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Coat of arms of the Gediminids dynasty
Coat of arms of the Gediminids dynasty

The House of Gediminas refers to the siblings, children, and grandchildren of Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania (ca. Gediminas (ca 1275 – winter 1341 was the Monarch of medieval Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the title lt didysis kunigaikštis (вялікі князь The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje 1275–1341). The Gediminid dynasty ruled the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from ca. The Gediminids ( Lithuanian: Gediminaičiai, singular Gediminaitis) were a Dynasty of Monarchs of the medieval Lithuania The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje 1285 to 1572, eventually extending its territories from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey

Gediminas' origins are unclear, but recent research suggests that Skalmantas, an otherwise unknown historical figure, was Gediminas' grandfather or father, and could be considered the dynasty's founder. Skalmantas or Skolomend is the name of a possible ancestor of the Gediminid dynasty [1] Because none of his brothers or sisters had known heirs, Gediminas, who sired at least twelve children, had the advantage in establishing sovereignty over his siblings. Known for his diplomatic skills, Gediminas arranged his children's marriages to suit the goals of his foreign policy: his sons consolidated Lithuanian power within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, while his daughters established or strengthened alliances with the rulers of areas in modern-day Russia, Ukraine, and Poland. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland [2]

The relationships between Gediminas' children were generally harmonious, with the notable exception of Jaunutis, who was deposed in 1345 by his brothers Algirdas and Kęstutis. Jaunutis (literally young man, Ruthenian: Jewnut, Polish: Jawnuta, Belarusian: Jaunut (Яўнут baptized Algirdas, (ɑlgərdɑːs known as Olgierd Альгерд Ольгерд b Kęstutis (kæsˈtuːtıs born ca 1297 died on August 3 or August 15, 1382 in Kreva) was Monarch of medieval Lithuania These two brothers went on to provide a celebrated example of peaceful power-sharing. However, Gediminas' many grandchildren and their descendants engaged in power struggles that continued well into the 15th century. [3] Gediminas' grandchildren converted Lithuania to Christianity and inaugurated the first personal union with Poland. The Christianization of Lithuania (Lietuvos krikštas was the event that took place in 1387 initiated by the Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland The Union of Krewo, also known as Krėva Act (other names Union of Krevo, Act of Kreva) was a set of promises of Jogaila, Grand Duke The dynasty came to an end in 1572, when Sigismund II Augustus died without producing a male heir. For other nobles of the same name please see Sigismund. Sigismund II Augustus I (Zygmunt II August

Contents

Origins

Vytenis, Grand Duke of Lithuania about 1295–1315.
Vytenis, Grand Duke of Lithuania about 1295–1315.

Because written sources of the era are scarce, Gediminas' ancestry, early life, and assumption of the title of Grand Duke in 1316 are obscure and continue to be the subject of scholarly debate. Various theories have claimed that Gediminas was either Grand Duke Vytenis' son, his brother, his cousin, or his hostler. Vytenis was the Grand Duke of Lithuania from c 1295 to c 1316 An hostler, pronounced (and occasionally spelled ostler, is an Archaic word for a groom or stableman i For several centuries, only two versions of his origins circulated. Chronicles written long after Gediminas' death by the Teutonic Knights, a long-standing enemy of Lithuania, claimed that Gediminas was a hostler to Vytenis;[1] according to these chronicles, Gediminas killed his master and assumed the throne. The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order. Another version introduced in the Lithuanian Chronicles, which also appeared long after Gediminas' death, proclaimed that Gediminas was Vytenis' son. The Lithuanian Chronicles (Lietuvos metraščiai are three Redactions of chronicles compiled in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. [1] However, the two men were almost the same age, making this relationship unlikely. In 1868, a letter issued by the Council of Riga in 1323 was published; it contained a small note mentioning Vytenis as "the brother and predecessor" of Gediminas. Riga (Rīga riːga) the Capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast on the mouth of the river Daugava. [1] After the letter came to light, textbooks almost universally represented Vytenis and Gediminas as brothers. However, historian Tomas Baranauskas believes that the word "brother" has been interpreted too literally, and that the two were in fact cousins. Tomas Baranauskas (born on September 12 1973 in Kaunas) is a Lithuanian Historian specializing in the history of medieval Lithuania [1]

Grand Duke Vytenis' origins are relatively well-established; he was the son of Butvydas, who was Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1291 to 1295. Butvydas or Pukuveras (also known as Боудивидъ Liutauras, Pukuwer or Pucuwerus, died in 1295 was the Grand Duke of However, no consensus exists about the identity of Butvydas' father. While some genealogies give Traidenis as the ancestor,[4] this has been described as unlikely: the later marriage of Gediminas' daughter Eufemija and Traidenis' great-grandson Boleslaw-Yuri would have violated canon law, since the two would have been related, and this violation would have been noticed by the pope. Traidenis or Troyden (died in 1282 was the Grand Duke Lithuania from 1270 (or 1269 till 1282 Boleslaw-Yuri II Prince of Galicia (Polish Bolesław Jerzy II Mazowiecki, also known as Yuri II of Galicia and Bolesław Trojdenowicz 1308 – April 7 1340 Canon law is internal ecclesiastical law governing the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches and the Anglican Communion of churches [5]

Recent research indicates that Gediminids' ancestor may have been Skalmantas. Skalmantas or Skolomend is the name of a possible ancestor of the Gediminid dynasty In 1974 the historian Jerzy Ochmański noted that Zadonshchina, a poem from the end of the 14th century, contains a line in which two sons of Algirdas name their ancestors: "We are two brothers – sons of Algirdas, and grandsons of Gediminas, and great-grandsons of Skalmantas. Zadonshchina ( «Задонщина» in Russian; could be translated as "the region beyond the Don River " is a Russian literary Algirdas, (ɑlgərdɑːs known as Olgierd Альгерд Ольгерд b "[1] This discovery led to the belief that Skalmantas was the long-sought ancestor of the Gediminids. [6][5] Ochmański posited that the poem skipped the generation represented by Butvydas, and jumped back to the unknown ancestor. Baranauskas does not agree that the poem skipped a generation and believes that Skalmantas was Butvydas' brother, rather than his father – making Vytenis and Gediminas cousins. [1]

Siblings

Imaginative portrait of Gediminas from the chronicle of Alexander Guagnini. This portrait is still used today as an illustration in history books.
Imaginative portrait of Gediminas from the chronicle of Alexander Guagnini. Alexander Guagnini or Alessandro Guagnini (1538 – 1614 was an Italian Chronicler from Verona. This portrait is still used today as an illustration in history books.

