the government of the United States, acting through senior officials, including Otto Reich and Elliott Abrams, who had long histories in the U. The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. Otto Juan Reich (born October 16, 1945) a Cuban American, is former senior official in the administrations of Presidents Elliott Abrams (born January 24, 1948) is an American lawyer who has served in foreign policy positions for two Republican U S. -backed "dirty wars" in Central America in the 1980s, and top coup plotters, including Pedro Carmona himself, began visits to the White House months before the coup and by the man President George Bush tasked to be his key policy-maker for Latin America, Otto Reich. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. [49][49]
Chávez also claimed, during the coup's immediate aftermath, that the U. S. was still seeking his overthrow. On October 6, 2002, he stated that he had foiled a new coup plot, and on October 20, 2002, he stated that he had barely escaped an assassination attempt while returning from a trip to Europe. Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. During that period, the US Ambassador to Venezuela, Charles Shapiro, warned the Chávez administration of two potential assassination plots. Charles S Shapiro (born May 30, 1949) is an American diplomat and a former U [47]
Only a few months would pass after the April 2002 coup before the Chávez presidency would enter another crisis. For two months following December 2, 2002, Chávez faced a strike organized by the resistant PDVSA management who sought to force Chávez out of office by completely removing his access to the all-important government oil revenue. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The strike/lockout, led by a coalition of labor unions, industrial magnates, and oil workers, sought to halt the activities of the PDVSA. Strike action, often simply called a strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal by Employees to perform work. A lockout is a Work stoppage in which an Employer prevents employees from working As a result, Venezuela ceased exporting its former daily average of 2,800,000 barrels (450,000 m³) of oil and oil derivatives. Hydrocarbon shortages soon erupted throughout Venezuela, with long lines forming at petrol-filling stations. Gasoline imports were soon required. Chávez responded by firing PDVSA's anti-Chávez upper-echelon management and dismissing 18,000 PDVSA employees. Chávez justified this by alleging their complicity in gross mismanagement and corruption in their handling of oil revenues, while opposition supporters of the fired workers stated that his actions were politically motivated.
2003–2004: Recall vote
- Further information: Venezuelan recall referendum of 2004
In 2003 and 2004 Chávez launched a number of social and economic campaigns as he struggled to maintain popular support:
- Mission Robinson
- Launched July 2003, Mission Robinson was billed as a campaign aimed at providing free reading, writing and arithmetic lessons to the more than 1. The Venezuelan recall referendum of 15 August 2004 was a Referendum to determine whether Hugo Chávez, the current President of Mission Robinson (launched in July 2003) is one of the Bolivarian Missions (a series of anti-poverty and social welfare programs implemented by the current 5 million Venezuelan adults who were illiterate prior to his 1999 election.
- Mission Guaicaipuro
- Initiated October 12, 2003, Mission Guaicaipuro sought to protect the livelihood, religion, land, culture, and rights of Venezuela's indigenous peoples. Misión Guaicaipuro (launched 12 October 2003) is one of the Bolivarian Missions (a series of anti-poverty and social welfare programs implemented Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
- Mission Sucre
- Launched late 2003, Mission Sucre had the stated intent of providing free higher education to the two million adult Venezuelans who had not completed their elementary-level education. Mission Sucre (launched in late 2003 is one the Bolivarian Missions (a series of anti-poverty and social welfare programs implemented by current Higher education is Education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, Community colleges Liberal arts colleges
- Mission Ribas
- Announced in November 2003, Mission Ribas bore the promise of providing remedial education and diplomas for Venezuela's five million high school dropouts. Misión Ribas (launched November 2003 is a Venezuelan Bolivarian Mission that provides remedial high school level classes to the five
On the first anniversary of Mission Robinson's establishment, Chávez stated in Caracas's Teresa Carreño theater to an audience of 50,000 formerly illiterate Venezuelans, "in a year, we have graduated 1,250,000 Venezuelans. " Nevertheless, there were also significant setbacks. Notably, the inflation rate rocketed to 31% in 2002 and remained at the high level of 27% in 2003, causing a great deal of hardship for the poor.
In May 9, 2004, a group of 126 Colombians were captured during a raid of two farms near Caracas. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. The Colombians were outfitted in Venezuelan military uniforms and testified that, once they arrived in Venezuela after receiving promises of legal employment, they were then hired for military action against Venezuelan regulars. The farm was owned by a Cuban anti-Fidel Castro exile and a leader in the unsuccessful 2002 coup. Cubans (Cubanos are people inhabiting or originating from Cuba. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until Chávez soon levelled accusations of the attempted formation of a foreign-funded paramilitary force who intended to violently overthrow his rule. A paramilitary is a force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force but which are not regarded as having the same status [50] These events merely served to further the extreme and violent polarisation of Venezuelan society between pro- and anti-Chávez camps. Chávez's allegations of a putative 2004 coup attempt continue to stir controversy and doubts to this day. The putative Venezuelan coup of 2004 was a hypothesized plot to overthrow Hugo Chávez, who is the current President of Venezuela. [50] In October 2005, 27 of the accused Colombians were found guilty, while the rest were released and deported. [51] In September 2007, these 27 were pardoned and sent back to Colombia as well. [52]
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In early and mid-2003, Súmate, an opposition-aligned volunteer civilian voter rights organization, began the process of collecting the millions of signatures needed to activate the presidential recall provision provided for in Chávez's 1999 Constitution. |||} Elections in Venezuela gives information on Elections and election results in Venezuela. The Venezuelan recall referendum of 15 August 2004 was a Referendum to determine whether Hugo Chávez, the current President of Súmate ( Spanish for "Join Up" is a Venezuelan volunteer civil association founded in 2002 by María Corina Machado and Alejandro In August 2003, around 3. 2 million signatures were presented, but these were rejected by the National Electoral Council (CNE) on the grounds that many had been collected before the mid-point of Chávez's presidential term. [53] Reports then began to emerge among opposition and international news outlets that Chávez had begun to act punitively against those who had signed the petition, while pro-Chávez individuals stated that they had been coerced by employers into offering their signatures at their workplaces. In November 2003, the opposition collected an entirely new set of signatures, with 3. 6 million names produced over a span of four days. Riots erupted nationwide as allegations of fraud were made by Chávez against the signature collectors.
The provision in the Constitution allowing for a presidential recall requires the signatures of 20% of the electorate in order to effect a recall. Further, the cédulas (national identity card numbers) and identities of petition signers are not secret, and in fact were made public by Luis Tascón, a member of the Venezuelan National Assembly representing Chávez's party (Fifth Republic Movement - MVR) and the Communist Party of Venezuela of Táchira state. The Tascón List In February 2004 during the TV program Aló Presidente No 180 President Chávez announced |||}The National Assembly ( Asamblea Nacional) is the current legislative branch of the Venezuelan government The Fifth Republic Movement ( Spanish: Movimiento V República, MVR) was a left-wing Political party in Venezuela The Communist Party of Venezuela (in Spanish: Partido Comunista de Venezuela, PCV is a Marxist-Leninist political party and the oldest continuously
Finally, after opposition leaders submitted to the CNE a valid petition with 2,436,830 signatures that requested a presidential recall referendum, a recall referendum was announced on June 8, 2004 by the CNE. Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Chávez and his political allies responded to this by mobilising supporters to encourage rejection of the recall with a "no" vote.
The recall vote itself was held on August 15, 2004. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " A record number of voters turned out to defeat the recall attempt with a 59% "no" vote. [54][55] The election was overseen by the Carter Center and the Organization of American States, and was certified by them as fair and open. The Carter Center is a nongovernmental not-for-profit organization founded in 1982 by former U The Organization of American States ( OAS, or as it is known in the three other official languages OEA) is an International organization, headquartered [56] European Union observers did not attend, saying too many restrictions had been placed on their participation by the government. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in [57]
Other critics, including economists Ricardo Hausmann of Harvard and Roberto Rigobon of MIT, called the results fraudulent, alleging there were "very clear trails of fraud in the statistical record" and alleged electronic voting machines had been reconfigured to allow results to be altered remotely. [58] In response, the Carter Center consulted with Professor Jonathan Taylor, an independent statistician from Stanford University and Professor Aviel Rubin, a Johns Hopkins University computer scientist who both initially concluded that the actual results are within the predicted range and do not of themselves prove fraud. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in [59] Subsequently, however, the Carter Center admitted Taylor had "found a mistake in one of the models of his analysis which lowered the predicted number of tied machines, but which still found the actual result to lie within statistical possibility. "[59]
The opposition also cited an exit poll which implied the actual results were the opposite of those reported. "Massive fraud" was alleged and the conclusions of former U.S. President Jimmy Carter were questioned. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 [60] It should be noted that five other opposition polls showed a Chávez victory. [61]
After his victory, a jubilant Chávez pledged to redouble his efforts against both poverty and imperialism, while promising to foster dialogue with his opponents. Chávez's government subsequently charged the founders of Súmate with treason and conspiracy for receiving foreign funds, earmarked for voter education, from the United States Department of State through the National Endowment for Democracy, triggering commentary from human rights organizations and the U.S. government. Súmate ( Spanish for "Join Up" is a Venezuelan volunteer civil association founded in 2002 by María Corina Machado and Alejandro The National Endowment for Democracy, or NED, is a US Non-profit organization that was founded in 1983 to promote Democracy by providing cash The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [62][63][64] The trial has been postponed several times. A program called "Mission Identity", to fast track voter registration of immigrants to Venezuela has been put in place. [65]
2004–2006: Focus on foreign relations
In the aftermath of his referendum victory, Chávez's primary objectives of fundamental social and economic transformation and redistribution accelerated dramatically. Chávez himself placed the development and implementation of the "Bolivarian Missions" once again at the forefront of his political agenda. Sharp increases in global oil prices gave Chávez access to billions of dollars in extra foreign exchange reserves. Economic growth picked up markedly, reaching double-digit growth in 2004 and a 9. 3% growth rate for 2005.
Many new policy initiatives were advanced by Chávez after 2004. In late March 2005, the Chávez government passed a series of media regulations that criminalized broadcasted libel and slander directed against public officials; prison sentences of up to 40 months for serious instances of character defamation launched against Chávez and other officials were enacted. When asked if he would ever actually move to use the 40-month sentence if a media figure insulted him, Chávez remarked that "I don't care if they [the private media] call me names. . . As Don Quixote said, 'If the dogs are barking, it is because we are working. es '''''Don Quixote''''' (, see spelling and pronunciation below fully titled es '''''El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha''''' ("The Ingenious Hidalgo Don '"[66] Chávez also worked to expand his land redistribution and social welfare programs by authorizing and funding a multitude of new "Bolivarian Missions", including "Mission Vuelta al Campo"; the second and third phases of "Mission Barrio Adentro", both first initiated in June 2005 with the stated aim of constructing, funding, and refurbishing secondary (integrated diagnostic center) and tertiary (hospital) public health care facilities nationwide; and "Mission Miranda", which established a national citizen's militia. Mission Vuelta al Campo ("Return to the Countryside" implementation announced in mid 2005 is one of the Bolivarian Missions (a series of anti-poverty and social welfare Mission Barrio Adentro ( English: " Mission Into the Neighborhood " is a Bolivarian national Social welfare program established Mission Miranda is one of the Bolivarian Missions (a series of anti-poverty and social welfare programs implemented by current Venezuelan president Meanwhile, Venezuela's doctors went on strike, protesting the siphoning of public funds from their existing institutions to these new Bolivarian ones, run by Cuban doctors.
President Chávez is also Vice President of the International Parliament for Safety and Peace ( see [3] ) . The International Parliament for Safety and Peace (IPSP also known as International States Parliament, is an International organization based in Palermo
Chávez focused considerably on Venezuela's foreign relations via new bilateral and multilateral agreements, including humanitarian aid and construction projects. Humanitarian aid (also called succour) is material or logistical assistance provided for humanitarian purposes typically in response to humanitarian crises Chávez has engaged, with varying degrees of success, numerous other foreign leaders, including Argentina's Néstor Kirchner, China's Hu Jintao, Cuba's Fidel Castro,Iran's Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Russia's Vladimir Putin. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Néstor Carlos Kirchner Ostoić (born February 25, 1950) was the President of Argentina from May 25, 2003 until December China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Hu Jintao ( born 21 December 1942 is currently the Paramount Leader of the People's Republic of China, holding the titles of General Secretary of the Communist The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (محمود احمدینژاد; born October 28, 1956) is the sixth and current President of the Islamic Republic of Iran Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (; born 7 October 1952 in Leningrad, USSR; now Saint Petersburg, Russia was the second President of Russia On March 4, 2005, Chávez publicly declared that the U. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. S. -backed Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) was "dead". The Free Trade Area of the Americas ( FTAA) ( Spanish: Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas (ALCA French: Zone de libre-échange des Chávez stated that the neoliberal model of development had utterly failed in improving the lives of Latin Americans, and that an alternative, anti-capitalist model would be conceived in order to increase trade and relations between Venezuela, Argentina and Brazil. Chávez also stated his desire that a left-wing, Latin American analogue of NATO be established. The North Atlantic Treaty In accordance with his foreign policy trends, Chávez has visited several countries around the world.
