| Hu Zongnan | |
|---|---|
| 16 May 1896 - 14 February 1962 | |
 Portrait |
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| Place of birth | Zhenhai, Zhejiang, China |
| Place of death | Taiwan, Republic of China |
| Allegiance |  Republic of China |
| Years of service | 1924–1959 |
| Rank | Captain, June 1926 Brigadier General, November 1927 Major General, 1930 Lieutenant General, 1936 General, 1947 |
| Commands held | 2nd Regiment, 1st Div, July 1926 1st Division, First Army, May 1927 22nd Division, November 1927 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, April 1928 1st Division (reorg. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Zhenhai District ( is a District of China, located to the mouth of the Yongjiang River. Zhejiang ( is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Brigadier General is the lowest ranking General Officer in some countries usually sitting between the ranks of Colonel and Major General. Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries Lieutenant General is a Military rank used in many countries The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages where the title of Lieutenant General was held by the ), 1930 First Army, April 1936 Seventeenth Army, 1938 34th Army Group, 1938 8th Military Region, 1940 1st Military Region, 1944 |
| Battles/wars | Northern Expedition Chiang-Gui War Chiang-Feng-Yan War Chinese Civil War (1935-1951) Battle of Shanghai Battle of Wuhan First Taiwan Strait Crisis |
| Other work | ROC Governor of Zhejiang |
Hu Zongnan (Chinese: 胡宗南; pinyin: Hú Zōngnán; Wade-Giles: Hu Tsung-nan), courtesy name Shoushan (壽山), was a general in the National Revolutionary Army and then the Republic of China Army. The Northern Expedition ( was a military campaign led by the Kuomintang (KMT from 1926 to 1928. Central Plains War ( was a Civil war within the factionalised Kuomintang (KMT that broke out in 1930 The Battle of Shanghai was the first of the twenty-two major engagements fought between the National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China and the Imperial The Battle of Wuhan ( popularly known to Chinese as the Defense of Wuhan ( and to the Japanese as the Invasion of Wuhan ( Japanese The First Taiwan Strait Crisis (also called the 1954-1955 Taiwan Strait Crisis or the 1955 Taiwan Strait Crisis) was a short Armed conflict that took place A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government Zhejiang ( is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin The National Revolutionary Army ( NRA) ( sometimes shortened to 國軍 or National Army) was the National Army The Republic of China Army (中華民國陸軍 Pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó Lùjūn is the largest branches of the Armed forces of the Republic of Together with Chen Cheng and Tang Enbo, he formed the triumvirate of Chiang Kai-shek's most trusted generals during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Chen Cheng ( Traditional Chinese: 陳誠 Simplified Chinese: 陈诚 Hanyu Pinyin: Chén Chéng ( January 4, 1897 - March 5 Tang Enbo ( was a Nationalist General in the Republic of China. The Second Sino-Japanese War ( July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the
Hu was born in Zhenhai, Zhejiang on 16 May 1896. Zhenhai District ( is a District of China, located to the mouth of the Yongjiang River. Zhejiang ( is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year He was the first graduating class (1924) of Whampoa Military Academy. The Nationalist Party of China Army Officer Academy ( commonly known as the Whampoa Military Academy ( was a Military academy in the Republic of China One of Chiang Kai-shek's favourite students, he took part in the Northern Expedition as CO of 2nd Regiment, 1st Division, First Army. Chiang Kai-shek ( POJ: Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k Jyutping: zoeng2gaai3sek6 GCB ( October 31, 1887 &ndash The Northern Expedition ( was a military campaign led by the Kuomintang (KMT from 1926 to 1928. In May 1927 he was promoted to deputy CO of 1st Division while retaining command of 2nd Regiment. In November of the same year he was assigned as CO of the 22nd Division and led the division during the second Northern Expedition in April 1928. In August his division was downsized to the 2nd Brigade of 1st Division, and he served as CO of this brigade which Chiang thought highly of. In 1929 and 1930 he led his brigade in the Central Plains War to defend the central government against the regional warlords such as the Gui clique, Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan. Central Plains War ( was a Civil war within the factionalised Kuomintang (KMT that broke out in 1930 Feng Yuxiang ( (1882&ndash1948 was a Warlord during Republican China. Yen Hsi-shan, ( ( 8 October, 1883 &ndash 22 July, 1960) was a Chinese Warlord who served in the government of the He was promoted and given command of a reorganised 1st Division upon his return.