It is known that Gediminas, born about 1275, had one (or possibly two, see below for the wife of Andrei of Kozelsk) sister and several brothers – Vainius, Fiodor of Kiev, possibly Vytenis, and possibly Margiris. Vainius or Voin (died between 1338 and 1342 was the Prince of Polotsk from 1315 to his death Fiodor of Kiev (14th century was Duke of Kiev and brother of Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania. Vytenis was the Grand Duke of Lithuania from c 1295 to c 1316 Margiris or Margis (died in 1336 was a Duke of Samogitia, a medieval Lithuanian prince mentioned in the Chronicle of Wigand of If Vytenis, who was Grand Duke of Lithuania from about 1295 to 1315, was indeed Gediminas' brother, he was probably the eldest son. [7] Historians recognize one son of Grand Duke Vytenis, Žvelgaitis, who may have died before his father. Vytenis was the Grand Duke of Lithuania from c 1295 to c 1316 [5] In 1310, Žvelgaitis, already a mature man, led an army to nearby Livonia, in modern-day Latvia and Estonia. Livonia (Līvõmō Latvian and Livonija Estonian: Liivimaa; Finnish: Liivinmaa; German and Swedish: Livland Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region [8] After Vytenis died without an heir in about 1315, Gediminas became the Grand Duke. There are no sources indicating that his brothers or other family members advanced any competing claims. [9]

Vainius first appears in written sources in 1324. In 1326, as Duke of Polatsk, he signed a treaty with the Livonian Order and Novgorod. Polotsk ( Polatsk, По́лацк Полоцк Polockas Połock is a historical city in Belarus, situated on the Dvina river The Livonian Order was autonomous Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order and a member of the Livonian Confederation from 1418&ndash1561 Veliky Novgorod (Вели́кий Но́вгород is the foremost historic city of North-Western Russia and the administrative center of Novgorod [10] His date of death is unknown; scholars have placed it sometime between 1338[10] and 1342. [7] Vainius' only known son, Liubko, died in 1342 during a battle with the Livonian Order.

Fiodor, whose relationship to Gediminas was not established until the 20th century, was the longest-lived brother; he was still alive in 1362. Fiodor of Kiev (14th century was Duke of Kiev and brother of Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania. [7] In about 1325, with help from Gediminas, he became a Duke of Kiev. Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the [11] Fiodor was baptized in the Eastern Orthodox rite and his pagan name is unknown. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Kiev was still under the influence of the Golden Horde, and Fiodor acknowledged fealty to the Horde's Khan. This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. This subordination lasted until 1363, when Gediminas' son Algirdas soundly defeated the Horde in the Battle of Blue Waters. Algirdas, (ɑlgərdɑːs known as Olgierd Альгерд Ольгерд b The Battle of Blue Waters (Mūšis prie Mėlynųjų Vandenų Битва на Синіх Водах was a medieval battle fought at some time between 24 September and 25 [11] Scholarly opinion had long considered Fiodor to be a Rurikid, rather than a Lithuanian, because of his Christian name. The Rurik Dynasty was the ruling Dynasty of Kievan Rus', the successor Russian principalities and early united Russia, from 862 to 1598 In 1916, however, a list of property belonging to Theognostus, a deceased Metropolitan of Moscow, and compiled in the 1330s, was published; among the items listed were two silver cups gifted by "Fiodor, brother of Gediminas". Theognostus ( Феогност in Russian) (? - March 11, 1353) metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus Metropolitans Maximus ( 1283 - 1305) St Peter ( 1308 - 1326) vacant [12]

Margiris, the defender of Pilėnai, is often suggested as the most likely candidate for the fourth brother. Margiris or Margis (died in 1336 was a Duke of Samogitia, a medieval Lithuanian prince mentioned in the Chronicle of Wigand of Pilėnai was a fortress in Medieval Lithuania. It is well known in the Lithuanian history due to the heroic defense of the castle The chronicles of Hermann de Wartberge mention that in 1329 Gediminas and two of his brothers raided Livonia. [7] By that time, Vytenis was already dead, and Fiodor was probably occupied with establishing himself in Kiev. One of these two brothers must then have been Vainius; the identity of the other still puzzles historians. Alvydas Nikžentaitis suggests that he was Margiris: the sources attest to his high status and wealth. Alvydas Nikžentaitis (born on October 18, 1961) is a Lithuanian historian director of the Lithuanian Institute of History, and associated professor [7] Sources mention one son of Margiris, who was captured by the Teutonic Knights soon after his father's suicide in 1336 and did not return. [7]

The only direct written mention of Gediminas' sister is a legend describing the murder of two Franciscan friars who came to Vilnius to spread Christianity. The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic A Friar is a member of one of the Mendicant orders. Friars and monks Friars differ from Monks in that they are called to a life of poverty in service [13] This legend was first presented in Chronica XXIV Generalium, a chronicle written before 1369. The events probably took place around 1340; some eyewitnesses could still have been alive when the chronicle was written. According to the legend, Friar Ulrich's preaching angered townspeople. He and his companion Martin were seized and brought before Gediminas, who ordered the friars killed. Ulrich was tortured and his body tossed into a river. Martin's body was rescued by Gediminas' sister, an Orthodox nun. She buried Martin at the monastery where she lived. [14] The legend was retold in other sources, including the Bychowiec Chronicle, where the number of martyrs was increased to fourteen and the initially realistic story acquired a number of miraculous trappings. The Bychowiec Chronicle (also spelled Bykhovets, Bykovets or Bychovec) named the Letopis of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania is an anonymous 16th The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom [13]