Over the course of 2004 and 2005, the Venezuelan military under Chávez also began in earnest to reduce weaponry sourcing and military ties with the United States. Chávez's Venezuela is thus increasingly purchasing arms from alternative sources, such as Brazil, Russia, China and Spain. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Friction over these sales escalated, and in response Chávez ended cooperation between the militaries of the two countries. He also asked all active-duty U. S. soldiers to leave Venezuela. Additionally, in 2005 Chávez announced the creation of a large "military reserve"—the Mission Miranda program, which encompasses a militia of 2 million citizens—as a defensive measure against foreign intervention or outright invasion. [67] Additionally, in October 2005, Chávez banished the Christian missionary organization "New Tribes Mission" from the country, accusing it of "imperialist infiltration" and harboring connections with the CIA. New Tribes Mission (NTM is an international theologically evangelical Christian mission organization based in Sanford Florida. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all [68] At the same time, he granted inalienable titles to over 6,800 square kilometers of land traditionally inhabited by Amazonian indigenous peoples to their respective resident natives, though this land could not be bought or sold as Western-style title deeds can. Chávez cited these changes as evidence that his revolution was also a revolution for the defense of indigenous rights, such as those promoted by Chávez's "Mission Guaicaipuro". Misión Guaicaipuro (launched 12 October 2003) is one of the Bolivarian Missions (a series of anti-poverty and social welfare programs implemented
During this period, Chávez placed greater emphasis on alternative economic development and international trade models, much of it in the form of extremely ambitious hemisphere-wide international aid agreements. For example, on August 20, 2005, during the first graduation of international scholarship students from Cuba's Latin American School of Medicine, Chávez announced that he would jointly establish with Cuba a second such medical school that would provide tuition-free medical training—an ex gratia project valued at between $20 and 30 billion—to more than 100,000 physicians who would pledge to work in the poorest communities of the Southern Hemisphere. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina ( ELAM) formerly Escuela Latinoamericana de Ciencias Médicas (in Ex gratia (sometimes ex-gratia) is Latin (lit by favour and is most often used in a Legal context Southern Hemisphere is the half of a Planet that is South of the Equator —the word hemisphere literally means 'half ball' He announced that the project would run for the next decade, and that the new school would include at least 30,000 new places for poor students from both Latin America and the Caribbean. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting [69]
Chávez has also taken ample opportunity on the international stage to juxtapose such projects with the manifest results and workings of neoliberal globalization. Most notably, during his speech at the 2005 UN World Summit, he denounced development models that are organised around neoliberal guidelines such as liberalisation of capital flows, removal of trade barriers, and privatisation as the reason for the developing world's impoverishment. Chávez also went on to warn of an imminent global energy famine brought about by hydrocarbon depletion (based on Hubbert peak theory), stating that "we are facing an unprecedented energy crisis. In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. . . Oil is starting to become exhausted. "[70] Additionally, on November 7, 2005, Chávez referenced the stalling of the FTAA, stating at the Fourth Summit of the Americas, held in Mar del Plata, Argentina, that "the great loser today was George W. Bush. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The seaside resort of Mar del Plata, in the, about 400 km (250 Miles southeast of the capital, was the venue of the Fourth Summit of the Americas Mar del Plata is an Argentine city located on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean in the Buenos Aires Province, south of Buenos Aires. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. The man went away wounded. You could see defeat on his face. " Chávez took the same opportunity to state that the taste of "the honey of victory" was apparent with regards to the promotion of his own trade alternative, the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas (ALBA—Alternativa Bolivariana para América), which Venezuela and Cuba inaugurated on December 14, 2004. The Bolivarian Alternative for the People of Our America ( Spanish: Alternativa Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra América or ALBA - which also means 'dawn' in Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " [71][72]
In 2005, Chávez demanded the extradition of Luis Posada Carriles, accused of conspiring to bomb Cubana Flight 455. Luis Clemente Faustino Posada Carriles (born February 15, 1928) is a Cuban born Venezuelan anti- Castro terrorist Cubana Flight 455 was a Cubana flight from Barbados to Jamaica that was brought down by a terrorist attack on October 6, 1976. A Texas judge blocked the extradition on the grounds that he could be tortured in Venezuela; the Venezuelan embassy blamed the Department of Homeland Security for refusing to contest such accusations during the trial. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. [73] Chávez also requested the extradition of former Venezuelan officers and members of Militares democraticos, Lt. German Rodolfo Varela and Lt. Jose Antonio Colina, who are wanted for bombing the Spanish and Colombian embassies after Chávez made a speech criticizing both governments. [74][75]
The BBC says that Chávez "has made no secret of the fact that he is in favour of amending the constitution so that he can run again for president in 2012. "[76] In June 2006, Chávez announced Venezuela's bid to win a non-permanent seat on the UN Security Council; Washington officials encouraged Latin American and Caribbean nations to vote instead for Guatemala. [77] Analysts quoted by Forbes Magazine said that Chávez would offer to supply 20% of China's crude oil needs if Beijing backed Venezuela's bid to join the UN Security Council. Forbes is an American Publishing and media company Its flagship publication Forbes magazine is published bi-weekly [78] In Chile, the press was concerned that Venezuelan grants for flood aid might affect the government's decision about which country to support for admission to the UN Security Council. [79] However, Venezuela was never able to obtain more votes than Guatemala in the forty one separate UN votes in October of 2006. [80] Because of this deadlock in voting, Panama was selected as a consensus candidate and subsequently won the election for Latin America's seat on the Security Council. Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. The 2006 United Nations Security Council election began on 16 October 2006 during the 61st session of the United Nations General Assembly
Moreover, Chávez accused the government of the United States of attempting to turn Colombia into Venezuela's adversary, after U. Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi 1 (معمر القذافي) (born 7 June 1942) also known as Colonel Gaddafi S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld suggested that Colombia and other countries would be concerned over Venezuela's recent military purchases. Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9 1932 is a United States Businessman, Politician, the 13th Secretary of Defense under President "The U. S. empire doesn't lose a chance to attack us and try to create discord between us," Chávez said. "That's one of the empire's strategies: Try to keep us divided. " The Colombian government did not take sides during the incident. [81]
According to Datos Information Resources, family income amongst the poorest stratum grew more than 150% between 2003 and 2006. [82]
President Chávez initiated a program to provide cheaper heating fuel for low income families in several areas of the United States. The program was expanded in September 2006 to include four of New York City's five boroughs, earmarking 25 million gallons of fuel for low-income New York residents at 40% off the wholesale market price. The City of New York That quantity provides sufficient fuel to heat 70,000 apartments, covering 200,000 New Yorkers, for the entire winter. Chávez offered heating oil to poor, remote villages in Alaska, though many reportedly refused the offer despite economic hardship. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent [83] Some have questioned the motives of this generosity. Conservative legislative leaders in Maine have asked that state's governor to refuse the subsidized oil,[84] and New York Daily News criticized his offer by calling him an "oil pimp". The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean The Daily News of New York City is the fifth most-widely circulated daily Newspaper in the United States with a daily circulation of 703137 [85] In 2007, Chavez signed a deal with Mayor of London Ken Livingstone for a similar program. The Mayor of London is an elected politician who along with the London Assembly of 25 members is accountable for the strategic government of Greater London (see Kenneth Robert Livingstone (born 17 June 1945 is a British Socialist Politician.
On 20 September 2006, Chávez delivered a speech to the United Nations General Assembly condemning U. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. On 20 September 2006, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez delivered a speech to the United Nations General Assembly damning U Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members S. President George Bush. [86] In the speech Chávez referred to Bush as "the devil", adding that Bush, who had given a speech to the assembly a day earlier, had come to the General Assembly to "share his nostrums to try to preserve the current pattern of domination, exploitation and pillage of the peoples of the world. "[87] Although it was widely condemned by U. S. politicians and media,[88] the speech was received with "wild applause" in the Assembly. [89][90]
Chávez again won the OAS and Carter Center certification of the national election on December 3, 2006 with 63 percent of the vote,[91] beating his closest challenger Manuel Rosales who conceded his loss on December 4, 2006. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela held presidential elections on 3 December 2006, to choose a president for the six-year term to begin on Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Manuel Antonio Rosales Guerrero (b December 12 1952, in Santa Bárbara del Zulia) is a Venezuelan politician and current governor of the "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [92] After his victory, Chávez promised a more radical turn towards socialism. [93]
January 2007–present
On January 8, 2007 President Chávez installed a new cabinet, replacing most of the ministers. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Jorge Rodríguez was designated the new Vice President, replacing José Vicente Rangel. Dr Jorge Rodríguez Gómez (born November 9 1965) is a Venezuelan politician and psychiatrist who was Vice-President of Venezuela from January 2007 José Vicente Rangel Vale (born on 10 July 1929 in Caracas) is a Venezuelan leftist politician Chávez announced that he will send to the National Assembly a new enabling act, asking for the authority to re-nationalize the biggest phone company of the country (Cantv), and other companies from the electrical sector, all previously public companies which were privatized by past administrations. |||}The National Assembly ( Asamblea Nacional) is the current legislative branch of the Venezuelan government Compañía Anónima Nacional de Teléfonos de Venezuela ( CANTV) was one of the first telephone service enterprises in Venezuela, founded in 1930 He is also asking to eliminate the autonomy of the Central Bank. [94]
On January 31, 2007 the Venezuelan National Assembly approved an enabling act granting Chávez the power to rule by decree in certain areas for 18 months. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Rule by decree is a style of governance allowing quick unchallenged creation of law by a single person or group and is used primarily by Dictators and Absolute monarchs He plans to continue his "Bolivarian Revolution", enacting economic and social changes. He has said he wants to nationalize key sectors of the economy. Nationalization, also spelled nationalisation, is the act of taking an industry or assets into the Public ownership of a national government [95][96] Chávez, who is beginning a fresh six-year term, says the legislation will be the start of a new era of "maximum revolution" during which he will consolidate Venezuela's transformation into a socialist society. His critics, however, are calling it a radical lurch toward authoritarianism by a leader with unchecked power. Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union [97][98]
On 8 February 2007 the Venezuelan government signed an agreement to buy an 82. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. 14% stake in Electricidad de Caracas from AES Corporation. AES Corporation ( is a Fortune 1000 company that generates and distributes electrical power. Paul Hanrahan, president and CEO of AES said the deal has been a fair process that respected the rights of investors. [99] In February 2007, the Venezuelan government bought a 28. 5% stake of the shares of CANTV from Verizon Communications. Compañía Anónima Nacional de Teléfonos de Venezuela ( CANTV) was one of the first telephone service enterprises in Venezuela, founded in 1930 "Verizon" redirects here this article is about the corporation see also Verizon Wireless, Verizon Online DSL and Verizon FiOS. [100]
On April 30, 2007 Chávez announced that Venezuela would be formally pulling out of the IMF and the World Bank, having paid off its debts five years ahead of schedule, saving US $8 million in doing so. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [101] The debt was US $3 billion in 1999. [102] Chávez then announced the creation of a regional bank, the Bank of the South, and said that the IMF and the World Bank were in crisis. [103]
The next day he announced intentions to re-take control of oil projects in the Orinoco Belt, which he said are "the world's largest crude reserve. The Orinoco Belt is a territory which occupies the southern strip of the eastern Orinoco River Basin in Venezuela. "[104] These reserves, which can be exploited with modern technologies, may place Venezuela ahead of Saudi Arabia in terms of oil reserves. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi [105]
In May 2007 the Chavez government refused to renew the license of the nation's most popular television station, alleging the company participated in the 2002 coup d'état. This led to many, prolonged protests in Caracas. The May – June 2007 RCTV protests were a series of protests in Venezuela that began in the middle of May 2007 Also, tens of thousands have marched through Caracas to support President Chávez's decision. [106]
Latin American Summit incident
In November 2007 at the Ibero-American Summit in Santiago de Chile, Chávez and Spanish prime minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero were engaged in a heated exchange. The Ibero-American Summit ( Spanish: Cumbres Iberoamericanas de Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno, Portuguese: Cúpulas Ibero-Americanas de Chefes de Estado José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (born 4 August 1960 better known by his maternal surname Zapatero (literally "shoemaker" in Spanish is the current Chávez, irritated by Zapatero's suggestion that Latin America needed to attract more foreign capital, referred to Spain's former prime minister, José María Aznar, as a fascist. (born 25 February 1953 served as the Prime Minister of Spain from 1996 to 2004 Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology [107] Zapatero asked Chávez to use proper decorum. Although his microphone had by that point been turned off as his time was up, Zapatero was within earshot and engaged with Chávez who continued to interrupt the prime minister, attempting to make a point. King Juan Carlos I of Spain then leaned forward and pointed his finger at Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, telling him, "¿Por qué no te callas?" (Why don't you shut up?). Early life Juan Carlos was born in Rome, where his grandfather Alfonso XIII of Spain lived in exile after the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic ¿Por qué no te callas? (English "Why don't you shut up?" is a phrase that was uttered by King Juan Carlos I of Spain to Hugo Chávez [108] Chávez later said he did not hear Juan Carlos. [109] President Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua, next to speak, ceded a minute of his time to Chávez to allow him to finish his point. José Daniel Ortega Saavedra (xoˈse ðanjεl ɔrteγa saˈβeðra(born 11 November 1945 is the current President of Nicaragua. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America Ortega then proceeded to add emphasis to Chávez's points by suggesting that Spain had used intervention in his country's elections. Ortega also referred to the Spanish energy company Union Fenosa's monopoly on the impoverished counties privatized power utility. Unión Fenosa SA, ( is a large Spanish company dedicated to the production and distribution to end users of gas and electricity [110] The king, followed by an aide, stood up and walked out of the event[111] — an unprecedented diplomatic incident, especially because the king had never before shown any sign of irritability.
