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Equus ferus caballus (see text) |
The horse (Equus caballus) is a large odd-toed ungulate mammal, one of ten living species of the family Equidae. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for In Scientific nomenclature, synonyms are different Scientific names used for a single Taxon. The odd-toed ungulates are browsing and Grazing Mammals which compose the order Perissodactyla. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Equidae is the family of horse-like animals which belong to the order Perissodactyla.
For centuries horses have been one of the most economically important domesticated animals, especially relied upon for farmwork and for transportation. Domestication (from Latin domesticus) refers to the process whereby a Population of Animals Their importance declined following the introduction of mechanization. Mechanization or mechanisation ( BE) is providing human operators with machinery to assist them with the physical requirements of work The history of the horse is prominent in religion, mythology, art, transportation, agriculture, and warfare. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos The word mythology (from the Greek grc μυθολογία mythología, meaning "a story-telling a legendary lore" Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Horses were first used in warfare over 5000 years ago The earliest evidence of the use of horses ridden in warfare dates
Most horses perform work such as carrying humans or are harnessed to pull objects such as carts or plows. For the Roman class see Equestrian (Roman Equestrianism refers to the skill of riding or driving Horses This broad description A horse harness is a type of Horse tack that allows a Horse or other Equine to pull various Horse-drawn vehicles such as a Carriage Horse -drawn vehicles were once common worldwide but they have mostly been replaced by Automobiles and other forms of self-propelled transport The plough ( American spelling plow; both plaʊ is a Tool used in Farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed Hundreds of distinct horse breeds have been developed, allowing horses to be specialized for certain tasks; lighter horses for racing or riding, heavier horses for farming and other tasks requiring pulling power. Meyers b12 s0947bjpg|thumb|Heavy or draft horse breeds]] This page is a list of Horse and Pony breeds and also includes terms used to describe types of horses that are not This article is about the sport For other uses see Horserace (drinking game or Horse race (politics. For the Roman class see Equestrian (Roman Equestrianism refers to the skill of riding or driving Horses This broad description A farm is an area of land including various structures devoted primarily to the practice of producing and managing food ( Produce, Grains, or Livestock Some horses, such as the miniature horse, can be kept as pets. Miniature horses are found all over the world and come in various colors and coat patterns In some societies, horses are a source of food, both meat and milk; in others it is taboo to consume these products. Horse meat is the culinary name for meat cut from a Horse. It is slightly sweet tender low in fat and high in protein Taboo food and drinks are food and drink which people abstain from consuming for religious or cultural reasons In industrialized countries, horses are predominantly kept for leisure and sporting pursuits, while in other parts of the world they are still used as working animals. The term developed country, or advanced country, is used to categorize countries with developed Economies in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks
Horses and humans have lived and worked together for thousands of years and an extensive specialized vocabulary has arisen to describe virtually every horse behavioral and anatomical characteristic with a high degree of precision.
Contents |
Biology
Horse anatomy is described by a large number of horse specific terms, as illustrated by the chart to the right. Specific terms also describe horses of various ages, colors and breeds. Meyers b12 s0947bjpg|thumb|Heavy or draft horse breeds]] This page is a list of Horse and Pony breeds and also includes terms used to describe types of horses that are not
Age
Depending on breed, management and environment, the domestic horse today has a life expectancy of 25 to 30 years. It is uncommon, but a few horses live into their 40s, and, occasionally, beyond. The oldest verifiable record was "Old Billy," a horse that lived in the 19th century to the age of 62. [1] In modern times, Sugar Puff, who had been listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's oldest then-living pony, died at age 56. Guinness World Records, known until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records (and in previous U [2]
Regardless of a horse's actual birthdate, for most competition purposes, horses are considered a year older on January 1 of each year in the northern hemisphere[3][4] and August 1 in the southern hemisphere. The exception is endurance riding, where the minimum age to compete is based on the horse's actual calendar age. Endurance riding is an equestrian sport based on controlled long distance races
The following terminology is used to describe horses of various ages:
- Foal: a horse of either sex less than one year old. A foal is a Horse that is one year old or younger More specific terms are colt for a Male foal and Filly for a Female foal A nursing foal is sometimes called a suckling and a foal that has been weaned is called a weanling. [5] Most domesticated foals are weaned at 4-6 months of age.
- Yearling: a horse of either sex that is between one and two years old. A yearling is a young Horse of either sex that is between one and two years old [6]
- Colt: a male horse under the age of four. A colt is a young Male Horse, under the age of four However in olden days the word 'colt' referred to any young or infant horse regardless of gender [7] A common terminology error is to call any young horse a colt, when the term actually only refers to young male horses.
- Filly: a female horse under the age of four. A filly is a young Female Horse too young to be called a mare. [5]
- Mare: a female horse four years old and older. [8]
- Stallion: a non-castrated male horse four years old and older. [9] Some people, particularly in the UK, refer to a stallion as a "horse. "[10] A Ridgling or "Rig" is a stallion which has an undescended testicle. A ridgling or rig is a Male animal with an undescended Testicle. If both testicles are not descended, the horse may appear to be a gelding, but will still behave like a stallion. [11]
- Gelding: a castrated male horse of any age,[5] though for convenience sake, many people also refer to a young gelding under the age of four as a "colt. A gelding is a castrated animal &mdash in English the term specifically refers to a castrated male Horse or other Equine such as a Donkey Castration (also referred to as Gelding, Neutering, Fixing, orchiectomy, and orchidectomy is any action surgical, chemical "
In horse racing, the definitions of colt, filly, mare, and stallion or horse may differ from those given above. This article is about the sport For other uses see Horserace (drinking game or Horse race (politics. In the United Kingdom, Thoroughbred horse racing defines a colt as a male horse less than five years old, and a filly as a female horse less than five years old. The Thoroughbred is a horse breed [12] In the USA, both Thoroughbred racing and harness racing defines colts and fillies as four years old and younger. Thoroughbred horse racing is a worldwide Sport and Industry involving the racing of Thoroughbred Horses It is governed by different national Harness racing is a form of Horse-racing in which the horses race in a specified gait [13]
A very rough estimate of a horse's age can be made from looking at its teeth. The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. [4]
Size
The English-speaking world measures the height of horses in hands, abbreviated "h" or "hh," and is measured at the highest point of an animal's withers. See also Hand A hand (or handbreadth) is a unit of length Measurement, originally based on the breadth of a Male Human hand Wither redirects here For the comic character see Wither (comics. One hand is 4 inches, or 10. 16 cm. Intermediate heights are defined by hands and inches, rounding to the lower measurement in hands, followed by a decimal point and the number of additional inches between 1 and 3. Thus a horse described as 15. 2 hh tall, means it is 15 hands, 2 inches, or 62 inches (157 cm) in height. [14]
The size of horses varies by breed, but can also be influenced by nutrition. Meyers b12 s0947bjpg|thumb|Heavy or draft horse breeds]] This page is a list of Horse and Pony breeds and also includes terms used to describe types of horses that are not Equine nutrition is the feeding of Horses ponies, Mules Donkeys and other equines Correct and balanced Nutrition is a critical The general rule for cutoff in height between what is considered a horse and a pony at maturity is 14. A pony is a small Horse with a specific conformation and temperament 2 hands (147 cm, 58 inches) as measured at the withers. An animal 14. 2h or over is usually considered a horse and one less than 14. 2h is a pony. [15] However, there are exceptions to the general rule. Some smaller horse breeds who typically produce individual horses both under and over 14. 2h are considered "horses" regardless of height. [16] Likewise, some pony breeds, such as the Welsh pony, share some features of horses and individual animals may occasionally mature at over 14. 2h, but are still considered ponies. [17]
The difference between a horse and pony is not simply a height difference, but also a difference in phenotype or appearance. A phenotype is any observable characteristic of an Organism, such as its morphology, Development, biochemical or physiological properties There are noticeable differences in conformation and temperament. Equine conformation refers to the correctness of a horse's bone structure musculature and its body proportions in relation to each other Ponies often exhibit thicker manes, tails and overall coat. They also have proportionally shorter legs, wider barrels, heavier bone, shorter and thicker necks, and short heads with broad foreheads. They often have calmer temperaments than horses and also a high level of equine intelligence that may or may not be used to cooperate with human handlers. [15]
Light riding horses such as Arabians, Morgans, or Quarter Horses usually range in height from 14. The Arabian horse is a breed of Horse with a reputation for Intelligence, spirit and stamina 0 (142 cm) to 16. 0 hands (163 cm) and can weigh from 386 kilograms to about 540 kg (850 to 1200 lb). See also Hand A hand (or handbreadth) is a unit of length Measurement, originally based on the breadth of a Male Human hand Larger riding horses such as Thoroughbreds, American Saddlebreds or Warmbloods usually start at about 15. The Thoroughbred is a horse breed Warmbloods are a group of middle-weight horse types and breeds primarily originating in Europe, registered with organizations that are characterized by open studbook 2 hands (157 cm) and often are as tall as 17 hands (172 cm), weighing from 500 kg to 680 kg (1100 lb to 1500 lb). Heavy or draft horses such as the Clydesdale, Belgian, Percheron, and Shire are usually at least 16. A draft horse, draught horse or dray horse (from the Anglo-Saxon dragan meaning to draw or haul is a large Horse bred for hard heavy tasks 0 (163 cm) to 18. 0 hands (183 cm) high and can weigh from about 680 kg up to about 900 kg (1500 lb to 2000 lb). While ponies cannot be taller than 14. 2h (147 cm), they may be much smaller, down to the Shetland pony at around 10 hands (102 cm),[18] and the Falabella which can be no taller than 30 inches (76 cm), the size of a medium-sized dog. The Shetland pony is a breed of Pony originating in the Shetland Isles. The Falabella miniature horse is one of the smallest breeds of Horse in the world seldom taller than eight hands (78 cm/32 inches in height at the However, while many miniature horse breeds are small as or smaller than a Shetland pony, because they are bred to have a horse phenotype (appearance), their breeders and registries classify them as very small horses rather than ponies. Miniature horses are found all over the world and come in various colors and coat patterns A phenotype is any observable characteristic of an Organism, such as its morphology, Development, biochemical or physiological properties A breed registry, also known as a stud book or register, in Animal husbandry and the Hobby of Animal fancy, is an official list of [19]
It is thought that the largest horse in (recorded) history was a Shire horse named Samson, who lived during the late 1800s. He stood 21. 2½ hands high (i. e. 7 ft 2½ in or 2. 20 m ), and his peak weight was estimated at 3,360 lb (approx 1. 5 tonnes). [20] The current record holder for the world's smallest horse is Thumbelina, a fully mature miniature horse affected by dwarfism. For other uses see Thumbelina (disambiguation Thumbelina is a dwarf Miniature horse and the world's smallest horse. Dwarfism ( is a medical condition in humans characterized by extreme small size She is 17 inches (43 cm) tall and weighs 60 pounds (27 kg). [21]
Colors and markings
Horses exhibit a diverse array of coat colors and distinctive markings, and a specialized vocabulary has evolved to describe them. Horses exhibit a diverse array of coat colors and distinctive markings. Note This article is about individualized markings on any breed type or color of horse and does not discuss coat colors generally Often, one will refer to a horse in the field by its coat color first rather than by breed or by sex. In spite of the adage that "a good horse is never a bad color," flashy or unusual colors are sometimes very popular, as are horses with particularly attractive markings, such as white on all four legs. Horses of the same color may be distinguished from one another by their markings.
