Hormones (from Greek ὁρμή - "impetus") are chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Only a small amount of hormone is required to alter cell metabolism. It is also a chemical messenger that transports a signal from one cell to another. All multicellular organisms produce hormones; plant hormones are also called phytohormones. Multicellular organisms are Organisms consisting of more than one cell, and having Differentiated cells that perform specialized functions Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Plant hormones (also known as phytohormones) are chemicals that regulate plant growth Hormones in animals are often transported in the blood. Cells respond to a hormone when they express a specific receptor for that hormone. Gene expression is the process by which inheritable information from a Gene, such as the DNA sequence, is made into a functional Gene product, such In Biochemistry, a receptor is a Protein molecule embedded in either the Plasma membrane or Cytoplasm of a cell to which a mobile signaling The hormone binds to the receptor protein, resulting in the activation of a signal transduction mechanism that ultimately leads to cell type-specific responses. In Biology, signal transduction refers to any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another
Endocrine hormone molecules are secreted (released) directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine hormones (or ectohormones) are secreted directly into a duct, and from the duct they either flow into the bloodstream or they flow from cell to cell by diffusion in a process known as paracrine signalling. The endocrine system is an integrated system of small organs that involve the release of extracellular signaling molecules known as Hormones The endocrine system is instrumental In Chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two Atoms in a definite arrangement held together by This is an article about the rock music band "Circulatory System" Exocrine glands are Glands that secrete their products ( Enzymes into ducts (duct glands Diffusion is the net movement of particles (typically molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration by uncoordinated random movement Paracrine signaling is a form of Cell signaling in which the target cell is near (" Para " = near the signal-releasing cell
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Hierarchical nature of hormonal control
Hormonal regulation of some physiological activities involves a hierarchy of cell types acting on each other either to stimulate or to modulate the release and action of a particular hormone. The secretion of hormones from successive levels of endocrine cells is stimulated by chemical signals originating from cells higher up the hierarchical system. The endocrine system is an integrated system of small organs that involve the release of extracellular signaling molecules known as Hormones The endocrine system is instrumental The master coordinator of hormonal activity in mammals is the hypothalamus, which acts on input that it receives from the central nervous system. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands The hypothalamus links the Nervous system to the Endocrine system via the Pituitary gland (hypophysis In Vertebrates the central nervous system ( CNS) is the part of the Nervous system which is enclosed in the Meninges. [1]
Other hormone secretion occurs in response to local conditions, such as the rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid cells in response to fluctuations of ionized calcium levels in extracellular fluid. Parathyroid hormone (PTH, or parathormone, is secreted by the Parathyroid glands as a Polypeptide containing 84 Amino acids. The parathyroid glands are small endocrine Glands in the neck usually located behind the Thyroid gland, which produce Parathyroid hormone. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Extracellular fluid (ECF usually denotes all body fluid outside of cells
Hormone signaling
Hormonal signalling across this hierarchy involves the following:
- Biosynthesis of a particular hormone in a particular tissue
- Storage and secretion of the hormone
- Transport of the hormone to the target cell(s)
- Recognition of the hormone by an associated cell membrane or intracellular receptor protein. Protein biosynthesis (synthesis is the process in which cells build Proteins The term is sometimes used to refer only to protein translation but more Exocytosis (ek-soh-sy-TOH-sis Greek: Έξω - external and κύτος - cell is the durable process by which a cell directs secretory vesicles out of the Cell Also see Transmembrane protein. A membrane protein is a Protein molecule that is attached to or associated with the membrane Not to be confused with Intercellular, meaning "between cells" In Biochemistry, a receptor is a Protein molecule embedded in either the Plasma membrane or Cytoplasm of a cell to which a mobile signaling
- Relay and amplification of the received hormonal signal via a signal transduction process: This then leads to a cellular response. In Biology, signal transduction refers to any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another The reaction of the target cells may then be recognized by the original hormone-producing cells, leading to a down-regulation in hormone production. WikipediaWikipedia is not a dictionary ---> Downregulation is the process by which This is an example of a homeostatic negative feedback loop. Homeostasis (from Greek: ὅμος hómos, "equal" and ιστημι istēmi, "to stand" lit Negative Feedback feeds part of a System 's output inverted into the system's input generally with the result that fluctuations are attenuated
- Degradation of the hormone.
As can be inferred from the hierarchical diagram, hormone biosynthetic cells are typically of a specialized cell type, residing within a particular endocrine gland (e. The endocrine system is an integrated system of small organs that involve the release of extracellular signaling molecules known as Hormones The endocrine system is instrumental g. , the thyroid gland, the ovaries, or the testes). The thyroid is one of the largest Endocrine glands in the body "Ovaria" redirects here This is also a proposed section and a Synonym of Solanum. The testicle (from Latin testiculus, diminutive of testis, meaning "witness" virility plural testes) is the male Hormones may exit their cell of origin via exocytosis or another means of membrane transport. Exocytosis (ek-soh-sy-TOH-sis Greek: Έξω - external and κύτος - cell is the durable process by which a cell directs secretory vesicles out of the Cell The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane, plasmalemma, or "phospholipid bilayer" is a Selectively permeable Lipid bilayer However, the hierarchical model is an oversimplification of the hormonal signaling process. Cellular recipients of a particular hormonal signal may be one of several cell types that reside within a number of different tissues, as is the case for insulin, which triggers a diverse range of systemic physiological effects. Insulin is a Hormone with intensive effects on both metabolism and several other body systems (eg vascular compliance Different tissue types may also respond differently to the same hormonal signal. Because of this, hormonal signaling is elaborate and hard to dissect.
Interactions with receptors
Most hormones initiate a cellular response by initially combining with either a specific intracellular or cell membrane associated receptor protein. Not to be confused with Intercellular, meaning "between cells" Also see Transmembrane protein. A membrane protein is a Protein molecule that is attached to or associated with the membrane In Biochemistry, a receptor is a Protein molecule embedded in either the Plasma membrane or Cytoplasm of a cell to which a mobile signaling A cell may have several different receptors that recognize the same hormone and activate different signal transduction pathways, or alternatively different hormones and their receptors may invoke the same biochemical pathway. In Biology, signal transduction refers to any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another
For many hormones, including most protein hormones, the receptor is membrane associated and embedded in the plasma membrane at the surface of the cell. Peptide hormones are a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have Endocrine functions in living animals The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane, plasmalemma, or "phospholipid bilayer" is a Selectively permeable Lipid bilayer The interaction of hormone and receptor typically triggers a cascade of secondary effects within the cytoplasm of the cell, often involving phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of various other cytoplasmic proteins, changes in ion channel permeability, or increased concentrations of intracellular molecules that may act as secondary messengers (e. The cytoplasm is the contents of a cell that is enclosed within the Plasma membrane. Phosphorylation is the addition of a Phosphate (PO4 group to a Protein molecule or a small molecule Ion channels are pore-forming Proteins that help establish and control the small Voltage Gradient across the Plasma membrane of all living In Cell physiology, a secondary messenger system (also known as a second messenger system) is a method of cellular signaling whereby a diffusable signaling molecule g. cyclic AMP). Cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP, cyclic AMP or 3'-5'-cyclic Adenosine monophosphate) is a Second messenger that is important in many biological Some protein hormones also interact with intracellular receptors located in the cytoplasm or nucleus by an intracrine mechanism. Peptide hormones are a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have Endocrine functions in living animals Not to be confused with Intercellular, meaning "between cells" The cytoplasm is the contents of a cell that is enclosed within the Plasma membrane. In Cell biology, the nucleus (pl nuclei; from Latin la ''nucleus'' or la ''nuculeus'' "little nut" or kernel is a membrane-enclosed Intracrine refers to a Hormone that acts inside a cell. Steroid hormones act through intracellular (mostly nuclear receptors and are thus considered as
For hormones such as steroid or thyroid hormones, their receptors are located intracellularly within the cytoplasm of their target cell. Steroid hormones are Steroids which act as Hormones Mammalian steroid hormones can be grouped into five groups by the receptors to which they bind The thyroid hormones, Thyroxine ( T4) and Triiodothyronine ( T3) are Tyrosine -based Hormones produced Not to be confused with Intercellular, meaning "between cells" The cytoplasm is the contents of a cell that is enclosed within the Plasma membrane. In order to bind their receptors these hormones must cross the cell membrane. The combined hormone-receptor complex then moves across the nuclear membrane into the nucleus of the cell, where it binds to specific DNA sequences, effectively amplifying or suppressing the action of certain genes, and affecting protein synthesis. A protein complex is a group of two or more Proteins Protein complexes are a form of Quaternary structure. A DNA sequence or genetic sequence is a succession of letters representing the Primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA Molecule History See also History of genetics The existence of genes was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822-1884 who in the 1860s studied inheritance Protein synthesis is the creation of proteins using DNA and' RNA'. [2] However, it has been shown that not all steroid receptors are located intracellularly, some are plasma membrane associated. Not to be confused with Intercellular, meaning "between cells" The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane, plasmalemma, or "phospholipid bilayer" is a Selectively permeable Lipid bilayer [3]
An important consideration, dictating the level at which cellular signal transduction pathways are activated in response to a hormonal signal is the effective concentration of hormone-receptor complexes that are formed. In Biology, signal transduction refers to any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another In Chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance Hormone-receptor complex concentrations are effectively determined by three factors:
- The number of hormone molecules available for complex formation
- The number of receptor molecules available for complex formation and
- The binding affinity between hormone and receptor.