Wives

It is uncertain how many wives Gediminas had. The Bychowiec Chronicle mentions three wives: Vida from Courland, Olga from Smolensk, and Jewna from Polotsk, who was Eastern Orthodox and died in 1344 or 1345. The Bychowiec Chronicle (also spelled Bykhovets, Bykovets or Bychovec) named the Letopis of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania is an anonymous 16th Courland (Kurzeme Kurland Latin: Curonia / Couronia; Kuršas Kuramaa Kurlandia Курляндия Курляндія Kuurinmaa is one of the historical Smolensk (Смоленск is a city in western Russia, located on the Dnieper River, the administrative centre of Smolensk Oblast. Jewna (Jaunė literally young woman; born c 1280 in Polatsk &ndash died c Polotsk ( Polatsk, По́лацк Полоцк Polockas Połock is a historical city in Belarus, situated on the Dvina river The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world [15] Most modern historians and reference works state that Gediminas' wife was Jewna, dismissing Vida and Olga as fictitious, since no sources other than this chronicle mention the two additional wives. [16] The historian S. C. Rowell argues that Gediminas' wife was a local pagan duchess, on the grounds that his marriage to a princess from a neighboring land would have been noted in other contemporary sources, and that the reliability of the Bychowiec Chronicle has been questioned. [17]

An argument has been advanced that Gediminas had two wives, one pagan and another Orthodox. This case is supported only by the Jüngere Hochmeisterchronik, a late-15th century chronicle, mentioning Narimantas as half-brother to Algirdas. For an earlier historically unattested and possibly just a mythical namesake see Palemonids Narimantas or Narymunt Algirdas, (ɑlgərdɑːs known as Olgierd Альгерд Ольгерд b [17] Other historians, in support of this claim, argue that Gediminas' otherwise mysterious designation of a middle son, Jaunutis, as his successor would be understandable if Jaunutis were the first-born son of Gediminas and a second wife. Jaunutis (literally young man, Ruthenian: Jewnut, Polish: Jawnuta, Belarusian: Jaunut (Яўнут baptized [18]

Children and grandchildren

Because none of Gediminas' siblings had strong heirs, Gediminas and his children were in a favorable position to assume and consolidate power in the Grand Duchy. Gediminas had at least five daughters and seven sons, whose shrewd marriages helped to consolidate and expand the Grand Duchy's influence to areas east and west of Lithuania. Those marriages speak to Gediminas’ diplomatic talent in building alliances with the neighboring states that shared his goals: destruction of the Teutonic Order and containment of the growing power of Moscow and Poland. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of [17] The marriages of Gediminas' sons helped to consolidate the dynasty's power over various territories already within the Grand Duchy, while his daughters' and granddaughters' marriages worked to strengthen Lithuanian relationships with neighboring powers. [2]

Daughters

Map of Europe in 1328
Map of Europe in 1328
Map of Halych-Volhynia. Two of Gediminas' children, Liubartas and Eufemija, were involved in succession disputes over Halych-Volhynia
Map of Halych-Volhynia. Two of Gediminas' children, Liubartas and Eufemija, were involved in succession disputes over Halych-Volhynia

In 1320 Maria married Dmitri of Tver, the ruler of a Russian principality. Dmitri Mikhailovich of Tver ( Russian: Дмитрий Михайлович Тверcкой nicknamed The Terrible Eyes - Грозные Очи 1299 — September The marriage took place soon after Mikhail Yaroslavich, Dmitri's father, was killed; his sons were searching for strong allies against Yury of Moscow, their principal competitor for the throne of Vladimir and All Rus'. Mikhail Yaroslavich (Михаил Ярославич (1271 &ndash November 22 1318) also known as Michael of Tver, was a Prince of Tver (from Yuriy Danilovich, also known as Georgiy Danilovich (Юрий Данилович in Russian) (born 1281 died November 21, 1325) was Prince Vladimir (Влади́мир) is a city in Russia, located on the Klyazma River, to the east of Moscow along the M7 motorway [2] After 1327 Lithuania began to supplant Tver as Moscow's chief rival for supremacy in the Rus'. Tver (Тверь is a city in Russia, the administrative center of Tver Oblast. When Tver sought to rival Moscow, it needed an alliance with Lithuania. [19] Dmitri was killed in 1325 and Maria spent the reminder of her life as a widow, but Maria's brother-in-law Alexander I, maintained friendly relationships with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: his daughter Uliana married Algirdas, the son of Gediminas who continued the Gediminid line. Grand Prince Alexander or Aleksandr Mikhailovich (Александр Михайлович Тверской ( 7 October 1301 &ndash 29 October Algirdas, (ɑlgərdɑːs known as Olgierd Альгерд Ольгерд b [2] The cooperation between Lithuania and Tver lasted well into the 15th century. [2]

Aldona (baptized as Ona or Anna; her pagan name is known only from the writings of the 16th century chronicler Maciej Stryjkowski[20]) married Casimir III of Poland, son of Władysław I of Poland, when he was 15 or 16 years old. Aldona (baptized Ona or Anna; her pagan name Aldona is known only from the writings of Maciej Stryjkowski; Casimir was seeking allies over the dispute Maciej Stryjkowski (also referred to as Strykowski and Strycovius; ca Casimir III the Great (Kazimierz Wielki April 30 1310 – November 5 1370 last King of Poland from the Piast dynasty (1333–1370 was the son of King Władysław Władysław the Short or Elbow-high (or Ladislaus I of Poland) ( Władysław I Łokietek) (1261 - March 2 1333 was a King of Poland. The bride was probably about the same age. The marriage took place on either April 30 or October 16, 1325, and was a purely political maneuver to strengthen the Polish–Lithuanian coalition against the Teutonic Knights. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order. [21] The alliance foreshadowed the Union of Krewo in 1385 and the Union of Lublin in 1569; the latter resulted in a stable and powerful new state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Union of Krewo, also known as Krėva Act (other names Union of Krevo, Act of Kreva) was a set of promises of Jogaila, Grand Duke The Union of Lublin (Liublino unija Belarusian: Лю́блінская ву́нія Polish: Unia The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic [20] This preliminary coalition was short-lived, collapsing in about 1330, but there is no evidence of military conflict between Poland and Lithuania while Aldona was alive. [21] The marriage into the Lithuanian dynasty that had ruled since about 1289 might have lent legitimacy to the rule of Władysław I of the Piast dynasty, who was crowned in 1320 replacing the Přemyslid dynasty. Piast dynasty is the name used since the 17th century for Polish Royal Dynasty that ruled Poland from its beginnings as Duchy ruled by Mieszko The Přemyslids ( Czech: Přemyslovci, Polish: Przemyślidzi, German: Premysliden) were a Czech royal dynasty which [17] Aldona died suddenly at the end of May 1339 and was buried in Kraków. Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland Aldona had two daughters; Cunigunde (d. 1357) married Louis VI the Roman, the son of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and Elisabeth (d. Louis VI the Roman (Ludwig VI der Römer May 7, 1328 &ndash May 17, 1365) was the first son of Emperor Louis IV the Bavarian from Louis IV ( 1 April[[ 282]] &ndash 11 October 1347) called the Bavarian, of the house of Wittelsbach, was the Duke of Bavaria 1361) married Duke Bogislaw V of Pomerania, an area in modern-day Germany and Poland. Bogislaw V (Bogusław Bogislaus (c 1318 &ndash 23 April 1374) was a Duke of Pomerania. [22] Elisabeth's daughter, Elizabeth of Pomerania, was the fourth wife of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor. Elizabeth of Pomerania (1347 &ndash 15 April, 1393) was the fourth and final wife of Charles IV Holy Roman Emperor and king of Bohemia Charles IV ( Czech: Karel IV, German: Karl IV, Hungarian: IV Károly; 14 May 1316 &ndash