The genetics of horse coat colors has largely been mapped, although research continues to be conducted on the identification of specific genes and mutations that result in specific color traits. Equine coat color genetics determine a Horse 's coat color All horses begin genetically with a base coat of "red" ( chestnut) or "black [22] Essentially, all horse colors begin with a genetic base of "red" (chestnut) or "black," with the addition of alleles for suppression of color, dilution of color, spotting, graying, or other effects acting upon the base colors in various combinations and varying degrees of dominance or recessivity that create the dozens of possible shades of horses. Chestnut is a hair coat color of Horses consisting of a reddish-to-brown coat with a mane and tail the same or lighter in color than the coat An allele (ˈæliːl (UK /əˈliːl/ (US (from the Greek αλληλος allelos, meaning each other) is one member of a pair or series of different forms [23]
Horses that are light in color are often misnamed as being "white" horses. A horse that looks pure white is, in most cases, actually a middle-aged or older gray. Gray or grey is a coat color of Horses characterized by progressive silvering of the colored hairs of the coat Grays have black skin underneath their white hair coat (with the exception of small amounts of pink skin under white markings). Note This article is about individualized markings on any breed type or color of horse and does not discuss coat colors generally This is how a gray horse can be distinguished from a white horse. The only horses properly called white are those with pink skin under a white hair coat, a far more rare occurrence. True [24]There are no truly albino horses (white skin and pink eyes). Albinism (from Latin albus, "white" see extended etymology) is a form of hypopigmentary Congenital disorder, True albinism is a lethal gene in horses. [25]
Reproduction and development
Pregnancy lasts for approximately 335-340 days[26] and usually results in one foal. A foal is a Horse that is one year old or younger More specific terms are colt for a Male foal and Filly for a Female foal Twins are rare. Colts are carried on average about 4 days longer than fillies. [27].
Horses, particularly colts, may sometimes be physically capable of reproduction at approximately 18 months but in practice are rarely allowed to breed until a minimum age of 3 years, especially females. [26] Horses four years old are considered mature, though the skeleton usually finishes developing at the age of six, and the precise time of completion of development also depends on the horse's size (therefore a connection to breed exists), gender, and the quality of care provided by its owner. Also, if the horse is larger, its bones are larger; therefore, not only do the bones take longer to actually form bone tissue (bones are made of cartilage in earlier stages of bone formation), but the epiphyseal plates (plates that fuse a bone into one piece by connecting the bone shaft to the bone ends) are also larger and take longer to convert from cartilage to bone as well. The epiphyseal plate (or epiphysial plate, physis, or growth plate) is a hyaline Cartilage plate in the metaphyses of children and Cartilage is a type of dense Connective tissue. It is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix These plates convert after the other parts of the bones do but are crucial to development. [28]
Depending on maturity, breed and the tasks expected, young horses are usually put under saddle and trained to be ridden between the ages of two and four. Horse training refers to a wide variety of practices that teach Horses to perform certain behaviors when asked to do so by humans [29] Although Thoroughbred race horses are put on the track at as young as two years old in some countries,[30] horses specifically bred for sports such as dressage are generally not entered into top-level competition until a minimum age of four years old, because their bones and muscles are not solidly developed, nor is their advanced training complete. The Thoroughbred is a horse breed This article is about the sport For other uses see Horserace (drinking game or Horse race (politics. Dressage (pronounced dress-ahhzh /ˈdrɛsɑʒ/ (a French term most commonly translated to mean "training" is a path and destination of competitive Horse training [31] For endurance riding competition, horses may not compete until they are a full 60 calendar months (5 years) old. Endurance riding is an equestrian sport based on controlled long distance races [32]
Anatomy
Skeletal system
Horses have, on average, a skeleton of 205 bones. [33] A significant difference in the bones contained in the horse skeleton, as compared to that of a human, is the lack of a collarbone--their front limb system is attached to the spinal column by a powerful set of muscles, tendons and ligaments that attach the shoulder blade to the torso. The equine forelimb is the front or thoracic limb of the Horse. In Anatomy, the scapula, omo, or shoulder blade, is the Bone that connects the Humerus (arm bone with the Clavicle (collar The horse's legs and hooves are also unique, interesting structures. Their leg bones are proportioned differently from those of a human. For example, the body part that is called a horse's "knee" is actually the carpal bones that correspond to the human wrist. The equine forelimb is the front or thoracic limb of the Horse. In Tetrapods the carpus is the sole cluster of the Bones in the Wrist between the radius and Ulna and the Metacarpus In Human anatomy, the wrist is the flexible and narrower connection between the Forearm and the palm. Similarly, the hock, contains the bones equivalent to those in the human ankle and heel. The anatomy of the horse comes with a large number of Horse specific terms In Human anatomy, the ankle Joint is formed where the Foot and the leg meet The heel is the prominence at the posterior end of the Foot. It is based on the projection of one Bone, the Calcaneus, behind the articulation of the The lower leg bones of a horse correspond to the bones of the human hand or foot, and the fetlock (incorrectly called the "ankle") is actually the proximal sesamoid bones between the cannon bones (a single equivalent to the human metacarpal or metatarsal bones) and the proximal phalanges, located where one finds the "knuckles" of a human. The anatomy of the horse comes with a large number of Horse specific terms In Anatomy, a sesamoid bone is a Bone embedded within a Tendon. The anatomy of the horse comes with a large number of Horse specific terms The metacarpus is the intermediate part of the Hand Skeleton that is located between the Phalanges (bones of the fingers Distally and the The metatarsus consists of the five long Bones of the Foot, which are numbered from the medial side ( ossa metatarsalia I Proximal phalanges are Bones found in the limbs of most Vertebrates. A horse also has no muscles in its legs below the knees and hocks, only skin and hair, bone, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and the assorted specialized tissues that make up the hoof (see section hooves, below). A tendon (or sinew) is a tough band of Fibrous connective tissue that usually connects Muscle to Bone and is capable of withstanding tension In Anatomy, the term ligament is used to denote three different types of structures Fibrous tissue that connects Bones to other bones Cartilage is a type of dense Connective tissue. It is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix A horse hoof is a structure surrounding the distal phalanx of the 3rd digit (digit III of the basic Pentadactyl limb of Vertebrates evolved into a single [34]
Digestion
Horses are herbivores with a digestive system adapted to a forage diet of grasses and other plant material, consumed regularly throughout the day, and so they have a relatively small stomach but very long intestines to facilitate a steady flow of nutrients. The anatomy of the horse comes with a large number of Horse specific terms Equine nutrition is the feeding of Horses ponies, Mules Donkeys and other equines Correct and balanced Nutrition is a critical This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell Forage is plant material (mainly plant leaves and stems eaten by grazing Livestock. Grass is the common word that generally describes Monocotyledonous green Plants The family Gramineae ( Poaceae) are the "true grasses" and include A 1000 pound horse will eat between 15 and 25 pounds (approximately 7-11 kg) of food per day and, under normal use, drink 10 to 12 gallons (about 38-45 litres) of water. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Horses are not ruminants, so they have only one stomach, like humans, but unlike humans, they can also digest cellulose from grasses due to the presence of a "hind gut" called the cecum, or "water gut," that food goes through before reaching the large intestine. Physiologically a ruminant is a Mammal of the order Artiodactyla that digests plant-based food by initially softening it within the animal's first stomach known Cellulose is an Organic compound with the formula, a Polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4 The cecum or caecum (from the Latin caecus meaning Blind) is a pouch connected to the Ascending colon of the Large The large intestine is the last part of the Digestive system: the final stage of the Alimentary canal in Vertebrate Animals Its function is to Unlike humans, horses cannot vomit, so digestion problems can quickly spell trouble, with colic a leading cause of death. Colic in Horses is defined as Abdominal pain, but it is a clinical sign rather than a diagnosis [35]
Teeth
Horses are adapted to grazing. In an adult horse, there are 12 incisors (six upper and six lower), adapted to biting off the grass or other vegetation, at the front of the mouth. Incisors (from Latin incidere, "to cut" are the first kind of Tooth in Heterodont Mammals They are located in the Premaxilla There are 24 teeth adapted for chewing, the premolars and molars, at the back of the mouth. Molars are the rearmost and most complicated kind of Tooth in most Mammals In many mammals they grind food hence the Latin name mola, " Millstone Stallions and geldings have four additional teeth just behind the incisors, a type of canine teeth that are called "tushes. "Cuspid" redirects here For the heart valves see Bicuspid valve and Tricuspid valve. " Some horses, both male and female, will also develop one to four very small vestigial teeth in front of the molars, known as "wolf" teeth, which are generally removed because they can interfere with the bit. Vestigiality describes homologous characters of Organisms which have lost all or most of their original function in a species through There is an empty interdental space between the incisors and the molars where the bit rests directly on the bars (gums) of the horse's mouth when the horse is bridled. A bit used in equestrian activities is a piece of metal or similar synthetic material that is placed in the mouth of a Horse or other Equid and allows A bridle is a piece of equipment used to control a Horse. The bridle fits over a horse's head and has the purpose of controlling the horse [36]
The incisors show a distinct wear and growth pattern as the horse ages, as well as change in the angle at which the chewing surfaces meet. The teeth continue to erupt throughout life as they are worn down by grazing, and while the diet and veterinary care of the horse can affect the rate of tooth wear, a very rough estimate of the age of a horse can be made by looking at its teeth. Horses' teeth are often used to estimate the animal's age hence the sayings "long in the tooth" and "Don't look a gift horse in the mouth" [4]
Hooves
The critical importance of the feet and legs is summed up by the traditional adage, "no foot, no horse. A horse hoof is a structure surrounding the distal phalanx of the 3rd digit (digit III of the basic Pentadactyl limb of Vertebrates evolved into a single A horseshoe is a U-shaped item made of metal or of modern synthetic materials nailed or glued to the Hooves of Horses and some other Draught A farrier is a specialist in Equine hoof care including the trimming and balancing of a horse's hoof and the placing of shoes to the horse's "[37] The horse hoof begins with the distal phalanges, the equivalent of the human fingertip or tip of the toe, surrounded by cartilage and other specialized, blood-rich soft tissues such as the laminae, with the exterior hoof wall and horn of the sole made essentially of the same material as a human fingernail. A horse hoof is a structure surrounding the distal phalanx of the 3rd digit (digit III of the basic Pentadactyl limb of Vertebrates evolved into a single Distal Phalanges (single distal phalanx) are bones found in the limbs of most Vertebrate Skeletons In humans they are the finger Cartilage is a type of dense Connective tissue. It is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix A nail is a horn -like structure at the end of an animal's Finger or Toe. [38] The end result is that a horse, weighing on average 1,100 pounds,[39] travels on the same bones as a human on tiptoe. [40] For the protection of the hoof under certain conditions, some horses have horseshoes placed on their feet by a professional farrier. A horseshoe is a U-shaped item made of metal or of modern synthetic materials nailed or glued to the Hooves of Horses and some other Draught A farrier is a specialist in Equine hoof care including the trimming and balancing of a horse's hoof and the placing of shoes to the horse's The hoof continually grows, just like a large fingernail, and needs to be trimmed (and horseshoes reset, if used) every five to eight weeks. [41]
Senses
- See also: Equine vision
The senses of a horse are generally superior to those of a human. The equine eye is the largest of any land mammal Its visual abilities are directly related to the animal's behavior and the fact that the horse is a flight animal As prey animals, they must be aware of their surroundings at all times. [42] They have very large eyes (among land animals only the ostrich has a larger eye), and the side positioning of the eyes gives the horse a wide field of vision of about 350°. The Ostrich ( Struthio camelus) is a large Flightless bird native to Africa (and formerly the Middle East) [43]Horses have excellent day and night vision, but studies indicate that they have two-color, or dichromatic vision; their color vision is somewhat like red-green color blindness in humans. Night vision is the ability to see in a dark environment Whether by biological or technological means night vision is made possible by a combination of two approaches sufficient Dichromacy in humans is a moderately severe color vision defect in which one of the three basic color mechanisms is absent or not functioning Color vision is the capacity of an organism or machine to distinguish objects based on the Wavelengths (or frequencies) of the Light they reflect or emit Color blindness, a Color vision deficiency is the inability to perceive differences between some of the Colors that others can distinguish This means that certain colors, especially red and related colors, appear more green. [44]
Their hearing is good,[42] and each ear can rotate up to 180°, giving the potential for 360° hearing without having to move the head. [45] Their sense of smell, while much better than that of humans, is not their strongest asset; they rely to a greater extent on vision. [42]
A horse's sense of balance is outstanding; the cerebellum of their brain is highly developed and they are very aware of terrain and placement of their feet. The cerebellum ( Latin: "little brain" is a region of the Brain that plays an important role in the integration of sensory perception The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain Horses' sense of touch is better developed than many people think; they immediately notice when a fly or mosquito lands on them, even before the insect attempts to bite. True flies are Insects of the Order Diptera ( Greek: di = two and pteron = wing possessing a single pair of Mosquitoes are insects in the family Culicidae. They have a pair of scaled wings a pair of Halteres, a slender body and long legs Their sense of taste is well-developed in order to determine the nature of the plants they are eating, and their prehensile lips can easily sort even the smallest grains. Prehensility or Prehensile is the quality of an Appendage or organ that has adapted for grasping or holding Horses will seldom eat most poisonous plants or spoiled food unless they have no other choices, although a few toxic plants have a chemical structure that appeals to animals, and thus poses a greater risk of being ingested.