He participated in Chiang's communist extermination campaigns, was given command of First Army in 1936, and took part in the Battle of Shanghai and Wuhan, variously leading the Seventeenth Army, 34th Army Group, 8th Military Region and 1st Military Region. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The Battle of Shanghai was the first of the twenty-two major engagements fought between the National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China and the Imperial The Battle of Wuhan ( popularly known to Chinese as the Defense of Wuhan ( and to the Japanese as the Invasion of Wuhan ( Japanese Hu proved himself in these battles and along with Tang Enbai, Xue Yue, and others, Hu became one of the Kuomintang generals his enemy deeply feared and respected. Tang Enbo ( was a Nationalist General in the Republic of China. Xue Yue (薛岳 Pinyin: Xuē Yuè ( December 26, 1896 &ndash May 3, 1998) was one of Nationalist China's best generals However, Hu's glory on the battlefields was short-lived, and much to the delight of his Japanese enemy, Hu nearly vanished after these battles and rarely participated in the rest of war because he was put in charge of more than 400,000 Kuomintang troops by Chiang Kai-shek to blockade the communist base in Shaanxi. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku ( Postal map spelling: Shensi) is a north-central province of the People's Republic of China, and includes portions of the Loess Hu Zongnan would have preferred to die for his country on the battlefields fighting the Japanese invaders, even the communist agents infiltrated his inner circle would have to admit that Hu had shown his eagerness to fight the Japanese from time to time, but as a professional soldier, he dutifully carried out his order given by Chiang Kai-shek by staying at this job for the rest of war. During this time, Hu's rivary with Chen Cheng continued while his friendship with Dai Li deepened, eventually lead to Hu's engagement to his girlfriend Ye Xiazhai (叶霞翟), who was first introduced to him by Dai Li when Ye was working Dai Li. Chen Cheng ( Traditional Chinese: 陳誠 Simplified Chinese: 陈诚 Hanyu Pinyin: Chén Chéng ( January 4, 1897 - March 5 General Dai Li (戴笠 (Tai Li (May 28 1897 - March 17, 1946) was born in Zhejiang Province China, the home province Hu and Ye eventually married in 1948, when Hu was 52, almost two decade to his Ye's senior.
After World War II, Hu Zongnan battled the Communist Party of China and in the early stage of the struggle, was once successful in taking Yan'an, the capital of the communist base in Shaanxi. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the Yan'an ( is a city in the Shanbei region of Shaanxi province in China. However, Hu was unable to achieve any further significant victories because out of the original 400,000 troops he once commanded for most part of the war, a great portion was transferred to other commands after the war, leaving only 250,000 for Hu himself at the time. It was rumored that Hu's rivaries within Kuomintang around Chiang Kai-shek such as Chen Cheng were jealous of him and convinced Chiang to reduce Hu's power. With the death of his close ally Dai Li, there was nobody to defend Hu Zongnan in front of Chiang, and since Hu himself was in the distant land in the remote corner of China busy fighting the communists, he could not abandon his job and go to Chiang to explain himself in the political infighting within the Kuomintang. Although Hu Zongnan was a capable commander, he was nonetheless not a match for his communist opponent Peng Dehuai, and with the absolute numerical and technical superiorities, Hu's a quarter million troops not only failed to defeat the communist Peng Dehuai's 20,000 strong force, but after their initial success, also continuously suffered numerous defeats that greatly reduced Hu's strength. Peng Dehuai ( ( October 24, 1898 - November 29 1974) was a prominent military leader of the Communist Party of China, and The loss of his troops was so great that in March 1950, when Hu retreated to Taiwan, he was by himself and did not have any troops left. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia.
