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Horticulture (pronounced /'hɔ:tɪkʌltʃə/ or US /ˈhɔrtɨkʌltʃɚ/[1]) is the art and science of the cultivation of plants. Phonology North American English regional phonology In many ways compared to English English, North American English is conservative in its Phonology. Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life

Horticulturists work and conduct research in the fields of plant propagation and cultivation, crop production, plant breeding and genetic engineering, plant biochemistry, and plant physiology. Plant propagation is the process of artificially or naturally propagating (distributing or spreading Plants Sexual propagation (seed See also Plant breeding is the art and science of changing the genetics of plants for the benefit of humankind Genetic engineering, Recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification/manipulation (GM and gene splicing are terms that apply to the direct Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical The work particularly involves fruits, berries, nuts, vegetables, flowers, trees, shrubs, and turf. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. The word berry has two meanings one based on a botanical definition the other on common identification Nut is a general term for the large dry oily Seeds or Fruit of some Plants. The term " vegetable " generally means the edible parts of Plants The definition of the word is traditional rather than Scientific, however A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or A shrub or Bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of Woody plant, distinguished from a Tree Sod or turf is grass and the part of the Soil beneath it held together by the Roots or a piece of this material Horticulturalists work to improve crop yield, quality, nutritional value, and resistance to insects, diseases, and environmental stresses. Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision to cells and Organisms of the materials necessary (in the form of food to support Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly

Contents

Etymology

The word horticulture is a 17th century English adaptation of the Latin hortus (garden) and cultura (culture). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. A garden is a planned space usually outdoors set aside for the display cultivation and enjoyment of Plants and other forms of Nature. Horticulture is the art of gardening or plant growing, in contrast to agronomy - the cultivation of field crops such as cereals and animal fodder,[2] forestry - cultivation of trees and products related to them,[3] or agriculture - the practice of farming. Gardening is the practice of growing Plants for their attractive flowers or foliage and Vegetables or Fruits for consumption Agronomy is the science and technology of using plants for food fuel feed and fiber In Agriculture, fodder or animal feed is any Foodstuff that is used specifically to feed Domesticated Livestock, such as Forestry is the Art and Science of managing forests tree Plantations and related Natural resources. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture

The study of horticulture

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Horticulture and Gardening
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Horticulture involves six areas of study, which can be grouped into two broad sections - ornamentals and edibles:

Horticulturists can work in industry, government or educational institutions or private collections. They can be cropping systems engineers, wholesale or retail business managers, propagators and tissue culture specialists (fruits, vegetables, ornamentals, and turf), crop inspectors, crop production advisers, extension specialists, plant breeders, research scientists, and of course, teachers.

Disciplines which complement horticulture include biology, botany, entomology, chemistry, mathematics, genetics, physiology, statistics, computer science, and communications, garden design, planting design. Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Entomology (from Greek grc ἔντομος entomos, "that which is cut in pieces or engraved/segmented" hence "insect" and grc -λογία Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection analysis interpretation or explanation and presentation of Data. Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their Communication studies is an Academic field that deals with processes of communication commonly defined as the sharing of Symbols over distances in space and time Garden design is the art and process of Designing and creating plans for layout and planting of Gardens and Landscapes Garden design may be done by the garden The art of design with plant material is related to the art of Garden design but has a different emphasis and a different approach Plant science and horticulture courses include: plant materials, plant propagation, tissue culture, crop production, post-harvest handling, plant breeding, pollination management, crop nutrition, entomology, plant pathology, economics, and business. Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Plant propagation is the process of artificially or naturally propagating (distributing or spreading Plants Sexual propagation (seed See also In Agriculture, Postharvest handling is the stage of crop production immediately following Harvest, including cooling cleaning sorting and Plant breeding is the art and science of changing the genetics of plants for the benefit of humankind Pollination Management is the label for horticultural practices that accomplish or enhance Pollination of a crop to improve yield or quality by understanding of the particular Entomology (from Greek grc ἔντομος entomos, "that which is cut in pieces or engraved/segmented" hence "insect" and grc -λογία Some careers in horticultural science require a masters (MS) or doctoral (PhD) degree.

Horticulture is practised in many gardens, "plant growth centres" and nurseries. Activities in nurseries range from preparing seeds and cuttings to growing fully mature plants. These are often sold or transferred to ornamental gardens or market gardens.

Horticulture and anthropology

The origins of horticulture lie in the transition of human communities from nomadic hunter-gatherers to sedentary or semi-sedentary horticultural communities, cultivating a variety of crops on a small scale around their dwellings or in specialized plots visited occasionally during migrations from one area to the next. A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild Foraging and Hunting (such as the "milpa" or maize field of Mesoamerican cultures[4]). Milpa is a crop-growing system used throughout Mesoamerica. It has been most extensively described in the Yucatán peninsula area of Mexico. Mesoamerica or Meso-America (Mesoamérica is a Region extending approximately from central Mexico to Honduras and Nicaragua, defined In forest areas such horticulture is often carried out in swiddens ("slash and burn" areas)[5]. Slash and burn consists of cutting and burning of Forests or Woodlands to create fields for Agriculture or Pasture for Livestock, or Slash and burn consists of cutting and burning of Forests or Woodlands to create fields for Agriculture or Pasture for Livestock, or A characteristic of horticultural communities is that useful trees are often to be found planted around communities or specially retained from the natural ecosystem.