The number of hormone molecules available for complex formation is usually the key factor in determining the level at which signal transduction pathways are activated. In Biology, signal transduction refers to any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another The number of hormone molecules available being determined by the concentration of circulating hormone, which is in turn influenced by the level and rate at which they are secreted by biosynthetic cells. The number of receptors at the cell surface of the receiving cell can also be varied as can the affinity between the hormone and its receptor.
Physiology of hormones
Most cells are capable of producing one or more molecules, which act as signalling molecules to other cells, altering their growth, function, or metabolism. The classical hormones produced by cells in the endocrine glands mentioned so far in this article are cellular products, specialized to serve as regulators at the overall organism level. Endocrine glands are Glands that secrete their product ( Hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct However they may also exert their effects solely within the tissue in which they are produced and originally released.
The rate of hormone biosynthesis and secretion is often regulated by a homeostatic negative feedback control mechanism. Homeostasis (from Greek: ὅμος hómos, "equal" and ιστημι istēmi, "to stand" lit Negative Feedback feeds part of a System 's output inverted into the system's input generally with the result that fluctuations are attenuated Such a mechanism depends on factors which influence the metabolism and excretion of hormones. Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products of Metabolism and other non-useful materials Thus, higher hormome concentration alone can not trigger the negative feedback mechanism. Negative feedback must be triggered by overproduction of an "effect" of the hormone.
Hormone secretion can be stimulated and inhibited by:
- Other hormones (stimulating- or releasing-hormones)
- Plasma concentrations of ions or nutrients, as well as binding globulins
- Neurons and mental activity
- Environmental changes, e. Globulin is one of the two types of serum Proteins the other being albumin. Neurons (ˈnjuːɹɒn also known as neurones and nerve cells) are responsive cells in the Nervous system that process and transmit information g. , of light or temperature
One special group of hormones is the tropic hormones that stimulate the hormone production of other endocrine glands. Tropic hormones are Hormones that regulate the activity of various other Endocrine glands One example is the Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH (produced The endocrine system is an integrated system of small organs that involve the release of extracellular signaling molecules known as Hormones The endocrine system is instrumental For example, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) causes growth and increased activity of another endocrine gland, the thyroid, which increases output of thyroid hormones. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as TSH or thyrotropin) is a Peptide hormone synthesized and secreted by Thyrotrope cells in the The thyroid is one of the largest Endocrine glands in the body The thyroid hormones, Thyroxine ( T4) and Triiodothyronine ( T3) are Tyrosine -based Hormones produced
A recently-identified class of hormones is that of the "hunger hormones" - ghrelin, orexin and PYY 3-36 - and "satiety hormones" - e. Ghrelin is a Hormone produced mainly by P/D1 cells lining the fundus of the human Stomach and epsilon cells of the Pancreas that stimulates Orexins, also called hypocretins, are the common names given to a pair of highly excitatory Neuropeptide Hormones that were simultaneously discovered by Peptide YY is a short (36 Amino acid) Protein released by cells in the Ileum and colon in response to feeding g. , leptin, obestatin, nesfatin-1. Leptin (Greek leptos meaning thin is a 16 kDa Obestatin is a putative Hormone that is potentially produced in the cells lining the Stomach and Small intestine of several Mammals including Nesfatin-1 is a naturally occurring protein molecule produced by the brain of mammals
In order to release active hormones quickly into the circulation, hormone biosynthetic cells may produce and store biologically inactive hormones in the form of pre- or prohormones. A prehormone is a biochemical substance secreted by glandular tissue and has minimal or no significant biological activity but it is converted in peripheral tissues into an active A prohormone is a substance that is a precursor to a Hormone, usually having minimal hormonal effect by itself These can then be quickly converted into their active hormone form in response to a particular stimulus.
Hormone effects
Hormone effects vary widely, but can include:
- stimulation or inhibition of growth,
- In puberty hormones can affect mood and mind
- induction or suppression of apoptosis (programmed cell death)
- activation or inhibition of the immune system
- regulating metabolism
- preparation for a new activity (e. MIND ( Moving In New Directions) (est 1975 is an alternative education high school in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. g. , fighting, fleeing, mating)
- preparation for a new phase of life (e. The ComBat was an Aluminium Cricket bat and the subject of an incident that occurred at the WACA cricket ground in Perth in December 1979. The fight-or-flight response', also called the fright, fight or flight response, hyperarousal or the acute stress response, was first In Biology, mating is the pairing of opposite- Sex or hermaphroditic Organisms for copulation and in Social animals also to raise their g. , puberty, caring for offspring, menopause)
- controlling the reproductive cycle
In many cases, one hormone may regulate the production and release of other hormones
Many of the responses to hormone signals can be described as serving to regulate metabolic activity of an organ or tissue. Parenting is the process of raising and educating a Child from birth, or before until Adulthood In the case of humans it is usually Menopause is the permanent shutting down of the female Reproductive system, a considerable length of time before the end of the lifespan A life cycle is a period involving 1 Generation of an Organism through means of Reproduction, whether through Asexual reproduction or Sexual Homeostasis (from Greek: ὅμος hómos, "equal" and ιστημι istēmi, "to stand" lit
Chemical classes of hormones
Vertebrate hormones fall into three chemical classes:
- Amine-derived hormones are derivatives of the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan. Vertebrates are members of the Subphylum Vertebrata, Chordates with backbones or spinal columns The grouping sometimes includes Amines are Organic compounds and Functional groups that contain a basic Nitrogen Atom with a Lone pair. In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this Tyrosine (abbreviated as Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, is one of the 20 Amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize Tryptophan (abbreviated as Trp or W) is one of the 20 standard amino acids, as well as an Essential amino acid in the Human diet Examples are catecholamines and thyroxine. Thyroxine, or 353'5'-tetraiodothyronine (often abbreviated as T4) a form of Thyroid hormones is the major Hormone secreted by the
- Peptide hormones consist of chains of amino acids. Peptide hormones are a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have Endocrine functions in living animals Examples of small peptide hormones are TRH and vasopressin. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone ( TRH) also called thyrotropin-releasing factor ( TRF) thyroliberin or protirelin, is a tropic Arginine vasopressin ( AVP) also known as vasopressin, argipressin or antidiuretic hormone ( ADH) is a Hormone found in Peptides composed of scores or hundreds of amino acids are referred to as proteins. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Examples of protein hormones include insulin and growth hormone. Insulin is a Hormone with intensive effects on both metabolism and several other body systems (eg vascular compliance More complex protein hormones bear carbohydrate side chains and are called glycoprotein hormones. Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most Not to be confused with Peptidoglycan. Glycoproteins are proteins that contain Oligosaccharide chains ( Glycans) covalently attached Luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone are glycoprotein hormones. Luteinizing hormone ( LH, also known as lutropin) is a Hormone produced by the Anterior pituitary gland. Follicle-stimulating hormone ( FSH) is a Hormone synthesized and secreted by Gonadotropes in the Anterior pituitary gland. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as TSH or thyrotropin) is a Peptide hormone synthesized and secreted by Thyrotrope cells in the
- Lipid and phospholipid-derived hormones derive from lipids such as linoleic acid and arachidonic acid and phospholipids. Lipids are broadly defined as any fat- Soluble ( lipophilic) naturally-occurring Molecule, such as fats oils waxes cholesterol sterols fat-soluble Phospholipids are a class of Lipids and are a major component of all Biological membranes All phospholipids contain a Diglyceride, a Phosphate Linoleic acid (LA is an unsaturated Omega-6 fatty acid. It is a colorless liquid Arachidonic acid (AA sometimes ARA is an Omega-6 fatty acid 204(ω-6 The main classes are the steroid hormones that derive from cholesterol and the eicosanoids. Steroid hormones are Steroids which act as Hormones Mammalian steroid hormones can be grouped into five groups by the receptors to which they bind Cholesterol is a Lipid found in the Cell membranes and transported in the Blood plasma of all Animals It is an essential component of mammalian In biochemistry eicosanoids are signaling molecules made by Oxygenation of twenty-carbon Essential fatty acids (EFAs Examples of steroid hormones are testosterone and cortisol. Steroid hormones are Steroids which act as Hormones Mammalian steroid hormones can be grouped into five groups by the receptors to which they bind Testosterone is a Steroid hormone from the Androgen group In mammals testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the Ovaries Cortisol is a Corticosteroid Hormone produced by the Adrenal gland (in the Zona fasciculata of the Adrenal cortex) Sterol hormones such as calcitriol are a homologous system. Sterols, or steroid alcohols are a subgroup of Steroids with a Hydroxyl group at the 3-position of the A-ring Calcitriol ( INN) (ˌkælsɨˈtraɪɒl/ /ˌkælˈsɨtriːɒl or 125-dihydroxycholecalciferol (abbreviated 125-(OH2D3) (also In Evolutionary biology, homology has come to mean any similarity between characters that is due to their shared ancestry. The adrenal cortex and the gonads are primary sources of steroid hormones. Situated along the perimeter of the Adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids The gonad is the organ that makes Gametes The gonads in males are the Testes and the gonads in Females are the Ovaries. Examples of eicosanoids are the widely studied prostaglandins. In biochemistry eicosanoids are signaling molecules made by Oxygenation of twenty-carbon Essential fatty acids (EFAs A prostaglandin is any member of a group of Lipid compounds that are derived enzymatically from Fatty acids and have important functions in the Animal body
Pharmacology
Many hormones and their analogues are used as medication. For other uses see Analog (disambiguation. In Chemistry, analogs or analogues are compounds in which one or Medication, also referred to as medicine, can be loosely defined as any substance intended for use in the diagnosis cure mitigation treatment or prevention of disease The most commonly-prescribed hormones are estrogens and progestagens (as methods of hormonal contraception and as HRT), thyroxine (as levothyroxine, for hypothyroidism) and steroids (for autoimmune diseases and several respiratory disorders). Estrogens (US otherwise oestrogens or œstrogens) are a group of Steroid compounds named for their importance in the Estrous cycle, Progestagens (also spelled progestogens or gestagens) are Hormones that produce effects similar to those of Progesterone, the only natural progestagen Hormonal contraception refers to Birth control methods that act on the hormonal system Hormone replacement therapy may refer to Hormone replacement therapy (menopause Hormone replacement therapy (female-to-male Thyroxine, or 353'5'-tetraiodothyronine (often abbreviated as T4) a form of Thyroid hormones is the major Hormone secreted by the Levothyroxine, also known as L-thyroxine, synthetic T4, or 353'5'-tetraiodo-L-thyronine, is a synthetic form Hypothyroidism is the disease state in humans and animals caused by insufficient production of Thyroid hormone by the Thyroid gland. A steroid is a Terpenoid Lipid characterized by a Carbon skeleton with four fused rings generally arranged in a 6-6-6-5 fashion Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive Immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body In Medicine, pulmonology (aka pneumology) is the specialty that deals with Diseases of the Lungs and the Respiratory tract. Insulin is used by many diabetics. Insulin is a Hormone with intensive effects on both metabolism and several other body systems (eg vascular compliance Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc Local preparations for use in otolaryngology often contain pharmacologic equivalents of adrenaline, while steroid and vitamin D creams are used extensively in dermatological practice. Otolaryngology is the branch of Medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of Ear, Nose, Throat, and head and neck disorders Pharmacology (from Greek grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of how Drugs A steroid is a Terpenoid Lipid characterized by a Carbon skeleton with four fused rings generally arranged in a 6-6-6-5 fashion Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble Prohormones, the two major forms of which are vitamin D2 (or Ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (or Dermatology (from Greek grc δέρμα derma, "skin" and grc -λογία -logia) is a branch of Medicine dealing with
A "pharmacologic dose" of a hormone is a medical usage referring to an amount of a hormone far greater than naturally occurs in a healthy body. The effects of pharmacologic doses of hormones may be different from responses to naturally-occurring amounts and may be therapeutically useful. An example is the ability of pharmacologic doses of glucocorticoid to suppress inflammation. Glucocorticoids (GC are a class of Steroid hormones characterised by an ability to bind with the glucocorticoid receptor ( GR) and trigger similar effects Inflammation ( Latin, inflamatio, to set on fire is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as Pathogens
Important human hormones
Spelling is not uniform for many hormones. Current North American and international usage is estrogen, gonadotropin, while British usage retains the Greek diphthong in oestrogen and favors the earlier spelling gonadotrophin (from trophē ‘nourishment, sustenance’ rather than tropē ‘turning, change’. In Phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (from Greek grc δίφθογγος "diphthongos" literally "with two sounds" or "with
| Structure | Name | Abbrev- iation | Tissue | Cells | Mechanism | Target Tissue | Effect |
| amine - tryptophan | Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) | pineal gland | pinealocyte | antioxidant and causes drowsiness | |||
| amine - tryptophan | Serotonin | 5-HT | CNS, GI tract | enterochromaffin cell | Controls mood, appetite, and sleep | ||
| amine - tyrosine | Thyroxine (or tetraiodothyronine) (a thyroid hormone) | T4 | thyroid gland | thyroid epithelial cell | direct | less active form of thyroid hormone: increase the basal metabolic rate & sensitivity to catecholamines, affect protein synthesis | |
| amine - tyrosine | Triiodothyronine (a thyroid hormone) | T3 | thyroid gland | thyroid epithelial cell | direct | potent form of thyroid hormone: increase the basal metabolic rate & sensitivity to catecholamines, affect protein synthesis | |
| amine - tyrosine (cat) | Epinephrine (or adrenaline) | EPI | adrenal medulla | chromaffin cell | Fight-or-flight response: Boosts the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles (by increasing heart rate and stroke volume, vasodilation, increasing catalysis of glycogen in liver, breakdown of lipids in fat cells. Melatonin is a naturally occurring Hormone found in most animals including humans and some other living organisms including Algae. The pineal gland (also called the pineal body, epiphysis cerebri, or epiphysis) is a small endocrine gland in the vertebrate Brain Pinealocytes are the main cells of the Pineal gland. They produce and secrete Melatonin. An antioxidant is a Molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules Somnolence (or " drowsiness " is a state of near- Sleep, a strong desire for sleep or sleeping for unusually long periods (c Serotonin (ˌsɛrəˈtoʊnən ( 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a Monoamine Neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic Neurons In Vertebrates the central nervous system ( CNS) is the part of the Nervous system which is enclosed in the Meninges. Enterochromaffin (EC cells ( Kulchitsky cells) are a type of enteroendocrine cell occurring in the Epithelia lining the lumen of the Gastrointestinal Thyroxine, or 353'5'-tetraiodothyronine (often abbreviated as T4) a form of Thyroid hormones is the major Hormone secreted by the The thyroid hormones, Thyroxine ( T4) and Triiodothyronine ( T3) are Tyrosine -based Hormones produced The thyroid is one of the largest Endocrine glands in the body Thyroid epithelial cells (also called follicular cells or principal cells) are cells in the Thyroid gland that produce and secrete Thyroxine The thyroid hormones, Thyroxine ( T4) and Triiodothyronine ( T3) are Tyrosine -based Hormones produced Basal metabolic rate ( BMR) is the amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment in the post-absorptive state (meaning that the digestive system Protein synthesis is the creation of proteins using DNA and' RNA'. Triiodothyronine, C15[[hydrogen H12]] I3[[nitrogen N]] O4, also known as T3, is a Thyroid The thyroid hormones, Thyroxine ( T4) and Triiodothyronine ( T3) are Tyrosine -based Hormones produced The thyroid is one of the largest Endocrine glands in the body Thyroid epithelial cells (also called follicular cells or principal cells) are cells in the Thyroid gland that produce and secrete Thyroxine The thyroid hormones, Thyroxine ( T4) and Triiodothyronine ( T3) are Tyrosine -based Hormones produced Basal metabolic rate ( BMR) is the amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment in the post-absorptive state (meaning that the digestive system Protein synthesis is the creation of proteins using DNA and' RNA'. The adrenal medulla is part of the Adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland being surrounded by the Adrenal cortex. Chromaffin cells are Neuroendocrine cells found in the medulla of the Adrenal gland (suprarenal gland - located above the kidneys and in other ganglia The fight-or-flight response', also called the fright, fight or flight response, hyperarousal or the acute stress response, was first Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse" is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the Measuring heart rate The Pulse rate (which in most people is identical to the heart rate can be measured at any point on the body where an Artery 's pulsation Stroke volume (SV is the volume of Blood pumped by the right/ Left ventricle of the heart in one contraction. Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst Glycogen is a Polysaccharide of Glucose (Glc which functions as the secondary short term energy storage in Animal cells Lipids are broadly defined as any fat- Soluble ( lipophilic) naturally-occurring Molecule, such as fats oils waxes cholesterol sterols fat-soluble Adipocytes are the cells that primarily compose Adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as Fat. dilate the pupils Suppress non-emergency bodily processes (e. The pupil is the hole that is located in the center of the iris of the eye and that controls the amount of light that enters the Eye. g. digestion) Suppress immune system | ||
| amine - tyrosine (cat) | Norepinephrine (or noradrenaline) | NRE | adrenal medulla | chromaffin cell | Fight-or-flight response: Boosts the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles (by increasing heart rate and stroke volume, vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure, breakdown of lipids in fat cells. Digestion is the breaking down of chemicals in the body into a form that can be absorbed An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor Norepinephrine ( INN) (abbreviated norepi or NE) or noradrenaline ( BAN) (abbreviated NA or NAd) is a The adrenal medulla is part of the Adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland being surrounded by the Adrenal cortex. Chromaffin cells are Neuroendocrine cells found in the medulla of the Adrenal gland (suprarenal gland - located above the kidneys and in other ganglia The fight-or-flight response', also called the fright, fight or flight response, hyperarousal or the acute stress response, was first Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse" is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the Measuring heart rate The Pulse rate (which in most people is identical to the heart rate can be measured at any point on the body where an Artery 's pulsation Stroke volume (SV is the volume of Blood pumped by the right/ Left ventricle of the heart in one contraction. Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels particularly the large Arteries, Arterioles Blood pressure is also the title of a short story by Damon Runyan in Guys and Dolls and Other Stories Lipids are broadly defined as any fat- Soluble ( lipophilic) naturally-occurring Molecule, such as fats oils waxes cholesterol sterols fat-soluble Adipocytes are the cells that primarily compose Adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as Fat. Increase skeletal muscle readiness. Skeletal muscle is a type of Striated muscle, which usually attaches to tendons | ||
