Hope is a belief in a positive outcome related to events and circumstances in one's life. Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it Hans Sebald Beham (1500 &ndash 1550 was a German printmaker who did his best work as an engraver, and was also a designer of Woodcuts and Belief is the psychological state in which an individual holds a Proposition or Premise to be true Hope implies a certain amount of despair, wanting, wishing, suffering or perseverance — i. Suffering, or pain, is an individual's basic Affective experience of unpleasantness and aversion associated with harm or threat of harm Endurance (also called sufferance) is the ability for humans to exert themselves through aerobic or Anaerobic exercise for relatively long periods of time e. , believing that a better or positive outcome is possible even when there is some evidence to the contrary. ^[1]

Beyond the basic definition, usage of the term hope follows some basic patterns which distinguish its usage from related terms:

• To wish for something with the expectation of the wish being fulfilled. ^[2]
• Hopefulness is somewhat different from optimism in that hope is an emotional state, whereas optimism is a conclusion reached through a deliberate thought pattern that leads to a positive attitude. But hope and optimism both can be based in unrealistic belief or fantasy.
• When used in a religious context, hope carries a connotation of being aware of spiritual truth; see Hope (virtue). Hope is one of the three Theological virtues in Christian tradition
• In Catholic theology, hope is one of the three theological virtues (faith, hope, and charity), which are spiritual gifts of God. Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective The three Theological Virtues listed in the Bible are Faith ( - steadfastness in belief Hope ( - expectation of and desire In contrast to the above, it is not a physical emotion but a spiritual grace. In Christianity, divine Grace refers to the sovereign favour of God for humankind — especially in regard to Salvation — irrespective of actions
• Hope is distinct from positive thinking, which refers to a therapeutic or systematic process used in psychology for reversing pessimism. Attitude is a hypothetical construct that represents an individual's like or dislike for an item Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Pessimism, from the Latin pessimus (worst is the decision to evaluate perceive and view life in a generally negative light
• The term false hope refers to a hope based entirely around a fantasy or an extremely unlikely outcome. See False for other meanings of false FALSE is an esoteric programming language designed by Wouter van Oortmerssen in Fantasy is a Genre that uses magic and other Supernatural forms as a primary element of plot, theme, and/or setting

Contents 1 History 2 Socio-cognitive perspective 3 See also 4 References

History

Examples of hopes include hoping to get rich, hoping for someone to be cured of a disease, hoping to be done with a term paper, or hoping that a person has reciprocal feelings of love. A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly The term person is used in Common sense to mean an individual Human being. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE-ROMEOS***************

Hope was personified in Greek mythology as Elpis. Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance In Greek mythology, Elpis ( Ancient Greek: ἐλπίς was the personification of Hope, perhaps a child of Nyx and mother of Pheme When Pandora opened Pandora's Box, she let out all the evils except one: hope. In Greek mythology, Pandora (from Greek:, "giver of all all-endowed" was the first woman Apparently, the Greeks considered hope to be as dangerous as all the world's evils. But without hope to accompany all their troubles, humanity was filled with despair. It was a great relief when Pandora revisited her box and let out hope as well. It may be worthy to note that in the story, hope is represented as weakly leaving the box but is in effect far more potent than any of the major evils.

In some faiths and religions of the world, hope plays a very important role. Buddhists and Muslims for instance, believe strongly in the concepts of free will and hope.

Hope can be passive in the sense of a wish, or active as a plan or idea, often against popular belief, with persistent, personal action to execute the plan or prove the idea. Consider a prisoner of war who never gives up hope for escape and, against the odds, plans and accomplishes this. By contrast, consider another prisoner who simply wishes or prays for freedom, or another who gives up all hope of freedom.

In Human, All Too Human, existential philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche had this to say about hope:

Hope. Human All Too Human ( Menschliches Allzumenschliches) subtitled A Book for Free Spirits ( Ein Buch für freie Geister) is a book by 19th century philosopher Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine which posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives and that this essence follows from their existence Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist Pandora brought the jar with the evils and opened it. It was the gods' gift to man, on the outside a beautiful, enticing gift, called the "lucky jar. " Then all the evils, those lively, winged beings, flew out of it. Since that time, they roam around and do harm to men by day and night. One single evil had not yet slipped out of the jar. As Zeus had wished, Pandora slammed the top down and it remained inside. So now man has the lucky jar in his house forever and thinks the world of the treasure. It is at his service; he reaches for it when he fancies it. For he does not know that that jar which Pandora brought was the jar of evils, and he takes the remaining evil for the greatest worldly good--it is hope, for Zeus did not want man to throw his life away, no matter how much the other evils might torment him, but rather to go on letting himself be tormented anew. To that end, he gives man hope. In truth, it is the most evil of evils because it prolongs man's torment.

It is also important to consider the relation between Hope and Utopia. Ernst Bloch in "Principle of Hope" (1986) traces the human search for a wide range of utopias. Ernst Simon Bloch (ɛʁnst ˈziːmɔn blɔx July 8, 1885 &ndash August 4, 1977) was a German Marxist philosopher Bloch locates utopian projects not only in the social and political realms of the well-known utopian theorists (Marx, Hegel, Lenin) but also in a multiplicity of technical, architectural, geographical utopias, and in multiple works of art (opera, literature, music, dance, film). For Bloch hope permeates everyday life and it is present in countless aspects of popular culture phenomenon such as jokes, fairy tales, fashion or images of death. In his view Hope remains in the present as an open setting of latency and tendencies.

Martin Seligman in his book Learned Optimism (1990) strongly criticizes the role of churches in the promotion of the idea that the individual has little chance or hope of affecting his or her life. Martin EP Seligman ( Albany New York, 12 August 1942) is an American Psychologist and Writer. He acknowledges that the social and cultural conditions, such as serfdom and the caste system weighed heavily against the freedom of individuals to change the social circumstances of their lives. Castes are Hereditary systems of occupation, Endogamy, social culture, Social class, and Political power. Almost as if to avoid the criticism, in his book What You Can Change and What You Can't, he is careful to outline the extent that people can hold out hope for personal action to change some of the things that affect their lives.

More recently, psychologist Anthony Scioli (2006) has developed an integrative theory of hope that consists of four elements: attachment, mastery, survival, and spirituality. Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality This approach incorporates contributions from psychology, anthropology, philosophy and theology as well as classical and contemporary literature and the arts. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter ^[3]

Socio-cognitive perspective

From socio-cognitive viewpoint, hope is closely related to cognitive decision-making and can be considered its critical factor, such as risk dependent danger . Socio-cognitive or sociocognitive describes integrated cognitive and Social properties of Systems Processes functions Decision making can be regarded as an outcome of mental processes ( cognitive process) leading to the selection of a course of action among several alternatives Risk is a Concept that denotes the precise probability of specific eventualities In real situations, human agent's decision depends on the comparison of his/her danger perception and the hope indicator, which can be assessed as a value proportional to the probability of an event and its expected outcome/payoff/benefits ^[4]

There also is some evidence to suggest that in adverse situations, hope may be worse than hopelessness for overall well-being. For example, people sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole adjust better to their situation than prisoners who retain the possibility of parole. Life imprisonment or life incarceration is a sentence of imprisonment for a serious crime often for most Similarly, patients who underwent a permanent colostomy showed higher life satisfaction 6 months after the operation than those who underwent a potentially reversible colostomy. A colostomy is a surgical procedure that involves connecting a part of the colon onto the Anterior abdominal wall, leaving the patient with an opening on the ^[5]

See also

• chance
• risk

References

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