Constitutional referendum
On August 15, 2007, Chavez called for an end to presidential term limits. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. He also proposed limiting central bank autonomy, strengthening state expropriation powers and providing for public control over international reserves as part of an overhaul of Venezuela's constitution. In accordance with the 1999 constitution, Chavez proposed the changes to the constitution, which were then approved by the National Assembly. The final test was a December 2, 2007 referendum. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [112]
On November 1, 2007, a massive protest was staged in Caracas, led by many Venezuelan students, calling on the National Electoral Council in Caracas to postpone the referendum on the proposed constitutional reforms. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [113] Chavistas holding a demonstration in support of the reforms clashed with the protesters and the scene turned violent, prompting police action. [114] Since that time, President Chavez has undergone criticism from the global community for what is considered to be an excess usage of police action. [115] The President denounced the opposition protest as resorting to "fascist violence" on November 9, 2007. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [116]
Two days before the constitutional referendum, Chávez threatened to cut off oil shipments to the United States if it criticized the voting results. A constitutional referendum was held in Venezuela on December 2, 2007 to amend 69 articles of the 1999 Constitution. [117]
On November 26, 2007 the Venezuelan government broadcast and circulated an alleged confidential memo from the US embassy to the CIA. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The memo allegedly contains an update on US clandestine operations against the Chavez government. [118]
On December 2, 2007, the referendum was defeated, with 51% of the voters rejecting the amendments proposed by Chávez. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [119]
After the referendum, Chávez stated that he would step down at the end of his second term in 2013. [120]
Presidency
Domestic policy
| Missions of the Bolivarian Revolution |
| — food — housing — medicine — |
| Barrio Adentro · Plan Bolivar 2000 Hábitat · Mercal |
|---|
| — education — |
| Ribas · Sucre Robinson I · Robinson II |
| — indigenous rights — land — environment — |
| Guaicaipuro · Identidad Miranda · Piar Vuelta al Campo · Vuelvan Caras Zamora |
| — (Hugo Chávez) — (Venezuela) — |
- See also: Bolivarian Missions
Chávez's domestic policy relies heavily on the "Bolivarian Missions," a series of political campaigns aimed at radically altering the economic and cultural landscape of Venezuela. The Bolivarian Missions are a series of social justice social welfare anti-poverty educational electoral and military recruiting programs implemented under the administration of the The “Bolivarian Revolution” refers to a mass social movement and political process in Venezuela. Mission Barrio Adentro ( English: " Mission Into the Neighborhood " is a Bolivarian national Social welfare program established Plan Bolívar 2000 (launched February 27, 1999) was the first of the Bolivarian Missions enacted under of administration of current Venezuelan Mision Hábitat (" Mission Habitat " is a Venezuelan Bolivarian Mission that has as its goal the construction of Mission Mercal (officially launched on April 24, 2003) is a Bolivarian Mission established in Venezuela under Misión Ribas (launched November 2003 is a Venezuelan Bolivarian Mission that provides remedial high school level classes to the five Mission Sucre (launched in late 2003 is one the Bolivarian Missions (a series of anti-poverty and social welfare programs implemented by current Mission Robinson (launched in July 2003) is one of the Bolivarian Missions (a series of anti-poverty and social welfare programs implemented by the current Mission Robinson (launched in July 2003) is one of the Bolivarian Missions (a series of anti-poverty and social welfare programs implemented by the current Misión Guaicaipuro (launched 12 October 2003) is one of the Bolivarian Missions (a series of anti-poverty and social welfare programs implemented Mission Identidad is one of the Bolivarian Missions (a series of anti-poverty and social welfare programs implemented by current Venezuelan president Mission Miranda is one of the Bolivarian Missions (a series of anti-poverty and social welfare programs implemented by current Venezuelan president Misión Piar is one of the Bolivarian Missions (a series of anti-poverty and social welfare programs implemented by current Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez Mission Vuelta al Campo ("Return to the Countryside" implementation announced in mid 2005 is one of the Bolivarian Missions (a series of anti-poverty and social welfare Vuelvan Caras ( Spanish for "Mission About-Face" is one of the Bolivarian Missions, a series of anti-poverty and social welfare programs implemented by Mission Zamora is an integrated Land reform and land Redistribution program in Venezuela, created in law by the Ley de Tierras ("Law of Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the The Bolivarian Missions are a series of social justice social welfare anti-poverty educational electoral and military recruiting programs implemented under the administration of the The Bolivarian Missions are a series of social justice social welfare anti-poverty educational electoral and military recruiting programs implemented under the administration of the
The "Bolivarian Missions" have entailed the launching of government anti-poverty initiatives,[121] the construction of thousands of free medical clinics for the poor,[122] the institution of educational campaigns that have reportedly made more than one million adult Venezuelans literate,[123] and the enactment of food[124] and housing subsidies. Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and [125] The infant mortality rate fell by 18. 2% between 1998 and 2006. [126][127] The government earmarked 44. 6% of the 2007 budget for social investment, with 1999-2007 averaging 12. 8% of GDP. [128] However, the Gini coefficient has risen from 44. The Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical dispersion most prominently used as a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth 1 to 48 in 2005, illustrating rising inequality. [129]
The Missions have overseen widespread experimentation in what Chávez supporters term citizen- and worker-managed governance,[130][131] as well as the granting of thousands of free land titles, reportedly to formerly landless poor and indigenous communities. [132] Several allegedly unused estates and factories have been expropriated to provide this land.
In March 2006 the Communal Council Law was approved, whereby communities that decide to organize themselves into a council can be given official state recognition and access to federal funds and loans for community projects. In April 2006 the Venezuelan government passed The Law of Communal Councils ( consejos comunales) which empowers local citizens to form neighbourhood-based elected This skips the local and state governments that are perceived as corrupt. [133]
The Chavez government also passed a number of laws protecting the rights of the indigenous people of Venezuela, including laws that recognize indigenous rights over the land they traditionally occupied, their rights to prior consultation concerning the exploitation of their natural resources, their rights to manage their own education system based on intercultural and bilingual principles, and a law providing that three native representatives shall sit in the National Assembly, as well as representation in municipal and regional assemblies in regions with a native population. [134]
In September 2007, speaking at the inauguration of the school year, Chavez announced a new curricular programme to be adopted by both public and private schools, which would "promote values of cooperation and solidarity". While promissing he would make education his top priority and increase funding, he spoke of his vision of the future of education, based around "learning to create, to live together, to value and to reflect. "[135]
Labor policy
Chávez has had a combative relationship with the nation's largest trade union confederation, the Confederación de Trabajadores de Venezuela (CTV), which is historically aligned with the Acción Democrática (AD) party. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> Confederación de Trabajadores de Venezuela ( CTV, Democratic Action ( Spanish: Acción Democrática abbreviated as AD is a Venezuelan Social democratic Political party. During the December 2000 local elections, Chávez placed a referendum measure on the ballot that would mandate state-monitored elections within unions. The measure, which was condemned by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) as undue interference in internal union matters, passed by a large margin on a very low electoral turnout. The International Labour Organization International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU In the ensuing CTV elections, Carlos Ortega declared his victory and remained in office as CTV president, while chavista (pro-Chávez) candidates declared fraud. Carlos Ortega Carvajal is a union and political leader in Venezuela. Bolivarianism is a set of political doctrines that enjoys currency in parts of South America, especially Venezuela.
The Unión Nacional de Trabajadores (UNT—"National Union of Workers"), a new pro-Chávez union federation, formed in response and has been growing in membership; it seeks to ultimately supplant the CTV. The National Workers' Union of Venezuela ( Spanish: Unión Nacional de Trabajadores de Venezuela, UNT is a federation of labor unions in Venezuela Several chavista unions have withdrawn from the CTV because of their strident anti-Chávez activism, and have instead affiliated with the UNT. In 2003, Chávez chose to send UNT, rather than CTV, representatives to an annual ILO meeting.
Further augmenting state involvement in Venezuela's economy, Chávez nationalized Venepal, a formerly closed paper and cardboard manufacturing firm, on January 19, 2005. Nationalization, also spelled nationalisation, is the act of taking an industry or assets into the Public ownership of a national government Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Workers had occupied the factory floor and restarted production, but following a failed deal with management and amidst management threats to liquidate the firm's equipment, Chávez ordered the nationalization, extended a line of credit to the workers, and ordered that the Venezuelan educational missions purchase more paper products from the company.
Under Chávez, Venezuela has also instituted worker-run "co-management" initiatives in which workers' councils play a key role in the management of a plant or factory. A workers' council is a Deliberative assembly, composed of Working class members intended to institute Workers' self-management or Workers' control In experimental co-managed enterprises, such as the state-owned Alcasa factory, workers develop budgets and elect both managers and departmental delegates who work together with company executives on technical issues related to production. [136]
Economic policy
Venezuela is a major producer of oil products, which remains the keystone of the Venezuelan economy. Chávez has gained a reputation as a price hawk in OPEC, pushing for stringent enforcement of production quotas and higher target oil prices. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC) is a Cartel of thirteen countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador At a June 2006 meeting, Venezuela was the only OPEC country calling for lowered production to drive oil prices higher.
Chávez has attempted to broaden Venezuela's customer base, striking joint exploration deals with other developing countries, including Argentina, Brazil, China and Russia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Record oil prices have meant more funding for social programs, but have left the economy increasingly dependent on both the Chávez government and the oil sector; the private sector's role has correspondingly diminished.
