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For other people named Romanov, see Romanov (disambiguation).
House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Russia
Country: Russia
Parent house: House of Oldenburg
Titles: Tsar (before 1721)
Emperor (since 1721)
Founder: Michael of Russia
Final ruler: Nicholas II
Current head: Nicholas Romanov, Prince of Russia or
Maria Vladimirovna, Grand Duchess of Russia
Founding year: 1613
Deposition: 1917
Ethnicity: Russian (White/Caucasian)

The House of Romanov (Рома́нов, pronounced [rʌˈmanəf]) was the second and last imperial dynasty of Russia, which ruled the country from 1613 to 1761. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The House of Oldenburg is a North German dynasty and one of Europe 's most influential Royal Houses It first became royal when Count Christian I Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. An emperor (from the Latin " Imperator " is a (male Monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an Empire or another type of Family and childhood Prince Nicholas was born in Cap d'Antibes near Antibes, France, the eldest son of Prince Roman Petrovich and his wife Princess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia. Please do not recreate A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or A dynasty is a succession of rulers who belong to the same family for generations Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending From 1761 to 1917, Russia was ruled for five generations by a line of the House of Oldenburg descended from the marriage of a Romanov grand duchess to the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The House of Oldenburg is a North German dynasty and one of Europe 's most influential Royal Houses It first became royal when Count Christian I The House of Romanov (Рома́нов rʌˈmanəf was the second and last imperial Dynasty of Russia, which ruled the country from 1613 to 1917 A duke is a member of the Nobility, historically of highest rank below the Sovereign, and historically controlled a Duchy or a Dukedom See also History of Schleswig-Holstein, List of rulers of Schleswig-Holstein Holstein-Gottorp or Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp is the historiographical This line was officially also called Romanov, although genealogists sometimes style it, more accurately, Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov.

Contents

Origins

Coat of Arms of Russian Empire
Coat of Arms of Russian Empire

The Romanovs share their origin with two dozen other Russian noble families. Their earliest common ancestor is one Andrei Kobyla, attested as a boyar in the service of Semyon I of Moscow. Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla (Андрей Иванович Кобыла was a progenitor of the Romanov dynasty of Russian Tsars and many Russian noble families This article refers to the aristocratic title of boyar. For the Boyar caste of India, see Boyar (caste. Simeon Ivanovich Gordyi (the Proud (Семён Иванович Гордый in Russian; ( 7 November 1316 - 27 April 1353) Later generations assigned to Kobyla the most illustrious pedigrees. An 18th century genealogy book claimed that he was the son of the Prussian prince Glanda Kambila, who came to Russia in the second half of the 13th century, fleeing the invading Germans. Indeed, one of the leaders of the Prussian rebellion of 1260-1274 against the Teutonic order was named Glande. The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order.

Possibly, Kobyla's origins were less spectacular. Not only is Kobyla Russian for mare, but some of his relatives were also nicknamed after horses and other house animals, thus perhaps suggesting descent from one of the royal equerries. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. The Master of the Horse was (and in some cases is a historical position of varying importance in several European nations One of Kobyla's sons, Fyodor, a boyar in the boyar duma of Dmitri Donskoi, was nicknamed Koshka (cat). Fedor Andreevich Kobylin, byname "Koshka" ("the Cat" (Фёдор Андреевич Кобылин (Кошка (? - 1407 was the youngest son of Andrei Ivanovich A Duma (Ду́ма is any of various representative assemblies in modern Russia and Russian history His descendants took the surname Koshkin, then changed it to Zakharin, which family later split into two branches: Zakharin-Yakovlev and Zakharin-Yuriev. During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the former family became known as Yakovlev (Alexander Herzen being the most illustrious of them), whereas grandchildren of Roman Zakharin-Yuriev changed their name to Romanov. Aleksandr Ivanovich Herzen ( Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Ге́рцен) ( —) was a major Russian pro-Western writer and thinker known as the "father

Rise to power

A crowd at the Ipatiev Monastery imploring Mikhail Romanov's mother to let him go to Moscow and become their tsar (Illumination from a book dated 1673).
A crowd at the Ipatiev Monastery imploring Mikhail Romanov's mother to let him go to Moscow and become their tsar (Illumination from a book dated 1673). The Hypatian Monastery (Ипатьевский монастырь in Russian) is a male Monastery, situated on the bank of the Kostroma River just opposite An illuminated manuscript is a Manuscript in which the text is supplemented by the addition of decoration such as decorated Initials borders and

