| Hopi Hopilàvayi |
||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | United States | |
| Region: | Northeastern Arizona | |
| Total speakers: | ≈5000 | |
| Language family: | Uto-Aztecan Northern Hopi |
|
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | nai | |
| ISO 639-3: | hop | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family Uto-Aztecan (also Uto-Aztekan) is a Native American Language family. ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's | ||
Hopi is a Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Hopi people of northeastern Arizona, USA, although today some Hopi are monolingual English speakers. Uto-Aztecan (also Uto-Aztekan) is a Native American Language family. The Hopi are Native American people who primarily live on the 12635 km² (2531 The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States
The use of the language gradually declined over the course of the 20th century. In 1990, it was estimated that over 5,000 other people could speak Hopi natively, at least 40 of them monolingual.
Despite the fact that relatively few people can speak Hopi, it is very unlikely that it will face the danger of extinction in the near future, as the language is making a comeback. Many Hopi children are being raised in the language, a comprehensive Hopi-English dictionary has been published, and a group called the Hopi Literacy Project has focused its attention on promoting the language. Hopi Dictionary: Hopìikwa Lavàytutuveni A Hopi Dictionary of the Third Mesa Dialect with an English-Hopi Finder List and a Sketch of Hopi Grammar was published by the Dictionary Project The language was used in the film Koyaanisqatsi and its sequels. Koyaanisqatsi ( also known as Koyaanisqatsi Life out of Balance, is a 1982 film directed by Godfrey Reggio with music composed by Philip
There are dialectal differences between First, Second and Third Mesa Hopi. The most thorough analysis of the Hopi language is Benjamin Whorf's study of one speaker of the Second Mesa Hopi. In his study, he states that the Second Mesa is the most archaic and phonemically complex of the dialects, even though it has the fewest speakers.
Contents |
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Central | i (ɪ) | u (ɨ) | |
| Close-mid | ö (ø) | o (o) | |
| Open-mid | e (ɛ) | a (ɔ) |
There are six basic vowels in Hopi - four that are pronounced similarly to English vowels and two that are quite different - "ö" and "u". A front vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a front vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far forward A central vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a central vowel is that the tongue is positioned halfway between A back vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far back as A central vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a central vowel is that the tongue is positioned halfway between A close-mid vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a close-mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned two-thirds The open-mid vowels make a class of Vowel sounds used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of an open-mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned
The vowel "ö" in Hopi is pronounced by rounding the vowel /ɛ/ found in words like pet. It then becomes more equivalent to the IPA sound /ø/.
For the Hopi sound "u", it is necessary to unround the vowel /u/ and articulate further forward in the mouth. This adjustment is closest to the IPA vowel /ɨ/.
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Palatalized | Plain | Labialized | Plain | Labialized | ||||||
| Stop | p | t | ky (kʲ) | k | kw (kʷ) | q | qw (qʷ) | ’ (ʔ) | ||
| Voiceless Fricative | s | h | ||||||||
| Voiced Fricative | v (v/β) | ts (z) | r (ʒ) | |||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ngy (ŋʲ) | ng (ŋ) | ngw (ŋʷ) | |||||
| Approximant | l | y (j) | w | |||||||
There are several differences between some of the consonants in the Hopi language and English. Labials are consonants articulated either with both lips ( bilabial articulation or with the lower lip and the upper teeth ( labiodental articulation Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth Uvulars are Consonants articulated with the back of the Tongue against or near the uvula, that is further back in the mouth than Velar consonants Glottal consonants are Consonants articulated with the Glottis. Palatalization or palatalisation (ˌpælətəlɨˈzeɪʃən generally refers to two phenomena As a process or the result of a process "Lip rounding" redirects here See Roundedness for the lip rounding of vowels "Lip rounding" redirects here See Roundedness for the lip rounding of vowels A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants
The voiced labial fricative v is pronounced the same as in English when it is placed before a vowel. The voiced labiodental fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet Before a consonant and at the end of words, it is not as voiced. Furthermore, some speakers of Hopi alternate the use of v and p depending on their position in a word.