| amine - tyrosine (cat) | Dopamine (or prolactin inhibiting hormone | DPM, PIH or DA | kidney, hypothalamus | Chromaffin cells in kidney Dopamine neurons of the arcuate nucleus in hypothalamus | Increase heart rate and blood pressure Inhibit release of prolactin and TRH from anterior pituitary | ||
| peptide | Antimullerian hormone (or mullerian inhibiting factor or hormone) | AMH | testes | Sertoli cell | Inhibit release of prolactin and TRH from anterior pituitary | ||
| peptide | Adiponectin | Acrp30 | adipose tissue | ||||
| peptide | Adrenocorticotropic hormone (or corticotropin) | ACTH | anterior pituitary | corticotrope | cAMP | synthesis of corticosteroids (glucocorticoids and androgens) in adrenocortical cells | |
| peptide | Angiotensinogen and angiotensin | AGT | liver | IP3 | vasoconstriction release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex dipsogen. Dopamine is a Hormone and Neurotransmitter occurring in a wide variety of animals including both vertebrates and invertebrates The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles The hypothalamus links the Nervous system to the Endocrine system via the Pituitary gland (hypophysis Chromaffin cells are Neuroendocrine cells found in the medulla of the Adrenal gland (suprarenal gland - located above the kidneys and in other ganglia The arcuate nucleus (or infundibular nucleus is an aggregation of Neurons in the mediobasal Hypothalamus, adjacent to the Third ventricle and the Median The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic Blood pressure is also the title of a short story by Damon Runyan in Guys and Dolls and Other Stories Prolactin ( PRL) or Luteotropic hormone ( LTH) is a Peptide hormone primarily associated with Lactation. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone ( TRH) also called thyrotropin-releasing factor ( TRF) thyroliberin or protirelin, is a tropic The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis, from Greek adeno, "gland" hypo, "under" physis, "growth" Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH is a Dimeric Glycoprotein that inhibits the development of the Müllerian ducts in a male Embryo. The testicle (from Latin testiculus, diminutive of testis, meaning "witness" virility plural testes) is the male A Sertoli cell (a kind of Sustentacular cell) is a 'nurse' cell of the testes which is part of a Seminiferous tubule. Prolactin ( PRL) or Luteotropic hormone ( LTH) is a Peptide hormone primarily associated with Lactation. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone ( TRH) also called thyrotropin-releasing factor ( TRF) thyroliberin or protirelin, is a tropic The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis, from Greek adeno, "gland" hypo, "under" physis, "growth" Adiponectin (also referred to as Acrp30, apM1) is a protein Hormone that modulates a number of metabolic processes including Glucose "Adipose" redirects here For the Doctor Who monster see " Partners in Crime " Adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH or corticotropin) is a Polypeptide Hormone produced and secreted by the Pituitary gland The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis, from Greek adeno, "gland" hypo, "under" physis, "growth" Corticotropes (or corticotrophs are cells in the Anterior pituitary which produce Adrenocorticotrophic hormone and Melanocyte stimulating hormone Corticosteroids are a class of Steroid hormones that are produced in the Adrenal cortex. Glucocorticoids (GC are a class of Steroid hormones characterised by an ability to bind with the glucocorticoid receptor ( GR) and trigger similar effects Androgen is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound usually a Steroid Hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine Situated along the perimeter of the Adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids Angiotensin causes blood vessels to constrict and drives blood pressure up Angiotensin causes blood vessels to constrict and drives blood pressure up The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels particularly the large Arteries, Arterioles Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the tubules of the kidneys to retain sodium and water Situated along the perimeter of the Adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids A dipsogen is an agent that causes Thirst. (From Greek dypsa, "thirst" and the suffix -gen, "to create" | ||
| peptide | Antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin, arginine vasopressin) | ADH | posterior pituitary | Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons in hypothalamus Magnocellular neurosecretory cells in posterior pituitary | varies | retention of water in kidneys moderate vasoconstriction Release ACTH in anterior pituitary | |
| peptide | Atrial-natriuretic peptide (or atriopeptin) | ANP | heart | cGMP | |||
| peptide | Calcitonin | CT | thyroid gland | parafollicular cell | cAMP | Construct bone, reduce blood Ca2+ | |
| peptide | Cholecystokinin | CCK | duodenum | Release of digestive enzymes from pancreas Release of bile from gallbladder hunger suppressant | |||
| peptide | Corticotropin-releasing hormone | CRH | hypothalamus | cAMP | Release ACTH from anterior pituitary | ||
| peptide | Erythropoietin | EPO | kidney | Extraglomerular mesangial cells | Stimulate erythrocyte production | ||
| peptide | Follicle-stimulating hormone | FSH | anterior pituitary | gonadotrope | cAMP | In female: stimulates maturation of Graafian follicles in ovary. Arginine vasopressin ( AVP) also known as vasopressin, argipressin or antidiuretic hormone ( ADH) is a Hormone found in The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) comprises the Posterior lobe of the Pituitary gland and is part of the Endocrine system. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN is an aggregation of neurons in the Hypothalamus which produces many Hormones. Magnocellular neurosecretory cells are large cells within the Supraoptic nucleus and Paraventricular nucleus of the Hypothalamus. The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels particularly the large Arteries, Arterioles Adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH or corticotropin) is a Polypeptide Hormone produced and secreted by the Pituitary gland The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis, from Greek adeno, "gland" hypo, "under" physis, "growth" Atrial natriuretic peptide ( ANP) atrial natriuretic factor ( ANF) or atriopeptin, is a protein ( Polypeptide) Hormone secreted The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic Calcitonin is a 32-amino acid linear polypeptide Hormone that is produced in Humans primarily by the parafollicular (also known as C-cells of the The thyroid is one of the largest Endocrine glands in the body Parafollicular cells (also called C cells) are cells in the Thyroid which produce and secrete Calcitonin. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Cholecystokinin ( CCK; from Greek chole, "bile" cysto, "sac" kinin, "move" hence move the bile-sac In Anatomy of the Digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 25-30 cm (10-12 in long connecting the Stomach to the Jejunum Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins The pancreas is a Gland organ in the digestive and Endocrine system of Vertebrates. Bile or gall is a bitter yellow or green Alkaline fluid secreted by Hepatocytes from the Liver of most Vertebrates In many species The gallbladder (or cholecyst sometimes gall bladder is a small organ whose function in the body is to store Bile and aid in the digestive process Hunger is a feeling experienced usually followed by a desire to Eat. Corticotropin-releasing hormone ( CRH) originally named corticotropin-releasing factor ( CRF) and also called corticoliberin, is a Polypeptide The hypothalamus links the Nervous system to the Endocrine system via the Pituitary gland (hypophysis Adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH or corticotropin) is a Polypeptide Hormone produced and secreted by the Pituitary gland The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis, from Greek adeno, "gland" hypo, "under" physis, "growth" Erythropoietin (ɨˌɹɪθɹoʊˈpɔɪɨtɨn /ɨˌɹɪθɹoʊˈpɔɪtən/ or /ɨˌɹiːθɹoʊ-/ or EPO is a Glycoprotein Hormone that controls The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles Extraglomerular mesangial cells (or lacis cells) are light-staining cells in the Kidney found outside the Glomerulus, near the Vascular pole Red blood cells are the most common type of Blood cell and the Vertebrate body's principal means of delivering Oxygen to the body tissues via the Blood Follicle-stimulating hormone ( FSH) is a Hormone synthesized and secreted by Gonadotropes in the Anterior pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis, from Greek adeno, "gland" hypo, "under" physis, "growth" Gonadotropes are basophilic cells in the Anterior pituitary which produce the Gonadotropins Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH and Ovarian follicle is the basic unit of female reproductive biology and is composed of a roughly spherical aggregations of cells found in the Ovary. "Ovaria" redirects here This is also a proposed section and a Synonym of Solanum. In male: spermatogenesis, enhances production of androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells of the testes | |
| peptide | Gastrin | GRP | stomach, duodenum | G cell | Secretion of gastric acid by parietal cells | ||
| peptide | Ghrelin | stomach | P/D1 cell | Stimulate appetite, secretion of growth hormone from anterior pituitary gland | |||
| peptide | Glucagon | GCG | pancreas | alpha cells | cAMP | glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver increases blood glucose level | |