Chávez has redirected the focus of PDVSA by bringing it more closely under the direction of the Ministry of Energy and Petroleum. He has also attempted to repatriate more oil funds to Venezuela by raising royalty percentages on joint extraction contracts that are payable to Venezuela. Chávez has also explored the liquidation of some or all of the assets belonging to PDVSA's U. S. -based subsidiary, Citgo. Citgo Petroleum Corporation (or Citgo) is a United States -incorporated Venezuela -owned refiner and marketer of Gasoline, lubricants Petrochemicals Citgo, whose profitability made many Venezuelans skeptical, has been paying record dividends to the government of Venezuela. [137] Chávez said that "Venezuela had not received a penny from this enterprise for 20 years". [138] According to Finance minister Nelson Merentes, the Venezuelan 2006 budget would get more income from taxation than from the oil industry, unlike formerly. [139] A key non-oil related poverty reduction policy has been the application of the concept of the microcredit pioneered by Nobel peace prize laureate Muhammad Yunus of the Grameen Bank. This article is specific to small loans For financial services to the poor see Microfinance. Muhammad Yunus (মুহাম্মদ ইউনুস pronounced bn-Latn ''Muhammôd Iunus'' (born 28 June 1940 is a Bangladeshi Banker and Economist The Grameen Bank (গ্রামীণ ব্যাংক is a Microfinance organization and Community development bank started in Bangladesh that [140]
During Chávez's presidency from 1999 to 2004, per-capita GDP dropped 1–2%,[141] but with the help of rising oil prices, the end of the oil strike, and strong consumption growth, recent economic activity under Chávez has been robust. GDP growth rates were 18% in 2004,[142] 9% in 2005,[143] and 9. 6% in the first half of 2006, with the private sector growing at a 10. 3% clip. [144] From 2004 to the first half of 2006, non-petroleum sectors of the economy showed growth rates greater than 10%. [145] Datos reports real income grew by 137% between 2003 and Q1 2006. [146] Official poverty figures dropped by 10%. [147][148] Some economists argue that this subsidized growth could stop if oil prices decline,[65] but the government argues its budget uses US$29 a barrel and 60 billion dollars in reserves as a cushion for a sudden drop. [149] Some social scientists and economists claim that the government's reported poverty figures have not fallen in proportion to the country's vast oil revenues in the last two years. [142] The president of Datos said that, although his surveys showed rising incomes because of subsidies and grants, the number of people in the worst living conditions has grown. "The poor of Venezuela are living much better lately and have increased their purchasing power. . . [but] without being able to improve their housing, education level, and social mobility," he said. "Rather than help [the poor] become stakeholders in the economic system, what [the government has] done is distribute as much oil wealth as possible in missions and social programs. "[150] According to government figures, unemployment has dropped by 7. 7% since the start of Chávez's presidency. [151][152] Venezuela's rate of unemployment dropped to 10% in February 2006 from the 2003 high of 20%, which occurred during a two-month strike and business lockout that shut down the country's oil industry. Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. According to the Venezuelan government, an unemployed person is a citizen above the age of 15 who has been seeking employment for more than one week. [153] But, according to The Boston Globe, critics say that the government defines "informal workers, such as street vendors, as employed, and exclud[es] adults who are studying in missions from unemployment numbers. The Boston Globe (and Boston Sunday Globe) is the most widely circulated daily Newspaper in Boston and in New England, " Critics also point to figures released by the president of the Venezuelan National Statistics Institute, Elías Eljuri, which showed that poverty had actually risen by more than 10 percentage points under Chávez (to 53% in 2004). Chávez called for a new measure of poverty, a "social well-being index". Under this new definition, poverty registers at 40 percent. [150] Eljuri denies changing the statistic and claims it is entirely income excluding social programs. [154] The World Bank calculated a 10% drop in poverty. [155][156]
A January 22, 2008 article from Associated Press states, "Venezuelan troops are cracking down on the smuggling of food. Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio . . the National Guard has seized about 750 tons of food. . . Hugo Chavez ordered the military to keep people from smuggling scarce items like milk. . . He's also threatened to seize farms and milk plants. . . " Associated Press, January 22, 2008
According to the Banco Central de Venezuela, inflation dropped from 29. Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time 9% to 14. 4%. [157][143] During 2005, imported goods were cheaper than commodities made in Venezuela; variability in the price of goods was linked to import performance and exchange stability. [143] In the second quarter of 2006 gross fixed investment was the highest ever recorded by the Banco Central de Venezuela since it started tracking the statistic in 1997. Fixed investment in Economics refers to investment in Fixed capital, i [144] However, the BBC reported on February 15, 2007 that Venezuela's inflation rate rose to a two-year high in January, with consumer prices rising 18. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. 4% in 12 months. [158]
While the Venezuelan Government enjoys a windfall of oil profits, the business environment is risky and discourages investment, according to El Universal. As measured by prices on local stock exchanges, investors are willing to pay on average 16. 3 years worth of earnings to invest in Colombian companies, 15. 9 in Chile, 11. 1 in Mexico, and 10. 7 in Brazil, but only 5. 8 in Venezuela. The World Economic Forum ranked Venezuela as 82 out of 102 countries on a measure of how favorable investment is for institutions. The World Economic Forum (WEF is a Geneva -based Non-profit foundation best known for its Annual Meeting in Davos, Switzerland In Venezuela, an investor needs an average of 119 days and must complete 14 different proceedings to organize a business, while the average in OECD countries is 30 days and six proceedings. [159]
Public spending in Venezuela has broken unprecedented records as measured by local currency Central Bank debt, which could increase inflation. [160]
Chávez announced Venezuela's withdrawal from the IMF and World Bank after paying back all his country` s debts to both institutions; he charged them with being an imperial tool that aims to exploit poor countries, news sources reported. The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) is an International organization that oversees the Global financial system by following the Macroeconomic The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e However, as of March of 2008, Venezuela is still a member of both financial institutions. [161][162] In June 2007, the Bank for International Settlements forecasted an economic growth of 7% for Venezuela, although they also predict a 18. The Bank for International Settlements (or BIS) is an International organization of Central banks which "fosters international monetary and 9% inflation rate. [163]
Foreign policy
Hugo Chávez has refocused Venezuelan foreign policy on Latin American economic and social integration by enacting bilateral trade and reciprocal aid agreements, including his so-called "oil diplomacy". |||} The foreign policy of Hugo Chávez concerns the policy initiatives made towards other states by the current President of Venezuela. Foreign Policy is a bimonthly American Magazine founded in 1970 by Samuel P [164][165] Chávez stated that Venezuela has "a strong oil card to play on the geopolitical stage. . . " He said, "It is a card that we are going to play with toughness against the toughest country in the world, the United States. "[166] Chávez has focused on a variety of multinational institutions to promote his vision of Latin American integration, including Petrocaribe, Petrosur, and TeleSUR. Petrocaribe S A is a Caribbean oil alliance with Venezuela to purchase Oil on conditions of preferential payment La Nueva Televisora del Sur ( Spanish for "The New Television Station of the South" named teleSUR, is a pan- Latin American terrestrial Bilateral trade relationships with other Latin American countries have also played a major role in his policy, with Chávez increasing arms purchases from Brazil, forming oil-for-expertise trade arrangements with Cuba, and creating unique barter arrangements that exchange Venezuelan petroleum for cash-strapped Argentina's meat and dairy products. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Barter is a type of Trade in which goods or services are directly exchanged Additionally, Chávez worked closely with other Latin American leaders following the 1997 Summit of the Americas in many areas—especially energy integration—and championed the OAS decision to adopt the Anti-Corruption Convention. The Summit of the Americas is the name for one of a sequence of summits bringing together the countries of the Americas for discussion of a variety of issues The Organization of American States ( OAS, or as it is known in the three other official languages OEA) is an International organization, headquartered Chávez also participates in the United Nations Friends groups for Haiti, and is pursuing efforts to join and engage the Mercosur trade bloc to expand the hemisphere's trade integration prospects. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: Role and potential Some South Americans see Mercosur as giving the capability to combine resources to balance the activities of other global economic powers especially the North
Abroad, Chávez regularly portrays his movement's objectives as being diametrically opposed to "neocolonialism" and neoliberalism. Neocolonialism is a term used by post-colonial critics of Developed countries ' involvement in the developing world Originally coined by its critics and opponents " neoliberalism " is a label referring to the recent reemergence of Economic liberalism or Classical liberalism Chávez has, for example, denounced U. S. foreign policy regarding areas such as Iraq, Haiti, and the Free Trade Area of the Americas. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: The Free Trade Area of the Americas ( FTAA) ( Spanish: Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas (ALCA French: Zone de libre-échange des Chávez's warm and public friendship with Cuban President Fidel Castro has markedly compromised the U. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until S. policy of isolating Cuba diplomatically and economically. [167] Long-standing ties between the U. S. and Venezuelan militaries were also severed by Chávez. Moreover, his stance as an OPEC price hawk has made him unpopular in the United States. In 2000, Chávez made a ten-day tour of OPEC countries in a bid to promote his policies, becoming the first head of state to meet Saddam Hussein since the Gulf War. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30
The rhetoric between Chávez and Bush has been hostile. In response to the Bush administrations anti Chavez rhetoric (he has been called a tyrant, populist dictator and drug trafficker), Chávez once referred to U. S. President George W. Bush as a pendejo (asshole), and refers to him as Míster Danger. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. "Joder" redirects here For the community in Nebraska see Joder Nebraska. Míster Danger (ˈmihtɛr ˈdandʒɛr or Señor Peligro, is an Epithet that Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez has used to refer to United In a later speech, he made personal remarks regarding Condoleezza Rice, referring to her as a "complete illiterate" when it comes to comprehending Latin America. Condoleezza Rice (born November 14 1954 is the 66th United States [168] On September 20, 2006 Chávez called Bush "the devil". Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [169]
After Hurricane Katrina battered the United States’ Gulf Coast in late 2005, the Chávez administration was the first foreign government to offer aid to the devastated regions. Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the costliest hurricane, as well as one of the five deadliest in the history of the United States The Gulf Coast region of the United States comprises the coasts of states which border the Gulf of Mexico. The Bush administration opted to refuse this aid. Later during the winter of 2005, various officials in the Northeastern United States signed an agreement with Venezuela to provide discounted heating oil to low income families.
Chávez's socialist ideology and the tensions between the governments of Venezuela and the United States have had little impact on economic relations between the two countries. In 2006, the United States remained Venezuela's largest trading partner for both oil exports and general imports; bilateral trade expanded 36% during that year[170]
There have also been heated disputes between Chávez and other Latin American leaders, including one with former Mexican President Vicente Fox over what Chávez alleged was Fox's support of U. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Vicente Fox Quesada ( born July 2 1942) is a Mexican politician who served as President of Mexico from 2000 to 2006 and currently S. trade interests. The dispute resulted in a strained diplomatic relationship between the two countries. [171]
Another diplomatic row with Colombia, referred to as the Rodrigo Granda affair, occurred in 2004, after the kidnap of Rodrigo Granda, a high ranking member of the FARC. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. The Rodrigo Granda affair was an international incident that increased tension between Venezuela and Colombia between December 2004 and February In Criminal law, kidnapping is the taking away or Asportation of a person against the person's will usually to hold the person in False imprisonment The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People’s Army (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – Ejército del Pueblo also known by the Acronym of
In 2001, a dissension with Peru occurred over suspicions that Chávez's administration was protecting and hiding Vladimiro Montesinos,[172] a former Peruvian intelligence director under the Alberto Fujimori administration, wanted for corruption. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Vladimiro Lenin Montesinos Torres (born May 20, 1945) was the long-standing head of Peru 's intelligence service Alberto Ken'ya Fujimori (Japanese name) (born in Lima, Peru on July 28 1938 is a Peruvian and Japanese ref> Fujimori secures Japanese haven Montesinos was extradited back to Peru where he was incarcerated awaiting trial. Between January and March of 2006, Chávez commented on the candidates of the 2006 Peruvian Presidential election, openly backing Ollanta Humala while referring to Alan García as a "thief" and a "crook". Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez (born May 23 1949 in Lima) is the current President of Peru, having won the 2006 elections on June 4 2006 in a run-off [173][174] His support in fact backfired when Alan García used it to attack Ollanta Humala; García won the election. [175] The Peruvian government admonished Chávez for interfering in Peru's affairs. Garcia and Chávez have reconciled their differences, ending the feud, and relations between Peru and Venezuela were restored.