The family fortunes soared when Roman's daughter, Anastasia Zakharyina, married the young Ivan IV of Muscovy in February 1547. For the Romanov Grand Duchess see Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia. When her husband assumed the title of tsar, she was crowned the very first Tsarina. Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. Tsaritsa (царица цари́ца formerly spelled czaritsa (and in English usually rendered tsarina or czarina, which possess non- Their marriage was an exceedingly happy one, but her untimely and mysterious death in 1560 changed Ivan's character for the worse. Suspecting the boyars of having poisoned his beloved, the tsar started a reign of terror against them. The Oprichnina (Опричнина formed the domestic portion of Russian territory ruled directly by Ivan the Terrible. Among his children by Anastasia, the elder (Ivan) was murdered by the tsar in a quarrel; the younger Fyodor, a pious and lethargic prince, inherited the throne upon his father's death. Fyodor I Ivanovich (Фёдор I Иванович (31 May 1557 - 16/17 January (NS 1598 was the last Rurikid Tsar of Russia (1584 - 1598 son

Throughout Fyodor's reign, the Russian government was contested between his brother-in-law, Boris Godunov, and his Romanov cousins. Boris Fyodorovich Godunov (Бори́с Фёдорович Годуно́в (c Upon the death of childless Fyodor, the 700-year-old line of Moscow Rurikids came to an end. The Rurik Dynasty was the ruling Dynasty of Kievan Rus', the successor Russian principalities and early united Russia, from 862 to 1598 After a long struggle, the party of Boris Godunov prevailed over the Romanovs, and the former was elected new Tsar. Godunov's revenge to the Romanovs was terrible: all the family and its relatives were deported to remote corners of the Russian North and Ural, where most of them died of hunger or in chains. Ural (Ура́л is a geographical region around the Ural Mountains, mostly within Russia but also including a part of northwestern Kazakstan. The family's leader, Feodor Nikitich Romanov, was exiled to the Antoniev Siysky Monastery and forced to take monastic vows with the name Filaret. Fyodor Nikitich Romanov (Фёдор Никитич Романов (1553 — October 1, 1633) was a Russian Boyar who after temporary disgrace Antonievo-Siysky Monastery ( Антониев-Сийский монастырь in Russian) is a Russian Fyodor Nikitich Romanov (Фёдор Никитич Романов (1553 — October 1, 1633) was a Russian Boyar who after temporary disgrace

A 16th-century residence of the Yuryev-Zakharyin boyars in Zaryadye, near the Kremlin.
A 16th-century residence of the Yuryev-Zakharyin boyars in Zaryadye, near the Kremlin. Zaryadye (Зарядье is a historical district in Moscow established in 12-13th centuries within Kitai-gorod, between Varvarka Street and Moskva River The Moscow Kremlin ( Russian: Московский Кремль Moskovskiy Kreml) usually referred to as simply The Kremlin, is a historic fortified

The Romanovs' fortunes again changed dramatically with the fall of the Godunov dynasty in 1606. As a former leader of the anti-Godunov party and cousin of the last legitimate Tsar, Filaret Romanov was valued by several impostors who attempted to claim the Rurikid legacy and throne during the Time of Troubles. An impostor or imposter is a person who pretends to be somebody else often to try to gain financial or social advantages through Social engineering, but just as often For the Dungeons & Dragons plotline see Time of Troubles (Forgotten Realms. False Dmitriy I made him a metropolitan, and False Dmitriy II raised him to the dignity of patriarch. False Dmitriy I ( Cyrillic Лжедмитрий other Transliterations: Dimitri Dimitrii Dimitriy Dimitry Dmitri Dmitrii Dmitry) was the In Hierarchical Christian churches the rank of metropolitan bishop, or simply metropolitan, pertains to the Diocesan bishop or False Dmitry II (Лжедимитрий II other Transliterations: Dmitriy Dmitri Dmitrii) also called the rebel of Tushino, was the second Originally a patriarch was a man who exercised autocratic authority as a Pater familias over an extended family Upon expulsion of Poles from Moscow in 1612, the Assembly of the Land offered the Russian crown to several Rurikid and Gediminid princes, but all of them declined the honour of it. The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of The zemsky sobor (зе́мский собо́р was the first Russian Parliament of the feudal Estates type in the 16th and 17th centuries The Rurik Dynasty was the ruling Dynasty of Kievan Rus', the successor Russian principalities and early united Russia, from 862 to 1598 The Gediminids ( Lithuanian: Gediminaičiai, singular Gediminaitis) were a Dynasty of Monarchs of the medieval Lithuania

On being offered the Russian crown, Filaret's 16-year-old son Mikhail Romanov, then living at the Ipatiev Monastery of Kostroma, burst into tears of fear and despair. The Hypatian Monastery (Ипатьевский монастырь in Russian) is a male Monastery, situated on the bank of the Kostroma River just opposite Kostroma (Кострома́ is an historic city in central Russia, the administrative centre of Kostroma Oblast. He was finally persuaded to accept the throne by his mother Kseniya Ivanovna Shestova, who blessed him with the holy image of Our Lady of St. Theodore. Boyarinya Kseniya Ioannovna ( Ivanovna) Shestova (Ксения Иоанновна (Ивановна was a spouse of Fyodor Romanov and a mother Fyodorovskaya Theotokos (Russian Федоровская Богоматерь) also known as Our Lady of St Feeling how insecure his throne was, Mikhail attempted to stress his ties with the last Rurikid tsars and sought advice from the Assembly of the Land on every important issue. This strategy proved successful. The early Romanovs were generally loved by the population as in-laws of Ivan the Terrible and innocent martyrs of Godunov's wrath.

The era of dynastic crises

Tsar Michael and his son tsar Alexis standing beneath an icon of Christ known as the Mandylion.
Tsar Michael and his son tsar Alexis standing beneath an icon of Christ known as the Mandylion. An icon (from Greek εἰκών eikōn, "image" is a religious work of art most commonly a painting from Eastern Christianity.

Mikhail was succeeded by his only son Alexei, who steered the country quietly through numerous troubles. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov (Алексей Михайлович ( March 9, 1629 (O Upon his death, there was a period of dynastic struggles between his children by his first wife (Feodor III, Sofia Alexeevna, Ivan V) and his son by his second wife, Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina, the future Peter the Great. Feodor (Theodore III Alexeevich of Russia (In Russian: Фёдор III Алексеевич) ( June 9, 1661 - May 7, 1682 Sophia Alekseyevna ( Anglicization of Russian Царевна Софья Алексеевна Sofia Alekseyevna) ( September 17 (27 1657 &ndash Ivan V Alekseyevich Romanov ( Russian: Иван V Алексеевич, —) was a joint Tsar of Russia (with his younger half-brother Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkina ( Russian: Наталья Кирилловна Нарышкина September 1, 1651 &ndash February 4, 1694 New dynastic struggles followed the death of Peter, who had his only son Alexei executed and never named another heir. Alexei Petrovich Romanov (Алексей Петрович ( &ndash) was a Russian Tsarevich. The Romanov male line actually expired in 1730, with the death of Peter II on the very day of his projected wedding. Pyotr (Peter II Alekseyevich ( Russian: Пётр II Алексеевич or Pyotr II Alekseyevich) ( October 23, 1715 &ndash January The last female Romanovs were his aunts, Empresses Anna Ioannovna (1693-1740) and Elizabeth Petrovna (1709-1762), who reigned successively for most of the period from 1730 to 1762. Anna Ivanovna (Анна Иоанновна Anna Ioannovna) ( Moscow –) reigned as Duchess of Courland from 1711 to 1730 and as Empress of Russia Yelizaveta Petrovna (Елизаве́та (Елисаве́т Петро́вна (December 29 1709 – January 5 1762 (New Style December 18 1709 – December 25 1761 ( As neither Anna nor Elizabeth produced a male heir, the succession could devolve either on a Brunswick grand-nephew of Anna (Ivan VI of Russia) or on a Holstein nephew of Elizabeth (Duke Karl Peter Ulrich of Holstein-Gottorp), who was also an heir presumptive to the throne of Sweden. Brunswick-Lüneburg (Braunschweig-Lüneburg also Brunswick-Lunenburg was a historical ducal state during the period from the Late Middle Ages through the Ivan VI Antonovich of Russia (Ivan Antonovich Иоанн VI Иоанн Антонович ( August 23, 1740 - July 16, 1764) reigned Holstein (ˈhɔlʃtain ( Low German: Holsteen, Danish: Holsten, Latin and historical English: Holsatia) Peter III ( February 21, 1728 – July 17, 1762) (Пётр III Фëдорович Pyotr III Fyodorovitch) was Emperor "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Elizabeth naturally favoured her own nephew, although he was of petulant character. With the accession of Karl Peter Ulrich as Emperor Peter III in 1762 the new reigning dynasty of Holstein-Gottorp, or Oldenburg-Romanov, began.

The Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov Dynasty

The Holstein-Gottorps of Russia, however, kept the surname Romanov and sought to emphasise their female-line descent from Peter the Great. Paul I was particularly proud to be great-grandson of the illustrious Russian monarch, although his German-born mother, Catherine II (of the House of Anhalt-Zerbst), insinuated in her memoirs that Paul's real father had been her lover Serge Saltykov. Paul (Па́вел I Петро́вич Pavel Petrovich) ( &ndash) was the Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801 Catherine II, called Catherine the Great (Екатерина II Великая Yekaterina II Velikaya;) reigned as Empress of Russia for 34 years Anhalt-Zerbst was a Principality located in Germany. It was created for the first time in 1252 following the partition of the principality of Anhalt Count Sergei Vasilievich Saltykov ( Russian: Сергей Василиевич Салтыков c Painfully aware of the hazards resulting from battles of succession, Paul established the house law of the Romanovs, one of the strictest in Europe, basing the succession to agnatic primogeniture, as well as requiring Orthodox faith from the monarch and dynasts, as well as from the consort of emperor and from those of first heirs in line. House law or House laws ( Hausgesetze) are rules that govern a Royal family or Dynasty in matters of eligibility for succession to a Primogeniture is the Common law right of the Firstborn son to inherit the entire estate, to the exclusion of younger siblings The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Later, Alexander I, facing prospect of a morganatic alliance of his brother and heir, added the requirement that consorts of Russian dynasts had to be of equal birth (i. A morganatic marriage is a type of Marriage which can be contracted in certain countries usually between people of unequal Social rank, which prevents the passage e. , born to a royal or sovereign house). Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself Otherwise their children forfeited all rights to the throne.

Paul I was murdered in his palace in Saint Petersburg. Alexander I succeeded him on the throne, and later died without having left a male heir. Nicholas I, a brother of the latter monarch, was surprised to find himself on the throne. His era, like the one of Paul I, was marked by enormous attention to the army. Nonetheless, Russia lost the Crimean War, although it had some brilliant admirals on its side, including Pavel Nakhimov. The Crimean War, also known in Russia as the Eastern War (Восточная война Vostochnaya Vojna) (March 1854–February 1856 was fought Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov (Павел Степанович Нахимов June 23, 1802 &ndash June 28, 1855) was one of the most famous Nicholas I fathered four sons, all of whom, he thought, could one day face the challenge of ruling Russia. Trying to prepare all the boys for the future, he provided an excellent education, especially a military one, for all of them.

Alexander II became the next Russian emperor. Alexander was an educated, intelligent man, who held that his task was to keep peace in Europe and Russia. However, he believed only a country with a strong army could keep the peace. By paying attention to the army, giving much freedom to Finland, and freeing the serfs in 1861, he gained much support (Finns still dearly remember him). His family life was not so happy-his beloved wife Maria Alexandrovna had serious problems with her lungs, which led to her death and to the dissolution of the close-knit family due to his quick morganatic remarriage to his long time mistress, Princess Catherine Dolgoruki. Marie of Hesse and by Rhine ( 8 August, 1824 - 8 June, 1880) was a princess of the Grand Duchy of Hesse and as Maria Alexandrovna Princess Ekaterina Mikhailovna Dolgorukova (In Russian Княжна Екатерина Михаиловна Долгорукова also known as Catherine Dolgorukova His legitimization of his children by Catherine, and rumors that he was about to crown his new wife Empress, ending the morganatic status of his second marriage, caused great tension with the entire extended Romanov family. In particular, the Grand Duchesses were scandalized at the thought of being made permanently subordinate to Catherine Dolgoruki, since as an Empress she would retain precedence over all of them even after her husband's death. She would even have precedence over the future Empress, as Empress Dowagers were ranked higher than Empress Consorts in the Russian system of protocol. On March 13, 1881, Alexander was killed after returning from a military parade. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Slavic patriotism, cultural revival, and Panslavist ideas grew in importance in the latter half of this century, drawing the dynasty to look more 'Russian'. Pan-Slavism was a movement in the mid 19th century aimed at unity of all the Slavic peoples The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been Yet tighter commitment to orthodox faith was required of Romanovs. Several marriages were contracted with princesses from other Slavic monarchies and other orthodox kingdoms, and even a couple of cadet-line princesses were allowed to marry Russian high noblemen - when until 1850s, practically all marriages had been with German princelings.