Gediminas' daughter Elzbieta married Wacław of Płock, one of the dukes of Masovia in modern-day eastern Poland. Płock is a city in central Poland, on the Vistula river with 131011 inhabitants The Dukes of Masovia were a line of the Piast Dynasty who ruled in Masovia. Her second name is recorded in writings by Maciej Stryjkowski (as Danmila) and Teodor Narbutt (as Damila). Maciej Stryjkowski (also referred to as Strykowski and Strycovius; ca Teodor Narbutt (1784 – 1864 was a Polish-Lithuanian writer Romanticist Historian and military engineer It has been suggested these names are misread versions of Danutė,[23] a name derived from the word Daniel. Daniel (; Persian: دانيال, Dâniyal or Danial, also Dani, داني; Arabic: دانيال Another interpretation is that historians confused Danutė of Lithuania, daughter of Kęstutis, with Elzbieta. Danutė of Lithuania (baptized Anna; ca 1362 – May 25, 1448) was a Lithuanian princess daughter of Kęstutis, Grand Duke of Lithuania [24] As an alliance, the marriage was significant because passages to and from western Europe had to pass through Masovia; it can be seen as an attempt to revive Grand Duke Traidenis' and his daughter Gaudemunda's link with Masovia in the 1270s. Masovia or Mazovia (Mazowsze is a geographic and historic region situated in eastern Poland 's Masovian Plain. Traidenis or Troyden (died in 1282 was the Grand Duke Lithuania from 1270 (or 1269 till 1282 Gaudemunda Sophia Princess of Lithuania (also Gaudimantė; ca [2] The marriage's importance is attested by Elzbieta's dowry: 720 Kraków silver marks and nine marks of gold – three times more than an ordinary recorded dowry of the time. A dowry (also known as trousseau or tocher) is the money goods or estate that a woman brings to her soon to be husband in marriage The mark was originally a unit of Mass for Gold and Silver common throughout Western Europe, and was equal to 8 Troy ounces (249 [2] This marriage probably took place about 1316, when Gediminas supported Wacław during a civil war in the divided Duchy of Masovia. The Duchy of Masovia (Księstwo Mazowieckie was a Duchy formed when the Kingdom of Poland fragmented in 1138. [2] After Wacław's death in 1336, Elzbieta became a widow and managed her own wealth. She is mentioned for the last time in 1361, when her brother Kęstutis escaped from Marienburg and sought refuge at his sister's house; historians put her date of death at around 1364. Kęstutis (kæsˈtuːtıs born ca 1297 died on August 3 or August 15, 1382 in Kreva) was Monarch of medieval Lithuania Malbork (Marienburg in Westpreußen Civitas Beatae Virginis is a Town in northern Poland in the Żuławy region with 41000 inhabitants (2001 [23] In 1337 Elzbieta's daughter Anna, first mentioned in late 1323, married Henry of Żagań, in modern-day western Poland. Żagań ( French and Sagan is a Town in western Poland, with 26665 inhabitants (2004 Her son Bolesław III or Bolko died without a male heir in 1351 and his land was divided among other dukes. [22]

Eufemija (also known as Marija, Ofka, and Anka) married Bolesław Jerzy II of Halych, in modern-day Ukraine, in 1331. Boleslaw-Yuri II Prince of Galicia (Polish Bolesław Jerzy II Mazowiecki, also known as Yuri II of Galicia and Bolesław Trojdenowicz 1308 – April 7 1340 Halych (Галич Гáлич Halicz Halyčas is a historic city on the Dniester River in western Ukraine. The marriage was engineered in 1323 when the brothers Leo and Andrew of Halych were slain without leaving heirs. Leo of Halych may refer to Leo I of Halych, king of Halych-Volynia (1269–1301 also known as Lev Danylovich Leo II of Halych, the Andrey Yurevich or Andrew of Galicia (unknown - 1323 was the last Rus' king of Galicia - Volhynia in 1308&ndash1323 (according to other sources Instead of replacing them with his own son Liubartas and risking a war with Poland, Gediminas forged a compromise with Władysław I of Poland. Liubartas (also Lubart, Lubko, baptized Dmitry; died ca 1385 was the ruler of Galicia-Volhynia, in present-day Ukraine. Władysław the Short or Elbow-high (or Ladislaus I of Poland) ( Władysław I Łokietek) (1261 - March 2 1333 was a King of Poland. [25] Both parties agreed to install Bolesław, cousin of Władysław I and nephew of Gediminas' son-in-law Wacław of Płock, with the marriage to take place later. Bolesław at the time was fourteen years old. [25] In this way the war for control of Halych-Volhynia was postponed until after Bolesław's poisoning in 1340; control of the area was not stabilized until 1370. The Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia ( Ruthenian: sla Галицко-Волинскоє Королѣвство Regnum Galiciæ et Lodomeriæ or Galicia-Vladimir, was [26] According to Teodor Narbutt, Eufemija was drowned beneath the ice of the Vistula River on February 5, 1342, in order to keep her out of the succession disputes. Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. [2]

Aigusta was baptized as Anastasia in order to marry Simeon of Russia in 1333;[2] he became Grand Prince of Moscow in 1341. Simeon Ivanovich Gordyi (the Proud (Семён Иванович Гордый in Russian; ( 7 November 1316 - 27 April 1353) This is a list of Princes and Grand Princes of Russian Principality Moscow. There is no direct evidence that she was a daughter of Gediminas, but because the marriage was high-profile, most historians have concluded that she was a member of Gediminas' family. [23] The marriage had great potential because Lithuania and Moscow were fierce rivals for supremacy in Ruthenia, but conflicts broke out again in 1335, just two years after the marriage. Ruthenia is a geographic and culturo-ethnic name applied to the parts of Eastern Europe populated by Eastern Slavic peoples, as well as to the past various [2] Her two sons Vasilei and Konstantin did not survive infancy; her daughter Vasilisa married Mikhail Vasilevich of Kashin, a Tverite prince opposing Lithuania. Kashin (Ка́шин is a town in Tver Oblast, Russia, located around a rural agricultural area on the Kashinka [27] Her brother Jaunutis sought her help when he was deposed by Algirdas in 1345. Jaunutis (literally young man, Ruthenian: Jewnut, Polish: Jawnuta, Belarusian: Jaunut (Яўнут baptized Immediately before her death on March 11, 1345, Aigusta became a nun. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty She was buried in a monastic church with the Moscow Kremlin which construction she sponsored. The Moscow Kremlin ( Russian: Московский Кремль Moskovskiy Kreml) usually referred to as simply The Kremlin, is a historic fortified [27]

It is possible that Gediminas had two more daughters. According to Maciej Stryjkowski, one of Gediminas' daughters was married to David, his favorite war leader. David (killed in 1327 was a Castellan of Hrodna and one of the most famous warleaders of Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania. [7] However, some historians disagree with the conclusion that David was Gediminas' son-in-law, expressing skepticism about the reliability of Stryjkowski's sources. [28] The existence of another Gediminas' daughter, or rather his another sister, might be hypothesized on the basis of some written sources. The list of metropolitan Theognostus' property (published in 1916) contains a note that Andrei Mstislavich, Duke of Kozelsk (ruled from ca. Theognostus ( Феогност in Russian) (? - March 11, 1353) metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus Kozelsk (Козе́льск is a Town in Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located on the Zhizdra River ( Oka 's Tributary 1320 to 1339), was Gediminas' son-in-law. [29] On the other hand, the Ruthenian word ziat' (зять) can mean not only "son-in-law", but also "sister's husband". Ruthenian (also Hence Andrei of Kozelsk can also be consider as Gediminas' brother-in-law.

Sons

Expansion of the Lithuanian state during the 13th-15th centuries
Expansion of the Lithuanian state during the 13th-15th centuries

The chronicle of John of Winterthur contains a reference to Gediminas' eight sons. John of Winterthur (c 1300 &ndash after 1348 was a Swiss historian who wrote a chronicle of history up to 1348 [7] The names of seven sons can be found in various written sources, while the identity of the eighth remains disputed. Alvydas Nikžentaitis suggests that this son was the Duke of Trakai who perished in 1337 near Veliuona. Trakai is a historic city and lake resort in Lithuania. It lies 28 km west of Vilnius, capital of Lithuania Veliuona is a small town on Nemunas River in Jurbarkas district municipality in Lithuania. [7] Duke of Trakai was an important position held either by the Grand Duke himself or his second-in-command. Therefore 18th- and 19th-century historians believed that it was Gediminas himself who died in Veliuona,[30] which still advertises itself as the place of Gediminas' burial. Nikžentaitis further postulates that the name of the unknown son might have been Vytautas, as records indicate young and powerful Yuri, son of Vytautas and deputy of Andrei, son of Algirdas. Andrei of Polotsk (Andrius Algirdaitis born ca 1325 – died on 12 August 1399 in the Battle of the Vorskla River) was the eldest son Algirdas Yuri was deputy Duke of Pskov and died in 1348. Pskov (Псков ancient Russian spelling Пльсковъ Pleskov) in Latvian Pleskava, in Estonian Pihkva, is an ancient city located in [31] His high position in youth could easily be accounted for by being a grandson of Gediminas. [7] However, others dispute these theories, arguing that the note in John of Winterthur's chronicle was misinterpreted. [32]

It is unclear why, but Jaunutis, a middle son not mentioned in any written sources before the coup d'état accomplished by his brothers, was designated by Gediminas as his heir in Vilnius and consequently became the Grand Duke. Jaunutis (literally young man, Ruthenian: Jewnut, Polish: Jawnuta, Belarusian: Jaunut (Яўнут baptized [33] His brother Kęstutis, Duke of Trakai, was assisting him in Samogitia. Kęstutis (kæsˈtuːtıs born ca 1297 died on August 3 or August 15, 1382 in Kreva) was Monarch of medieval Lithuania Samogitia ( Samogitian: Žemaitėjė, Žemaitija literally lowlands) is one of the five Ethnographic Regions of Lithuania. Despite help from Narimantas, Jaunutis was deposed by his brothers Algirdas and Kęstutis in 1345, just four years after Gediminas' death. Algirdas, (ɑlgərdɑːs known as Olgierd Альгерд Ольгерд b [33] Jaunutis tried, but failed, to solicit help from his brother-in-law Simeon of Russia and was baptized as Iwan in the process. Simeon Ivanovich Gordyi (the Proud (Семён Иванович Гордый in Russian; ( 7 November 1316 - 27 April 1353) He was forced to reconcile with Algirdas and in compensation received the Duchy of Zasłaŭje, which he ruled until his death in 1366. [34]

Algirdas was the son whose heirs continued the Gediminid line. Algirdas, (ɑlgərdɑːs known as Olgierd Альгерд Ольгерд b Before deposing his brother Jaunutis in 1345, he ruled Kreva and, despite remaining pagan, married Maria, a daughter of the last prince of Vitebsk. Kreva (Крэва 'krɛva Krėva Krevas Krewo is a township in Hrodna Voblast, Belarus. Vitebsk, also known as Vitsyebsk ( Belarusian: Ві́цебск 'vʲitsʲepsk Russian: Ви́тебск Vitebsk [17] After 1345 he became the Grand Duke of Lithuania and shared his power with his brother Kęstutis. Their successful collaboration is celebrated in Lithuanian historiography, and gave rise to a much debated theory that a tradition of co-rule or diarchy in Lithuania was customary and arose as early as 1285. [7] The Grand Duchy experienced its greatest expansion during their reign. While Algirdas was mostly active in the east, Kęstutis occupied himself by managing the Duchy's interactions with the Teutonic Knights, Poland, and other western European entities. [35] In 1350 Algirdas contracted a second marriage with Uliana of Tver; he chose their son Jogaila as the next Grand Duke. Jogaila, later Władysław II Jagiełło (b about 1362 d 1 June 1434 was Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland. In 1385 Jogaila opened a new chapter in the history of Lithuania by converting the country to Christianity and signing a personal union with Poland, becoming King of Poland. This article discusses the history of Lithuania and of the Lithuanians. The Christianization of Lithuania (Lietuvos krikštas was the event that took place in 1387 initiated by the Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland The Union of Krewo, also known as Krėva Act (other names Union of Krevo, Act of Kreva) was a set of promises of Jogaila, Grand Duke This Polish–Lithuanian union, in various forms, survived until the third partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795. The term Polish–Lithuanian Union sometimes called as United Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania refers to a series of acts and alliances between the Kingdom of Poland The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic Jogaila's branch of the Gediminids is known as the Jagiellon dynasty. The Jagiellons (Jogailaičiai Jagiellonowie were a royal Dynasty originating from Lithuanian House of Gediminas dynasty that reigned in Central European

Commemorative silver coin (50 litas) with a modern portrait of Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1345–1377
Commemorative silver coin (50 litas) with a modern portrait of Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1345–1377

Kęstutis, Duke of Trakai, despite exercising considerable autonomy while controlling the western provinces of the duchy, was loyal to Algirdas and acknowledged his superiority. The litas ( ISO currency code LTL symbolized as Lt plural litai or litų) is the currency of Lithuania. Kęstutis (kæsˈtuːtıs born ca 1297 died on August 3 or August 15, 1382 in Kreva) was Monarch of medieval Lithuania Kęstutis was a devoted pagan and dedicated his life to defending Lithuania from the Teutonic Knights. A popular romantic legend arose about his marriage to the pagan priestess Birutė of Palanga. Birutė (died in 1382 was the second wife of Kęstutis, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and mother of Vytautas the Great. Palanga ( is a seaside Resort town in western Lithuania, on the shore of the Baltic Sea. They had seven or eight children, including Vytautas the Great. Vytautas the Great ( Lithuanian:; Vitaŭt; Latin: Alexander Vitoldus; Witold Ruthenian: Vitovt; c [36] After Algirdas' death in 1377, his son Jogaila became the Grand Duke. At first Kęstutis and his son Vytautas acknowledged Jogaila's rule, but after Jogaila signed the controversial Treaty of Dovydiškės with the Teutonic Knights, Kęstutis seized Vilnius and became the Grand Duke in late 1381. The Treaty of Dovydiškės (Dovydiškių sutartis Traktat w lasach dawidyskich or Traktat w Dawidyszkach; Treaty of Dovydiškės Daudiske, or Daudisken In August 1382 he was imprisoned in Kreva and died there. Kreva (Крэва 'krɛva Krėva Krevas Krewo is a township in Hrodna Voblast, Belarus. [37][38] Vytautas continued his fight for supremacy, and the conflicts between the descendants of Algirdas and Kęstutis lasted well into the 15th century. [3]

Manvydas was the eldest son of Gediminas and inherited the territories of Kernavė and Slonim from his father. Manvydas or Monwid (ca 1288–1348 was the eldest son of Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and inherited Kernavė and Slonim after Kernavė, a medieval Capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, today is a tourist and archeological village (with Slonim ( Belarusian: Сло́нім is a city in Belarus in the Hrodna voblast and Slonim Rayon, located at the junction of the Shchara [32] Little is known about him, and he died soon after Gediminas. It is believed that he was killed in the Battle of Strėva in 1348 along with his brother Narimantas. Battle of Strėva or Strebe was fought on February 2 1348 between the Teutonic Knights and pagan Grand Duchy of Lithuania on For an earlier historically unattested and possibly just a mythical namesake see Palemonids Narimantas or Narymunt [7]

Narimantas was the second son of Gediminas. He was baptized as Gleb and went on to rule Pinsk, Polotsk, and – as his patrimony by invitation of Novgorod's nobles – Ladoga, Oreshek and Korela. Pinsk (Пінск a town in Belarus, in the Polesia region traversed by the river Pripyat, at the confluence of the Strumen and Veliky Novgorod (Вели́кий Но́вгород is the foremost historic city of North-Western Russia and the administrative center of Novgorod Staraya Ladoga (Ста́рая Ла́дога or the Aldeigjuborg of Norse sagas is a village ( selo) in the Volkhovsky Shlisselburg (Шлиссельбу́рг is a town in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, situated at the head of the Neva River on Lake Korela Fortress ( Russian: Корела Finnish: Käkisalmen linna, Swedish: Keksholms fästning) at the town of Priozersk [39] He initiated a tradition of Lithuanian mercenary service north of Novgorod on the Swedish border that lasted until Novgorod's fall to Moscow in 1477[40] and helped keep Moscow at bay. A mercenary is a person who takes part in an armed conflict who is not a national or a party to the conflict and is "motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by [41] In 1345 Narimantas became the strongest supporter of his deposed brother Jaunutis and went to Jani Beg, Khan of the Golden Horde, to ask for support against Algirdas and Kęstutis. Jani Beg (? — 1357 was a khan of the Golden Horde from 1342-1357 succeeding his father Uzbeg Khan. This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. There are rumors that Narimantas married a Tatar princess, but they lack credibility. [19] After a few years the brothers reconciled, and it is believed that Narimantas led the Battle of Strėva in the name of Algirdas and died there. He left behind three to five sons who founded Russian princely families, including Kurakin and Galitzine. Kurakin (Куракин was a Gediminid Russian princely family and may refer to Alexander Kurakin (senator (1697-1749 a Russian diplomat The Galitzines, more correctly the Golitsyns (Голи́цын are one of the largest and noblest Princely houses of Russia. [39]