On July 27, 2006 Hugo Chávez and Russian president Vladimir Putin announced an agreement in Moscow which enabled the import of military equipment from Russia to Venezuela. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (; born 7 October 1952 in Leningrad, USSR; now Saint Petersburg, Russia was the second President of Russia Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending [176] On August 3, 2006 Chávez ordered the Venezuelan chargé d'affaires to Israel to return from Tel Aviv to Venezuela, protesting the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. In diplomacy chargé d’affaires ( French for “charged with (in charge of matters” is the title of two classes of diplomatic agents who head a diplomatic For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Tel Aviv-Yafo (תֵּל ־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ تل أبيب Tal ʾAbīb) (usually Tel Aviv) is the second-largest city in Israel Background See also Israel-Lebanon conflict The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO had engaged in cross-border attacks from Southern Lebanon Israel responded by recalling its Israeli ambassador to Venezuela. [177][178][179] Chávez responded with statements comparing Israel to Hitler and describing their actions as a "new Holocaust", and blamed the United States for their involvement. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as
On February 21, 2008 Hugo Chávez said that Venezuela will not recognize an independent Kosovo, warning that the eastern European nation's separation from Serbia could spark war in the region and that it could end in a disaster. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country [180] He compared the situation with separatists in the state of Zulia and Santa Cruz in Bolivia. Estado Zulia is one of Venezuela 's 23 states ''(estados''. The state capital is Maracaibo. Government and Administration According to current Constitution, the highest authority in the department lies with the prefect (prefecto similar to a governor but The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. Chávez called Kosovo a region of Serbia and stated that Venezuela shares the position regarding this issue with Russia, China, Spain and many other countries. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. [181] On March 24 he accused the United States of trying to weaken Russia by supporting independence for Kosovo despite opposition by Serbia and Russia. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [182]
Chávez and the media
Even before the April 2002 coup, many owners, managers, and commentators working for the five major private mainstream television networks and largest mainstream newspapers had stated their opposition to Chávez's policies. The media representation of Hugo Chávez involves the portrayal of the current President of Venezuela, Hugo Chávez, in both the Venezuelan [183] These media outlets have accused the Chávez administration of intimidating their journalists using specially-dispatched gangs. [183] Chávez in turn alleges that the owners of these networks have primary allegiance not to Venezuela but to the United States, and that they seek the advancement of neoliberalism via corporate propaganda. Originally coined by its critics and opponents " neoliberalism " is a label referring to the recent reemergence of Economic liberalism or Classical liberalism The propaganda model is a Theory advanced by Edward S Herman and Noam Chomsky that alleges systemic Biases in the Mass media and seeks
According to Greg Grandin, professor of Latin American history at New York University, "[The Venezuelan] media is chronically obsessed with Chávez, and critical in a way that would be completely alien for most U. Latin America refers to countries in the Americas where Latin-derived ( Romance) languages are spoken these countries generally lie south of the United New York University ( NYU) is a private, Nonsectarian, Coeducational Research University in New York City. S. observers. " After the media-backed 2002 coup attempt, Venezuela passed 'social responsibility' legislation regulating the media but has largely declined to enforce it. [184]
Throughout his presidency, Chávez has hosted the live talk show known as Aló Presidente ("Hello, President!"). Aló Presidente ( English: Hello president) is a talk show hosted by Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez and broadcast on Venezuelan [185] The show broadcasts in varying formats on state owned Venezolana de Televisión (VTV—Venezuelan State Television) each Sunday at 11:00 AM. History Cadena Venezolana de Televisión (CVTV was inaugurated as a privately-owned Television station on August 1 1964 at 730 p The show features Chávez addressing topics of the day, taking phone calls and live questions from both the studio and broadcast audience, and touring locations where government social welfare programs are active. Additionally, on July 25, 2005, Chávez inaugurated TeleSUR, a proposed pan-American homologue of Al Jazeera that seeks to challenge the present domination of Latin American television news by Univision and the United States-based CNN en Español. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. La Nueva Televisora del Sur ( Spanish for "The New Television Station of the South" named teleSUR, is a pan- Latin American terrestrial The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America For the English-language channel see Al Jazeera English Al Jazeera (الجزيرة al-jazīrah,, meaning "The Island" Univision is a Spanish-language television network in the United States and Puerto Rico. CNN en Español is CNN 's Spanish language news network It broadcasts the latest world news business sports and entertainment headlines in Spanish 24 hours a day Chávez's media policies have contributed to elevated tensions between the United States and Venezuela. [186]
In 2006, President Chávez announced that the terrestrial broadcast license for RCTV—Venezuela's second largest TV channel—would not be renewed. A broadcast license is a specific type of spectrum licence that grants the Licensee the privilege to use a portion of the Radio frequency spectrum Radio Caracas Televisión Internacional ( RCTV Internacional) is a Venezuelan cable Television network headquartered in the [187] The channel's terrestrial broadcasts ended on May 28, 2007 and were replaced with a state network. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [188] RCTV is accused of supporting the coup against Chávez in April 2002, and the oil strike in 2002-2003. Radio Caracas Televisión Internacional ( RCTV Internacional) is a Venezuelan cable Television network headquartered in the Also, it has been accused by the government of violating the Law on the Social Responsibility of Radio and Television. [189] The director of the station, Marcel Granier, denies taking part in the coup. [190] RCTV is still broadcasting via cable and satellite and is widely viewable in Venezuela. [191] This action has been condemned by a multitude of international organizations. [192][193][194][190] However, Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR) questioned whether, in the event a television station openly supported and collaborated with coup leaders, the station in question would not be subject to even more serious consequences in the United States or any other Western nation. Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting ( FAIR) is a progressive Media criticism organization based in New York City, founded in 1986 [195] In a poll conducted by Datanalisis, almost 70 percent of Venezuelans polled opposed the shut-down, but most cited the loss of their favorite soap operas rather than concerns about limits on freedom of expression. [196]
Bolivarianism and Chavismo
Chávez's version of Bolivarianism, although drawing heavily from Simón Bolívar's ideals, was also influenced by the writings of Marxist historian Federico Brito Figueroa. Bolivarianism is a set of political doctrines that enjoys currency in parts of South America, especially Venezuela. The Bolivarian Circles are a loosely-knit political and social organization of Workers' councils in Venezuela originally begun by President Hugo Chávez Bolivarianism is a set of political doctrines that enjoys currency in parts of South America, especially Venezuela. Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco,Venezuelan or commonly known as Simón Bolívar ( July 24, 1783 &ndash Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. ( November 2, 1921 &mdash April 28, 2000) was a renowned Venezuelan Marxist Historian and Anthropologist Chávez was well acquainted with the various traditions of Latin American socialism espoused by Jorge Eliécer Gaitán and Salvador Allende and from a young age by the Cuban revolutionary doctrine of Che Guevara and Fidel Castro. Jorge Eliécer Gaitán ( January 23, 1898 &ndash April 9, 1948) was a politician a leader of a Populist movement in Colombia Salvador Isabelino Allende Gossens (June 26 1908 – September 11 1973 was President of Chile from November 1970 until his death during the coup d'état of The Cuban Revolution refers to the revolution that led to the overthrow of the United States proxy ruler General Fulgencio Batista 's regime on January 1, Ernesto "Che" Guevara (June 14 Following the Cuban revolution,Guevara reviewed Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until Other key influences on Chávez's political philosophy include Ezequiel Zamora and Simón Rodríguez. Ezequiel Zamora ( February 1, 1817 - January 10, 1860) was a Venezuelan soldier and leader in the Federal War (Guerra Simón Rodríguez ( Caracas, Venezuela, October 28, 1769 &ndash Amotape, Perú Other indirect influences on Chávez's political philosophy are the writings of Noam Chomsky and the teachings of Jesus as recorded in the Bible (Chávez describes Jesus as the world's first socialist. Avram Noam Chomsky (noʊm ˈtʃɑmski born December 7 1928 is an American linguist, Philosopher, cognitive scientist, Political Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin ) Although Chávez himself refers to his ideology as Bolivarianismo ("Bolivarianism"), Chávez's supporters and opponents in Venezuela refer to themselves as being either for or against "chavismo". Thus, Chávez supporters refer to themselves not as "Bolivarians" or "Bolivarianists", but rather as "chavistas".
Later in his life, Chávez would acknowledge the role that democratic socialism (a form of socialism that emphasizes grassroots democratic participation) plays in Bolivarianism. Democratic socialism is a description used by various socialist movements tendencies and organizations to emphasize the democratic character of their political orientation [197] Because his Bolivarianism relies on popular support, Chávez has organized the "Bolivarian Circles", which he cites as examples of grassroots and participatory democracy. The Bolivarian Circles are a loosely-knit political and social organization of Workers' councils in Venezuela originally begun by President Hugo Chávez The circles are forums for a few hundred local residents who decide how to spend the government allowance for social development. They usually decide for neighborhood beautification, mass mobilization, lending support to small businesses, and providing basic social services.
Criticism
With respect to domestic policies, critics claim that both corruption and crime are rampant. Hugo Chávez is a passionately disputed personality Supporters view him as a socialist Liberator, hailing him for promoting Latin American integration, [198][199] They also cite a failing infrastructure and public hospitals. [142] Criticism from Chávez supporters arises from reports that Chávez is not fulfilling his major campaign pledges with respect to labor and land reform. [200][201][202]
Critics charged that the Chávez government has engaged in "gigantic fraud" during the 2004 recall referendum, though all international observers and exit polls confirmed the official result. [203] The United States government claims that his cooperation in their war on terror is negligible or purposely indifferent with regards to the FARC and ELN,[204] who are engaged in a conflict with the US-backed Colombian government; nonetheless, the U. The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People’s Army (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – Ejército del Pueblo also known by the Acronym of National Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación Nacional ELN is a Revolutionary Marxist, Insurgent guerrilla group that has been operating The Government of Colombia is according to the Colombian Constitution of 1991 within the framework of a presidential Welfare state and Unitary republic S. government says there is no evidence of a direct link between violent groups opposed to its policies and Chávez. [205]
Several public figures have even gone so far as to call for the assassination of Chávez, most notably US Conservative Christian televangelist Pat Robertson. Marion Gordon "Pat" Robertson (born March 22 1930 is a controversial Televangelist from the United States. [206] Other such requests have been expressed by Venezuelan actor Orlando Urdaneta[47] and former president of Venezuela Carlos Andrés Pérez. Orlando Urdaneta (b October 14, 1946 - Maracaibo, Venezuela) is a well-known Venezuelan actor and television personality Carlos Andrés Pérez Rodríguez (born October 27, 1922) best known as CAP, was President of Venezuela from 1974 to 1979 and again [207] The US Ambassador to Venezuela between 2001 and 2004, Charles Shapiro, also reported to the Chávez administration two potential assassination plots. [47]
Chavez has been accused of concentrating power of judicial and legislative branches. [208] The leading business daily of Argentina, Ambito Financiero, predicted that Venezuela under Chavez in 2007 would have a "nationalized economy, out-of-control spending, government by decree, and perpetual re-election. Ámbito Financiero is an Argentine Newspaper founded on December 9 1976 by Economist Julio A "[209] The motion which included the provision to allow indefinite presidential re-election was voted down in national referendum in 2007. The daily also compared Chavez to King Louis XIV of France, stating his 2007 inauguration would mark "a concentration of power without precedent in Venezuela. Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent "[210]
Personal life
Hugo Chávez has been married twice. Family and ancestry The second son of Hugo de los Reyes Chávez and Elena Frías de Chávez (née Frías Chávez was born in the town of Sabaneta He first wedded Nancy Colmenares, a woman from a poor family originating in Chávez's own hometown of Sabaneta. Chávez and Colmenares remained married for eighteen years, during which time they had three children: Rosa Virginia, María Gabriela, and Hugo Rafael. They separated soon after Chávez's 1992 coup attempt. During his first marriage, Chávez also had an affair with young historian Herma Marksman; their relationship lasted nine years. Herma Marksman is a Venezuelan Historian. She was born of a peasant woman and a German immigrant who worked as an ironworker union organizer [15][211] Chávez is divorced from his second wife, journalist Marisabel Rodríguez de Chávez. Marisabel Rodríguez Oropeza (born 24 November 1964) is a Venezuelan Journalist. [212] Through that marriage, Chávez had another daughter, Rosinés. Chávez has two grandchildren, Gabriela[213] and Manuel[214]
Chávez was raised a Roman Catholic,[215] although he has had a series of disputes with both the Venezuelan Catholic hierarchy and Protestant groups like the New Tribes Mission. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. New Tribes Mission (NTM is an international theologically evangelical Christian mission organization based in Sanford Florida. [68][216] Originally he kept his own faith a private matter, but over the course of his presidency, Chávez has become increasingly open to discussing his religious views, stating that both his faith and his interpretation of Jesus' personal life and ideology have had a profound impact on his left-wing and progressivist views. Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) [23] He often invokes God and asks for prayer in speeches, as he did when he asked Venezuelans to pray for Fidel Castro's health. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Prayer is the act of attempting to communicate with a Deity or spirit Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until [217]
Notes
- ^ O'Shaughnessy, Hugh (2006-05-22). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Venezuela's President Chavez wins hearts and minds in London. The Observer available at Taipei Times. The Observer is a British Newspaper published on Sundays In about the same place on the political spectrum as its daily sister paper The The Taipei Times is one of the three major English -language Newspapers in the Republic of China ( Taiwan) the other two being the Retrieved on 2006-12-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
- ^ Ellner, Steve. "The 'Radical' Thesis on Globalisation and the Case of Venezuela's Hugo Chavez" Latin American Perspectives, Vol. Latin American Perspectives is a theoretical and scholarly journal for discussion and debate on the political economy of capitalism imperialism and socialism in the Americas 29, No. 6, Globalization and Globalism in Latin America and the Caribbean. (Nov. , 2002), pp. 88-93. Stable URL.
- ^ Sign of hope in US-Venezuela ties. BBC News (2006-12-15). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Retrieved on 2006-12-19. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor.
- ^ Ofensiva diplomática de Correa. Al Día (2006-12-28). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Retrieved on 2006-12-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of (Spanish)
- ^ Chávez resumes cooperation agenda in South America. El Universal (2006-12-08). El Universal is a major Venezuelan Newspaper, headquartered in Caracas with an average daily circulation of about 150000 Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Retrieved on 2006-12-19. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor.
- ^ Padgett, Tim (2005-04-10). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Hugo Chavez: The Radical with Deep Pockets. Time. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Retrieved on 2006-12-31. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia.
- ^ Padgett, Tim. "Hugo Chavez: Leading the Left-Wing Charge", 2006-05-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Retrieved on 2006-07-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus
- ^ Beaumont, Peter (2006-05-07). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses The new kid in the barrio. The Observer. The Observer is a British Newspaper published on Sundays In about the same place on the political spectrum as its daily sister paper The Retrieved on 2008-02-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the
- ^ a b c d Government of Venezuela, Gobierno En Línea (2005). "Presidente Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías", Gobierno En Línea. Accessed 15 June 2006. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. (Spanish)
- ^ Hugo Chávez Venezuela's Redeemer Burt, Jo-Marie & Rosen, Fred: May 2000
- ^ Martin, Jorge (2007-01-12). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople “What is the problem? I am also a Trotskyist!” - Chavez is sworn in as president of Venezuela. Retrieved on 2007-11-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran
- ^ Gott, Richard. (The Guardian, 25 August 2005). Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Two fingers to America". Retrieved 18 October 2005. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Schuyler, George W. (2001), "Health and Neoliberalism: Venezuela and Cuba", The Policy Studies Organization.