Wedding of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna.
Wedding of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna.

Alexander II was succeeded by his son Alexander III of Russia. Alexander III Alexandrovich ( 10 March 1845 – 1 November 1894) (Александр III Александрович reigned as Emperor A gigantic and imposing, if somewhat dull man, with great stamina, great lethargy, and poor manners. Alexander, fearful of the fate which had befallen his father, strengthened autocratic rule in Russia. Many of the reforms the more liberal Alexander II had pushed through were reversed. Alexander, at his brother's death, not only inherited the throne, but also a betrothed - Scandinavian princess Maria Fyodorovna. Tsarevich Nikolay Aleksandrovich Romanov (Цесаревич Николай Александрович Романов full title Heir Tsarevich and Grand Duke of Maria Feodorovna, born Princess Dagmar of Denmark (26 November 1847&ndash13 October 1928 was Empress consort of Russia. Despite contrasting natures and size, the pair got on famously, and produced six children.

The eldest, Nicholas, became Tsar upon his father's sudden death (due to kidney disease) at age 49. Unready to inherit the throne, Nicholas reputedly said, "I am not ready, I do not want it. I am not a Tsar. " Though an intelligent and kind-hearted man, lacking any preparation to rule, he continued his father's harsh polices. His Tsarina, the emotionally fragile German princess Alexandra Fyodorovna, was also a liability. Alix of Hesse and by Rhine (later Alexandra Feodorovna Romanova ( Императрица Александра Фёдоровна Романова) ( 6 June While the Tsar bustled about on the front lines during World War I, the stubborn, traditionalist Tsarina held sway in court and in government. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

Constantine Pavlovich and Michael Alexandrovich, although sometimes counted among Russian monarchs, were not crowned and never reigned. Constantine Pavlovich Romanov (Константи́н Па́влович Рома́нов Matt Kay, Mikhail Aleksandrovich Romanov (Михаи́л Александрович Рома́нов ( St They both married morganatically, as did Alexander II with his second wife. Six crowned representatives of the Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov line include: Paul (1796-1801), Alexander I (1801-1825), Nicholas I (1825-55), Alexander II (1855-81), Alexander III (1881-94), and Nicholas II (1894-1917). Paul (Па́вел I Петро́вич Pavel Petrovich) ( &ndash) was the Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801 Alexander I of Russia ( Russian: Александр I Павлович / Aleksandr I Pavlovich (23 December 1777 – November 19 1825 served as Emperor of Alexander (Aleksandr II Nikolaevich (Александр II Николаевич ( Moscow, 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881 in St Alexander III Alexandrovich ( 10 March 1845 – 1 November 1894) (Александр III Александрович reigned as Emperor

Downfall

One of the imperial Fabergé eggs presented by Nicholas II to his wife.
One of the imperial Fabergé eggs presented by Nicholas II to his wife. A Fabergé egg is any one of sixty-nine jeweled eggs made by Peter Carl Fabergé and his assistants between 1885 and 1917

All these emperors (except Alexander III) had German-born consorts, a circumstance that cost the Romanovs their popularity during World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Nicholas's wife Alexandra Fyodorovna, although devoutly Orthodox, was particularly hated by the populace, largely because of her German origins. Alix of Hesse and by Rhine (later Alexandra Feodorovna Romanova ( Императрица Александра Фёдоровна Романова) ( 6 June See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure

Alexandra Fyodorovna had inherited a mutation gene, causing Haemophilia, from her grandmother, Queen Victoria. Haemophilia figured prominently in the history of European royalty in the 19th and 20th centuries Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland This caused her son's, the long-awaited heir to the throne, Alexei's hemophilia. Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich Romanov (Цесаревич Алексей Николаевич full title Heir Tsarevich and Grand Duke (Наследник-Цесаревич Haemophilia (also spelled as hemophilia Nicholas and Alexandra also had four daughters (Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia). Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia ( Olga Nikolaevna Romanova) (in Russian Великая Княжна Ольга Николаевна &ndash Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia ( Tatiana Nikolaevna Romanova) (In Russian Великая Княжна Татьяна Николаевна ( May 29 Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia ( Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanova) (Великая Княжна Анастасия Николаевна Романова ( –

When the Romanov family celebrated the tercentenary of its rule, in 1913, the solemnities were clouded by numerous bad omens. An omen (also called portent or presage) is a phenomenon that is believed to foretell the Future, often signifying the advent of change The face of Our Lady of St. Theodore, the patron icon of the family, became badly blackened. Fyodorovskaya Theotokos (Russian Федоровская Богоматерь) also known as Our Lady of St Grigori Rasputin proclaimed that the Romanov's power would not last two years after his death if a Romanov caused his death. He was murdered by a group of nobles, including Nicholas II's nephew by marriage (Felix Yussupov) and a cousin (Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich), on 16 December 1916. Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia, of the Imperial House of Romanov (Дмитрий Павлович Романов ( September 18, 1891 &ndash Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Two months later, the February Revolution of 1917 resulted in abdication of Nicholas II in favor of his brother Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich. The February Revolution (Февральская революция in 1917 in Russia was the first stage of the Russian Revolution of 1917. The latter declined to accept the throne, terminating the Romanov dynasty's rule over Russia. The House of Romanov (Рома́нов rʌˈmanəf was the second and last imperial Dynasty of Russia, which ruled the country from 1613 to 1917

After the February Revolution, Nicholas II and his family were placed under house arrest. Several members of the Royal Family, including Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich of Russia, managed to establish good relations with the interim government and eventually fled the country during the October Revolution. Cyril Vladimirovich Grand Duke of Russia, ( Kirill Vladimirovich Romanov; October 12, 1938) was a member of the Russian Imperial Family

Yekaterinburg's "Church on the Blood," built on the spot where the last Tsar and his family were killed.
Yekaterinburg's "Church on the Blood," built on the spot where the last Tsar and his family were killed. Yekaterinburg (Екатеринбу́рг also romanized Ekaterinburg, formerly Sverdlovsk) is a major city in the central part of Russia For the Church on Blood in St Petersburg see Church of the Saviour on Blood.

On July 17, 1918, Bolshevik authorities, led by Yakov Yurovsky, shot Nicholas II, his immediate family, and four servant members in the cellar of the Ipatiev House in Ekaterinburg, Russia. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction Yakov (Yankel Mikhailovich Yurovsky ( in Tomsk, Siberia, Russia &ndash before 2 August 1938 in Moscow) is best known Ipatiev House (Russian Дом Ипатьева was a merchant's house in Yekaterinburg where the former Emperor Nicholas II of Russia and several members of his Yekaterinburg (Екатеринбу́рг also romanized Ekaterinburg, formerly Sverdlovsk) is a major city in the central part of Russia The family was told that they would be photographed to prove to the people that they were still alive. The family was arranged appropriately and left alone for several minutes. Soon the very people that were protecting them entered and shot them. At first, the girls did not die because of the jewels sewn into their corsets. These jewels were for protection but also so that the family could have some money for when they fled the country. The shooters were horrified at how the girls were able to withstand the bullets and feared that the family really was in power due to Divine Right (the idea that Kings and Queens are placed on the throne by God). To solve that problem, the shooters tried to stab them with bayonets. That failed, too, because of the jewels, so then, they were shot in the head at close range. Ironically, the Ipatiev House has the same name as the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma, where Mikhail Romanov had been offered the Russian Crown in 1613. The Hypatian Monastery (Ипатьевский монастырь in Russian) is a male Monastery, situated on the bank of the Kostroma River just opposite Kostroma (Кострома́ is an historic city in central Russia, the administrative centre of Kostroma Oblast. The spot where the Ipatiev House once stood has recently been commemorated by a magnificent cathedral "on the blood. " After years of controversy, Nikolai II and his family were proclaimed passion-bearers by the Russian Orthodox church in 2000. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure (In orthodoxy, a passion-bearer is a saint who was not killed because of his faith like a martyr but died in faith at the hand of murderers. )