However, it must be said that Hu's defeat had much more to do to his political personality than his military capability. More importantly, Chiang Kai-shek's overconfidence, political zeal and infatuation with holding on to the land conquered like that of Hitler's also contributed greatly to Kuomintang's failure. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The rugged terrain of the northwestern China favored the communists defenders and their guerrilla warfare and not suitable for the mechanized nationalist troops, a large number of which was needed to defend the newly captured regions. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc During Hu Zongnan's initial success, he was able to overrun the communists base in Shaanxi and forced the communists to evacuate most of their governmental bodies to the east of the Yellow River at a cost of merely losing 20,000 troops out of a quarter million total in the process, but in order to guard the newly conquered vast regions, the nationalist troops were dangerously overstretched and spread thin. The Yellow River or Huang He / Hwang Ho ( Hatan Gol Queen river) is the second-longest river in China (after the Yangtze River) and the For example, it would take 80,000 troops to capture and guard Yan'an, the former communist capital in Shaanxi, but the political symoblism was simple too much for Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang to forsake, and as a result, the political zeal overrode the military practicality. Another lethal curse on Hu Zongnan and his troops was Chiang Kai-shek's infautation with holding on to the conquered land: the regions was simply too large and too rugged to be guarded by any relatively small but highly mobile mechanzied force, and thus a large number of troops must be stationed in the geographically isolated regions to guard these regions. The reason such a great force was needed was due to the fact that the communists main force was not damaged in anyway during the nationalist campaigns and was still able to launch assaults on the nationalists, and Chiang Kai-shek's overconfidence caused him to believe that the 20,000 strong communist main force engaged in guerrilla warfare in its former base was not a threat, which proved to be fatally wrong. In order to achieve what Chiang had wished, a force much larger than 400,000 were needed, and 230,000 troops Hu had under his command certainly was not enough to do the job.
Hu Zongnan, as a capable military commander was not unaware of these problems the nationalists had faced, but as a loyal subject of this superior, Hu could not challenge Chiang Kai-shek, exspecially when such actions would provide the false impression of him being holding and expanding his own power, leading the way to become a new warlord, since he was already been called the Northwestern King not only by the communists, but also his rivaries within the Kuomintang itself. Therefore Hu faithfully obeyed his orders given by Chiang Kai-shek and did not any opposition when his force was drastically reduced even though it needed to be greatly boosted if Chiang Kai-shek's intentions to be carried out, and eventually ended up in the inevitable defeats: it was merely after losing only a little more than 13,000 troops out of the total 230,000 in the three battles, the nationalists offensives in the former communist base had effectively ended because there was not enough troops to guard every newly conquered region and launching assaults on the communist main force at the same time. The communists were able to rest and regroup after these three battles and capitalize on this stalemate, eventually turning the table on the nationalist by decimating the Kuomintang force gradually, one small chunk at a time. Although Chiang Kai-shek would sent Hu Zongnan reinforcement which was eventually greater thant what Hu had commanded during World War II, it did not help Hu's situation because such reinforcement was sent in small numbers one at a time, thus a decisive blow to the communist main force could not launched with numerical and technical superiority in a single strike. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In contrast, the communists were able to concentrate their force to launch decisive blows to every nationalist garrison they engaged every time by achieving numerical superiority, taking out the Kuomintang units gradually. Hu Zongnan's failure was large not due to his military capability, but he was blamed by his rivals afterward.
Another reason for Hu's failure was because that his most trusted assistant, Major General Xiong Xianghui (熊向晖, originally named Xiong Huiquan 熊汇荃) was a communist spy. Xiong secretly joined communist party in December 1936 at Tsinghua University and under the direct order of Zhou Enlai, Xiong went to work for Hu Zongnan in December 1937. Tsinghua University ( THU;) is a University in Beijing, People's Republic of China. Zhou Enlai ( (5 March 1898 – 8 January 1976 was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China, serving from 1949 until his death in January 1976 Xiong excelled in his work and since March 1939, he had become Hu's most trusted subordinate and named Xiong his secretary, a position Xiong held until May, 1947, when he was sent to USA by Hu Zongnan to study. It was not after Xiong left Hu did Hu discovered Xiong's true identity, and obviously, it was not Hu Zongnan's fault and Hu himself was fooled and thus a victim as well, but Hu's political enemy, such as those in Chen Cheng's camp, accused him of harboring communists, a charge later resurfaced after the nationalist had withdrawn to Taiwan, and Hu was cleared for both times. Chen Cheng ( Traditional Chinese: 陳誠 Simplified Chinese: 陈诚 Hanyu Pinyin: Chén Chéng ( January 4, 1897 - March 5 On Taiwan he served as governor of Zhejiang from 1952, commanded the ROC defense in the First Taiwan Strait Crisis and retired from the army in 1955. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Zhejiang ( is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. The First Taiwan Strait Crisis (also called the 1954-1955 Taiwan Strait Crisis or the 1955 Taiwan Strait Crisis) was a short Armed conflict that took place He went on to serve as the President's military strategy advisor until his death on 14 February 1962. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
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