- ^ Inter-American Court of Human Rights Del Caracazo Case Judgment of 11 November 1999 "according to official figures, the events of February and March 1989 left a balance of 276 dead, numerous injured, several disappeared and heavy material losses. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) However, this list was invalidated by the subsequent appearance of mass graves"
- ^ a b c Guillermoprieto, Alma (October 6 2005). "Don't Cry for Me, Venezuela".
- ^ Gott (2005), p. 64.
- ^ Gott (2005), p. 63.
- ^ Gott (2005), p. 69.
- ^ Gott (2005), pp. 66-67.
- ^ Gott (2005), p. 67. Chávez spoke thus: "Comrades: unfortunately, for the moment, the objectives that we had set for ourselves have not been achieved in the capital. That's to say that those of us here in Caracas have not been able to seize power. Where you are, you have performed well, but now is the time for a rethink; new possibilities will arise again, and the country will be able to move definitively towards a better future. "
- ^ Gott (2005), p. 67.
- ^ O'Keefe, Derrick. (Z Communications, 9 March 2005). Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Building a Democratic, Humanist Socialism: The Political Challenge of the 21st Century". Retrieved 11 November 2005. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ a b Chávez, Hugo. [Untitled Speech]. Latino Pastoral Action Center. Bronx, New York City. 17 September 2005. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Downloadable Audio. Retrieved 5 November 2005. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Chavez's constitutional reform; A Hard Look at the Rationale & Proposals, Latin America Weekly Report, January 12, 1999, Venezuela; Politics; WR-99-02; Pg. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) 18
- ^ Trinkunas, Harold; Jennifer McCoy (February 1999). Observation of the 1998 Venezuelan Elections: A Report of the Council of Freely Elected Heads of Government (PDF) p. 49. Carter Center. The Carter Center is a nongovernmental not-for-profit organization founded in 1982 by former U Retrieved on 2006-12-30. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St
- ^ Harnecker, M (2003). The Military and the Revolution: Harnecker interviews Chávez. Z Communications. .
- ^ Ellner, S (2005). Venezuela’s “Demonstration Effect”: Defying Globalization’s Logic. North American Congress on Latin America (NACLA). .
- ^ McGirk, T (1999). Hugo Chávez Frías. Time. .
- ^ Bolivarian Constitution of Venezuela. Embassy of Venezuela in the US (2000). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St
- ^ a b Venezuela disaster 'worst this century'. BBC (1999). .
- ^ Analysis: Floods a test for Chavez. BBC (1999). .
- ^ Neumann, Laura; Jennifer McCoy (February 2001). Observing Political Change in Venezuela: The Bolivarian Constitution and 2000 Elections. Final Report (PDF) pp. 71-72. Carter Center. The Carter Center is a nongovernmental not-for-profit organization founded in 1982 by former U Retrieved on 2006-12-30. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St
- ^ Neumann(2001), p. 10.
- ^ Neumann(2001), p. 73.
- ^ Hernández, Taynem; Eugenio Martínez (2001-12-05). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. CTV también irá al paro. El Universal. El Universal is a major Venezuelan Newspaper, headquartered in Caracas with an average daily circulation of about 150000 Retrieved on 2006-12-31. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. (Spanish)
- ^ León, Mariela (2001-11-20). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, El 10 de diciembre será la huelga. El Universal. El Universal is a major Venezuelan Newspaper, headquartered in Caracas with an average daily circulation of about 150000 Retrieved on 2006-12-31. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. (Spanish)
- ^ Villegas Poljak, Ernesto (2001-12-16). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion 'No me obliguen a tomar medidas especiales'. El Universal. El Universal is a major Venezuelan Newspaper, headquartered in Caracas with an average daily circulation of about 150000 Retrieved on 2006-12-31. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. (Spanish)
- ^ Evaluación del desempeño económico de los países andinos en el año 2001. Comunidad Andina (July 2002). The Andean Community ( Spanish: Comunidad Andina, CAN) is a Trade bloc comprising the South American countries of Retrieved on 2007-01-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks (Spanish)
- ^ a b Hallinan, Conn (Foreign Policy in Focus 17 April 2006) U.S. Shadow Over Venezuela Retrieved 12 July 2006
- ^ Guardian Unlimited: Chavez rises from very peculiar coup April 15, 2002 : Accessed 1 October 2006
BBC. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. En imágenes: el "día negro" de Chávez. BBC (12 April 2002). Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved 30 September 2006. Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. (Spanish) - ^ CNN. (CNN, 19 January 2003). Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. "Venezuelan president names two generals to key posts: Chavez vows more raids on industries that support strike." Accessed 19 June 2006. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Campbell, Duncan. (The Guardian, 29 April 2006). Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. American navy 'helped Venezuelan coup'. Retrieved 21 June 2006]
- ^ BBC News, (14 May 2002). Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. US investigates Venezuela coup role. Retrieved 21 June 2006. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ AP (2002), Venezuela's Chavez Says United States Must Explain Reaction To Coup. Retrieved June 9, 2006. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ a b U. S. Embassy, Caracas, Venezuela. State Dept. Issues Report on U.S. Actions During Venezuelan Coup: (Inspector General finds U.S. officials acted properly during coup). Accessed 26 May 2006. Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ U. S. Department of State and Office of Inspector General. A Review of U.S. Policy toward Venezuela, November 2001 - April 2002. Accessed 26 May 2006. Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ a b c d Márquez Humberto. (IPS March 9, 2006) "Statements Indicate Chávez May Indeed Be in Somebody's Crosshairs". Accessed 21 June 2006. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Also available at globalexchange.org
- ^ CIA Documents Show Bush Knew of 2002 Coup in Venezuela. Democracy Now Monday, November 29th, 2004 Accessed 15 August 2006. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ a b Ed Vulliamy. Venezuela coup linked to Bush team. The Observer, April 21, 2002. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ a b BBC News. (BBC, 25 June 2004). Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " "Colombian 'plotters' face charges". Retrieved 13 June 2006. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ El Pais. (El Pais, 2004). "Condenan a tres militares y 27 colombianos". Retrieved 24 July 2006. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. (Spanish)
- ^ BBC News. (BBC, 2 September 2007). Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "Caracas frees Colombian plotters". Retrieved 2 September 2007. Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ BBC News. (BBC News, 12 September 2003). Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. "Chavez poll petition rejected". Retrieved 10 November 2005. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ BBC News. (BBC, 21 September 2004). Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " "Venezuelan Audit Confirms Victory". Retrieved 5 November 2005. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Carter Center (September 2004). Report on an Analysis of the Representativeness of the Second Audit Sample, and the Correlation between Petition Signers and the Yes Vote in the August 15, 2004 Presidential Recall Referendum in Venezuela, p. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " 7.
- ^ Carter Center (February 2005). Observing the Venezuela Presidential Recall Referendum: Comprehensive Report, pp. 133-134.
- ^ de Cordoba, Jose and Luhnow, David. "Venezuelans Rush to Vote on Chavez: Polarised Nation Decides Whether to Recall President After Years of Political Rifts". Wall Street Journal. (Eastern edition). New York, NY: August 16, 2004. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " pg. A11. "European observers stayed away because they said the government was imposing too many restrictions. "
- ^ "Conned in Caracas". Wall Street Journal. New York, NY: September 9, 2004
- ^ a b Carter Center 5 September 2004 The Carter Center Statement About Statistical Assessment of the Venezuela Referendum Results Retrieved 28 September 2006
- ^ Barone, M. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "Exit polls in Venezuela". U. S. News & World Report. August 20, 2004. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
- ^ AP (2004). "U.S. Poll Firm in Hot Water in Venezuela", Associated Press. Accessed June 9, 2006. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Human Rights Watch. Venezuela: Court Orders Trial of Civil Society Leaders. Accessed 8 June 2006. Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ World Movement for Democracy. Democracy Activists in Venezuela Threatened. (July 16, 2004) Accessed 8 June 2006. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Embassy of the United States, Venezuela (July 8, 2005). Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Súmate Trial Decision". Accessed 18 June 2006. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ a b Bronstein, H. (June 14, 2006), "Colombians in Venezuela thank Chavez for new life", Washington Post, Accessed 22 June 2006. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Also available at boston.com, Accessed 28 May 2007. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ BBC Talking Point. (23 October 2005). Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "BBC's Robin Lustig interview to Hugo Chavez". Retrieved 21 June 2006. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Miranda, Regina (2006-09-24). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. Revolución a la venezolana. El Diario de Hoy. El Diario de Hoy ( Today's Newspaper) is a national daily newspaper published in San Salvador, El Salvador, one of the two dailies of highest Retrieved on 2007-01-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. (Spanish)
- ^ a b Alford, Deann. (Christianity Today, 14 October 2005). Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Venezuela to Expel New Tribes Mission". Retrieved 9 November 2005. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Cuba graduates doctors from over 20 nations
- ^ Campbell, Colin J. (Association of the Study of Peak Oil and Gas, November 2005). "Newsletter No. 59: President Chavez Recognises Peak Oil". Retrieved 16 November 2005. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Chavez Claims Victory at Americas Summit. CBS News (2005-11-08). CBS News is the news division of American Television and Radio network CBS. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Retrieved on 2007-01-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina.
- ^ Gómez, Elvia (2006-11-07). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Propuesta de fondo contra el hambre deberá esperar. El Universal. El Universal is a major Venezuelan Newspaper, headquartered in Caracas with an average daily circulation of about 150000 Retrieved on 2007-01-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina. (Spanish)
- ^ Jim, Lobe. (Inter Press Service 28 September 2006). Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Cuban Terror Case Erodes US Credibility, Critics SayRetrieved 9,July 2006
- ^ Forero, Juan. (New York Times 29, January 2004)Venezuelans Asking the U.S. To Extradite 2. Retrieved 9 July 2006
- ^ Toothaker, Christopher. Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. (Latin American Post)Chavez dismisses US concerns on democracy. Retrieved 9, July 2006
- ^ Morsbach, Greg. Chavez opponents face tough times. BBC News (6 December 2005). Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Washington Post. (29 June 2006). Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "Venezuela Seeks Security Council Seat". Retrieved 1 August 2006. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ FOCUS - Venezuela's Chavez to use oil as card to lure China's backing at UN. Forbes (20 August 2006). Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Chávez' grant to Chile is troublesome for Michelle Bachelet. El Universal (11 August 2006). Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Deadlock in Americas UN seat row. BBC News (2006-10-27). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Retrieved on 2006-12-30. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St
- ^ The Associated Press. "Venezuela's Chavez thanks Colombia for not siding with Washington in arms purchases dispute", International Herald Tribune, 2006-10-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Retrieved on 2006-10-06. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus
- ^ Tejero Puntes, Suhelis (2007-04-11). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Misiones llegaron a 47% de la población. El Universal. El Universal is a major Venezuelan Newspaper, headquartered in Caracas with an average daily circulation of about 150000 Retrieved on 2007-04-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. (Spanish)
- ^ Cold Alaskans Refuse Chavez's 'Free' Oil
- ^ Adams, Glenn. Maine Repubs Say No to Chavez Oil Deal. Houston Chronicle (21 September 2006). The Houston Chronicle is the largest daily Newspaper in Texas, USA. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Venezuela oil pimp can have UN. New York Daily News (21 September 2006). Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ FULL speech, video, of President Hugo Chávez before the UN General Assembly, September 20, 2006 Hosted by the UN webcast website (q. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. v. http://www.un.org/webcast). Requires Real Media Player.
- ^ Chavez: Bush 'devil;' U.S. 'on the way down'. CNN (20 September 2006). Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "Democrats warn Chavez: Don't bash Bush", CNN, 2006-09-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Retrieved on 2007-01-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon.
- ^ CBS News. The Devil And Mr. Chavez. (September 25, 2006). Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved October 14, 2006. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Anger at U.S. Policies More Strident at U.N. Washington Post. September 24, 2006. Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Accessed 7 October 2006. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar) Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "Chavez officially re-elected with 63 pct of vote", Reuters, 2006-12-05. This article is primarily about Reuters prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Retrieved on 2006-12-30. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St
- ^ "Chavez wins Venezuelan election", Gulf News, 2006-12-04. Gulf News is a daily English language Newspaper published from Dubai, in the United Arab Emirates with a 2006 circulation of over 90000 readers Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Retrieved on 2006-12-30. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St
- ^ Ireland On-Line. Chavez promises more radical turn toward socialism. (4 December 2006). "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Accessed 4 December 2006. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ ABC News Chavez: Will Nationalize Telecoms, Power
- ^ "Rule by decree passed for Chavez", BBC News. Retrieved on 2007-01-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy.