Karijotas was baptized as Mikhail and inherited Navahrudak in Black Ruthenia. Karijotas or Koriat (baptized Michal; died between 1358 and 1363 was the Duke of Navahrudak and Vaŭkavysk, one of the sons of Navahrudak, Novgorodok or Novogrudok (Навагрудак nava'ɣrudak Новогрудок also known as Nowogródek and Naugardukas is a city in the Hrodna Black Ruthenia, Black Rus' or Black Russia are variant term used for a region around Novgorodok (Navahrudak in the western part of contemporary Belarus In 1348 he was sent by Algirdas to Khan Jani Beg to negotiate a coalition against the Teutonic Knights, but was handed over to Moscow for ransom. Jani Beg (? — 1357 was a khan of the Golden Horde from 1342-1357 succeeding his father Uzbeg Khan. The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order. [42] He died about 1363. It is uncertain how many children he had: the number varies between four and nine. [43]

Liubartas (baptized Dymitr) was Gediminas' youngest son. Liubartas (also Lubart, Lubko, baptized Dmitry; died ca 1385 was the ruler of Galicia-Volhynia, in present-day Ukraine. In the early 1320s he married a daughter of Andrew of Halych and ruled Lutsk in eastern Volhynia. Andrey Yurevich or Andrew of Galicia (unknown - 1323 was the last Rus' king of Galicia - Volhynia in 1308&ndash1323 (according to other sources Lutsk (Луцьк translit Luts’k, Łuck is a city located by the Styr River in north-western Ukraine. [26] After Andrew's and his brother Leo of Halych's deaths about 1323, Halych-Volhynia experienced a power vacuum. Lev Yurevich or Lev II of Galicia (unknown - 1323 was the last Rus'ian king of Galicia-Volhynia in 1308&ndash1323 (according to other sources since 1315 Rather than promoting Liubartas and risking a war with Poland, Gediminas married his daughter Eufemija to Bolesław Jerzy II of Halych. Boleslaw-Yuri II Prince of Galicia (Polish Bolesław Jerzy II Mazowiecki, also known as Yuri II of Galicia and Bolesław Trojdenowicz 1308 – April 7 1340 War with Poland was thereby postponed until 1340. The issue was settled after 1370, when Poland received Halych, while Lithuania retained Volhynia. Halych (Галич Гáлич Halicz Halyčas is a historic city on the Dniester River in western Ukraine. [26] Liubartas died around 1385, having ruled Volhynia for roughly sixty years. He had three sons.

Graphic representation

Skalmantas?
       
 
Butegeidis
Grand Duke of Lithuania		 Butvydas?
Grand Duke of Lithuania
 
   
         
Fiodor*
Duke of Kiev		 Vainius
Duke of Polatsk		 Vytenis
Grand Duke of Lithuania		 Gediminas
Grand Duke of Lithuania		 Margiris?
Duke of Samogitia		 NN daughter?
       
Liubka Žvelgaitis     NN son
   
           
Maria*
Duchess of Tver		 Aldona
Baptized: Ona
Queen of Poland		 Elzbieta*
Duchess of Płock		   Eufemija
Baptized: Marija
Duchess of Halych		 Aigusta
Baptized: Anastasia
Duchess of Moscow		 NN daughter?
Duchess of Pskov?
Duchess of Kozelsk?
       
  2 daughters   2 children     3 children
   
             
Vytautas?
Duke of Trakai?		 Manvydas
Duke of Slonim		 Narimantas
Baptized: Gleb
Duke of Pinsk		 Algirdas
Grand Duke of Lithuania		 Kęstutis
Grand Duke of Lithuania		 Jaunutis
Baptized: Iwan
Grand Duke of Lithuania		 Karijotas
Baptized: Mikhail
Duke of Navahrudak		 Liubartas
Baptized: Dymitr
Duke of Volhynia
           
1 son 3, 4, or 5 sons 22 children 7 or 8 children 2 sons 4 to 10 children 3 sons

* Pagan name unknown; Christian (baptism) name provided
Main sources:
  • (Lithuanian) Nikžentaitis, Alvydas (1989). Skalmantas or Skolomend is the name of a possible ancestor of the Gediminid dynasty Butigeidis ( Budikid) was the Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1285 to 1291 Butvydas or Pukuveras (also known as Боудивидъ Liutauras, Pukuwer or Pucuwerus, died in 1295 was the Grand Duke of Fiodor of Kiev (14th century was Duke of Kiev and brother of Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania. Vainius or Voin (died between 1338 and 1342 was the Prince of Polotsk from 1315 to his death Vytenis was the Grand Duke of Lithuania from c 1295 to c 1316 Gediminas (ca 1275 – winter 1341 was the Monarch of medieval Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the title lt didysis kunigaikštis (вялікі князь Margiris or Margis (died in 1336 was a Duke of Samogitia, a medieval Lithuanian prince mentioned in the Chronicle of Wigand of Nomen nescio, abbreviated to NN, is used to signify an anonymous or non-specific person Aldona (baptized Ona or Anna; her pagan name Aldona is known only from the writings of Maciej Stryjkowski; Casimir was seeking allies over the dispute Manvydas or Monwid (ca 1288–1348 was the eldest son of Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and inherited Kernavė and Slonim after For an earlier historically unattested and possibly just a mythical namesake see Palemonids Narimantas or Narymunt Algirdas, (ɑlgərdɑːs known as Olgierd Альгерд Ольгерд b Kęstutis (kæsˈtuːtıs born ca 1297 died on August 3 or August 15, 1382 in Kreva) was Monarch of medieval Lithuania Jaunutis (literally young man, Ruthenian: Jewnut, Polish: Jawnuta, Belarusian: Jaunut (Яўнут baptized Karijotas or Koriat (baptized Michal; died between 1358 and 1363 was the Duke of Navahrudak and Vaŭkavysk, one of the sons of Liubartas (also Lubart, Lubko, baptized Dmitry; died ca 1385 was the ruler of Galicia-Volhynia, in present-day Ukraine. Gediminas. Vilnius: Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija, 7–16.  
  • Rowell, S. C. (1994). Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire Within East-Central Europe, 1295–1345, Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series. Cambridge University Press, xxxii-xxxviii. ISBN 9780521450119.  