| peptide | Gonadotropin-releasing hormone | GnRH | hypothalamus | IP3 | Release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary. Spermatogenesis is the process by which male Spermatogonia develop into mature Spermatozoa. Androgen-binding protein ( ABP) is a Glycoprotein (beta- Globulin) produced by the Sertoli cells in the Seminiferous tubules of A Sertoli cell (a kind of Sustentacular cell) is a 'nurse' cell of the testes which is part of a Seminiferous tubule. The testicle (from Latin testiculus, diminutive of testis, meaning "witness" virility plural testes) is the male In humans gastrin is a Hormone that stimulates secretion of Gastric acid (HCl by the Parietal cells of the Stomach, as well as aiding in In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following In Anatomy of the Digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 25-30 cm (10-12 in long connecting the Stomach to the Jejunum In Anatomy, the G cell is a type of cell in the stomach that secretes Gastrin. Gastric acid is one of the main Secretions of the Stomach, together with several Enzymes and Intrinsic factor. Parietal cells (also called oxyntic cells) are the Stomach Epithelium cells that secrete Gastric acid and Intrinsic factor Ghrelin is a Hormone produced mainly by P/D1 cells lining the fundus of the human Stomach and epsilon cells of the Pancreas that stimulates In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following Cells lining the fundus of the human Stomach that produce Ghrelin. Growth hormone ( GH) is a Peptide hormone that stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans and other animals The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis, from Greek adeno, "gland" hypo, "under" physis, "growth" Glucagon is an important Hormone involved in Carbohydrate metabolism. The pancreas is a Gland organ in the digestive and Endocrine system of Vertebrates. Alpha cells are endocrine cells in the Islets of Langerhans of the Pancreas. Glycogenolysis (also known as "Glycogenlysis" is the Catabolism of Glycogen by removal of a Glucose monomer through cleavage with inorganic Gluconeogenesis (abreviated GNG) is a Metabolic pathway that results in the generation of Glucose from non- Carbohydrate carbon substrates such The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals Gonadotropin-releasing hormone ( GNRH) also known as Luteinizing-hormone releasing hormone ( LHRH) is a tropic Peptide Hormone The hypothalamus links the Nervous system to the Endocrine system via the Pituitary gland (hypophysis Follicle-stimulating hormone ( FSH) is a Hormone synthesized and secreted by Gonadotropes in the Anterior pituitary gland. Luteinizing hormone ( LH, also known as lutropin) is a Hormone produced by the Anterior pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis, from Greek adeno, "gland" hypo, "under" physis, "growth" | ||
| peptide | Growth hormone-releasing hormone | GHRH | hypothalamus | IP3 | Release GH from anterior pituitary | ||
| peptide | Human chorionic gonadotropin | hCG | placenta | syncytiotrophoblast cells | cAMP | promote maintenance of corpus luteum during beginning of pregnancy Inhibit immune response, towards the human embryo. Growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH also known as growth-hormone-releasing factor (GRF or GHRF or somatocrinin, is a 44- Amino acid Peptide hormone The hypothalamus links the Nervous system to the Endocrine system via the Pituitary gland (hypophysis Growth hormone ( GH) is a Peptide hormone that stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans and other animals The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis, from Greek adeno, "gland" hypo, "under" physis, "growth" Human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG) is a Glycoprotein Hormone produced in Pregnancy that is made by the Embryo soon after conception The placenta is an Ephemeral organ present in placental Vertebrates, such as Eutherial Mammals and Sharks during Gestation Syncytiotrophoblasts are Multinucleated cells found in the Placenta of embryos The corpus luteum ( Latin for "yellow body" (plural corpora lutea) is a temporary Endocrine structure in mammals involved in production of Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor An embryo (from Greek:, plural, lit "that which grows" from en- "in" + bryein "to swell be full" is a multicellular | |
| peptide | Human placental lactogen | HPL | placenta | increase production of insulin and IGF-1 increase insulin resistance and carbohydrate intolerance | |||
| peptide | Growth hormone | GH or hGH | anterior pituitary | somatotropes | stimulates growth and cell reproduction Release Insulin-like growth factor 1 from liver | ||
| peptide | Inhibin | testes, ovary, fetus | Sertoli cells of testes granulosa cells of ovary trophoblasts in fetus | anterior pituitary | Inhibit production of FSH | ||
| peptide | Insulin | INS | pancreas | beta cells | tyrosine kinase | Intake of glucose, glycogenesis and glycolysis in liver and muscle from blood intake of lipids and synthesis of triglycerides in adipocytes Other anabolic effects | |
| peptide | Insulin-like growth factor (or somatomedin) | IGF | liver | Hepatocytes | tyrosine kinase | insulin-like effects regulate cell growth and development | |
| peptide | Leptin | LEP | adipose tissue | decrease of appetite and increase of metabolism. The placenta is an Ephemeral organ present in placental Vertebrates, such as Eutherial Mammals and Sharks during Gestation Insulin is a Hormone with intensive effects on both metabolism and several other body systems (eg vascular compliance Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1 that was once called somatomedin C is a Polypeptide Protein Hormone similar in Molecular structure Insulin resistance is the condition in which normal amounts of Insulin are inadequate to produce a normal Insulin response from Fat, Muscle Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most Growth hormone ( GH) is a Peptide hormone that stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans and other animals The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis, from Greek adeno, "gland" hypo, "under" physis, "growth" Somatotropes are cells in the Anterior pituitary which produce Growth hormone. Human development is the process of Growing to maturity In biological terms this entails growth from a one-celled Zygote to an adult Human being The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1 that was once called somatomedin C is a Polypeptide Protein Hormone similar in Molecular structure The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals Inhibin is a peptide that is an inhibitor of FSH Synthesis and Secretion, and participates in the regulation of the Menstrual cycle The testicle (from Latin testiculus, diminutive of testis, meaning "witness" virility plural testes) is the male "Ovaria" redirects here This is also a proposed section and a Synonym of Solanum. A fetus (or foetus or fœtus) is a developing Mammal or other Viviparous Vertebrate, after the Embryonic stage and A Sertoli cell (a kind of Sustentacular cell) is a 'nurse' cell of the testes which is part of a Seminiferous tubule. A granulosa cell is a Somatic cell found closely associated with the developing female Gamete (called an Oocyte or egg Trophoblasts (from Greek threphein: to feed and blastos: germinator are cells forming the outer layer of a Blastocyst, which provide nutrients The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis, from Greek adeno, "gland" hypo, "under" physis, "growth" Follicle-stimulating hormone ( FSH) is a Hormone synthesized and secreted by Gonadotropes in the Anterior pituitary gland. Insulin is a Hormone with intensive effects on both metabolism and several other body systems (eg vascular compliance The pancreas is a Gland organ in the digestive and Endocrine system of Vertebrates. Beta cells ( beta-cells, β-cells) are a type of cell in the Pancreas in areas called the Islets of Langerhans. A tyrosine kinase is an Enzyme that can transfer a Phosphate group from ATP to a Tyrosine residue in a Protein. Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. Glycogenesis is the process of Glycogen synthesis in which Glucose molecules are added to chains of glycogen See also Gluconeogenesis, which carries out a process wherein glucose is synthesized rather than catabolized The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse" is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the Lipids are broadly defined as any fat- Soluble ( lipophilic) naturally-occurring Molecule, such as fats oils waxes cholesterol sterols fat-soluble (more properly known as, TAG or triacylglyceride) is Glyceride in which the Glycerol is Esterified with three Fatty acids It is the Adipocytes are the cells that primarily compose Adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as Fat. Anabolism is the set of Metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs are Polypeptides with high sequence similarity to Insulin. The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals Hepatocytes make up 70-80% of the Cytoplasmic mass of the Liver. A tyrosine kinase is an Enzyme that can transfer a Phosphate group from ATP to a Tyrosine residue in a Protein. The term cell growth is used in two different ways in Biology. Leptin (Greek leptos meaning thin is a 16 kDa "Adipose" redirects here For the Doctor Who monster see " Partners in Crime " Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. | |||
| peptide | Luteinizing hormone | LH | anterior pituitary | gonadotropes | cAMP | In female: ovulation In male: stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone | |
| peptide | Melanocyte stimulating hormone | MSH or α-MSH | anterior pituitary/pars intermedia | Melanotroph | cAMP | melanogenesis by melanocytes in skin and hair | |
| peptide | Orexin | hypothalamus | wakefulness and increased energy expenditure, increased appetite | ||||