- See also: Muscular system of the horse, Respiratory system of the horse, and Circulatory system of the horse
Gaits
All horses move naturally with four basic gaits: the walk, trot or jog, canter or lope, and gallop. See also Equine anatomy Types of muscle There are 3 types of muscle all found within the equine Skeletal muscle Contraction of these muscles In Biology, the respiratory system of the horse is the means by which a Horse circulates air around its internal organs The circulatory system of the horse consists of the heart the blood vessels and the blood This is an article on horse gaits for other meanings see gait (disambiguation. The trot is a two beat diagonal gait of the Horse where the diagonal pairs of legs move forward at the same time The canter is a controlled three-beat gait performed by a horse The term Amble or Ambling is used to describe a number of four-beat intermediate gaits of Horses All are faster than a walk but usually slower than a This is an article on horse gaits for other meanings see gait (disambiguation. This is an article on horse gaits for other meanings see gait (disambiguation. The trot is a two beat diagonal gait of the Horse where the diagonal pairs of legs move forward at the same time The canter is a controlled three-beat gait performed by a horse This is an article on horse gaits for other meanings see gait (disambiguation. [46]Besides these basic gaits, some horses pace, instead of trot. This is an article on horse gaits for other meanings see gait (disambiguation. [47] In addition, there are many "ambling" gaits such as the slow gait, rack, fox trot running walk, and tölt. The term Amble or Ambling is used to describe a number of four-beat intermediate gaits of Horses All are faster than a walk but usually slower than a The term Amble or Ambling is used to describe a number of four-beat intermediate gaits of Horses All are faster than a walk but usually slower than a The term Amble or Ambling is used to describe a number of four-beat intermediate gaits of Horses All are faster than a walk but usually slower than a The term Amble or Ambling is used to describe a number of four-beat intermediate gaits of Horses All are faster than a walk but usually slower than a The term Amble or Ambling is used to describe a number of four-beat intermediate gaits of Horses All are faster than a walk but usually slower than a The term Amble or Ambling is used to describe a number of four-beat intermediate gaits of Horses All are faster than a walk but usually slower than a These special gaits are often found in specific breeds, often referred to as gaited horses because they naturally possess additional gaits that are approximately the same speed as the trot but smoother to ride. Gaited horses are horse breeds that have natural gaited tendencies that is the ability to perform one of the smooth to ride intermediate speed four-beat Horse Technically speaking, "gaited horses" replace the standard trot (which is a 2 beat gait) with one of the four beat gaits. [48]
Horse breeds with additional gaits that often occur naturally include: the Tennessee Walking Horse which naturally performs a running walk; the American Saddlebred which can be trained to exhibit a slow gait and the rack; Paso Fino, which has two ambling gaits, the paso corto and paso largo; the Peruvian Paso, which exhibits the paso llano, and sobreandando; and Icelandic horses which are known for the tölt. See Breed (song for the song by Nirvana. See Breed (video game for the video game by Brat Designs The Paso Fino is a naturally-gaited light The term Amble or Ambling is used to describe a number of four-beat intermediate gaits of Horses All are faster than a walk but usually slower than a The term Amble or Ambling is used to describe a number of four-beat intermediate gaits of Horses All are faster than a walk but usually slower than a The Peruvian Paso or Peruvian Horse is a breed of light pleasure saddle horse known for its smooth ride The term Amble or Ambling is used to describe a number of four-beat intermediate gaits of Horses All are faster than a walk but usually slower than a The term Amble or Ambling is used to describe a number of four-beat intermediate gaits of Horses All are faster than a walk but usually slower than a The term Amble or Ambling is used to describe a number of four-beat intermediate gaits of Horses All are faster than a walk but usually slower than a The fox trot is found in several breeds, most notably the Missouri Foxtrotter. The term Amble or Ambling is used to describe a number of four-beat intermediate gaits of Horses All are faster than a walk but usually slower than a The Missouri Fox Trotter is an American breed of horse with a unique four beat gait Standardbreds, depending on bloodlines and training, may either pace or trot. This is an article on horse gaits for other meanings see gait (disambiguation. [48]
Behavior
Horses are prey animals with a well-developed fight-or-flight instinct. Horse behavior is best understood from the perspective that Horses are prey animals with a well-developed Fight-or-flight instinct Stable vices are bad habits of Equines especially Horses. They usually develop as a result of being confined with insufficient exercise The fight-or-flight response', also called the fright, fight or flight response, hyperarousal or the acute stress response, was first Their first response to threat is to startle and usually flee, although they are known to stand their ground and defend themselves or their offspring in cases where flight is not possible, or when their young are threatened. They also tend to be curious; when startled, they will often hesitate an instant to ascertain the cause of their fright, and may not always flee from something that they perceive as non-threatening. Through selective breeding, some breeds of horses are quite docile, particularly certain large draft horses. However, most light horse riding breeds were developed for speed, agility, alertness and endurance; natural qualities that extend from their wild ancestors. [49] Horses are herd animals, with a clear hierarchy of rank, led by a dominant animal (usually a mare). Horses are also social creatures who are able to form companionship attachments to their own species and to other animals, including humans. They communicate in various ways, including vocalizations such as nickering or whinnying, mutual grooming, and body language. Body language is a term for Communication using Body movements or Gestures instead of or in addition to sounds verbal language or other communication Many horses will become difficult to manage if they are isolated. However, through proper training, it is possible to teach any horse to accept a human as a type of companion, and thus be comfortable away from other horses. [50] When confined with insufficient companionship, exercise or stimulation, horses may develop stable vices, an assortment of bad habits, mostly psychological in origin, that include wood chewing, wall kicking, "weaving" (rocking back and forth) and other problems. Stable vices are bad habits of Equines especially Horses. They usually develop as a result of being confined with insufficient exercise Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and [51]
Sleep patterns
- See also: Horse sleep patterns and Sleep in non-humans
Horses are able to sleep both standing up and lying down. In an adaptation from life in the wild, horses are able to enter light sleep by using a "stay apparatus" in their legs, allowing them to doze without collapsing. [52] Horses sleep better when in groups because some animals will sleep while others stand guard to watch for predators. A horse kept entirely alone will not sleep well because its instincts are to keep a constant eye out for danger. Instinct is the inherent disposition of a living Organism toward a particular Behavior. [53]
Unlike humans, horses do not sleep in a solid, unbroken period of time, but through many short periods of rest. Horses may spend anywhere from four to fifteen hours a day in standing rest, and from a few minutes to several hours lying down. Total sleep time in a day may range from several minutes to a couple of hours. [53] Most of this sleep occurs in many short intervals of about 15 minutes each. [54]
Horses must lie down to reach REM sleep. They only have to lie down for an hour or two every few days to meet their minimum REM sleep requirements. [53] However, if a horse is never allowed to lie down, after several days it will become sleep-deprived, and in rare cases may suddenly collapse as it involuntarily slips into REM sleep while still standing. [55] This condition differs from narcolepsy, though horses may also suffer from that disorder. Narcolepsy is a Neurological condition most characterized by Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS in which a person falls asleep during the day at inappropriate [56]
Temperament
- See also: Horse behavior
Horses are mammals, and as such are all "warm-blooded" creatures, as opposed to reptiles, which are cold-blooded. Horse behavior is best understood from the perspective that Horses are prey animals with a well-developed Fight-or-flight instinct Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands In Biology, a warm-blooded Animal species is one whose members maintain thermal Homeostasis; that is they keep their body temperature at a roughly constant Reptiles, or members of the class Reptilia are air-breathing Cold-blooded Vertebrates that have skin covered in scales as opposed to hair or feathers However, these words have developed a separate meaning in the context of equine description, used to describe temperament, not body temperature. For example, the "hot-bloods", such as race horses, exhibit more sensitivity and energy, while the "cold-bloods," such as most draft breeds, are quieter, calmer creatures. This article is about the sport For other uses see Horserace (drinking game or Horse race (politics. A draft horse, draught horse or dray horse (from the Anglo-Saxon dragan meaning to draw or haul is a large Horse bred for hard heavy tasks [57]
"Hot" bloods
The "hot blooded" breeds include "oriental" breeds such as the Akhal-Teke, Barb, Arabian horse and the now-extinct Turkoman horse, as well as the Thoroughbred that was developed from these oriental breeds. The Arabian horse is a breed of Horse with a reputation for Intelligence, spirit and stamina The Turkoman horse, or Turkmene was an ancient breed from Turkmenistan, now extinct The Thoroughbred is a horse breed These five breeds are the only breeds given the classification of "hot blooded" today. The original hot bloods were brought to Europe from the Middle East and Northern Africa when European breeders wished to infuse characteristic traits into their best racing and light cavalry horses. The Cavalry (from French cavalerie) is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as Soldiers or Warriors who fought mounted on [57]
Hot bloods have a level of intelligence that allows them to be athletic, versatile, and easily trainable. They are bred for agility and speed and are generally considered spirited and bold. They tend to be thin-skinned, tall and slim in build; more physically refined than the other types. They have a reputation for being hot-tempered. [58]
"Cold" bloods
Muscular and heavy draft horses are known as "cold bloods," as they have been bred, not only for strength, but also to have the calm, steady, patient temperament needed to pull a plow or a heavy carriage full of people. A draft horse, draught horse or dray horse (from the Anglo-Saxon dragan meaning to draw or haul is a large Horse bred for hard heavy tasks They are sometimes nicknamed "gentle giants" because of their placid dispositions. The "cold-blooded" group includes many pony breeds. [59]
There are well over a dozen well-known draft breeds, and many more rarer breeds developed in various regions of the world that were adapted to local conditions. Some breeds are lighter and livelier, developed to pull carriages or to plow large fields in drier climates. Others are slower and more powerful, bred to plow fields with heavy, clay-based soils. One of the most common draft breeds is the Belgian. The largest is the Shire. Clydesdales, with their common coloration of a bay or black coat, with white legs and long-haired, "feathered" fetlocks, are one of the most easily recognized. Bay is a hair coat color of Horses characterized by a reddish brown body color with a black Mane, Tail, ear edges and lower Black is a hair coat color of Horses in which the entire hair coat is black [57]
Warmbloods
The term "warmblood" has two different meanings today; the more common modern meaning refers to a specific subset of horse breeds, and the other, older meaning refers simply to horses of a moderate temperament. Warmbloods are a group of middle-weight horse types and breeds primarily originating in Europe, registered with organizations that are characterized by open studbook The term "warm blood," up through approximately the 1970s, originally referred to any cross of "cold blooded" draft horses on "hot blooded" Thoroughbreds or Arabians. In Biology, a warm-blooded Animal species is one whose members maintain thermal Homeostasis; that is they keep their body temperature at a roughly constant A draft horse, draught horse or dray horse (from the Anglo-Saxon dragan meaning to draw or haul is a large Horse bred for hard heavy tasks Examples included breeds such as the Irish Draught horse or the Cleveland Bay, and sometimes also referred to the "Baroque horses" used for classical dressage, such as the Lipizzan or Andalusian. The Baroque horse is a term used to generally describe the type of agile but strong-bodied descendants of Horses in the Middle Ages such as the Destrier and the Classical dressage evolved from Cavalry movements and training for the battlefield and has since developed into the competitive Dressage seen today The Lipizzan or Lipizzaner ( Slovene Lipicanec) is a breed of Horse closely associated with the Spanish Riding School Sometimes the term was even used to refer to breeds of light riding horse other than Thoroughbreds or Arabians, such as the Morgan horse. [57]
Today the term "warmblood" usually refers to a group of sport horse breeds that have dominated the Olympic Games and World Equestrian Games in Dressage and Show Jumping since the 1950s. Trot projection-1-jpg|right|thumb|270px|A trot showing natural suspension The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games The FEI World Equestrian Games are the major international championships for Equestrianism, considered by many horsemen to be more important than the Olympics and administered Dressage (pronounced dress-ahhzh /ˈdrɛsɑʒ/ (a French term most commonly translated to mean "training" is a path and destination of competitive Horse training Show jumping, also known as "stadium jumping" or "jumpers" is a member of a family of English riding equestrian events that also includes The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive The "Warmblood" breeds began when European carriage and war horses were crossed with oriental horses or Thoroughbreds, producing a tall riding horse with more refinement than a draft horse, but greater size and more phlegmatic temperament than a lighter breed. Warmbloods are a group of middle-weight horse types and breeds primarily originating in Europe, registered with organizations that are characterized by open studbook Horses were first used in warfare over 5000 years ago The earliest evidence of the use of horses ridden in warfare dates Certain pony breeds with warmblood characteristics have been developed for smaller riders. A pony is a small Horse with a specific conformation and temperament
Breeds
Horse breeds are groups of horses with distinctive characteristics, such as conformation, color, performance, intelligence or disposition, that are transmitted consistently to their offspring. Meyers b12 s0947bjpg|thumb|Heavy or draft horse breeds]] This page is a list of Horse and Pony breeds and also includes terms used to describe types of horses that are not Horse breeding refers to reproduction in Horses and particularly the human-directed process of Selective breeding of animals particularly Purebred This article focuses on selective breeding in domesticated animals These inherited traits are usually the result of a combination of natural crosses and artificial selection methods aimed at developing horses for specific tasks. Certain breeds are known for certain talents, for example, Standardbreds are known for their speed in harness. Some breeds have been developed through centuries of crossings with other breeds, while others such as Tennessee Walking Horses and Morgans developed from a single sire with a tremendous influence. There are more than 300 horse breeds in the world today. [60]
Origin of horse breeds
- See also: Domestication of the horse
Different schools of thought exist to explain how this range of size and shape came about. There are a number of hypotheses on many of the key issues regarding the domestication of the horse. One school, which some refer to as the "Four Foundations", (see Domestication and surviving wild species, below), suggests that the modern horse evolved from multiple types of early wild pony and horse prototypes, each adapted to a given habitat, and the differences between these types account for some of the differences in type of the modern breeds. A second school - the "Single Foundation" - holds only one type of wild horse underwent domestication, and it diverged in form after domestication through human selective breeding (or in the case of feral horses, through ecological pressures). This article focuses on selective breeding in domesticated animals A feral organism is one that has escaped from Domestication and returned partly or wholly to its wild state This question will most likely only be resolved once geneticists have finished evaluating the horse genome, analyzing DNA and mitochondrial DNA to construct family trees. In classical genetics the genome of a Diploid Organism including Eukarya refers to a full set of chromosomes or genes in a Gamete, thereby Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) is the DNA located in Organelles called mitochondria.