References

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  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Rowell, S. C. (1994). Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire Within East-Central Europe, 1295–1345, Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series. Cambridge University Press, 89–93. ISBN 9780521450119.  
  3. ^ a b Rowell, S. C. Lithuania Ascending, 69
  4. ^ (Russian) (1995) Families of the Nobility of the Russian Empire. Second Volume. Princes. St. Petersburg: Vesti, 26. ISBN 5-86153-012-2.  
  5. ^ a b c Rowell, S. C. Lithuania Ascending, 52–55
  6. ^ Jokimaitis, Rimantas; Algis Kasperavičius, Eugenijus Manelis, Beatričė Stukienė (1999). World and Lithuanian History. VI-XVIII centuries, The World and Lithuania. Vilnius: Kronta, 118–135. Retrieved on 2007-03-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing  
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  8. ^ Nikžentaitis, Alvydas. Gediminas, 23
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  10. ^ a b (Lithuanian) "Vainius". Tarybų Lietuvos enciklopedija IV. (1988). Ed. Jonas Zinkus, et. al. Vilnius, Lithuania: Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija. 419.  
  11. ^ a b (Lithuanian) Gudavičius, Edvardas (2004). Edvardas Gudavičius (born on September 6, 1929 in Kaunas) is one of the best known historians in modern Lithuania specializing in history of "Teodoras". Lietuvos valdovai (XIII-XVIII a. ): enciklopedinis žinynas. Ed. Vytautas Spečiūnas. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. 31. ISBN 5-420-01535-8.  
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  17. ^ a b c d e Rowell, S. C. Lithuania Ascending, 87–88
  18. ^ Kiaupa, Zigmantas; Jūratė Kiaupienė, Albinas Kunevičius [1995] (2000). The History of Lithuania Before 1795, English, Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History, 118. ISBN 9986-810-13-2.  
  19. ^ a b Rowell, S. C. Lithuania Ascending, 114
  20. ^ a b (Lithuanian) Gudavičius, Edvardas (2004). Edvardas Gudavičius (born on September 6, 1929 in Kaunas) is one of the best known historians in modern Lithuania specializing in history of "Aldona". Lietuvos valdovai (XIII-XVIII a. ): enciklopedinis žinynas. Ed. Vytautas Spečiūnas. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. 40. ISBN 5-420-01535-8.  
  21. ^ a b (Lithuanian) Jonynas, Ignas (1933). "Aldona". Lietuviškoji enciklopedija I. Ed. Vaclovas Biržiška. Kaunas: Spaudos Fondas. 208–211.  
  22. ^ a b Rowell, S. C. Lithuania Ascending, xxxvi
  23. ^ a b c (Lithuanian) Jonynas, Ignas (1937). "Damilla". Lietuviškoji enciklopedija V. Ed. Vaclovas Biržiška. Kaunas: Spaudos Fondas. 1414.  
  24. ^ (Lithuanian) Jonynas, Ignas (1937). "Danutė". Lietuviškoji enciklopedija 5. Ed. Vaclovas Biržiška. Kaunas: Spaudos Fondas. 1501–1502.  
  25. ^ a b Rowell, S. C. Lithuania Ascending, 224
  26. ^ a b c "Liubartas". Encyclopedia Lituanica III. Encyclopedia Lituanica (likely named after Encyclopædia Britannica or Encyclopedia Americana) is a six-volume (about 3600-page English language Encyclopedia (1970–1978). Ed. Simas Sužiedėlis. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. 411–412. LCC 74-114275. The Library of Congress Classification ( LCC) is a system of Library classification developed by the Library of Congress.  
  27. ^ a b Rowell, S. C. (Spring 1994). "Pious Princesses or Daughters of Belial: Pagan Lithuanian Dynastic Diplomacy, 1279–1423". Medieval Prosopography 15 (1): 39–40. ISSN 0198-9405. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.  
  28. ^ Rowell, S. C. Lithuania Ascending, 82
  29. ^ Rowell, S. C. Lithuania Ascending, 160–161
  30. ^ (Lithuanian) Zemlickas, Gediminas (2006-06-21). "Istorija ir „Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija“ (2)". Mokslo Lietuva 11 (345).  
  31. ^ (Lithuanian) Jonynas, Ignas (1933–1944). "Andrius". Lietuviškoji enciklopedija I. Ed. Vaclovas Biržiška. Kaunas: Spaudos Fondas. 575–585.  
  32. ^ a b Rowell, S. C. Lithuania Ascending, 280
  33. ^ a b Rowell, S. C. Lithuania Ascending, 282–283
  34. ^ "Jaunutis". Encyclopedia Lituanica II. Encyclopedia Lituanica (likely named after Encyclopædia Britannica or Encyclopedia Americana) is a six-volume (about 3600-page English language Encyclopedia (1970–1978). Ed. Simas Sužiedėlis. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. 516. LCC 74-114275. The Library of Congress Classification ( LCC) is a system of Library classification developed by the Library of Congress.  
  35. ^ Kiaupa, Zigmantas; Jūratė Kiaupienė, Albinas Kunevičius [1995] (2000). The History of Lithuania Before 1795, English, Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History, 119–120. ISBN 9986-810-13-2.  
  36. ^ Rowell, S. C. Lithuania Ascending, xxxvi
  37. ^ (Lithuanian) Ivinskis, Zenonas (1978). Lietuvos istorija iki Vytauto Didžiojo mirties. Rome: Lietuvių Katalikų Mokslo Akademija, 271–274.  
  38. ^ Kestutis. Encyclopædia Britannica. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc Retrieved on 2007-09-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France
  39. ^ a b (Lithuanian) Kiaupa, Zigmantas (2004). Zigmantas Kiaupa (born June 29, 1942 in Pakiaunis village near Ignalina) - Lithuanian historian archivist professor "Narimantas". Lietuvos valdovai (XIII-XVIII a. ): enciklopedinis žinynas. Ed. Vytautas Spečiūnas. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. 42. ISBN 5-420-01535-8.  
  40. ^ Rowell, S. C. Lithuania Ascending, 175
  41. ^ Rowell, S. C. Lithuania Ascending, 251
  42. ^ Rowell, S. C. Lithuania Ascending, 114
  43. ^ "Karijotas". Encyclopedia Lituanica III. Encyclopedia Lituanica (likely named after Encyclopædia Britannica or Encyclopedia Americana) is a six-volume (about 3600-page English language Encyclopedia (1970–1978). Ed. Simas Sužiedėlis. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. 47–48. LCC 74-114275. The Library of Congress Classification ( LCC) is a system of Library classification developed by the Library of Congress.  

See also

The Palemonids were a Legendary Dynasty of Grand Dukes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Ruthenia. The House of Mindaugas was the first royal family of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, centered around Mindaugas, the first known and undoubted sovereign of Lithuania
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