| peptide | Oxytocin | OXT | posterior pituitary | Magnocellular neurosecretory cells | IP3 | release breast milk Contraction of cervix and vagina Involved in orgasm, trust between people. Luteinizing hormone ( LH, also known as lutropin) is a Hormone produced by the Anterior pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis, from Greek adeno, "gland" hypo, "under" physis, "growth" Gonadotropes are basophilic cells in the Anterior pituitary which produce the Gonadotropins Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH and Note This article deals primarily with Human ovulation nonhuman Animal ovulation is touched on briefly at the conclusion Leydig cells, also known as interstitial cells of Leydig, are found adjacent to the Seminiferous tubules in the testicle. Testosterone is a Steroid hormone from the Androgen group In mammals testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the Ovaries The melanocyte-stimulating hormones (collectively referred to as MSH) are a class of Peptide hormones produced by cells in the Intermediate lobe of The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis, from Greek adeno, "gland" hypo, "under" physis, "growth" Pars intermedia is the boundary between the anterior and posterior lobes of the Pituitary. A Melanotroph (or melanotrope) is a cell in the Pituitary gland which generates Melanocyte-stimulating hormone from its precursor Proopiomelanocortin Melanocytes are cells located in the bottom layer (the Stratum basale) of the skin's epidermis and in the middle layer of the eye (the Uvea) Melanocytes are cells located in the bottom layer (the Stratum basale) of the skin's epidermis and in the middle layer of the eye (the Uvea) The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant Hair is a keratinised protein filament that grows through the epidermis from follicles deep within the Dermis. Orexins, also called hypocretins, are the common names given to a pair of highly excitatory Neuropeptide Hormones that were simultaneously discovered by The hypothalamus links the Nervous system to the Endocrine system via the Pituitary gland (hypophysis Oxytocin ( IPA: /ˌɔksɪˈtoʊsɪn/ (Greek "quick birth" is a Mammalian Hormone that also acts as a Neurotransmitter in the The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) comprises the Posterior lobe of the Pituitary gland and is part of the Endocrine system. Magnocellular neurosecretory cells are large cells within the Supraoptic nucleus and Paraventricular nucleus of the Hypothalamus. The cervix (from Latin "neck" is the lower narrow portion of the Uterus where it joins with the top end of the Vagina. The vagina (from Latin, literally " Sheath " or " Scabbard " is a fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the Uterus An orgasm (sexual climax is the conclusion of the plateau phase of the sexual response cycle, and may be experienced by both males and females [4] and circadian homeostasis (body temperature, activity level, wakefulness) [5]. | |
| peptide | Parathyroid hormone | PTH | parathyroid gland | parathyroid chief cell | cAMP | increase blood Ca2+: *indirectly stimulate osteoclasts (Slightly) decrease blood phosphate: | |
| peptide | Prolactin | PRL | anterior pituitary, uterus | lactotrophs of anterior pituitary Decidual cells of uterus | milk production in mammary glands sexual gratification after sexual acts | ||
| peptide | Relaxin | RLN | uterus | Decidual cells | Unclear in humans | ||
| peptide | Secretin | SCT | duodenum | S cell | Secretion of bicarbonate from liver, pancreas and duodenal Brunner's glands Enhances effects of cholecystokinin Stops production of gastric juice | ||
| peptide | Somatostatin | SRIF | hypothalamus, islets of Langerhans, gastrointestinal system | delta cells in islets Neuroendocrince cells of the Periventricular nucleus in hypothalamus | Inhibit release of GH and TRH from anterior pituitary Suppress release of gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), enteroglucagon in gastrointestinal system Lowers rate of gastric emptying Reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine [6] | ||
| peptide | Thrombopoietin | TPO | liver, kidney, striated muscle | Myocytes | megakaryocytes | produce platelets[8] | |
| peptide | Thyroid-stimulating hormone (or thyrotropin) | TSH | anterior pituitary | thyrotropes | cAMP | thyroid gland | secrete thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) |
| peptide | Thyrotropin-releasing hormone | TRH | hypothalamus | Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons | IP3 | anterior pituitary | Release thyroid-stimulating hormone (primarily) Stimulate prolactin release |
| steroid - glu. | Cortisol | adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata and zona reticularis cells) | direct | Stimulation of gluconeogenesis Inhibition of glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue Mobilization of amino acids from extrahepatic tissues Stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose tissue anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive | |||
| steroid - min. | Aldosterone | adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa) | direct | Increase blood volume by reabsorption of sodium in kidneys (primarily) Potassium and H+ secretion in kidney. Thrombopoietin (leukemia virus oncogene ligand megakaryocyte growth and development factor, also known as THPO, is a Glycoprotein Hormone produced The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles Striated muscle is a form of fibres that are combined into parallel fibres A myocyte (also known as a myocardial cell is the type of cell found in heart muscles. The megakaryocyte is a Bone marrow cell responsible for the production of blood Platelets necessary for normal blood Clotting Megakaryocytes normally Platelets, or Thrombocytes, are small cytoplasmic bodies derived from cells They circulate in the Blood of Mammals and are involved Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as TSH or thyrotropin) is a Peptide hormone synthesized and secreted by Thyrotrope cells in the The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis, from Greek adeno, "gland" hypo, "under" physis, "growth" Thyrotropes are cells in the Anterior pituitary which produce Thyroid stimulating hormone. The thyroid is one of the largest Endocrine glands in the body Thyroxine, or 353'5'-tetraiodothyronine (often abbreviated as T4) a form of Thyroid hormones is the major Hormone secreted by the Triiodothyronine, C15[[hydrogen H12]] I3[[nitrogen N]] O4, also known as T3, is a Thyroid Thyrotropin-releasing hormone ( TRH) also called thyrotropin-releasing factor ( TRF) thyroliberin or protirelin, is a tropic The hypothalamus links the Nervous system to the Endocrine system via the Pituitary gland (hypophysis The paraventricular nucleus (PVN is an aggregation of neurons in the Hypothalamus which produces many Hormones. The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis, from Greek adeno, "gland" hypo, "under" physis, "growth" Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as TSH or thyrotropin) is a Peptide hormone synthesized and secreted by Thyrotrope cells in the Prolactin ( PRL) or Luteotropic hormone ( LTH) is a Peptide hormone primarily associated with Lactation. Glucocorticoids (GC are a class of Steroid hormones characterised by an ability to bind with the glucocorticoid receptor ( GR) and trigger similar effects Cortisol is a Corticosteroid Hormone produced by the Adrenal gland (in the Zona fasciculata of the Adrenal cortex) Situated along the perimeter of the Adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids Cells of the zona fasciculata sit directly beneath the Zona glomerulosa and are organized in bundles (or Fascicles) The zona reticularis is the innermost layer of the Adrenal cortex, lying deep to the Zona fasciculata and superficial to the Adrenal medulla. Gluconeogenesis (abreviated GNG) is a Metabolic pathway that results in the generation of Glucose from non- Carbohydrate carbon substrates such "Adipose" redirects here For the Doctor Who monster see " Partners in Crime " In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this Fatty acid degradation is the process in which Fatty acids are broken down into their metabolites resulting in release of its energy to the target cells Anti-inflammatory refers to the property of a substance or treatment that reduces Inflammation. Immunosuppression involves an act that reduces the activation or Efficacy of the Immune system. Mineralocorticoids are a class of Steroid hormones characterised by their similarity to Aldosterone and their influence on salt and water balance Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the tubules of the kidneys to retain sodium and water Situated along the perimeter of the Adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids The zona glomerulosa of the Adrenal gland is the most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex lying directly beneath the adrenal gland's capsule Blood volume is the Volume of Blood (both Red blood cells and plasma) in a person's Circulatory system. Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all Ions of Hydrogen and its Isotopes Depending on the Charge of the ion | |||
| steroid - sex (and) | Testosterone | testes | Leydig cells | direct | Anabolic: growth of muscle mass and strength, increased bone density, growth and strength, Virilizing: maturation of sex organs, formation of scrotum, deepening of voice, growth of beard and axillary hair. Androgen is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound usually a Steroid Hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine Testosterone is a Steroid hormone from the Androgen group In mammals testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the Ovaries The testicle (from Latin testiculus, diminutive of testis, meaning "witness" virility plural testes) is the male Leydig cells, also known as interstitial cells of Leydig, are found adjacent to the Seminiferous tubules in the testicle. Anabolism is the set of Metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse" is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the Bone density (or bone mineral density) is a medical term referring to the amount of matter per cubic centimeter of Bones It is measured by a procedure called In biology and medicine virilization refers to the biological development of Sex differences, changes which make a Male body different from a Female body A sex organ, or primary sexual characteristic, as narrowly defined is any of the anatomical parts of the body which are involved in sexual reproduction and constitute In some Male Mammals the scrotum - also 'scrutum' or 'scrootum' - is a protuberance of Skin and Muscle containing the Testicles Underarm Hair (also called axillary hair or armpit hair) is the composition of Hair in the Underarm area | ||
| steroid - sex (and) | Dehydroepiandrosterone | DHEA | testes, ovary, kidney | Zona fasciculata and Zona reticularis cells of kidney theca cells of ovary Leydig cellss of testes | direct | Virilization, anabolic | |
| steroid - sex (and) | Androstenedione | adrenal glands, gonads | direct | Substrate for estrogen | |||
| steroid - sex (and) | Dihydrotestosterone | DHT | multiple | direct | |||
| steroid - sex (est) | Estradiol | E2 | females: ovary, males testes | females: granulosa cells, males: Sertoli cell | direct | Females: Structural:
Protein synthesis:
Increase HDL, triglyceride, height growth Decrease LDL, fat deposition Fluid balance:
Gastrointestinal tract:
Melanin:
Cancer: support hormone-sensitive breast cancers [9] Suppression of production in the body of estrogen is a treatment for these cancers. Androgen is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound usually a Steroid Hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine Dehydroepiandrosterone ( DHEA) is a natural Steroid Prohormone produced from Cholesterol by the Adrenal glands the Gonads The testicle (from Latin testiculus, diminutive of testis, meaning "witness" virility plural testes) is the male "Ovaria" redirects here This is also a proposed section and a Synonym of Solanum. The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles Cells of the zona fasciculata sit directly beneath the Zona glomerulosa and are organized in bundles (or Fascicles) The zona reticularis is the innermost layer of the Adrenal cortex, lying deep to the Zona fasciculata and superficial to the Adrenal medulla. A theca (plural thecae refers to any case covering or sheath In Botany, the theca of an Angiosperm is half of the Anther. Leydig cells, also known as interstitial cells of Leydig, are found adjacent to the Seminiferous tubules in the testicle. In biology and medicine virilization refers to the biological development of Sex differences, changes which make a Male body different from a Female body Anabolism is the set of Metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units Androgen is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound usually a Steroid Hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine Androstenedione (also known as 4-androstenedione) is a 19- Carbon Steroid Hormone produced in the Adrenal glands and the Gonads In Mammals the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped Endocrine glands that sit on top of the Kidneys their The gonad is the organ that makes Gametes The gonads in males are the Testes and the gonads in Females are the Ovaries. Estrogens (US otherwise oestrogens or œstrogens) are a group of Steroid compounds named for their importance in the Estrous cycle, Androgen is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound usually a Steroid Hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine Dihydrotestosterone ( DHT) (Full name 5α-Dihydrotestosterone, abbreviating to 5α-DHT; INN: androstanolone; commonly called Estrogens (US otherwise oestrogens or œstrogens) are a group of Steroid compounds named for their importance in the Estrous cycle, Estradiol (17β-estradiol (also oestradiol) is a Sex hormone. "Ovaria" redirects here This is also a proposed section and a Synonym of Solanum. The testicle (from Latin testiculus, diminutive of testis, meaning "witness" virility plural testes) is the male A granulosa cell is a Somatic cell found closely associated with the developing female Gamete (called an Oocyte or egg A Sertoli cell (a kind of Sustentacular cell) is a 'nurse' cell of the testes which is part of a Seminiferous tubule. Secondary sex characteristics are traits that distinguish the two Sexes of a species but that are not directly part of the Reproductive system. Height is the measurement of vertical Distance, but has two meanings in common use Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse" is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the The endometrium is the inner membrane of the Mammalian Uterus. The uterus (from the Latin word for womb) is the major Female reproductive organ of most Mammals including Humans One end the The blood vessels are part of the Circulatory system and function to transport Blood throughout the body Bone resorption is the process by which Osteoclasts break down Bone and release the Minerals resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone fluid to the blood Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Coagulation is a complex process by which Blood forms Clots It is an important part of Hemostasis (the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel whereby Coagulation is a complex process by which Blood forms Clots It is an important part of Hemostasis (the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel whereby Thrombin (activated Factor II ') is a Coagulation protein that has many effects in the coagulation cascade. Factor VII (formerly known as proconvertin) is one of the central Proteins in the coagulation cascade. Factor IX (or Christmas factor) is one of the Serine proteases ( of the Coagulation system it belongs to peptidase family S1 Factor X, also known by the Eponym Stuart-Prower factor or as thrombokinase, is an Enzyme ( of the coagulation cascade. Antithrombin (AT is a small protein molecule that inactivates several enzymes of the Coagulation system Plasmin is an important Enzyme ( present in Blood that degrades many Blood plasma proteins most notable Fibrin clots The degradation Platelets, or Thrombocytes, are small cytoplasmic bodies derived from cells They circulate in the Blood of Mammals and are involved High-density lipoproteins ( HDL) is one of the 5 major groups of Lipoproteins ( Chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL (more properly known as, TAG or triacylglyceride) is Glyceride in which the Glycerol is Esterified with three Fatty acids It is the Height is the measurement of vertical Distance, but has two meanings in common use Low-density lipoprotein ( LDL) is a type of Lipoprotein that transports Cholesterol and Triglycerides from the Liver to peripheral Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Growth hormone ( GH) is a Peptide hormone that stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans and other animals Cortisol is a Corticosteroid Hormone produced by the Adrenal gland (in the Zona fasciculata of the Adrenal cortex) Sex hormone-binding globulin ( SHBG) is a Glycoprotein that binds to Sex hormones, specifically Testosterone and Estradiol. Bile or gall is a bitter yellow or green Alkaline fluid secreted by Hepatocytes from the Liver of most Vertebrates In many species Melanin is a class of compounds found in the Plant, Animal and Protista kingdoms, where it serves predominantly as a Pigment. Melanin is a class of compounds found in the Plant, Animal and Protista kingdoms, where it serves predominantly as a Pigment. Breast cancer is a Cancer that starts in the cells of the Breast in women and men Lung function:
Males: Prevent apoptosis of germ cells[11] | |
| steroid - sex (est) | Estrone | ovary | granulosa cells, Adipocytes | direct | |||
| steroid - sex (est) | Estriol | placenta | syncytiotrophoblast | direct | |||
| steroid - sex (pro) | Progesterone | ovary, adrenal glands, placenta (when pregnant) | Granulosa cells theca cells of ovary | direct | Support pregnancy[12]: Convert endometrium to secretory stage Make cervical mucus permeable to sperm. Estrogens (US otherwise oestrogens or œstrogens) are a group of Steroid compounds named for their importance in the Estrous cycle, Estrone (also oestrone) is an Estrogenic Hormone secreted by the Ovary. "Ovaria" redirects here This is also a proposed section and a Synonym of Solanum. A granulosa cell is a Somatic cell found closely associated with the developing female Gamete (called an Oocyte or egg Adipocytes are the cells that primarily compose Adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as Fat. Estriol (also oestriol) is one of the three main Estrogens produced by the human body Estriol (also oestriol) is one of the three main Estrogens produced by the human body The placenta is an Ephemeral organ present in placental Vertebrates, such as Eutherial Mammals and Sharks during Gestation Syncytiotrophoblasts are Multinucleated cells found in the Placenta of embryos Progestagens (also spelled progestogens or gestagens) are Hormones that produce effects similar to those of Progesterone, the only natural progestagen Progesterone is a C-21 Steroid Hormone involved in the Female Menstrual cycle, Pregnancy (supports Gestation "Ovaria" redirects here This is also a proposed section and a Synonym of Solanum. In Mammals the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped Endocrine glands that sit on top of the Kidneys their The placenta is an Ephemeral organ present in placental Vertebrates, such as Eutherial Mammals and Sharks during Gestation A granulosa cell is a Somatic cell found closely associated with the developing female Gamete (called an Oocyte or egg The theca folliculi comprise a layer of the Ovarian follicles They appear as the follicles become Tertiary follicles The theca are divided into two layers the Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female The endometrium is the inner membrane of the Mammalian Uterus. The cervix (from Latin "neck" is the lower narrow portion of the Uterus where it joins with the top end of the Vagina. Inhibit immune response, e. An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor g. towards the human embryo. An embryo (from Greek:, plural, lit "that which grows" from en- "in" + bryein "to swell be full" is a multicellular Decrease uterine smooth muscle contractility[12] Inhibit lactation Inhibit onset of labor. Smooth muscle is a type of non- Striated muscle, found within the Tunica media layer of large and small Arteries and Veins, the bladder Lactation describes the secretion of Milk from the Mammary glands the process of providing that milk to the young and the period of time that a Mother Childbirth (also called labour, birth, partus or parturition) is the culmination of a Human Pregnancy or Support fetal production of adrenal mineralo- and glucosteroids. A fetus (or foetus or fœtus) is a developing Mammal or other Viviparous Vertebrate, after the Embryonic stage and In Mammals the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped Endocrine glands that sit on top of the Kidneys their Other: Raise epidermal growth factor-1 levels Increase core temperature during ovulation[13] Reduce spasm and relax smooth muscle (widen bronchi and regulate mucus) Antiinflammatory Reduce gall-bladder activity[14] Normalize blood clotting and vascular tone, zinc and copper levels, cell oxygen levels, and use of fat stores for energy. Epidermal growth factor or EGF is a Growth factor that plays an important role in the regulation of Cell growth, Proliferation, and A spasm is a sudden involuntary contraction of a Muscle, a group of muscles or a hollow organ, or a similarly sudden Contraction of an Orifice Smooth muscle is a type of non- Striated muscle, found within the Tunica media layer of large and small Arteries and Veins, the bladder A bronchus (plural bronchi, adjective bronchial) is a caliber of airway in the Respiratory tract that conducts air into the Lungs No Gas In vertebrates mucus is a slippery secretion produced by and covering Mucous membranes It is a viscous Colloid containing Antiseptic enzymes (such as Inflammation ( Latin, inflamatio, to set on fire is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as Pathogens The gallbladder (or cholecyst sometimes gall bladder is a small organ whose function in the body is to store Bile and aid in the digestive process Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Assist in thyroid function and bone growth by osteoblasts Relsilience in bone, teeth, gums, joint, tendon, ligament and skin Healing by regulating collagen Nerve function and healing by regulating myelin Prevent endometrial cancer by regulating effects of estrogen. The thyroid is one of the largest Endocrine glands in the body Bones are rigid organs that form part of the Endoskeleton of Vertebrates They function to move support and protect the various organs of the body produce An osteoblast (from the Greek words for " Bone " and "germ" or embryonic is a mononucleate cell that is responsible for bone formation Bones are rigid organs that form part of the Endoskeleton of Vertebrates They function to move support and protect the various organs of the body produce The gingiva (sing and plur: gingiva) or gums, consists of the Mucosal tissue that lies over the Alveolar bone. A joint is the location at which two or more Bones make contact A tendon (or sinew) is a tough band of Fibrous connective tissue that usually connects Muscle to Bone and is capable of withstanding tension In Anatomy, the term ligament is used to denote three different types of structures Fibrous tissue that connects Bones to other bones The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant Collagen is the main Protein of Connective tissue in Animals and the most abundant protein in Mammals making up about 50% of the whole-body protein Myelin is an electrically-insulating Dielectric Phospholipid layer that surrounds only the Axons of many Neurons It is an outgrowth Endometrial cancer refers to several types of malignancy which arise from the Endometrium, or lining of the Uterus. | ||
| sterol | Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) | skin/proximal tubule of kidneys | direct | Active form of vitamin D3 Increase absorption of calcium and phosphate from gastrointestinal tract and kidneys inhibit release of PTH | |||
| sterol | Calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) | skin/proximal tubule of kidneys | direct | Inactive form of Vitamin D3 | |||
| eicosanoid | Prostaglandins | PG | seminal vesicle | ||||
| eicosanoid | Leukotrienes | LT | white blood cells | ||||
| eicosanoid | Prostacyclin | PGI2 | endothelium | ||||
| eicosanoid | Thromboxane | TXA2 | platelets | ||||
| Prolactin releasing hormone | PRH | hypothalamus | Release prolactin from anterior pituitary | ||||
| Lipotropin | PRH | anterior pituitary | Corticotropes | lipolysis and steroidogenesis, stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin | |||
| Brain natriuretic peptide | BNP | heart | Cardiac myocytes | (To a minor degree than ANP) reduce blood pressure by: reducing systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood water, sodium and fats | |||
| Neuropeptide Y | NPY | Stomach | increased food intake and decreased physical activity | ||||
| Histamine | Stomach | ECL cells | stimulate gastric acid secretion | ||||
| Endothelin | Stomach | X cells | Smooth muscle contraction of stomach [15] | ||||
| Pancreatic polypeptide | Pancreas | PP cells | Unknown | ||||
| Renin | Kidney | Juxtaglomerular cells | Activates the renin-angiotensin system by producing angiotensin I of angiotensinogen | ||||
| Enkephalin | Kidney | Chromaffin cells | Regulate pain |
References
- ^ Mathews, CK and van Holde, K. Calcitriol ( INN) (ˌkælsɨˈtraɪɒl/ /ˌkælˈsɨtriːɒl or 125-dihydroxycholecalciferol (abbreviated 125-(OH2D3) (also The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant The proximal tubule is the portion of the duct system of the Nephron leading from Bowman's capsule to the Loop of Henle. The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles Cholecalciferol is a form of Vitamin D, also called vitamin D3. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 A phosphate, an Inorganic chemical, is a salt of Phosphoric acid. The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles Parathyroid hormone (PTH, or parathormone, is secreted by the Parathyroid glands as a Polypeptide containing 84 Amino acids. Calcidiol, calcifediol, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, or 25–hydroxy–vitamin D, is a Prehormone which is produced by the Hepatic The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant The proximal tubule is the portion of the duct system of the Nephron leading from Bowman's capsule to the Loop of Henle. The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles Cholecalciferol is a form of Vitamin D, also called vitamin D3. A prostaglandin is any member of a group of Lipid compounds that are derived enzymatically from Fatty acids and have important functions in the Animal body The seminal vesicles ( glandulae vesiculosae) are a pair of simple tubular glands posteroinferior to the Urinary bladder of males Leukotrienes are naturally produced Eicosanoid lipid mediators, which may be responsible for the effects of an inflammatory response Prostacyclin (or PGI2) is a member of the family of Lipid Molecules known as Eicosanoids. The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that line the interior surface of Blood vessels forming an interface between circulating Blood in the Thromboxane is a member of the family of Lipids known as Eicosanoids. Platelets, or Thrombocytes, are small cytoplasmic bodies derived from cells They circulate in the Blood of Mammals and are involved The hypothalamus links the Nervous system to the Endocrine system via the Pituitary gland (hypophysis Prolactin ( PRL) or Luteotropic hormone ( LTH) is a Peptide hormone primarily associated with Lactation. The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis, from Greek adeno, "gland" hypo, "under" physis, "growth" Lipotropin is a Hormone produced by the cleavage of Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis, from Greek adeno, "gland" hypo, "under" physis, "growth" Corticotropes (or corticotrophs are cells in the Anterior pituitary which produce Adrenocorticotrophic hormone and Melanocyte stimulating hormone Lipolysis is the breakdown of fat stored in fat cells During this process Free fatty acids are released into the bloodstream and circulate throughout the body Steroid metabolism is the complete set of Chemical reactions in organisms that produce modify and consume Steroids These Metabolic pathways include Melanocytes are cells located in the bottom layer (the Stratum basale) of the skin's epidermis and in the middle layer of the eye (the Uvea) Melanin is a class of compounds found in the Plant, Animal and Protista kingdoms, where it serves predominantly as a Pigment. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP also known as B-type natriuretic peptide (also BNP or GC-B, is a 32 amino acid polypeptide secreted by the ventricles The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic The cardiac muscle is a type of involuntary striated Muscle found in the walls of the Heart. Blood pressure is also the title of a short story by Damon Runyan in Guys and Dolls and Other Stories Systemic circulation is the portion of the Cardiovascular system which carries Oxygenated Blood away from the heart to the Body, and returns Vascular resistance is a term used to define the resistance to flow that must be overcome to push Blood through the Circulatory system. Blood lipids (or blood fats are Lipids in the Blood, either free or bound to other molecules Neuropeptide Y (NPY is a 36 Amino acid peptide Neurotransmitter found in the Brain and Autonomic nervous system. In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following Histamine is a Biogenic amine involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a Neurotransmitter In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following Enterochromaffin-like cells or ECL cells are a type of Neuroendocrine cells found in the gastric glands of the Gastric mucosa beneath the Epithelium Gastric acid is one of the main Secretions of the Stomach, together with several Enzymes and Intrinsic factor. Endothelins are proteins that constrict blood vessels and raise blood pressure In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following Smooth muscle is a type of non- Striated muscle, found within the Tunica media layer of large and small Arteries and Veins, the bladder Pancreatic polypeptide is a Polypeptide secreted by PP cells in the Endocrine pancreas predominantly in the Head of the pancreas. The pancreas is a Gland organ in the digestive and Endocrine system of Vertebrates. PP cells (F cells are Pancreatic polypeptide producing cells in the Islets of Langerhans in the Pancreas. Renin (pronounced "Ree-nin" or "Rē-nin" (ˈriːnɨn also known as Angiotensinogenase, is a circulating Enzyme that participates in the body's The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles In the Kidney, the juxtaglomerular cells ( JG cells, also known as granular cells) are cells that synthesize store and secrete the enzyme Renin The renin-angiotensin system (RAS or the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS is a hormone system that regulates Blood pressure and water ( fluid Angiotensin causes blood vessels to constrict and drives blood pressure up Angiotensin causes blood vessels to constrict and drives blood pressure up An enkephalin is a Pentapeptide involved in regulating Pain and Nociception in the body The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles Chromaffin cells are Neuroendocrine cells found in the medulla of the Adrenal gland (suprarenal gland - located above the kidneys and in other ganglia E. (1990). "Integration and control of metabolic processes", in Bowen, D. : Biochemistry. The Benjamin/Cummings publishing group, 790-792. ISBN 0-8053-5015-2.
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See also
External links
Endocrinology (from Greek grc ἔνδον endon, "within" grc κρῑνω krīnō, "to separate" and grc -λογία The endocrine system is an integrated system of small organs that involve the release of extracellular signaling molecules known as Hormones The endocrine system is instrumental Neuroendocrinology is the study of the interactions between the Nervous system and the Endocrine system. Plant hormones (also known as phytohormones) are chemicals that regulate plant growth Plant hormones (also known as phytohormones) are chemicals that regulate plant growth Autocrine signaling is a form of signaling in which a cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger (called the autocrine agent that binds to autocrine receptors on the same cell leading Paracrine signaling is a form of Cell signaling in which the target cell is near (" Para " = near the signal-releasing cell Intracrine refers to a Hormone that acts inside a cell. Steroid hormones act through intracellular (mostly nuclear receptors and are thus considered as Cytokines are a category of signalling Proteins and Glycoproteins that like Hormones and Neurotransmitters, are used extensively in cellular The term growth factor refers to a naturally occurring Protein capable of stimulating cellular growth proliferation and Cellular differentiation. Endocrine disruptors (sometimes also referred to as hormonally active agents) are Exogenous substances that act like Hormones in the Endocrine system Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and booksDictionary
hormone
-noun
- (physiology) Any substance, produced by one tissue and conveyed by the bloodstream to another to effect physiological activity.
- (pharmacology) A synthetic compound with the same activity.
- Any similar substance in plants.
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