- ^ Reuters, Venezuela gives initial approval to Chavez powers
- ^ James, Ian. "Venezuela on the Brink of Major Change", Las Vegas Sun, 2007-01-29. The Las Vegas Sun is one of Las Vegas Nevada 's two daily Newspapers It is owned by the Greenspun family and is affiliated with Greenspun Media Group Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Retrieved on 2007-02-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France.
- ^ The Economist (August 11, 2007). Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "Hugo Chávez's '21st century socialism' starts to look even more like old-fashioned autocracy". The Economist print edition, January 11, 2007. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Venezuela moves to nationalize top electric company with buyout of AES stake. International Herald Tribune (2007-02-08). The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international Newspaper Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Retrieved on 2007-02-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
- ^ Venezuela to buy out CANTV, Electricidad de Caracas shares in nationalisation. CNN (2007-04-09). Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Retrieved on 2007-04-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.
- ^ Chavez: Venezuela to pull out of IMF, World Bank. CNN (2007-05-01). Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Retrieved on 2007-05-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor.
- ^ Chavez claque la porte du FMI et de la BM, Radio France Internationale, 1 May 2007 (French)
- ^ Venezuela quits IMF and World Bank, The Guardian, 1 May 2005 (English)
- ^ Venezuela exits IMF and World Bank, Al Jazeera, May 1, 2007 (English)
- ^ Le Venezuela nationalise son eldorado pétrolier, Le Figaro, 30 April 2007 (French)
- ^ RCTV: el turno del gobierno. Radio France Internationale (RFI was created in 1975 as part of Radio France by the Government of France to serve as a broadcast vehicle for French Equatorial Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For the English-language channel see Al Jazeera English Al Jazeera (الجزيرة al-jazīrah,, meaning "The Island" Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Le Figaro is one of the leading French morning daily Newspapers Its editorial line is conservative and has generally been supportive of Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. BBC (2007-06-02). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Retrieved on 2007-06-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks (Spanish)
- ^ Behind the King's Rebuke to Chávez. Time (2007-11-14). Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Retrieved on 2007-11-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca
- ^ "Shut up, Spain king tells Chavez", BBC, November 10, 2007. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2007-11-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw
- ^ "Spanish king tells Venezuela's Chavez to 'Shut up'", BBC, November 13, 2007. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2007-12-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations.
- ^ "Never has the King been seen so angry in public", 2007-11-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Retrieved on 2007-11-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw
- ^ El Rey Don Juan Carlos a Hugo Chávez: "¿Por qué no te callas?". Antena 3 (2007-11-11). Antena 3 de Television SA, ( is a Spanish television network and media company present in the Television, Radio and cinema industries Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Retrieved on 2007-11-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare (Spanish)
- ^ Ellsworth, Brian (2007-08-16). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Venezuela's Chavez calls for end to term limits. Reuters. This article is primarily about Reuters prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson Retrieved on 2007-08-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting
- ^ Opposition Students Clash with Police in Effort to Get to Venezuela’s Electoral Council. Venezuela Analysis (2007-11-2). Retrieved on 2007-11-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published
- ^ Tens of thousands protest Venezuela reforms. Associated Press (2007-11-1). The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio Retrieved on 2007-11-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published
- ^ More Trouble for Chávez. The Wall Street Journal (2007-11-12). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Retrieved on 2007-11-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published
- ^ Venezuela's Chavez Condemns Opposition. Associated Press (2007-11-9). The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio Retrieved on 2007-11-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published
- ^ "Chavez threatens to cut oil if U.S. questions vote", 2007-11-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Retrieved on 2007-11-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats
- ^ The CIA plan to destabilize Venezuela"
- ^ Opposition Cheers Defeat of Chávez Plan in Venezuela, New York Times.
- ^ BBC NEWS | Americas | Chavez 'will step down in 2013'
- ^ UNICEF. (UNICEF, 2005). "Venezuela’s Barrio Adentro: A Model of Universal Primary Health Care". Retrieved 15 October 2005. Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. UNICEF, p. 2. "Barrio Adentro . . . is part and parcel of the government's longterm poverty-reduction and social inclusion strategy to achieve and surpass the Millennium Development Goals. "
- ^ Estrategia de Cooperación de OPS/OMS con Venezuela 2006-2008 (PDF) p. 54. Pan American Health Organization (June 2006). The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO is an international Public health agency with over 100 years of experience working to improve health and living standards of the people Retrieved on 2006-12-31. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. (Spanish)
- ^ Márquez, Humberto (2005-10-28). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine Venezuela se declara libre de analfabetismo. Inter Press Service. Inter Press Service (abbreviated IPS) is a global News agency. Retrieved on 2006-12-29. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II (Spanish)
- ^ Barreiro C. , Raquel (2006-03-04). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Mercal es 34% más barato. El Universal. El Universal is a major Venezuelan Newspaper, headquartered in Caracas with an average daily circulation of about 150000 Retrieved on 2006-12-29. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II (Spanish)
- ^ Banco de la Vivienda transfirió 66 millardos para subsidios. El Universal (2006-11-10). El Universal is a major Venezuelan Newspaper, headquartered in Caracas with an average daily circulation of about 150000 Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Retrieved on 2006-12-29. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II (Spanish)
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency. (CIA, 1998). The World Factbook 1998: Venezuela. Retrieved 18 October 2005. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency. (CIA, 2005). The World Factbook 2006: Venezuela. Retrieved 22 July 2006. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Perdomo, Eucaris (Panorama 24 October 2006). Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Economía venezolana ha crecido un 12,5% en últimos 12 trimestres(Spanish) Retrieved 24 October 2006
- ^ [1]. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Albert, Michael ( Z Communications, 6 November 2005). Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Venezuela's Path". Retrieved 12 November 2005. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Ellsworth, Brian. (New York Times, 3 August 2005). Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Venezuela tries the worker-managed route". Retrieved 12 November 2005. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Wilpert, Gregory. (Venezuela Analysis, 12 September 2005). Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Venezuela’s Quiet Housing Revolution: Urban Land Reform. Retrieved 18 October 2005. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. " . . . the celebration of the handing out of over 10,000 land titles to families living in Venezuela's poorest urban neighborhoods . . . As of mid 2005, the National Technical Office has issued over 84,000 titles to 126,000 families, benefiting about 630,000 barrio inhabitants. "
- ^ Conexion social. (Conexion social, 2006). Law Of Communal Councils. Retrieved June 9, 2006. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Maurice Lemoine. How Chavez changed life in the tribal territories: New rights. Le Monde Diplomatique, July 2007.
- ^ James Ingham. Venezuela leader's school warning. BBC News, 18 September 2007. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Bruce, Iain. Chavez calls for democracy at work. BBC News. (17 August 2005). Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Accessed 22 September 2006. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Romero, Simon (2005-03-05). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Citgo's Status Is Giving Houston the Jitters. New York Times. Retrieved on 2007-01-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Available at infovenezuela.org
- ^ 941 billion bolivars Citgo dividends to fund Misión Ciencia. PDVSA (2006-02-19). Petróleos de Venezuela SA ( PDVSA) is the Venezuelan state-owned Petroleum company Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Retrieved on 2007-01-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon.
- ^ Congreso aprueba presupuesto. La Prensa (2005-12-15). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Retrieved on 2006-12-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the (Spanish)
- ^ Unb, Dhaka (The Daily Star May 2007) Prof Yunus gets highest Venezuelan honour Accessed May 14, 2007. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Economist (June 2003). "Country Briefings: Venezuela Factsheet". The Economist. Accessed June 4, 2003. Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ a b c The Economist (February 16, 2006), Venezuela: Mission Impossible, The Economist, Retrieved 22 June 2006. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ a b c Imported goods are cheaper, BCV acknowledges. El Universal (August 9, 2006). Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ a b Banco Central de Venezuela (BCV 15 August 2006). Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Actividad económica crece en 9,6% durante el primer semestre de 2006 Retrieved 16 August 2006 (Spanish) "Este resultado, unido al aumento de 9,9% observado en el primer trimestre, ubica el crecimiento del primer semestre en 9,6%. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. " "Desde el punto de vista institucional, el sector público creció en 4,6% y el privado en 10,3%. " ""La inversión bruta fija continuó su ritmo expansivo, alcanzando niveles superiores a los observados en toda la serie desde el año 1997. "
- ^ El Universal (2006) 2006g.jpg Movimiento del producto interno bruto. Retrieved 25 June 2006
- ^ Datos, (2006). Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Perspectivas Sociales 2006 de VenAmCham p. 18. Retrieved 29 August 2006. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. (Spanish)
- ^ Weisbrot, Mark & Sandoval, Luis & Rosnick, David (CEPR May 2006). Poverty Rates in Venezuela: Getting the Numbers Right Retrieved 19 August 2006
- ^ El Universal Más de dos millones de hogares en Venezuela son pobres Retrieved 23 September 2006 (Spanish) "La pobreza se ubicó en 33,9% en el primer semestre del año, lo que representó una disminución de 8,5 puntos porcentuales con respecto an igual período de 2005"
- ^ Marx, Gary(Chicago Tribune 13 November 2006) Venezuela riding wave of prosperity Retrieved 14 November 2006
- ^ a b Lakshmanam, Indira A. Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. R. Critics slam Venezuelan oil windfall spending. Boston. com Boston Globe (13 August 2006). Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadistica. (INE, January 1999) Globales de Fuerza de Trabajo. Retrieved 13 June 2006. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "Tasa de Desocupacion 16. 6%" (Spanish)
- ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadistica. (INE, April 2006) Globales de Fuerza de Trabajo. Retrieved 18 November 2006. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "Tasa de Desocupacion 8. 9%" (Spanish)
- ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas. Tasa de desocupacion Retrieved 19 August 2006 (Spanish) "Personas de 15 años o más, de uno u otro sexo, quienes declararon que durante la semana anterior al día de la entrevista no estaban trabajando y estaban buscando trabajo con remuneración. Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Asimismo, se incluyen aquellas personas que nunca han trabajado y buscan trabajo por primera vez. "
- ^ El Universal (El Universal 15 October 2005) La pobreza se redujo en 14,6 puntos en un año Retrieved 19 August 2006 (Spanish) "Según explicó Elías Eljuri, las cifras presentadas por el instituto en esta oportunidad miden la pobreza sólo por el nivel de ingreso de los hogares. Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. " "Aclaró que las cifras presentadas no incluyen el efecto que han logrado en el tema la aplicación de los programas sociales del actual gobierno y que esto será presentado en otra oportunidad. "
- ^ Férnandez Urdaneta, Jainelly (2006-05-31). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. “Venezuela ha avanzado en la lucha contra la pobreza”. Panorama (available at Boletin Digital Universitario, Universidad de Carabobo). Retrieved on 2006-12-29. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II (Spanish)
- ^ Panodi(Venezuela Analysis 3 June 2006). Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. World Bank: Venezuela decreased poverty Retrieved 19 August 2006
- ^ Banco Central de Venezuela. Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. (BCV 12 December 2006). Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. INDICE DE PRECIOS AL CONSUMIDOR DEL ÁREA METROPOLITANA DE CARACAS DICIEMBRE 1998. Retrieved 11 August 2006 (Spanish) "la variación acumulada del IPC para el año 1998, se ubicó en 29,9%"
- ^ BBC NEWS. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-12-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song.
- ^ A dual economy. El Universal (17 August 2006). Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Venezuelan Central Bank debt smashes unprecedented record. El Universal (18 August 2006). Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Chavez: Venezuela to pull out of IMF, World Bank
- ^ Chávez: goodbye IMF, WB
- ^ Prevén crecimiento económico y alta inflación en el país. El Universal (2007-06-25). El Universal is a major Venezuelan Newspaper, headquartered in Caracas with an average daily circulation of about 150000 Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Retrieved on 2007-06-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians (Spanish)
- ^ The Economist. (The Economist, 28 July 2005). Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Using oil to spread revolution". Retrieved 11 June 2005. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Guyana Diary. (Monthly Newsletter of the Guyana Embassy, Caracas, Venezuela, February 2004). "Guyana to Try for Better Oil Rates Under Caracas Accord". Retrieved 14 June 2006. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. " Under the Caracas Energy Accord, countries can purchase oil supplies on concessional terms. It complements the terms of the San Jose Agreement, through which Venezuela offers special financial conditions to signatory oil-buying countries. "
- ^ Blum, Justin (Washington Post, 22 November 2005). Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Chavez Pushes Petro-Diplomacy". Retrieved 29 November 2005. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Macbeth, Hampden. (Council on Hemispheric Affairs (COHA), 22 June 2005). The Council on Hemispheric Affairs (COHA is a Washington DC -based Non-governmental organization (NGO founded in 1975. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "The Not So Odd Couple: Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez and Cuba’s Fidel Castro". Retrieved 31 October 2005. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ People's Daily. (12 January 2004). Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " "Chavez calls Condoleezza Rice an 'illiterate' following sharp criticism". Retrieved 10 November 2005. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Chavez: Bush 'devil'; U.S. 'on the way down'
- ^ "Synergy with the Devil", James Surowiecki, The New Yorker, January 8, 2006. James Michael Surowiecki ("soo-ro-wiki" (b 1967 is an American Journalist. The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ BBC News. (14 November 2005). Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Chavez and Fox recall ambassadors". Retrieved 14 November 2005. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ BBC News. Peru in diplomatic spat with Venezuela. Accessed 23 May 2006. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ BBC News. Peru recalls Venezuela ambassador. Accessed 23 May 2006. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ BBC News. Venezuela recalls envoy to Peru. Accessed 23 May 2006. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ BBC News. Peruvians elect Garcia president Accessed 5 October 2007. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Year in Review-Chronology" (pp 5-30) in Encyclopædia Britannica Almanac 2008. 2008 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ISBN-13: 978-1-59339-414-1.
