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House of Wettin
Saxony, Meissen and Thuringia
Country: Saxony
Titles: Margrave of Meissen, Landgrave of Thuringia, Duke of Saxony, Grand Duke of Saxony, Elector of Saxony, King of Saxony
Founder: Thiedericus
Final ruler: Multiple sovereigns until 1918
Current head: Prince Michael, titular Grand Duke of Saxony
Founding year: 900s A.D.
Dissolution: 1918
Ethnicity: German
Cadet branches: In order of seniority:
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (Grand Duchy of Saxony)
Saxe-Meiningen
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Saxony (Kingdom of Saxony)

The House of Wettin was a dynasty of German counts, dukes, prince-electors (Kurfürsten) and kings that ruled the area of today's German states of Saxony, the Saxon part of Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia for more than 800 years as well as holding at times the kingship of Poland. The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. The March or Margraviate of Meissen (Mark(grafschaft Meißen was a mediæval principality a march, of the Holy Roman Empire in the area of the modern The Free State of Thuringia (Freistaat Thüringen is located in central Germany. The mediæval Duchy of Saxony was a late Early Middle Ages "Carolingian Stem duchy " covering the greater part of Northern Germany. The Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (Herzogtum Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach was created in 1809 by the merger of the Ernestine duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach The Electorate of Saxony (Kurfürstentum Sachsen or Duchy of Upper Saxony was an independent hereditary electorate of the Holy Roman Empire from 1356–1806 The Kingdom of Saxony (Königreich Sachsen lasting between 1806 and 1918 was an independent member of a number of historical confederacies in Napoleonic through post-Napoleonic Michael Prince of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (Michael Benedikt Georg Jobst Carl Alexander Bernhard Claus Friedrich Prinz von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (born 15 November 1946 Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (Herzogtum Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach was created in 1809 by the merger of the Ernestine duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach The Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen was one of the Saxon Duchies held by the Ernestine line of the Wettin Dynasty Saxe-Coburg and Gotha or Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha served as the name of the two German duchies of Saxe-Coburg and Saxe-Gotha in Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A count is a Nobleman in European countries The word count comes from French comte, itself from Latin A duke is a member of the Nobility, historically of highest rank below the Sovereign, and historically controlled a Duchy or a Dukedom The Prince-Electors (or simply Electors) of the Holy Roman Empire ( German: Kurfürst ( pl The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. Saxony-Anhalt ( Sachsen-Anhalt) is one of the sixteen ''Bundesländer'' (federal states that make up the Federal Republic of Germany. The Free State of Thuringia (Freistaat Thüringen is located in central Germany. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Agnates of the House of Wettin have, at various times, ascended the thrones of Great Britain, Portugal, Bulgaria, Poland, Saxony, and Belgium; of these, only the British and Belgian lines retain their thrones today. Patrilineality (aka agnatic kinship) is a system in which one belongs to one's father's lineage it generally involves the Inheritance of property names or titles See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those (See list of members. This is a list of members of the recent House of Wettin. It includes only those who were members of the male-line descent from Ernest I Duke of Saxe-Gotha, and consequently )

Contents

Origins: Wettins of Saxony

The oldest member of the House of Wettin who is known for certain was Thiedericus (died 982), who was probably based in the Liesgau (located at the western edge of the Harz). Events By Place Americas Greenland is discovered by Erik the Red (the first known European contact with North The Harz is a mountain range in central Germany It is the highest mountain chain in northern Germany occupying parts of the German states of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt Around 1000, as part of the German conquest of Slavic territory, the family acquired Wettin Castle, after which they named themselves. Wettin Castle is a former castle that stood near the town of Wettin on the Saale river in Germany, and which is the ancestral home of the House of Wettin Castle is located in Wettin in the Hosgau on the Saale River. Wettin is a small Town in the kreis (district of Saalekreis in the Bundesland of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. The Saale, also known as the Saxon Saale (Sächsische Saale and Thuringian Saale (Thüringische Saale is a River in Germany and a left-bank Around 1030, the Wettin family received the Eastern March as a fief. The Saxon Eastern March or Ostmark (Sächsische Ostmark was a march of the Holy Roman Empire from the 10th until the 12th century [1]