Horticulture sometimes differs from agriculture in (1) a smaller scale of cultivation, using small plots of mixed crops rather than large field of single crops (2) the cultivation of a wider variety of crops, often including fruit trees. In pre-contact North America the semi-sedentary horticultural communities of the Eastern Woodlands (growing maize, squash and sunflower) contrasted markedly with the mobile hunter-gatherer communities of the Plains people. A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild Foraging and Hunting The Plains Indians are the Indigenous peoples who live on the plains and rolling hills of the Great Plains of North America. In Central America, Maya horticulture involved augmentation of the forest with useful trees such as papaya, avocado, cacao, ceiba and sapodilla. The Maya civilization is a Mesoamerican Civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the Pre-Columbian Americas The papaya (from Carib via Spanish) is the Fruit of the Plant Carica papaya, in the genus Carica. The avocado ( Persea americana) (from Nahuatl āhuacatl) also known as aguacate ( Spanish) butter pear or CACAO is a research Java Virtual Machine developed at Vienna University of Technology. Ceiba (includes Chorisia is the name of a genus of many species of large Trees found in tropical areas including Mexico, Central and Sapodilla ( Manilkara zapota) is a long-lived Evergreen Tree native to the New World tropics In the cornfields, multiple crops were grown such as beans (using cornstalks as supports), squash, pumpkins and chilli peppers, in some cultures tended mainly or exclusively by women [6].

Gallery

The Butchart Gardens, British Columbia, Canada

Cool climate greenhouses extend the growing season

Community gardens often have several horticultural practices in use

References

  1. ^ [1]
  2. ^ EnviroEducation.com - Environmental Majors and Programs - Agronomy
  3. ^ Janick, Jules. The Butchart Gardens is a group of floral display gardens in Brentwood Bay, British Columbia, Canada, near Victoria on Vancouver Island British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page In Agriculture, the growing season is the period of each Year when crops can be grown 1979. Horticultural science. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. Page 1.
  4. ^ von Hagen, V. W. (1957) The Ancient Sun Kingdoms Of The Americas. Ohio: The World Publishing Company
  5. ^ McGee, J. R. and Kruse, M. (1986) Swidden horticulture among the Lacandon Maya [videorecording (29 mins. )] . University of California, Berkeley: Extension Media Center
  6. ^ Thompson, S. I. (1977) Women, Horticulture, and Society in Tropical America. American Anthropologist, N. S. , 79: 908-910

See also

External links

Arboriculture ('ɑːbərɪkʌltʃə is the cultivation of trees and shrubs Agronomy is the science and technology of using plants for food fuel feed and fiber Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Aquaponics (IPA /ˈækwəˈpɒnɪks/ is the symbiotic cultivation of plants and aquatic animals in a recirculating environment Arborsculpture is the art and technique of growing and shaping trunks of trees and other woody plants Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Pollination in angiosperms and Gymnosperms is the process that transfers pollen grains, which contain the male Gametes (sperm to where the female A cultigen is a plant that has been deliberately altered or selected by humans it is the result of Artificial selection. Espalier is the horticultural technique of training trees through pruning and Grafting in order to create formal "two-dimensional" or single plane patterns Forestry is the Art and Science of managing forests tree Plantations and related Natural resources. Gardening is the practice of growing Plants for their attractive flowers or foliage and Vegetables or Fruits for consumption The terms "geoponic" and "geoponics" refer to growing plants in a normal soil This entry concerns the history of ornamental gardening considered as an amenity of civilized life as a vehicle for style for conspicuous show and even an expression of philosophy In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. Hydroponics (from the Greek words hydro (water and ponos (labour is a method of growing Plants using mineral Nutrient solutions without The Journal of Applied Horticulture (JAH is a professional journal involved in the publishing of papers of original work (or results & rapid communications and The word permaculture, coined by Australians Bill Mollison and David Holmgren during the 1970s is a Portmanteau of perma nent agri' Plant breeding is the art and science of changing the genetics of plants for the benefit of humankind Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of Botany concerned with the function or Physiology, of Plants Closely related fields include Plant morphology Plant propagation is the process of artificially or naturally propagating (distributing or spreading Plants Sexual propagation (seed See also The art of design with plant material is related to the art of Garden design but has a different emphasis and a different approach Pollination in angiosperms and Gymnosperms is the process that transfers pollen grains, which contain the male Gametes (sperm to where the female For other uses of the term "Pruning" see Pruning (disambiguation. The Royal Horticultural Society ( RHS) was founded in 1804 in London, England as the Horticultural Society of London, and gained its present This article focuses on selective breeding in domesticated animals The Plantsman, Published Quarterly by the Royal Horticultural Society since 1979, is a 68-page Journal "dedicated Viticulture (from the Latin word for Vine) is the Science, production and study of Grapes which deals with the series of

Dictionary

horticulture

-noun

  1. the science of caring for gardens; gardening
  2. small scale agriculture
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