To read what the author declared to be a first-person account of the murders and the disposal of the bodies, told to him by the fatally ill Peter Zacharovitch Ermakov, see chapters eight through twelve of Richard Halliburton's "Seven League Boots". Richard Halliburton ( 9 January 1900 – presumed dead after 24 March 1939) was an American Traveler, Adventurer With the aid of a translator, Halliburton, who was in Ekaterinburg in 1930, heard the confession of Ermakov, who claimed to have been a member of the party of assassins, and to have been the one who killed the Czarina, Dr. Botkin, and the cook.

In 1991, the bodies of Nicholas II and his wife, along with three of their five children and four of their servants, were exhumed (although some questioned the authenticity of these bones despite DNA testing). Because two bodies were not present, many people believed that two Romanov children escaped the killings. There was much debate as to which two children's bodies are missing. A Russian scientist made photographic superimpositions and determined that Maria and Alexei were not accounted for. Later, an American scientist concluded from dental, vertebral, and other remnants that it was Anastasia and Alexei that were missing. Much mystery surrounded Anastasia's fate. Several films have been produced, including the full length animated feature Anastasia by Twentieth Century Fox, suggesting that she lived on. Anastasia is an Academy Award nominated American animated feature Musical film produced and directed by Don Bluth and

After the bodies were exhumed in June, 1991, they sat in laboratories until 1998, while there was a debate as to whether they should be reburied in Yekaterinburg or St. Petersburg. A commission eventually chose St. Petersburg, so they (along with several loyal servants who died with them) were interred in a special chapel in the Peter and Paul Cathedral near the tombs of their ancestors. The Peter and Paul Cathedral is located inside the Peter and Paul Fortress in St

In September 2006, Empress Marie Fedorovna, the consort of Alexander III, was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral beside her husband. Having fled Russia at the time of the Revolution, she had spent her remaining years in exile in her native Denmark, where she was initially buried in Roskilde Cathedral. Roskilde Cathedral (Roskilde Domkirke in the city of Roskilde on the Island of Zealand ( Sjælland) in eastern Denmark, was the first The transfer of her remains was accompanied by elaborate ceremonies, including at St. Isaac's officiated by the Patriarch. Saint Isaac's Cathedral or Isaakievskiy Sobor (Исаа́киевский Собо́р in Saint Petersburg, Russia is the largest Cathedral For monarchists, the reburial of the Empress in the former Imperial Capital, so many years after her death, further underscored the downfall of the dynasty. Princes Dmitri and Nicholas Romanov were present at the ceremony, along with Princess Catherine Ioanovna, daughter of Prince Ioann Konstantinovich of Russia. Childhood and family Prince Dimitri was born in Cap d'Antibes near Antibes, France, the second son of Prince Roman Petrovich and his wife Princess Family and childhood Prince Nicholas was born in Cap d'Antibes near Antibes, France, the eldest son of Prince Roman Petrovich and his wife Princess Prince John (Ioann Constantinovich of Russia ( Иоанн Константиович) ( July 5, 1886 &ndash July 18, 1918) sometimes Other members of the Imperial Family present included the descendants of the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna including Prince Michael Andreevich of Russia the senior direct male descendant. Prince Michael Andreevich of Russia (15 July 1920 - 22 September 2008 was a descendant of the House of Romanov which ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917 Princess Catherine who was 90 years old at the time, and passed away in Montevideo Uruguay the following year, was the last member of the Imperial Family to be born before the fall of the dynasty, and was ultimately to become the last surviving uncontested dynast of the Imperial House of Russia.

In September of 2007, the skeletal remains of two bodies were found in a burned field near Ekaterinburg. In April 2008, the governor of the region Sverdlovsk made public that DNA-research has proved the remains to belong to Crown Prince Alexei and his older sister Grand Duchess Marie.

Contemporary Romanovs

Contrary to common belief, the Romanov family is far from extinct. The proper line of succession to the Russian throne is contested, but the Russian people have so far evidenced little popular support for the resurrection of a Russian monarchy, even on a constitutional basis. The Monarchy of Russia was abolished in 1917 following the February Revolution, which forced Tsar Nicholas II to abdicate. A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is

Further reading

See also

External links

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