- ^ President Chávez recalls chief of mission to Israel. El Universal (4 August 2006). Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Accessed 4 August 2006. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Israel is not informed about Venezuela's plans to break off relations. El Universal (August 9, 2006). Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Haaretz. com. ADL: Chavez comparison of IDF and Hitler is outrageous. Haaretz service (August 8, 2006). Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Venezuela's Chavez won't recognize independent Kosovo
- ^ Desconoce Chávez independencia de Kosovo
- ^ Chavez: U.S. encouraging Tibet violence
- ^ a b Dinges, John. Columbia Journalism Review (July 2005). "Soul Search". Retrieved 13 June 2006. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Democracy Now! Thursday, September 21, 2006. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [2] Retrieved 4 October 2006. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Lakshmanan, Indira. The Boston Globe (27 July 2005). The Boston Globe (and Boston Sunday Globe) is the most widely circulated daily Newspaper in Boston and in New England, Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Channeling His Energies: Venezuelans riveted by president's TV show". Retrieved 15 October 2005. Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Bruce, Ian. (BBC, 28 June 2005). Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Venezuela sets up 'CNN rival'". Retrieved 13 June 2006. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ BBC NEWS. Chavez to shut down opposition TV. (29 December 2006). Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Venezuela replaces opposition TV with state network.
- ^ Declaraciones del Ministerio de Comunicación e Información
- ^ a b Forero, Juan. (The Washington Post, 18 January 2007). Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "Pulling the Plug on Anti-Chavez TV". Retrieved 18 January 2007. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Station was never closed as claimed Venezuela's RCTV Reappears on Cable and Satellite Venezuelanalysis. com Accessed 12 August 2007. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon - Crusaders under the command of Godfrey of Bouillon defeat Fatimid Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Joel Simon, Executive Director CPJ urges Chávez to allow RCTV to stay on the air Committee to Protect Journalists Accessed 29 May 2007. The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ is an independent nonprofit organization based in New York New York, United States Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Venezuela (2006). Freedom House. Freedom House is a United States -based international Non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on Democracy, political Accessed 29 May 2007. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ IPI condemns shutdown of RCTV television station in Venezuela International Press Institute Accessed 29 May 2007. International Press Institute (IPI is a global organisation dedicated to the promotion and protection of Press freedom and the improvement Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Coup Co-Conspirators as Free-Speech Martyrs.
- ^ Venezuela replaces opposition TV with state network.
- ^ Sojo, Cleto A. (Venezuela Analysis, 31 January 2005). Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Venezuela’s Chávez Closes World Social Forum with Call to Transcend Capitalism". Retrieved 20 October 2005. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Reel, M. "Crime Brings Venezuelans Into Streets". Washington Post (May 10, 2006), p. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. A17. Accessed 24 June 2006. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ The Economist (March 30, 2006), "Venezuela: The sickly stench of corruption". The Economist. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Accessed 19 June 2006. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Fuentes, Federico. (Venezuela Analysis, 26 September 2005). Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Challenges for Venezuela's Workers’ Movement". Retrieved 5 November 2005. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Márquez, Humberto. (Inter Press Service, 5 April 2005). Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Venezuela's Indigenous Peoples Protest Coal Mining". Retrieved 5 November 2005. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Parma, Alessandro. (Venezuela Analysis, 20 October 2005). Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Pro-Chavez Union Leaders in Venezuela Urge Chavez to Do Better". Retrieved 15 October 2005. Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ BBC News. (BBC 17 August 2004). Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Observers endorse Venezuela vote. Retrieved 20 July 2006
- ^ Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. (US State Dept. , April 28. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title 2006). "Country Reports: Western Hemisphere Overview". Retrieved June 26, 2006. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Kraul, Chris. (LA Times, 25 June 2006). Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "U.S. Eyes Venezuela-Iran Commercial Alliance". Retrieved 25 June 2006. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Pat Robertson calls for assassination of Hugo Chavez USAtoday August 2005 Accessed 19 September 2007
- ^ Branford, Becky. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. BBC News (August 13, 2004). Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " "Analysis: Chavez at eye of storm". BBC. Accessed 26 June 2006. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ The Washington Times (December 6, 2005). Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Venezuela's pitiful election". The Washington Times.
- ^ Editorial, "Chávez planificó su vida," Ambito Financiero (Edición 2264 - Jueves 11 de Enero de 2007 - Edición Impresa) Original quote in Spanish: "No se sabe aún cómo será su socialismo del siglo XXI. Sí se sabe cómo será Venezuela en 2007: economía estatizada, gasto sin control, censura, gobierno por decreto y reelección perpetua. " (Spanish)
- ^ Editorial, "Estatiza todo Chávez, vuelve socialista a Venezuela y es el Luis XIV del siglo XXI," Ambito Financiero (Edición 2261 - Lunes 8 de Enero de 2007 - Edición Impresa) Original quote in Spanish: "«El Estado soy yo» fue lo único que le faltó decir ayer a Hugo Chávez para equipararse al «Rey Sol», el monarca francés que resumió como ninguno el absolutismo en la segunda mitad del siglo XVII y principios del XVIII. El gobierno que inaugurará mañana marcará una concentración del poder sin precedentes en Venezuela. . . " (Spanish)
- ^ Byrne, Jennifer. (Foreign Correspondent, 3 June 2003). Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. "Venezuela - Bolivarian Revolution". Retrieved 11 November 2005. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Actriz venezolana Ruddy Rodríguez niega romance con Hugo Chávez. IBL News (2006-06-30). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Retrieved on 2007-02-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen (Spanish)
- ^ Palast, Greg. (BBC Newsnight, 2 May 2002). Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. "Venezuela President Hugo Chavez: Interview". Retrieved 9 November 2005. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Da Corte, María Lilibeth (2005-08-08). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Chávez "cortó" convenios con la DEA. El Universal. El Universal is a major Venezuelan Newspaper, headquartered in Caracas with an average daily circulation of about 150000 Retrieved on 2007-07-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat (Spanish)
- ^ Hugo Chávez, el carismático político que domina Venezuela. Starmedia (2006-12-01). StarMedia is a leading Latin Internet brand founded in August 1996 by Fernando Espuelas and Jack Chen as the first pan-regional Internet portal for Spanish Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Retrieved on 2007-01-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. (Spanish)
- ^ Otaola, Javier (2006-02-12). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Chávez y sus "demonios". La Jornada. La Jornada is one of Mexico City 's leading daily Newspapers It was established in 1984 by Carlos Payán Velver. Retrieved on 2006-12-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the (Spanish)
- ^ Obiko Pearson, Natalie. Associated Press (August 10, 2006). Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Chavez Says Castro Fighting for Life. The Washington Post.
References
- Profile: Hugo Chávez. BBC News. BBC News (October 13, 2005). Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-11-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St
- Boudin, Chesa; Chavez, Hugo; Harnecker, Marta (2005). Understanding the Venezuelan Revolution: Hugo Chávez Talks to Marta Harnecker. Monthly Review Press. ISBN 1-58367-127-7.
- Chavez, Hugo; Deutschmann, David; Salado, Javier (2004). Chávez: Venezuela and the New Latin America. Ocean Press. ISBN 1-92088-800-4.
- DiJohn, Jonathan (June 2004). The Political Economy of Economic Liberalisation in Venezuela. Crisis States Programme, Development Research Centre, LSE. DiJohn, Jonathan. Retrieved on 2007-11-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St
- Ellner, Steven; Hellinger, Daniel (2004). Venezuelan Politics in the Chávez Era: Class, Polarization, and Conflict. Lynne Rienner. ISBN 1-58826-297-9.
- Golinger, Eva (2005). El Código Chávez: Descifrando la Intervención de los Estados Unidos en Venezuela. Editorial de Ciencias Sociales. ISBN 9-59060-723-3.
- Gott, Richard (2001). Richard Willoughby Gott (born 28 October 1938 Aston Tirrold England) is a British journalist and historian who has written extensively on Latin America In the Shadow of the Liberator: The Impact of Hugo Chávez on Venezuela and Latin America. Verso Books. ISBN 1-85984-365-4.
- Gott, Richard (2005). Richard Willoughby Gott (born 28 October 1938 Aston Tirrold England) is a British journalist and historian who has written extensively on Latin America Hugo Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution. Verso Books. ISBN 1-84467-533-5. Retrieved on 2007-11-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St
- McCoy, Jennifer L. ; Myers, David J. (2004). The Unraveling of Representative Democracy in Venezuela. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-80187-960-4.
- O'Donoghue, Patrick J. (September 15, 2005). Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Historian Details Presidential Interest In Controversial Barinas Landed Estate. O'Donoghue, Patrick J. . Retrieved on 2007-11-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St
External links
- Presidente Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (Spanish) — Biography of Chávez from Venezuelan government.
- Extensive biography by CIDOB Foundation (Spanish)
- News about Hugo Chávez and the PSUV
Interviews and speeches
- Palast, Greg. Gregory Allyn Palast (born 1952 is a New York Times -bestselling author and a journalist for the British Broadcasting Corporation as well as Venezuela President Hugo Chávez: Interview. May 13, 2002. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.
- Chávez, Hugo, untitled speech, transcript, first plenary session of the Special Summit of the Americas in Monterrey, Mexico. January 12, 2004. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
- Chávez, Hugo, untitled speech, transcript, opening of XII G-15 Summit. March 1, 2004. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
- Chávez, Hugo, untitled speech, audio, UN’s 2005 World Summit. The 2005 World Summit, 14&ndash 16 September 2005, was a follow-up summit meeting to the United Nations ' 2000 Millennium Summit
- Chávez, Hugo, untitled speech, transcript, United Nations. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security September 16, 2005. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- Democracy Now! Part I and Part II of a Chávez interview in New York City. Democracy Now! is a syndicated program of news analysis and opinion aired by more than 700 Radio and Television, satellite September 16, 2005. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- Koppel, Ted. Interview of Chávez. ABC News/Nightline. Edward James "Ted" Koppel (born February 8, 1940) is an American journalist, best known as the former anchor for the This article is about the American news organization See also ABC News (disambiguation ABC News is a division of American September 16, 2005. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- Chávez, Hugo, untitled speech, audio, Latino Pastoral Action Center, Bronx, New York City, September 17, 2005. The City of New York Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. (Original Spanish-language (Spanish))
- Palast, Greg. Venezuela President Hugo Chávez: Interview. 2006. Gregory Allyn Palast (born 1952 is a New York Times -bestselling author and a journalist for the British Broadcasting Corporation as well as
- FULL speech, video, of President Hugo Chávez before the UN General Assembly, September 20, 2006 Hosted by the UN webcast website (q. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. v. http://www.un.org/webcast). Requires Real Media Player.
- Transcript of Hugo Chávez Speech at U.N., September 2006
Documentaries
- "The Revolution Will Not Be Televised" A documentary on the attempted coup against Chávez in 2002. better quality: veoh.com stage6.com
- Documentary 52': Hugo Chavez
Other links
- McCoy, Jennifer L. . "Demystifying Venezuela's Hugo Chavez" (pdf). Current History 99 (634): pp 66-71. Current History is the oldest United States publication devoted exclusively to world affairs. (Archive).
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Rafael Caldera |
President of Venezuela 1999 – present |
Incumbent |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Chávez, Hugo Rafael |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Chávez Frías, Hugo Rafael |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Venezuelan President |
| DATE OF BIRTH | July 28, 1954 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Sabaneta, Barinas, Venezuela |
| DATE OF DEATH | |
| PLACE OF DEATH | |
Rafael Antonio Caldera Rodríguez (born January 24 1916 was President of Venezuela from 1969 to 1974 and again from 1994 to 1999 ||-||} Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->The President of Venezuela (Presidente Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Sabaneta is a city in Venezuela 's Barinas State. It was the birthplace of current President Estado Barinas is one of the 23 states ''(estados'' into which Venezuela is divided Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the
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