In either case, modern horse breeds developed in response to the need for "form to function"; that is, the necessity to develop certain physical characteristics necessary to perform a certain type of work. Thus, light, refined horses such as the Arabian horse or the Akhal-Teke developed in dry climates to be fast and with great endurance over long distances, while heavy draft horse such as the Belgian developed out of a need to pull plows and perform other farm work. The Arabian horse is a breed of Horse with a reputation for Intelligence, spirit and stamina A farm is an area of land including various structures devoted primarily to the practice of producing and managing food ( Produce, Grains, or Livestock Ponies of all breeds developed out of a dual need to create mounts suitable for children as well as for work in small places like mine shafts or in areas where there was insufficient forage to support larger draft animals. In between these extremes, horses were bred to be particularly suitable for tasks that included pulling carriages, carrying heavily-armored knights, jumping, racing, herding other animals, and packing supplies. Knight is the English term for a social position originating in the Middle Ages.
Purebreds and registries
Selective breeding of horses has occurred as long as humans have domesticated them. A breed registry, also known as a stud book or register, in Animal husbandry and the Hobby of Animal fancy, is an official list of Purebreds, also called purebreeds, are cultivated varieties or cultivars of an animal Species, achieved through the process of Selective breeding This article focuses on selective breeding in domesticated animals There are a number of hypotheses on many of the key issues regarding the domestication of the horse. However, the concept of purebred bloodstock and a controlled breed registry has only gained wide importance in modern times. Purebreds, also called purebreeds, are cultivated varieties or cultivars of an animal Species, achieved through the process of Selective breeding A breed registry, also known as a stud book or register, in Animal husbandry and the Hobby of Animal fancy, is an official list of Sometimes purebreds are incorrectly termed Thoroughbreds, which is incorrect. Purebreds, also called purebreeds, are cultivated varieties or cultivars of an animal Species, achieved through the process of Selective breeding The Thoroughbred is a horse breed A "Thoroughbred" is a specific breed of horse, while a "purebred" is a horse (or any other animal) with a defined pedigree recognized by a breed registry. A breed registry, also known as a stud book or register, in Animal husbandry and the Hobby of Animal fancy, is an official list of [61]
The Bedouin people had a reputation for breeding their prize Arabian mares to only the most worthy stallions, and kept extensive pedigrees of their "asil" (purebred) horses. The Bedouin, (from the Arabic (ar بدوي pl badū) are a desert-dwelling Arab Nomadic pastoralist, or previously The Arabian horse is a breed of Horse with a reputation for Intelligence, spirit and stamina "Aseel" redirects here For the statistical term see ASEEL. [62] Though these pedigrees were originally transmitted via an oral tradition, written pedigrees of Arabian horses can be found that date to the 14th century. Oral tradition, oral culture and oral lore is a way for a society to transmit history, literature, law and other Knowledges [63] In the same period of the early Renaissance, the Carthusian monks of southern Spain bred horses and kept meticulous pedigrees of the best bloodstock; the lineage survives to this day in the Andalusian horse. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere The Carthusian Order, also called the Order of St Bruno, is a Roman Catholic religious order of enclosed monastics. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. [64] One of the earliest formal registries was General Stud Book for Thoroughbreds, which was begun in 1791 and traced back to the Arabian stallions imported to England from the Middle East to become the foundation stallions for the breed. The General Stud Book was the original Breed registry of the United Kingdom for Horses. The Thoroughbred is a horse breed The Arabian horse is a breed of Horse with a reputation for Intelligence, spirit and stamina [65]
The modern landscape of breed designation presents a complicated picture. Some breeds have closed studbooks. A breed registry, also known as a stud book or register, in Animal husbandry and the Hobby of Animal fancy, is an official list of For example, a registered Thoroughbred or Arabian must have two registered parents of the same breed, and no other criteria for registration apply. The Thoroughbred is a horse breed The Arabian horse is a breed of Horse with a reputation for Intelligence, spirit and stamina [66][67] Other breeds tolerate limited infusions from other breeds; for example, the modern Appaloosa must have at least one Appaloosa parent but may also have a Quarter Horse, Thoroughbred, or Arabian parent and must also exhibit spotted coloration to gain full registration. [68] The Quarter Horse normally requires both parents to be registered Quarter Horses, but allows "Appendix" registration of horses with one Thoroughbred parent, and the horse may earn its way to full registration by completing certain performance requirements. [69]
Still other breeds, such as most of the warmblood sport horses, require individual judging of an individual animal's quality and conformation before registration or breeding approval, but also allow outside bloodlines in if the horses meet the standard. Warmbloods are a group of middle-weight horse types and breeds primarily originating in Europe, registered with organizations that are characterized by open studbook Equine conformation refers to the correctness of a horse's bone structure musculature and its body proportions in relation to each other [70] A few "registries," particularly some color breed registries, will allow membership of any horse that meets a certain criteria, such as coat color, regardless of pedigree or conformation. A color breed is a term that refers to Horses that are registered based primarily on their coat color regardless of the horse's actual breed or breed type [71] Breed registries also differ as to their acceptance or rejection of breeding technology. For example, all Jockey Club Thoroughbred registries require that a registered Thoroughbred be a product of a natural mating (live cover in horse parlance). For the North American thoroughbred horse racing industry see The Jockey Club. A foal born of two Thoroughbred parents, but by means of artificial insemination or embryo transfer is barred from the Thoroughbred studbook. AIH redirects here For the indie rock band abbreviated AIH see Architecture in Helsinki Artificial insemination (AI is the process by which Embryo transfer refers to a step in the process of in vitro fertilization (IVF whereby one or several Embryos are placed into the Uterus Any Thoroughbred bred outside of these constraints can, however, become part of the Performance Horse Registry. [66] On the other hand, since the advent of DNA testing to verify parentage, most breed registries now allow artificial insemination (AI), embryo transfer (ET), or both. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known AIH redirects here For the indie rock band abbreviated AIH see Architecture in Helsinki Artificial insemination (AI is the process by which Embryo transfer refers to a step in the process of in vitro fertilization (IVF whereby one or several Embryos are placed into the Uterus The high value of stallions has helped with the acceptance of these techniques because they allow a stallion to breed more mares with each "collection," and take away the risk of injury during mating. [72] However, cloning of horses is highly controversial, and at the present time many mainstream breed registries will not accept cloned horses, though several cloned horses and mules have been produced. Cloning in Biology is the process of producing populations of genetically-identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as Bacteria, Insects [73]
Regional specialization
Some countries specialize in breeding horses suitable for particular activities. For example, Australia, the United States, and the Patagonia region of South America are known for breeding horses particularly suitable for working cattle and other livestock. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Llao LLaojpg|thumb|250px| Lake Nahuel Huapi, near Bariloche, Argentina South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family Ireland is recognized for breeding hunters and jumpers. The show hunter is a type of show horse in the that is judged on its movement manners and way of going particularly while jumping fences Show jumping, also known as "stadium jumping" or "jumpers" is a member of a family of English riding equestrian events that also includes Spain and Portugal are known for the Iberian horse breeds used in high school dressage and bullfighting. The Iberian horse is a title given to a number of horse breeds native to the Iberian peninsula. Dressage (pronounced dress-ahhzh /ˈdrɛsɑʒ/ (a French term most commonly translated to mean "training" is a path and destination of competitive Horse training Bullfighting or Tauromachy (from Greek ταυρομαχία - tauromachia, "bull-fight" is a traditional spectacle of Spain [74] Austria is known worldwide for its Lipizzaner horses, used for dressage and high school work in the famous Spanish Riding School in Vienna. The Lipizzan or Lipizzaner ( Slovene Lipicanec) is a breed of Horse closely associated with the Spanish Riding School The Spanish Riding School ( de: Spanische Hofreitschule, the "Spanish Court Riding-School" of Vienna, Austria, is a traditional riding [75] The United Kingdom breeds an array of heavy draft horses and several breeds of hardy ponies. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A draft horse, draught horse or dray horse (from the Anglo-Saxon dragan meaning to draw or haul is a large Horse bred for hard heavy tasks Russia takes great pride in breeding harness racing horses, a tradition dating back to the development of the Orlov Trotter in the 18th century. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Harness racing is a form of Horse-racing in which the horses race in a specified gait Orlov ( Орлóв) is the name of a Russian noble family which produced several distinguished statesmen diplomatists and soldiers [76]
Evolution
The horse as it is known today adapted by evolution to survive in areas of wide-open terrain with sparse vegetation, surviving in an ecosystem where other large grazing animals, especially ruminants, could not. The evolution of the horse involves the gradual development of the modern Horse from the fox-sized forest-dwelling Hyracotherium eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants animals and micro-organisms( Biotic factors in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical ( Physiologically a ruminant is a Mammal of the order Artiodactyla that digests plant-based food by initially softening it within the animal's first stomach known [77] Horses and other equids are odd-toed ungulates of the order Perissodactyla, a relatively ancient group of browsing and grazing animals that first arose less than 10 million years after the dinosaurs became extinct. The odd-toed ungulates are browsing and Grazing Mammals which compose the order Perissodactyla. This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used The odd-toed ungulates are browsing and Grazing Mammals which compose the order Perissodactyla. Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell In the past, this order contained twelve families, but only three families— Equidae (the horse and related species), the tapir and the rhinoceros—have survived to the present day. Family denotes a group of People affiliated by consanguinity affinity or co-residence Equidae is the family of horse-like animals which belong to the order Perissodactyla. Tapirs (ˈteɪpɚ as in "taper" or /təˈpɪər/ as "ta-pier" are large browsing Mammals, roughly pig-like in shape with short Rhinoceros (raɪˈnɒsərəs often colloquially abbreviated rhino, is a name used to group five extant species of Odd-toed ungulates in the family The earliest equids known as Hyracotherium developed approximately 54 million years ago, during the Eocene period. Hyracotherium (" Hyrax -like beast" (also known as Eohippus) was a Dog -sized Perissodactyl Ungulate The Eocene epoch (558 ± 02 - 339 ± 01 Ma) is a major division of the Geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Palaeogene period in One of the first true horse species, it had 4 toes on each front foot, and 3 toes on each back foot. the extra toe on the front feet soon disappeared, and by the Pleistocene era, as the horse adapted to a drier, prairie environment, the 2nd and 4th toes disappeared on all feet, and horses became bigger. The Pleistocene ('plaɪstəsin is the epoch from 18 million to 10000 years BP covering the world's recent period These side toes first shrunk in size until they have vanished in modern horses. All that remains are a set of small vestigial bones on either side of the cannon (metacarpal or metatarsal) bone, known informally as splint bones, which are a frequent source of splints, a common injury in the modern horse. Vestigiality describes homologous characters of Organisms which have lost all or most of their original function in a species through The equine forelimb is the front or thoracic limb of the Horse. The metacarpus is the intermediate part of the Hand Skeleton that is located between the Phalanges (bones of the fingers Distally and the The metatarsus consists of the five long Bones of the Foot, which are numbered from the medial side ( ossa metatarsalia I Splints is an ailment of the Horse or Pony, characterized by a hard bony swelling usually on the inside of a front leg lying between the splint and cannon Their legs also lengthened as their toes disappeared and until they were a hoofed animal capable of running at great speed.
Over millions of years, equid teeth also evolved from browsing on soft, tropical plants to adapt to browsing of drier plant material, and grazing of tougher plains grasses. Grass is the common word that generally describes Monocotyledonous green Plants The family Gramineae ( Poaceae) are the "true grasses" and include Thus the proto-horses changed from leaf-eating forest-dwellers to grass-eating inhabitants of semi-arid regions worldwide, including the steppes of Eurasia and the Great Plains of North America. In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced The Great Plains are the broad expanse of Prairie and Steppe which lie east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada For reasons not fully understood, Equus caballus disappeared from North America around 10,000 years ago, at the end of the last Ice Age. An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the Temperature of the Earth 's surface and atmosphere resulting in an expansion of continental Ice sheets [78]
Domestication and surviving wild species
Competing theories exist as to the time and place of initial domestication. There are a number of hypotheses on many of the key issues regarding the domestication of the horse. The earliest evidence for the domestication of the horse comes from Ukraine and dates to approximately 4,000 BC. There are a number of hypotheses on many of the key issues regarding the domestication of the horse. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. [79] It is thought that the horse was completely domesticated by 3000 B. C. , and by 2000 B. C. there was a sharp increase in the number of horse bones found in human settlements in northwestern Europe, indicating the spread of domesticated horses throughout the continent. [80]
The "Four Foundations" theory
There is a theory that there were four basic "proto" horses that developed with adaptations to their environment prior to domestication. Przewalski's Horse ( Equus ferus przewalskii, Equus przewalskii or Equus caballus przewalskii classification is debated ʃɨˈvælskiː or /zɨˈvɑːlskiː/ [81] There are competing theories, some arguing that the prototypes were separate species, others suggesting that the prototypes were physically different manifestations of the same species. Either way, the most common theories of historical wild species from which other types are thought to have developed suggests the following base prototypes:[81]
- The "Warmblood" subspecies or "Forest Horse": (Equus ferus silvaticus, also called the Diluvial Horse) thought to have evolved into Equus ferus germanicus, and which may have contributed to the development of the warmblood horses of northern Europe, as well as older "heavy horses" such as the Ardennais
- The "Draft" subspecies: a small, sturdy, heavyset animal with a heavy hair coat, arising in northern Europe, adapted to cold, damp climates, somewhat resembling today's draft horse and even the Shetland pony
- The "Oriental" subspecies: a taller, slim, refined and agile animal arising in western Asia, adapted to hot, dry climates, thought to be the progenitor of the modern Arabian horse and Akhal-Teke
- The "Tarpan" subspecies: dun-colored, sturdy animal, the size of a large pony, adapted to the cold, dry climates of northern Asia, the predecessor to the Tarpan and Przewalski's Horse as well as the domesticated Mongolian horse
Wild species surviving into modern times
Most "wild" horses today are actually feral horses (see feral horses, below), animals that had domesticated ancestors but were themselves born and live in the wild, often for generations. Warmbloods are a group of middle-weight horse types and breeds primarily originating in Europe, registered with organizations that are characterized by open studbook The Ardennes or Ardennais is one of the oldest breeds of Draft horse originating from the Ardennes area in Belgium, Luxembourg A draft horse, draught horse or dray horse (from the Anglo-Saxon dragan meaning to draw or haul is a large Horse bred for hard heavy tasks The Shetland pony is a breed of Pony originating in the Shetland Isles. The Arabian horse is a breed of Horse with a reputation for Intelligence, spirit and stamina The Tarpan, Equus ferus ferus, was the Eurasian Wild horse. The last specimen of this species died in captivity in Ukraine in 1876 Przewalski's Horse ( Equus ferus przewalskii, Equus przewalskii or Equus caballus przewalskii classification is debated ʃɨˈvælskiː or /zɨˈvɑːlskiː/ The Wild Horse ( Equus ferus) is a member of the Horse genus which currently is native only in Asia. Feral horses are free-roaming untamed horses descended from domesticated Horses. The tarpan, Equus ferus ferus, survived into the historical era, but became extinct in 1879. The Tarpan, Equus ferus ferus, was the Eurasian Wild horse. The last specimen of this species died in captivity in Ukraine in 1876 In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. Its genetic line is lost, but its phenotype has been recreated by a "breeding back" process, in which living domesticated horses with primitive features were repeatedly interbred. A phenotype is any observable characteristic of an Organism, such as its morphology, Development, biochemical or physiological properties Breeding back can be described as either a natural or a human attempt to assemble or re-assemble the genes of an extinct Thanks to the efforts of the brothers Lutz Heck (director of the Berlin zoo) and Heinz Heck (director of Munich Tierpark Hellabrunn), the resulting Heck horse together with the Konik resembles the tarpan more closely than any other living horse. Ludwig George Heinrich Heck, called Lutz Heck (23 April 1892 - 6 April 1983 born and died in Berlin) was a German Zoologist, animal researcher Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. A zoological garden, shortened to zoo, is an institution in which living animals are exhibited in captivity Heinz Heck (22 January 1894 - 5 March 1982 born in Berlin and died in Munich) was a German Biologist and director of Zoo in Tierpark Hellabrunn is the name of the Zoological garden in the Bavarian capital Munich. The Heck horse is a Breed of Horse that resembles the extinct Tarpan. Konik Podlaskie Voivodeship
Przewalski's Horse (Equus ferus przewalskii), a rare Asian species, is the only true wild horse alive today. Przewalski's Horse ( Equus ferus przewalskii, Equus przewalskii or Equus caballus przewalskii classification is debated ʃɨˈvælskiː or /zɨˈvɑːlskiː/ Also known as the Mongolian Wild Horse, Mongolians know it as the taki, while the Kyrgyz people call it a kirtag. Przewalski's Horse ( Equus ferus przewalskii, Equus przewalskii or Equus caballus przewalskii classification is debated ʃɨˈvælskiː or /zɨˈvɑːlskiː/ Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East The Kyrgyz (also spelled Kirgiz, Kirghiz) are a Turkic Ethnic group found primarily in Kyrgyzstan. Small wild breeding populations of this animal, named after the Russian explorer Przewalski, exist in Mongolia. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Nikolai Mikhaylovich Przhevalsky (prʐɛ'valʲskʲi also spelled Przewalski and Prjevalsky (Никола́й Миха́йлович Пржева́льский [82] There are also small populations maintained at zoos throughout the world. The species was for a time extinct in the wild between 1969 and 1992 but due to conservations efforts by numerous zoos, a small breeding population of Przewalksi's Horse was reestablished in the wild. [83] Other truly wild equids alive today include the zebra, the African Wild Ass and the kiang. Zebras are African Equids best known for their distinctive white and black stripes The African Wild Ass ( Equus africanus) is a wild member of the horse family Equidae. The Kiang ( Equus kiang) also khyang and sometimes Tarpan (not to be confused with the separate extinct Tarpan) or Gorkhar, [84]
Feral horses
Feral horses, who had domesticated ancestors but were born and live in the wild, are distinct from wild animals, whose ancestors have never undergone domestication. A feral organism is one that has escaped from Domestication and returned partly or wholly to its wild state Many populations of feral horses exist throughout the world. Feral horses are free-roaming untamed horses descended from domesticated Horses. Studies of feral horses have provided useful insights into the behavior of ancestral wild horses, as well as greater understanding of the instincts and behaviours that drive horses.