The glottal stop is found much more frequently in Hopi than in English, particularly before vowels at the beginning of a word, or before the final consonant or vowel at the end of a word. This article is about the sound in spoken language For the letter see Glottal stop (letter.
There are also some consonants that can only be transcribed as a combination of letters and sounds in English but are single letters and sounds in Hopi. These are the consonants ky, kw, qw, ngy and ngw. These sounds are realised as a variation of the IPA sounds /k/, /q/ and /ŋ/ as shown in the table above.
Syllable structure
The most common syllable clusters are CV and CVC.
The CVCC cluster is very rare due to limited number of CC combinations in the language. This is also makes it unusual to find the intersyllablic clusters C-C and CC-C.
Stress
The stress pattern in Hopi follows a simple rule that applies to nearly all words.
- In words with one or two vowels, the first vowel is stressed.
- Where there are more than two vowels, the first vowel is stressed if it is long or it is directly followed by two consonants. Otherwise, the second vowel is stressed.
Some exceptions to this rule are sikisve "car", wehekna "spill" and warikiwta ""running". We would expect the second vowel to be stressed but in fact the first one is stressed in these examples.
Morphology
Suffixes
Hopi uses suffixes for a variety of purposes. Some examples are:
| suffix | purpose | example | meaning |
| mi | to, towards | itamumi | towards us |
| ni | future | tuuvani | will throw |
| ngwu | habitual suffix | tuuvangwu | usually throws |
| pe | location | Ismo'walpe | at Ismo'wala |
| q | distance suffix | atkyamiq | all the way to the bottom |
Hopi also has free postpositions:
| akw | with (instrumental) |
| angkw | from |
| ep | at/in/on |
Nouns are marked as objective by either the suffixes -t for simple nouns or -y for dual nouns (those referring to exactly two individuals), possessed nouns or plural nouns.
Some examples are shown below:
| nominative | objective | meaning |
| himutski | himutskit | shrub |
| iisaw | iisawuy | coyote |
| itam | itamuy | we/us |
| nuva | nuvat | snow |
| nu' | nuy | I/me |
| paahu | paahut | spring water |
| pam | put | he/she/it |
| puma | pumuy | they |
| tuuwa | tuuwat | sand |
| um | ung | you |
Verbs are also marked by suffixes but these are not used in a regular pattern. For example the suffixes -lawu and -ta are both used to make a simple verb into a durative one (implying the action is ongoing and not yet complete) but it is hard to predict which suffix applies to which verbs. Second language learners of Hopi usually simply learn this by rote.
There are some gender specific terms in Hopi:
| male speech | female speech | meaning |
| a'ni | hin'ur | very |
| kwakwhay | askwali | thank you |
Morphological processes
- Elision - when the stress-shift would cause a clipped vowel not in the first syllable to have a low stress, that vowel is elided. Elision is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a Vowel, a Consonant, or a whole Syllable) in a word or phrase producing a result that is easier
- Lenition - initial p becomes v when it becomes internal to a word or when the word is preceded by another word used as an adjectival or an incorporated verbal modifier. Lenition is a kind of Consonant mutation that appears in many Languages Along with assimilation, it is one of the primary sources of historical change In Grammar, a modifier (or qualifier) is a word or Sentence element that limits or qualifies another word a phrase or a clause
- Reduplication - stem-initial CV, stem-final CV and word-final V are reduplicated. Reduplication, in Linguistics, is a morphological Process by which the root or stem of a Word, or part of it is repeated
Syntax
Word Order
The simplest type of sentence in Hopi consists of simply a subject and a predicate, such as 'Maana wuupa' (the girl is tall). In traditional Grammar, a predicate is one of the two main parts of a sentence (the other being the subject, which the predicate modifies
However, many Hopi sentences also include an object which is inserted between the subject and the verb. Thus, Hopi is a Subject-Object-Verb language.