The prominence of the Wettin family in the Slavic marches caused Emperor Henry IV to invest them with the March of Meissen as a fief in 1089. Mark from the Old English mearc and march (or various plural forms of these words derived from the Frankish word marka ("boundary" Henry IV ( November 11, 1050 &ndash August 7, 1106) was King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until The March or Margraviate of Meissen (Mark(grafschaft Meißen was a mediæval principality a march, of the Holy Roman Empire in the area of the modern The family advanced over the course of the Middle Ages: in 1263 they inherited the landgraviate of Thuringia (though without Hesse), and in 1423 they were invested with the Duchy of Saxony, centred at Wittenberg, thus becoming one of the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire. Landgrave ( Dutch landgraaf, German Landgraf; French landgrave; Latin comes magnus, comes patriae The Free State of Thuringia (Freistaat Thüringen is located in central Germany. Hesse (Hessen is a state of Germany with an area The mediæval Duchy of Saxony was a late Early Middle Ages "Carolingian Stem duchy " covering the greater part of Northern Germany. Wittenberg, officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg, is a Town in Germany in the Bundesland Saxony-Anhalt, on the Elbe The Prince-Electors (or simply Electors) of the Holy Roman Empire ( German: Kurfürst ( pl The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in

Ernestine and Albertine Wettins

The family divided into two ruling branches in 1485 when the sons of Frederick II, Elector of Saxony divided the territories hitherto ruled jointly. Frederick II Elector of Saxony (Frederick the Gentle (b Leipzig, 22 August 1412 - d

The elder son Ernest, who had succeeded his father as Prince-elector, received the territories assigned to the Elector (Electoral Saxony) and Thuringia, while his younger brother Albert obtained the March of Meissen, which he ruled from Dresden. Ernst Elector of Saxony (b Meissen, 24 March 1441 - d Colditz, 26 August 1486) was Elector of Saxony from The Prince-Electors (or simply Electors) of the Holy Roman Empire ( German: Kurfürst ( pl The Free State of Thuringia (Freistaat Thüringen is located in central Germany. Albert (Albrecht 27 January, 1443 &ndash 12 September, 1500) was a Duke of Saxony. The March or Margraviate of Meissen (Mark(grafschaft Meißen was a mediæval principality a march, of the Holy Roman Empire in the area of the modern Dresden (etymologically from Old Sorbian Drežďany, meaning people of the riverside forest, Drježdźany is the Capital city of the German As Albert ruled under the title of "Duke of Saxony", his possessions were also known as Ducal Saxony.

The older, Ernestine branch remained predominant until 1547 and played an important role in the beginnings of the Protestant reformation. Their predominance ended in the Schmalkaldic War, which pitted the Protestant Schmalkaldic League against Emperor Charles V. The Schmalkaldic War (Schmalkaldischer Krieg refers to the short period of violence from 1546 until 1547 between the forces of Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League The Schmalkaldic League (Schmalkaldischer Bund was a defensive alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid- 16th Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was Although itself Protestant, the Albertine branch rallied to the Empire's cause; Charles V rewarded them by forcing the Ernestines to sign away their rights to the Electoral title and lands to the Albertines. The Ernestine line was thereafter restricted to Thuringia, and its dynastic unity swiftly crumbled.

The Albertine Wettins maintained most of the territorial integrity of Saxony, preserving it as a significant power in the region, and using small appanage fiefs for their cadet branches, few of which survived for significant lengths of time. An apanage or appanage is the grant of an estate titles offices or other things of value to the younger male children of a sovereign who under the system of The Ernestine Wettins, on the other hand, repeatedly subdivided their territory, creating an intricate patchwork of small duchies and counties in Thuringia. The Ernestine duchies, also called the Saxon duchies (although also the Albertine Appanage duchies of Weissenfels, Merseburg and Zeitz

The junior Albertine branch ruled as Electors (1547–1806) and Kings of Saxony (1806–1918) and also played a role in Polish history: two Wettins were Kings of Poland (between 1697–1763) and a third ruled the Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1814) as a satellite of Napoleon. Year 1806 ( MDCCCVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1806 ( MDCCCVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Poland, or at least its nucleus was ruled at various times either by książęta (Dukes(ca Year 1763 ( MDCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Duchy of Warsaw (Księstwo Warszawskie Duché de Varsovie Herzogtum Warschau Варшавское герцогство was a Polish state established by Napoleon Year 1807 ( MDCCCVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1814 ( MDCCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common After the Napoleonic Wars, the Albertine branch lost about 40% of its lands, including the old Electoral Saxony, to Prussia, restricting it to a territory coextensive with the modern Saxony),

The House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Main article: Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

The senior Ernestine branch lost the electorship to the Albertine in 1547, but retained its holdings in Thuringia, dividing the area into a number of smaller states. The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. Saxe-Coburg and Gotha or Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha served as the name of the two German duchies of Saxe-Coburg and Saxe-Gotha in One of the resulting Ernestine houses, that of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, went on to contribute kings of Belgium (from 1831) and Bulgaria (1908 - 1946), as well as furnishing consorts to queens regnant of Portugal (Ferdinand II of Portugal) and the United Kingdom (Prince Albert, husband of Queen Victoria), as well as to Maximilian I of Mexico (Carlota of Mexico, the first Belgian princess). Saxe-Coburg and Gotha or Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha served as the name of the two German duchies of Saxe-Coburg and Saxe-Gotha in Monarchy in Belgium is Constitutional and popular in nature The hereditary Monarch Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a This is a list of Bulgarian monarchs from the earliest historical records to 1946 when the monarchy in the country was abolished Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. List of current queens regnant A queen regnant (plural "queens regnant" is qualifying reference to a female Monarch possessing and exercising all of the monarchal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha ( October 29 1816 - December 15 1885) named Prince Ferdinand Augustus Francis Anthony of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Maximilian I Emperor of Mexico (Emperador Maximiliano I de México (6 July 1832 – 19 June 1867 (born Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph was a member of Austria Charlotte of Belgium ( Princess Marie Charlotte Amélie Augustine Victoire Clémentine Léopoldine of Belgium) ( 7 June, 1840 &ndash 19 January As such, the British, Portuguese, and for a time, Mexican, thrones became a possession of persons who belonged to the House of Wettin.

Although the British Royal Family's Royal House name was Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in the late 19th century Queen Victoria charged her College of Heralds to determine her correct personal surname; after extensive research they concluded that it was Wettin. A royal house or royal dynasty is a familial designation or Family name of sorts used by Royalty. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland The College of Arms, or Heralds' College, is an office regulating Heraldry and granting new Armorial bearings for England, Wales In 1917, the male-line descendants of Victoria and Albert had their House name as well as their personal surnames changed to Windsor by an Order-in-Council of King George V. The House of Windsor is the current Royal House of the United Kingdom and each of the other Commonwealth realms The older part is a branch of the Saxe-Coburg An Order-in-Council is a type of legislation in Commonwealth Realms.

Queen Elizabeth II will be the last British monarch agnatically descended from the House of Wettin. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located As a result of her marriage to Prince Philip of Greece, the throne will pass to his House, agnatic descendants of the House of Oldenburg. The House of Oldenburg is a North German dynasty and one of Europe 's most influential Royal Houses It first became royal when Count Christian I However, they will probably continue using the name Windsor as a house name and Mountbatten-Windsor as a personal surname, as prescribed by Queen Elizabeth. Mountbatten-Windsor is the personal Surname of some of the descendants of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh under an ambiguously-worded Mountbatten is an Anglicisation of Battenberg, the family name of Prince Philip's mother, Princess Alice of Battenberg. Mountbatten is the family name adopted by two branches of the Battenberg family due to rising Anti-German sentiment among the British public during World War Anglicisation or anglicization (see -ise vs -ize) is a process of conversion of verbal or written elements of any other language into a more comprehensible English Princess Alice of Battenberg, later Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark (Victoria Alice Elizabeth Julia Marie

List of branches of the House of Wettin and its agnatic descent

See also

References

  1. ^ Lexikon des Mittelalters, vol. Saxe-Coburg (Sachsen-Coburg is a historical state in today's Bavaria, Germany. Saxe-Altenburg (Sachsen-Altenburg was one of the Saxon duchies held by the Ernestine branch of the Wettin dynasty Saxe -Weimar (Sachsen-Weimar was a Duchy in Thuringia, Germany. Saxe -Eisenach (Sachsen-Eisenach was the name of three different duchies that existed at different times in the German province of Thuringia. Saxe-Gotha (Sachsen-Gotha was a historical state in today's Thuringia, Germany. The Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen was one of the Saxon Duchies held by the Ernestine line of the Wettin Dynasty Saxe-Hildburghausen (Sachsen-Hildburghausen was an Ernestine duchy in what is now southern Thuringia, Germany. The House of Windsor is the current Royal House of the United Kingdom and each of the other Commonwealth realms The older part is a branch of the Saxe-Coburg Saxe-Weissenfels (Sachsen-Weißenfels was a Duchy of the Holy Roman Empire from 1656/1657 until 1746 The Duchy of Saxe-Jena was one of the Saxon Duchies held by the Ernestine line of the Wettin Dynasty This article lists Dukes Electors and Kings ruling over territories named Saxony from the beginning of the Saxon Duchy in the 9th century to the end of the Saxon Kingdom in 1918 Wettin is a small Town in the kreis (district of Saalekreis in the Bundesland of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. IX, col. 50, Munich 1969-1999

External links

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