Other modern equids
Other members of the horse family include zebras, donkeys, and onagers. Equidae is the family of horse-like animals which belong to the order Perissodactyla. Zebras are African Equids best known for their distinctive white and black stripes The donkey or ass, Equus asinus, is a member of the Equidae or horse family and an odd-toed ungulate. The Onager ( Equus hemionus) is a large Mammal belonging to the horse family and native to the deserts of Syria, Iran, Pakistan The Donkey, Burro or Domestic Ass, Equus asinus, like the horse, has many breeds. A mule is a hybrid of a male ass (jack) and a mare, and is usually infertile. In its common modern meaning a mule is the offspring of a male Donkey and a female Horse, which is classified as a kind of F1 hybrid. A hinny is the less common hybrid of a female ass (jenny) and a stallion. The word "hinny" is also a term of endearment used in North East England, equivalent to "honey" see Geordie. Breeders have also tried crossing various species of zebra with mares or female asses to produce "zebra mules" (zorses, and zonkeys (also called zedonks or zebroids)). A zorse or zebrula is the offspring of a Zebra stallion and a Horse mare; the rarer reverse pairing is sometimes called a A zonkey (also known as zebrass zebronkeyzeasses zeedonk zedonk zebadonk zenkey donbra zebrinny or deebra) is a cross between a Zebra and A zonkey (also known as zebrass zebronkeyzeasses zeedonk zedonk zebadonk zenkey donbra zebrinny or deebra) is a cross between a Zebra and A zebroid is a cross between a Zebra and any other Equid: essentially a zebra hybrid. This will probably remain a novelty hybrid as these individuals tend to inherit some of the undomesticated nature of their zebra parent, but they may inherit the zebra's resistance to nagana pest. Nagana, also called nagana pest or Animal African Trypanosomiasis, is a disease of vertebrate animals
Horses and humans
- See also: Equestrianism
Around the world, horses play a role within human economies. For the Roman class see Equestrian (Roman Equestrianism refers to the skill of riding or driving Horses This broad description The FAO reports that in 2003, China had the largest number of horses in the world with over 8 million horses, followed by Mexico (6,260,000), Brazil (5,900,500), the United States (5,300,000), and Argentina (3,655,000). [85] Horses can be used for leisure activities, sports, and working purposes. The American Horse Council estimates that horse-related activities have a direct impact on the economy of the United States of over $39 billion, and when indirect spending is considered, the impact is over $102 billion. The American Horse Council (AHC is a trade organization representing the Horse industry in Washington DC The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [86] In a poll conducted by Animal Planet in 2004, the horse was voted World's 4th Favorite Animal. Animal Planet is an American Satellite and Cable Television channel (also broadcast via IPTV in the UK) launched on More than 50,000 viewers from 73 countries voted in the poll. [87]
In wealthier First World industrialized economies, horses are primarily used in recreational pursuits and competitive sports, though they also have practical uses in police work, cattle ranching, search and rescue, and other duties where terrain or conditions preclude use of motorized vehicles. The term " first world " refers to countries that are capitalist, which are technologically advanced and whose A ranch is an area of landscape including various structures given primarily to the practice of ranching the practice of raising grazing livestock such as Cattle In poorer Third World economies, they may also be used for recreational purposes by the elite population, but may serve a much wider role in working pursuits including farming, ranching and as a means of transportation. Third World is a name given to nations that are generally considered to be underdeveloped economically Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture A ranch is an area of landscape including various structures given primarily to the practice of ranching the practice of raising grazing livestock such as Cattle To a very limited extent, they are also still used in warfare, particularly in regions of extremely rugged terrain. Horses were first used in warfare over 5000 years ago The earliest evidence of the use of horses ridden in warfare dates [88]
Sport
Horses are trained to be ridden or driven in many different sporting events and competitions. Show jumping, also known as "stadium jumping" or "jumpers" is a member of a family of English riding equestrian events that also includes The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe For the Roman class see Equestrian (Roman Equestrianism refers to the skill of riding or driving Horses This broad description This article is about the sport For other uses see Horserace (drinking game or Horse race (politics. Horse training refers to a wide variety of practices that teach Horses to perform certain behaviors when asked to do so by humans Examples include horse shows, gymkhana and O-Mok-See, rodeos, endurance riding, fox hunting, and Olympic-level events such as three-day eventing, combined driving, dressage, and show jumping. A Horse show is a judged exhibition of Horses and ponies. Many different horse breeds and equestrian disciplines hold competitions worldwide Gymkhana is a term used in the United Kingdom, east coast of the United States, and other English-speaking nations to describe an equestrian event Gymkhana is a term used in the United Kingdom, east coast of the United States, and other English-speaking nations to describe an equestrian event Rodeo (ˈroʊdioʊ or /roʊˈdeɪoʊ/ is a sport which arose out of the working practices of cattle herding in Spain, Mexico, and later the United States Endurance riding is an equestrian sport based on controlled long distance races Fox hunting is an activity involving the tracking chase and sometimes killing of a fox traditionally a Red fox, by trained Foxhounds or other Scent hounds Equestrianism made its Summer Olympics debut at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, France Eventing is an equestrian event which comprises Dressage, cross-country and Show-jumping. Combined driving also known as Horse Driving Trials is an equestrian sport involving carriage driving. Dressage (pronounced dress-ahhzh /ˈdrɛsɑʒ/ (a French term most commonly translated to mean "training" is a path and destination of competitive Horse training Show jumping, also known as "stadium jumping" or "jumpers" is a member of a family of English riding equestrian events that also includes Although scoring varies by event, most emphasize the horse's speed, maneuverability, obedience and/or precision. Sometimes the equitation, the style and ability of the rider, is also considered. Equitation refers to a rider's position while mounted and encompasses a rider's ability to ride correctly and with effective aids
Sports such as polo and horseball do not judge the horse itself, but rather use the horse as a partner for human competitors as a necessary part of the game. Polo is a team sport played outdoors on Horseback in which the objective is to score goals against an opposing team Horseball is a Game played on Horseback where a ball is handled and points are scored by shooting it through a high net (approximately 1 Although the horse assists this process and requires specialized training to do so, the details of its performance are not judged, only the result of the rider's actions -- be it getting a ball through a goal or some other achievement. Examples of these sports of partnership between human and animal also include jousting (reenacting the skills used by medieval knights), where the main goal is for one rider to dismount the other, and buzkashi, a team game played throughout Central Asia, the aim being to capture a goat carcass while on horseback. Knight is the English term for a social position originating in the Middle Ages. Buzkashi, Kok-boru or Oglak Tartis ( Persian: بزکشی bozkæšī, Tajik: бузкашӣ buzkašī: "goat Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south [89]
The most widely known use of horses for sport is horse racing, seen in almost every nation in the world. This article is about the sport For other uses see Horserace (drinking game or Horse race (politics. There are three types: "flat" racing; steeplechasing, i. The steeplechase is a form of Horse racing (primarily conducted in the United Kingdom, United States, France, and Ireland) and derives e. racing over jumps; and harness racing, where horses trot or pace while pulling a driver in a small, light cart known as a sulky. Harness racing is a form of Horse-racing in which the horses race in a specified gait A sulky is a lightweight Cart having two wheels and a seat for the driver only but usually without a body Most race horses in the developed world are Thoroughbreds, a breed which can reach speeds up to 40 mph/70 km/h. The Thoroughbred is a horse breed In the case of a specialized sprinting breed, the American Quarter Horse, speeds over 50 mph have been clocked. In harness racing, performed by Standardbred horses, speeds over 30 mph have been measured. Harness racing is a form of Horse-racing in which the horses race in a specified gait A major part of the economic importance of horse racing, as for many sports, lies in the gambling associated with it. [90]
Work
There are certain jobs that horses do very well, and no amount of technology appears able to supersede. Mounted police horses are still effective for crowd control. Mounted police are Police who patrol on Horseback They continue to serve in remote areas and in metropolitan areas where their day-to-day function may be picturesque [91] Cattle ranches still require riders on horseback to round up cattle that are scattered across remote, rugged terrain. A ranch is an area of landscape including various structures given primarily to the practice of ranching the practice of raising grazing livestock such as Cattle [92] Search and rescue organizations in some countries depend upon mounted teams to locate people, particularly hikers and hunters, who are lost in remote areas. For the TV series of this title see Search and Rescue (TV series. Mounted search and rescue ( MSAR) is a specialty within Search and rescue (SAR using Horses for transportation and to search for Missing persons
Some land management practices such as cultivating and logging can be efficiently performed with horses. In agriculture less use of fossil fuels, reduced soil compaction and degrading of soil structure can be seen over time with the use of draft animals such as horses. A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks [93] In forestry, logging can be done with horses and can result in reduced damage to soil structure and less damage to trees due to more selective logging. [94]
Horses can also be used in other areas where it is necessary to avoid vehicular disruption to delicate soil. Examples include areas such as a nature reserve. They may also be the only form of transport allowed in wilderness areas. A wilderness area is a region where the land is in a natural state where impacts from human activities are minimal—that is as a Wilderness. They are also quieter than motorized vehicles. Peace officers such as Park rangers or game wardens may use horses for patrols, and horses or mules may also be used for clearing trails or other work in areas of rough terrain where vehicles are less effective. A law enforcement officer (also called peace officer) in North America, is any public-sector person charged with upholding the peace, mainly A Park ranger is a person in lead of protecting and preserving parklands - national state or provincial parks United States In the United States, game wardens are state or local officials responsible for enforcing Laws pertaining to the Hunting, [95]
In less affluent countries such as Romania, Kyrgyzstan, and many parts of the Third World, horses, donkeys and mules are routinely used for transport and agriculture. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Kyrgyzstan (ˈkɻ̩gɪztɑn (AmE or /'kɝgəztan/ (BrE Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан; Russian: Киргизия or Киргизстан or Кыргызстан Third World is a name given to nations that are generally considered to be underdeveloped economically In areas where roads are poor or non-existent and fossil fuels are scarce or the terrain rugged, riding horseback is still the most efficient way to get from place to place.
Entertainment and culture
- See also: Horses in art and Horse worship
Modern horses are often used to re-enact their historical work purpose. Horses have appeared in works of art throughout history frequently as depictions of the horse in battle. Horse worship is a pagan practice that may be demonstrated in Europe in the Iron Age, and perhaps in the Bronze Age. One famous example is the Budweiser Clydesdales. Budweiser is an American-style lager and is one of the most popular beers in the United States. This team of draft horses pulls a beer wagon in a manner similar to that used prior to the invention of the modern motorized truck. A draft horse, draught horse or dray horse (from the Anglo-Saxon dragan meaning to draw or haul is a large Horse bred for hard heavy tasks [96] Horses are used, complete with equipment that is authentic or a meticulously recreated replica, in various historical reenactments of specific periods of history, and especially famous battles. "Reenactment" redirects here For the 1968 Romanian film see The Reenactment. [97] Horses also are used to preserve cultural traditions and for ceremonial purposes. Countries such as the United Kingdom still use horse-drawn carriages to convey royalty and VIPs to and from certain culturally significant events. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located [98] Horses are frequently used in television and motion pictures to add authenticity to historical dramas as well as adding charm to films set in modern-day, or even futuristic science fiction settings. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic [99] The horse frequently appears in coats of arms in heraldry. Heraldry in its most general sense encompasses all matters relating to the duties and responsibilities of officers of arms. The horse can be represented as standing, trotting, courant (running) or salient (rearing). The horse may be saddled and bridled, harnessed, or without any harness whatsoever. [100] The horse features in the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The Chinese Zodiac is a 12 year cycle Each year of the 12 year cycle is named after one of the original 12 animals The Chinese calendar is lunisolar, incorporating elements of a Lunar calendar with those of a Solar calendar. According to Chinese folklore, each animal is associated with certain personality traits, and those born in the year of the horse are intelligent, independent and free-spirited. [101]
Assisted learning and therapeutic purposes
- See also: Hippotherapy, Therapeutic horseback riding, and Equine Assisted Learning
People with disabilities obtain beneficial results from association with horses. According to the American Hippotherapy Association Inc "Hippotherapy" is a physical occupational and speech therapy treatment strategy that utilizes equine movement Therapeutic horseback riding, also known as an Equine Assisted Activity, or " Adaptive Riding " is for individuals with a range of physical emotional Equine-guided education, is a relatively new field of Experiential learning for people from all walks of life and includes corporate professional and personal development Physically, the movement of a horse strengthens muscles throughout a rider's body and promotes better overall health. In many cases, riding has also led to increased mobility for the rider. The benefits of equestrian activity for people with disabilities has also been recognized with the addition of equestrian events to the Paralympic Games and recognition of para-equestrian events by the FEI. The Paralympic Games are a multi-sport event for athletes with physical and sensorial disabilities Hippotherapy and therapeutic horseback riding are names for different physical, occupational, and speech therapy treatment strategies that utilize equine movement. According to the American Hippotherapy Association Inc "Hippotherapy" is a physical occupational and speech therapy treatment strategy that utilizes equine movement Therapeutic horseback riding, also known as an Equine Assisted Activity, or " Adaptive Riding " is for individuals with a range of physical emotional In hippotherapy, a therapist uses the horse's movement to provide carefully graded sensory input, whereas therapeutic horseback riding uses specific riding skills.
Horses also provide psychological benefits to people whether they actually ride or not. "Equine-assisted" or "equine-facilitated" psychotherapy uses horses as companion animals to assist people with psychological problems. Psychotherapy is an Interpersonal, relational intervention used by trained psychotherapists to aid clients in problems of living these therapies encourage a person to touch, speak to and otherwise interact with the horse. People who have "tuned out" human therapists appear to benefit from being able to be around horses, who are sensitive to non-verbal communication. Equine Assisted Learning (EAL) (also known as equine guided education or equine assisted professional development) is field of experiential learning for corporate, professional and personal development. Equine-guided education, is a relatively new field of Experiential learning for people from all walks of life and includes corporate professional and personal development There are also experimental programs using horses in prison settings. A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of Exposure to horses appears to improve the behavior of inmates in a prison setting and help reduce recidivism when they leave. Recidivism ( IPA: /ɹɪˈsɪdɪvɪzm̩/ From recidive + ism, from Latin recidīvus "recurring" from re- Horses are also used in camps and programs for young people with emotional difficulties.
Warfare
Horses in warfare have been seen for most of recorded history, dating back at least to the 19th century B. Horses were first used in warfare over 5000 years ago The earliest evidence of the use of horses ridden in warfare dates Horses were first used in warfare over 5000 years ago The earliest evidence of the use of horses ridden in warfare dates C. . [102] While mechanization has largely replaced the horse as a weapon of war, horses are still seen today in limited military uses, mostly for ceremonial purposes, or for reconnaissance and transport activities in areas of rough terrain where motorized vehicles are ineffective. Horses have been used in the 21st century by the Janjaweed militias in the Darfur conflict in attacks against unarmed civilians. The Janjaweed ( Arabic: جنجويد; variously transliterated Janjawid, Janjawed or Jingaweit etc The War in Darfur is a military conflict in the Darfur region of western Sudan. [103]
Products
Horses have been used for the production of many products throughout history, including byproducts from the slaughter of horses and products collected from living horses. Horse meat has been used as food for animals and humans throughout the ages. Horse meat is the culinary name for meat cut from a Horse. It is slightly sweet tender low in fat and high in protein It is eaten in many parts of the world and is an export industry in the United States and other countries. [104] Bills have been introduced in both the House and the Senate which would put an end to this practice in the United States. [105] Horse consumption is taboo in some cultures. A taboo is a strong Social prohibition (or ban) against words objects actions or discussions that are considered undesirable or offensive by a group culture [104] Horsehide leather has been used for boots, gloves, jackets,[106] baseballs,[107]and baseball gloves. The Type A-2 leather flight jacket is one of the most classic and immediately recognizable articles of military clothing ever designed A baseball is a Ball used primarily in the sport of the same name Baseball. The saba is a horsehide vessel used in the production of kumis. Kumis ( Turkish:kımız Mongolian:airag is a fermented dairy product traditionally made from mare's milk Horsehide and horse hooves can also be used to produce animal glue. An animal glue is an Adhesive that is created by prolonged boiling of Animal Connective tissue. [108] Horse bones can be used to make implements. [109] Specifically, in Italian cuisine, the horse tibia is sharpened into a probe called a spinto, which is used to test the readiness of a (pig) ham as it cures. The tibia, shinbone, or shankbone is the larger and stronger of the two Bones in the Leg below the Knee in vertebrates and connects [110]
Products collected from living horses include mare's milk, used by people with large horse-herds, such as the Mongols. They may let it ferment to produce kumis. Kumis ( Turkish:kımız Mongolian:airag is a fermented dairy product traditionally made from mare's milk [111] Horse blood was also used as food by the Mongols and other nomadic tribes. Nomadic people, (from the νομάδες nomádes, "those who let pasture herds" also known as nomads, are communities of people that The Mongols found this food source especially convenient when riding for long periods of time. Drinking their own horse's blood allowed the Mongols to ride for extended periods of time without stopping to eat. [111] Premarin is a mixture of female hormones (estrogens) extracted from the urine of pregnant mares (pregnant mares' urine). Premarin is the commercial name for compound drug consisting primarily of conjugated Estrogens Isolated from mare's Urine ( PRE gnant Estrogens (US otherwise oestrogens or œstrogens) are a group of Steroid compounds named for their importance in the Estrous cycle, It is a widely used drug for hormone replacement therapy. Hormone replacement therapy may refer to Hormone replacement therapy (menopause Hormone replacement therapy (female-to-male This horse product is very controversial. [112] The tail hair of the horse can be used for making bows for stringed instruments such as the violin, viola, cello, and double bass. In Music, a bow is moved across some part of a Musical instrument, causing Vibration which the instrument emits as Sound. A string instrument (or stringed instrument) is a Musical instrument that produces Sound by means of Vibrating strings In the Hornbostel-Sachs The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member The viola is a bowed String instrument. It is the middle voice of the Violin family, The violoncello (abbreviated to cello, or 'cello, plural cellos or celli —the c is tʃ The double bass is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed String instrument used in the modern symphony orchestra. [113]
Horse care
- See also: Equine nutrition, Horse grooming, Veterinary medicine, and Farrier
Horses are grazing animals, thus their most important dietary need is for abundant good-quality forage from hay or pasture. There are many aspects to horse care. Horses ponies, Mules Donkeys and other domesticated Equidae require attention from Equine nutrition is the feeding of Horses ponies, Mules Donkeys and other equines Correct and balanced Nutrition is a critical Horse grooming is hygienic care given to a horse or a process by which the horse's physical appearance is enhanced for Horse shows or other types of competition Veterinary medicine the application of medical, diagnostic, and therapeutic principles to companion, domestic, exotic, wildlife A farrier is a specialist in Equine hoof care including the trimming and balancing of a horse's hoof and the placing of shoes to the horse's Grazing generally describes a type of Predation in which an Herbivore feeds on Plants (such as Grasses, or more broadly on a multicellular Forage is plant material (mainly plant leaves and stems eaten by grazing Livestock. Hay is a generic term for grass or Legumes that have been cut dried and stored for use as animal feed, particularly for grazing animals like A common guideline is that horse weighing approximately 1,000 pounds should eat 15 to 18 pounds of good quality roughage daily. Some supplementation with concentrated feed such as grain may be an addition (not replacement for) pasture or hay, especially when the animal is active or working. [114] Horses require a plentiful supply of clean water, a minimum of 10 to 12 gallons per day. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. [115] Although horses are adapted to live outside, they require shelter from the wind and precipitation, which can range from a simple shed or shelter to an elaborate stable. A stable is a Building in which Livestock, especially Horses are kept [116]
Horses require regular vaccinations to protect against various diseases, need routine hoof care, and regular dental examinations from a veterinarian or a specialized equine dentist. Vaccination is the administration of Antigenic material (the Vaccine) to produce immunity to a disease A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly A horse hoof is a structure surrounding the distal phalanx of the 3rd digit (digit III of the basic Pentadactyl limb of Vertebrates evolved into a single Horses' teeth are often used to estimate the animal's age hence the sayings "long in the tooth" and "Don't look a gift horse in the mouth" A veterinarian ( American English) or a Veterinary surgeon ( British English) often shortened to vet, is a Physician [117] If horses are kept inside in a barn, they require regular daily exercise for their physical health and mental well-being. A barn is an agricultural building used for storage and as a covered workplace [118] When turned outside, they require well-maintained, sturdy fences to be safely contained. In Agriculture, Fences are used to keep Animals in or out of an area [119] Regular grooming is also helpful to help the horse maintain good health of the hair coat and underlying skin. Horse grooming is hygienic care given to a horse or a process by which the horse's physical appearance is enhanced for Horse shows or other types of competition [120]
Riding and Driving
- See also: Horse tack
- See also: English riding, Western riding, and Dressage
Horses are usually ridden with a saddle on their backs to assist the rider with balance, and a bridle on their heads to assist the rider in maintaining control. For the Roman class see Equestrian (Roman Equestrianism refers to the skill of riding or driving Horses This broad description Tack is a term used to describe any of the various equipment and accessories worn by Horses in the course of their use as domesticated Animals Saddles stirrups English riding is a term used to describe a form of horseback riding that is seen throughout the world WesternClassjpg|thumb|200 px|Modern competitors in western equipment lined up at a horse show class awaiting results]] Western riding is a style of horseback riding which evolved Dressage (pronounced dress-ahhzh /ˈdrɛsɑʒ/ (a French term most commonly translated to mean "training" is a path and destination of competitive Horse training A saddle is a supportive structure for a rider or other load fastened to an animal's back by a girth. A bridle is a piece of equipment used to control a Horse. The bridle fits over a horse's head and has the purpose of controlling the horse However, many riders ride on occasion without a saddle and some horses can be trained to perform without a bridle or other headgear. Many horses are also driven, which requires a different set of tack. Driving, when applied to Horses Ponies, Mules or Donkeys is a broad term for hitching equines to a Wagon, Carriage Tack is a term used to describe any of the various equipment and accessories worn by Horses in the course of their use as domesticated Animals Saddles stirrups From the time the horse was domesticated, a wide variety of riding methods or styles have developed, all of which balance the need to allow the horse freedom of movement in activities such as horse racing or show jumping and the need for security and comfort for the rider, precision of commands, and overall control. There are a number of hypotheses on many of the key issues regarding the domestication of the horse. This article is about the sport For other uses see Horserace (drinking game or Horse race (politics. Show jumping, also known as "stadium jumping" or "jumpers" is a member of a family of English riding equestrian events that also includes Activities such as dressage and reining require high levels of control, while horse racing or show jumping require that a horse have considerable freedom of movement. Dressage (pronounced dress-ahhzh /ˈdrɛsɑʒ/ (a French term most commonly translated to mean "training" is a path and destination of competitive Horse training Reining is a Western riding competition for Horses where the riders guide the horses through a precise pattern of circles spins and stops This article is about the sport For other uses see Horserace (drinking game or Horse race (politics. Show jumping, also known as "stadium jumping" or "jumpers" is a member of a family of English riding equestrian events that also includes Worldwide, the most common modern riding style is referred to in the United States as English riding, which is a broad style that encompasses most Olympic Equestrian competition, and includes such specific styles as dressage, hunt seat, show jumping and saddle seat, among many others. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the English riding is a term used to describe a form of horseback riding that is seen throughout the world Equestrianism made its Summer Olympics debut at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, France Dressage (pronounced dress-ahhzh /ˈdrɛsɑʒ/ (a French term most commonly translated to mean "training" is a path and destination of competitive Horse training Hunt seat is terminology used in the United States and Canada to refer to a style of forward seat riding commonly found at American Horse Show jumping, also known as "stadium jumping" or "jumpers" is a member of a family of English riding equestrian events that also includes Saddle seat is a style of horseback riding within the category of English riding that is designed to show off the high trotting action of certain horse breeds Western riding is a popular style seen in North America, derived from the traditions of Spain, modified to fit the needs of cattle ranchers. WesternClassjpg|thumb|200 px|Modern competitors in western equipment lined up at a horse show class awaiting results]] Western riding is a style of horseback riding which evolved Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. A ranch is an area of landscape including various structures given primarily to the practice of ranching the practice of raising grazing livestock such as Cattle A similar riding style is seen with the Stockman of Australia. In the Australian lexicon stockman is the traditional name given to a person who looks after the Livestock on a large property known as a station and owned For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.
See also
Notes
- ^ HorseFacts. When buying a Horse, many buyers ask for an equine prepurchase exam. Tack is a term used to describe any of the various equipment and accessories worn by Horses in the course of their use as domesticated Animals Saddles stirrups Horse training refers to a wide variety of practices that teach Horses to perform certain behaviors when asked to do so by humans Horse breeding refers to reproduction in Horses and particularly the human-directed process of Selective breeding of animals particularly Purebred Meyers b12 s0947bjpg|thumb|Heavy or draft horse breeds]] This page is a list of Horse and Pony breeds and also includes terms used to describe types of horses that are not There are many aspects to horse care. Horses ponies, Mules Donkeys and other domesticated Equidae require attention from The Mane Facts About Horse Health. Horsefacts. org. Foundation for Biomedical Research. Retrieved on 2007-01-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus.
- ^ Ryder, Erin. World's Oldest Living Pony Dies at 56. TheHorse. com. The Horse. Retrieved on 2007-05-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
- ^ British Horse Society The Manual of Horsemanship of the British Horse Society p. 255
- ^ a b c Ensminger Horses and Horsemanship pp. 46-50
- ^ a b c Ensminger Horses and Horsemanship p. 418
- ^ Ensminger Horses and Horsemanship p. 430
- ^ Ensminger Horses and Horsemanship p. 415
- ^ Ensminger Horses and Horsemanship p. 422
- ^ Ensminger Horses and Horsemanship p. 427
- ^ Ensminger Horses and Horsemanship p. 420
- ^ Horse & Hound. When is a gelding, not a gelding?. Horse & Hound Magazine. Horse & Hound. Retrieved on 2008-04-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
- ^ Hammond The Language of Horse Racing pp. 49,79
- ^ Equibase. Glossary of Horse Racing Terms. Equibase. com. Equibase Company, LLC. Retrieved on 2008-04-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
- ^ Ensminger Horses and Horsemanship p. 51
- ^ a b Ensminger Horses and Tack pp. 11-12
- ^ For example, the Missouri Fox Trotter or the Arabian horse. The Missouri Fox Trotter is an American breed of horse with a unique four beat gait The Arabian horse is a breed of Horse with a reputation for Intelligence, spirit and stamina See McBand The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds pp. 192,218
- ^ McBand The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds pp. 52-63
- ^ Ensminger Horses and Tack p. 12
- ^ McBane The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds p. 200
- ^ Damerow, Gail. World's Largest Draft Horse. Rural Heritage Horse Paddock. Rural Heritage. Retrieved on 2008-04-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian
- ^ Martin, Arthur. Meet Thumbelina, the World's Smallest Horse. Daily Mail. Daily Mail. Retrieved on 2006-10-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 314 - Roman Emperor Licinius is defeated by his colleague Constantine I at the Battle of Cibalae, and loses
- ^ UC Davis. Horse Coat Color Tests. Veterinary Genetics Laboratory. University of California. Retrieved on 2008-05-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor.
- ^ Equine Color. Color Information. Equine Color Genetics Information. Equine Color. Retrieved on 2008-05-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor.
- ^ UC Davis. Introduction to Coat Color Genetics. Veterinary Genetics Laboratory. University of California. Retrieved on 2008-05-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor.
- ^ Mau "Genetic mapping of dominant white" Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics
- ^ a b Ensminger Horses and Tack p. 129
- ^ Hura "The Effect of some factors on gestation length in nonius breed mares in Slovakia" Proceedings of Roundtable Conference on Animal Biotechnology
- ^ Developmental Orthopaedic Disease: Problems of Limbs in young Horses. Retrieved on 2008-04-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.
- ^ Rolo, Jeffrey. What Age Should I Start My Horse?. AlphaHorse. AlphaHorse. Retrieved on 2008-04-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title
- ^ Jockey Club. 2-Year-Old Racing (US and Canada). Online Fact Book. Jockey Club. Retrieved on 2008-04-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title
- ^ Crebbin, Tess. The Correct Age and Way to Break a Young Horse. Dressage Connection. Dressage Connection. Retrieved on 2008-04-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title
- ^ American Endurance Riding Conference. Age Matters (Your Horse's Age, That Is!). American Endurance Riding Conference. Retrieved on 2008-04-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop
- ^ Evans The Horse p. 90
- ^ Ensminger Horses and Horsemanship pp. 21-25
- ^ Giffin Horse Owner's Veterinary Handbook p. 175
- ^ Kreling Horses' Teeth and Their Problems pp. 12-13
- ^ The Progressive Farmer Staff. No Hoof, No Horse. Horses & Farm Animals. The Progressive Farmer, Inc. . Retrieved on 2008-04-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop
- ^ Giffin Horse Owner's Veterinary Handbook p. 304
- ^ Giffin Horse Owner's Veterinary Handbook p. 457
- ^ Fuess, Ph. D. , Theresa A. . Yes, The Shin Bone Is Connected to the Ankle Bone. Pet Column. University of Illinois. Retrieved on 2008-04-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop
- ^ Giffin Horse Owner's Veterinary Handbook pp. 310-312
- ^ a b c Ensminger Horses and Horsemanship pp. 309-310
- ^ Barnett Equine Ophthalmology
- ^ McDonnell "In Living Color" The Horse
- ^ Myers Horse Safe p. 7
- ^ Harris Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement p. 32
- ^ Harris Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement p. 50
- ^ a b Harris Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement pp. 50-55
- ^ McBane A Natural Approach to Horse Management pp. 226-228
- ^ Ensminger Horses and Horsemanship pp. 305-309
- ^ Prince Basic Horsemanship pp. 214-223
- ^ Pascoe, Elaine. How Horses Sleep. Equisearch. com. EquiSearch. Retrieved on 2007-03-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ a b c Pascoe, Elaine. How Horses Sleep, Pt. 2 - Power Naps. Equisearch. com. EquiSearch. Retrieved on 2007-03-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ Ensminger Horses and Horsemanship p. 310
- ^ Editors of EQUUS Magazine. Equine Sleep Disorder Videos. Equisearch. com. EquiSearch. Retrieved on 2007-03-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ Smith Large Animal Internal Medicine pp. 1086-1087
- ^ a b c d Henry All About Horses
- ^ DeFilippis The Everything Horse Care Book p. 4
- ^ Staples, Michelle. Domestication. Equiworld. net. Equiworld. Retrieved on 2008-02-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
- ^ Hedge Horse Conformation pp. 307-308
- ^ Ensminger Horses and Horsemanship p. 424
- ^ Edwards The Arabian
- ^ World Arabian Horse Organization. Is Purity the Issue?. WAHO Publication Number 21 January 1998. World Arabian Horse Organization. Retrieved on 2008-04-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans.
- ^ Oklahoma State University. Andalusian. Breeds of Livestock. Oklahoma State University Board of Regents. Retrieved on 2008-04-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans.
- ^ British Horseracing Authority. History of Thoroughbreds. Britishhorseracing. com. British Horseracing Authority. Retrieved on 2008-04-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
- ^ a b Jockey Club. American Stud Book Principal Rules and Requirements. The Jockey Club. Jockey Club. Retrieved on 2007-07-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England.
- ^ Arabian Horse Association. 2008 Rules & Regulations. 2008 Rulebook. Arabian Horse Association. Retrieved on 2008-04-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
- ^ The Appaloosa Horse Club. Appaloosa Horse Club Handbook 2007. 2007 Rulebook. The Appaloosa Horse Club. Retrieved on 2007-07-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England.
- ^ American Quarter Horse Association. AQHA Registration Rules and Regulations. 2007 Rulebook. American Quarter Horse Association. Retrieved on 2007-07-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England.
- ^ Bernhold, Suzette. What Is A Warmblood Anyway?. Warmblood Whisper. American Warmblood Society. Retrieved on 2008-05-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor.
- ^ Palomino Horse Association. Registration and Membership Instructions. Palomino Horse Association. Retrieved on 2008-05-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor.
- ^ McAfee "Did They Save Barbaro's Semen?" Slate
- ^ Mott "Champion Horse Cloned by Texas Breeder" National Geographic News
- ^ Lipizzan Breeding Farm. The Iberian (Spanish) Horse: Ancestor of the Lipizzan. Lipizzan. com. Lipizzan Breeding Farm. Retrieved on 2008-04-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. which cites Giacomini, Jean-Philippe (1995). The Classic Dressage Master Class. Houston, TX: Trophaem Mundi International, p. 37.
- ^ Lipizzan Association of North America. Origins and History of the Lipizzan Horse. Lipizzan Association of North America. Retrieved on 2008-04-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans.
- ^ Troika. Orlov Trotter. Russia's Breeds. Mekka Consulting. Retrieved on 2008-04-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans.
- ^ Budiansky The Nature of Horses
- ^ PBS. What Is A Horse?. Nature. PBS. Retrieved on 2008-04-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
- ^ Matossian Shaping World History p. 43
- ^ Evans Horse Breeding and Management p. 56
- ^ a b Benett Conquerors
- ^ The Foundation for the Preservation and Protection of the Przewalski Horse. Home. FPPPH. Treemail. Retrieved on 2008-04-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
- ^ Zoological Society of London. An extraordinary return from the brink of extinction for worlds last wild horse 12/19/2005. ZSL Press Releases. Zoological Society of London. Retrieved on 2008-04-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans.
- ^ TAKH. Wild Equids. Association pour le cheval de Przewalski. TAKH. Retrieved on 2008-04-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans.
- ^ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Global Livestock Production and Health Atlas. GLiPHA. FAO. Retrieved on 2007-08-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor.
- ^ American Horse Council. Most Comprehensive Horse Study Ever Reveals A Nearly $40 Billion Impact On The U.S. Economy. American Horse Council Press Release. American Horse Council. Retrieved on 2005-06-20. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun.
- ^ Independent Online. Tiger tops dog as world's favourite animal. IOL. Independent Online. Retrieved on 2008-04-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
- ^ The First Post. Janjaweed's horseback killers. Retrieved on 2008-04-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor
- ^ Lambert, Larry B. . Afghan Sport: Buzkashi. Afghan Network. WebMedia iNteractive. Retrieved on 2008-04-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
- ^ Campbell National Gambling Impact Study Commission Final Report p. 111
- ^ National Park Service. Horse Mounted Unit. United States Park Police. National Park Service. Retrieved on 2008-04-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor
- ^ Oklahoma Tourism and Recreation Department. The Cowboys. A Look At Oklahoma: A Student's Guide. Oklahoma Tourism and Recreation Department. Retrieved on 2008-04-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor
- ^ Kendell, Chet. Economics of Farming with Horses. Rural Heritage Back 40. Rural Heritage. Retrieved on 2008-04-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor
- ^ Rutledge, Jason. Why Log with Horses?. Rural Heritage Logging Camp. Rural Heritage. Retrieved on 2008-04-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor
- ^ US Forest Service (May 2003). Success Stories p. 4. USDA. Retrieved on 2008-04-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.
- ^ Beckius, Kim Knox. Meet the Clydesdales Up Close. New England Travel. About, Inc. . Retrieved on 2008-04-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans.
- ^ Stoddard, Samuel. Unit Activities. Co H, 4th Virginia Cavalry. Washington Webworks, LLC. Retrieved on 2008-04-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans.
- ^ British Monarchy. Carriages. Transport. British Monarchy. Retrieved on 2008-04-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans.
- ^ Stoddard, Samuel. Horse Movies. At-a-Glance Film Reviews. Rink Works. Retrieved on 2008-04-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil.
- ^ Parker, James. A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry. Heraldsnet. org. Heraldsnet. Retrieved on 2008-04-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
- ^ Chinese Culture Center of San Francisco. Year of the Horse. c-c-c. org. Chinese Culture Center of San Francisco. Retrieved on 2007-07-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of
- ^ Chamberlin Horse
- ^ Lacey "In Sudan, Militiamen on Horses Uproot a Million" New York Times
- ^ a b U. S. Department of Agriculture. U.S.D.A. Promotes Horse & Goat Meat. I. G. H. A. /HorseAid's U. S. D. A. Report. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 2008-04-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
- ^ Coile, Zachary. House votes to outlaw slaughter of horses for human consumption. SF Gate. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved on 2008-04-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
- ^ Ockerman Animal By-product Processing & Utilization p. 129
- ^ Webmaster. Inside a Modern Baseball. Baseball Fever. Baseball Almanac. Retrieved on 2008-04-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
- ^ Horse Hide Glue. Retrieved on 2008-04-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.
- ^ MacGregor Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn p. 31
- ^ Fort Eating Up Italy p. 171
- ^ a b Frazier "Invaders" The New Yorker
- ^ The Humane Society of the United States. The Facts About Premarin®. Issues Facing Equines. The Humane Society of the United States. Retrieved on 2008-04-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
- ^ VanClay, Mary. From Horse to Bow. News You Can Use. Johnson String Instrument. Retrieved on 2008-04-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
- ^ Giffin Horse Owner's Veterinary Handbook pp. 476-477
- ^ Giffin Horse Owner's Veterinary Handbook p. 455
- ^ Giffin Horse Owner's Veterinary Handbook p. 482
- ^ Giffin Horse Owner's Veterinary Handbook p. 62,168,310
- ^ Humane Society of the United States. General Horse Care Guidelines. Horses: Companions for Life. Humane Society of the United States. Retrieved on 2008-04-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil.
- ^ Wheeler Horse Stable and Riding Arena Design p. 215
- ^ Giffin Horse Owner's Veterinary Handbook p. 90
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Dictionary
horse
-noun
- A large hoofed animal (scientific name Equus caballus).
- (zoology) Any current or extinct animal of the family Equidae, including the zebra or the ass.
- (uncountable) Cavalry soldiers (often capitalized).
- In gymnastics, a piece of equipment with a body on two or four legs, approximately four feet high with two handles on top.
- (chess, rare) A knight.
- (slang) A large person.
- (slang) Heroin.
- (Can we verify(+) this sense?) (slang, pejorative) A Tongan.
-verb
- (transitive) To provide with a horse.
- (intransitive) To frolic, to act mischieviously. Usually followed by "around".
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