Case Marking
Nouns are marked as nominative/objective as shown above. The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other An objective pronoun in Grammar functions as the target of a Verb, as distinguished from a Subjective pronoun, which is the initiator of a verb
Pronouns are also marked as either nominative or objective. For example, the singular subject pronoun you in Hopi is um and the form for the singular object pronoun is ung.
Demonstratives are marked by case in Hopi, shown here first in their subjective form and then in their objective one:
iˈ/it - this
pam/put - that (closer object)
miˈ/mit - that (further object)
ima/imuy - these
puma/pumuy - those (closer object)
mima/mimuy - those (further object)
Writing System
Hopi is written using the Latin alphabet. Demonstratives are deictic words (they depend on an external frame of reference that indicate which entities a speaker refers to and distinguishes those entities from others The vowel letters correspond to the phonemes of Hopi as follows: a /ɔ/, e /ɛ/, i /ɪ/, o /o/, u /ɨ/ and ö /ø/). Long vowels are written double: aa, ee, ii, oo, uu, öö.
Consonants are: ’ /ʔ/, h /h/, k /k/, ky /kʲ/, kw /kʷ/, l /l/, m /m/, n /n/, ng /ŋ/, ngw /ŋʷ/, ngy /ŋʲ/, p /p/, q /q/, qw /qʷ/, r /ʒ/, s /s/, t /t/, ts z/, v /β/, w /w/, y /j/.
Falling accent is marked with a grave `: tsiròot 'birds'.
To distinguish certain consonants written as digraphs from similar looking phonemes meeting across syllable boundaries, a fullstop is used: kwaahu 'eagle' but kuk. A digraph, bigraph, or digram is a pair of characters used to write one Phoneme (distinct sound or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond wuwàaqe 'to follow tracks'.
Metaphysics
Benjamin Lee Whorf, a well-known linguist, used the Hopi language to exemplify his argument that one's world-view is affected by one's language and vice-versa. Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields In Linguistics, the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis ( SWH) (also known as the " Linguistic relativity hypothesis " postulates a systematic relationship Among Whorf's most astounding claims was that Hopi had “no words, grammatical forms, construction or expressions that refer directly to what we call “time”. ”[1] However, other linguists and philosophers are skeptical of Whorf's argument, and his findings on Hopi have been disputed or rejected. [2]
See also
Notes
- ^ Carroll, John B. The Qatsi trilogy is an informal name given to a series of three films produced by Godfrey Reggio and scored by Philip Glass: Koyaanisqatsi (ed. )(1956). Language Thought and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf. MIT Press, Boston, Massachusetts. ISBN 0262730065 9780262730068
- ^ Setting the Record Straight About Native Languages: Language Complexity. Native Languages of the Americas. Retrieved on 2007-05-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor.
Bibliography
- Hopi Dictionary Project (University of Arizona Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology). Hopi Dictionary : Hopìikwa Lavàytutuveni: A Hopi-English Dictionary of the Third Mesa Dialect With an English-Hopi Finder List and a Sketch of Hopi Grammar, Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press, 1998. The University of Arizona Press, a Publishing house founded in 1959 as a department of the University of Arizona, is a nonprofit publisher of scholarly and regional ISBN 0-8165-1789-4
- Kennard, Edward A. and Albert Yava. Field Mouse Goes to War: Tusan Homichi Tuwvöta. Palmer Lake, Colorado: Filter Press, 1999
- Kalectaca, Milo. Lessons in Hopi. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press, 1978
- Seqaquaptewa, E. Iisaw niqw tsaayantotaqam tsiròot. Santa Fe, NM: Clear Light, 1994
- Seqaquaptewa, E. Iisaw niqw yöngösonhoya. Santa Fe, NM: Clear Light, 1994
- Whorf, Benjamin. 'The Hopi Language, Toreva Dialect' in Linguistic Structures of Native America. New York: The Viking Fund, 1946
External links
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic