Hoodoo is a form of predominantly African-American traditional folk magic. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa African American history is the portion of American history that specifically discusses the African American or Black American ethnic group in the United The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World The word Maafa (also known as the African Holocaust or Holocaust of Enslavement) is derived from a Swahili word meaning disaster terrible occurrence or Slavery in the United States began soon after English colonists first settled Virginia in 1607 and lasted until the passage of the Thirteenth The Military history of African Americans spans from the arrival of the first black slaves during the colonial history of the United The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enacted primarily but not exclusively in the Southern and border states of the United States between 1876 and 1965 Redlining is the practice of denying or increasing the cost of services such as Banking, Insurance, access to jobs access to health care or even Supermarkets The American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968 refers to the reform movements in the United States aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African Afrocentrism or Afrocentricity is a World view that emphasizes the importance of African people in culture philosophy and history Reparations for Slavery is a proposal by some in the United States that some type of compensation should be provided to the descendants of enslaved people in African American culture in the United States refers to the cultural contributions of African ethnic groups to the culture of the United States either as part of or distinct from African American studies is a subset of Black studies or Africana studies. 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Magic, sometimes known as sorcery, is a Conceptual system that asserts human ability to control the natural world (including events objects people and Also known as conjure, it is a tradition of magical practice that developed from the creolization of a number of separate cultures and magical traditions.
Hoodoo incorporates practices from African and Native American traditions, as well as some European magical practices and grimoires. Religion in Africa is multifaceted Most Africans adhere to either Christianity or Islam. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. A grimoire (grɪˈmwɑr is a textbook of magic. Books of this genre typically giving instructions for invoking Angels or Demons performing While folk practices like hoodoo are trans-cultural phenomena, what is particularly innovative in this tradition is the "remarkably efficacious use of biblical figures" in its practices and in the lives of its practitioners. [1]
The word hoodoo first was documented in American English in 1875 and was listed as a noun or a transitive verb. Phonology North American English regional phonology In many ways compared to English English, North American English is conservative in its Phonology. Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In Syntax, a transitive verb is a Verb that requires both a subject and one or more objects Some examples of sentences with transitive verbs [2] [3] In AAVE, it is often used to describe a magic spell or potion, but it may also be used as an adjective for a practitioner. African American Vernacular English ( AAVE) – also called African American English; less precisely Black English, Black Vernacular, Magic, sometimes known as sorcery, is a Conceptual system that asserts human ability to control the natural world (including events objects people and In Grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a Noun or Pronoun, giving more information about the Regional synonyms for hoodoo include conjuration, conjure, witchcraft, or rootwork. This article deals with the general meaning of the term "synonym" Witchcraft, in various historical anthropological religious and mythological contexts is the use of certain kinds of Supernatural or magical powers [4]
They are not all synonyms, however. For example, witchcraft is problematic as a synonym in that it can imply a moral judgment regarding the practice of hoodoo (i. e. it is evil), or it can be confused with the contemporary Wicca religion. Moreover, a hoodoo practitioner is not to be understood as a rootworker if he or she does not use roots and herbs in her magical practices. Thus, rootwork can be understood as a subcategory or a "type" of hoodoo practice.
Contents |
Social Context
Historically, most practitioners of hoodoo have been African Americans, but there have been some notable white root doctors. [5] Latinos and Native Americans[6] have also been practitioners. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States The origins of hoodoo are thought to begin with the African slaves, particularly in the American southeast, and historically, its existence has been documented in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. Slavery in the United States began soon after English colonists first settled Virginia in 1607 and lasted until the passage of the Thirteenth The US Southeast is the eastern portion of the Southern United States, but the Census Bureau does not provide a standard definition of a "Southeast" region Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state [7] Today hoodoo practitioners, like African Americans, can be found in destinations of the Great Migration, including major cities of the west coast and the northeast. See also Second Great Migration (African American The Great Migration was the movement of approximately seven million African-Americans out of the [8][9]
Unlike formal religions, hoodoo does not have a structured hierarchy. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos It also does not have an established theology, clergy, laity, or order of liturgical services of its own. Instead, practitioners are often lay people within a Christian community who possess specific knowledge of magic and hoodoo tradition. A traditional hoodoo doctor was often a nomadic sort who traveled from town to town peddling his services, but many also set up shop in their communities. Nomadic people, (from the νομάδες nomádes, "those who let pasture herds" also known as nomads, are communities of people that Hoodoo is not reserved solely for the specialist. Many of the spells and practices are within the realm of "folk remedies" and are well known in some African-American and/or Southern socio-cultural contexts. A home remedy is a treatment to cure a Disease or ailment that employs certain spices vegetables or other common items
The traditional manner for passing on this folk knowledge was from person to person. For example, noted African-American anthropologist Zora Neale Hurston worked extensively as an apprentice for various hoodoo doctors and wrote about her experiences. Zora Neale Hurston ( January 7, 1891 &ndash January 28, 1960) was an American folklorist and author during the time [10] Since many hoodoo practices are passed on as folk remedies that can loosely be described as "common knowledge," hoodoo is also passed on through families and social contacts. Common knowledge is what "everybody knows" usually with reference to the Community in which the term is used With the growth of literacy and technological communication, people can learn the ways of hoodoo through online sources and books that preserve the tradition. [11]
Hoodoo Conceptual System
The dominant worldview in hoodoo is usually strongly Christian. Historically there has been an Old Testament strain in hoodoo thought. In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. This is particularly evident in relation to God's providence and his role in retributive justice. In Theology, Divine Providence, or simply Providence, is the sovereignty superintendence or agency of God over events in people's lives and throughout Retributive justice is a Theory of Justice that considers that proportionate punishment is a morally acceptable response to Crime, with For example, though there are strong ideas of good versus evil, cursing someone to cause their death might not be considered a malignant act. For example, one practitioner explained it as follows:
-
- "[In] Hoodooism, anythin' da' chew do is de plan of God undastan', God have somepin to do wit evah' thin' you do if it's good or bad, He's got somepin to do wit it . . . jis what's fo' you, you'll git it. "[12]
Not only is God's providence a factor in hoodoo practice, but hoodoo thought understands God, himself, as the archetypal hoodoo doctor. On this matter Hurston stated, "The way we tell it, hoodoo started way back there before everything. Six days of magic spells and mighty words and the world with its elements above and below was made. "[13] From this perspective, biblical figures are often recast as hoodoo doctors and the Bible becomes a source of conjurational spells and is, itself, used as a protective talisman. [14]
Moses-as-Conjuror
Paralleling God-as-conjuror, hoodoo practitioners often understand the biblical figure Moses in similar terms. Hurston developed this idea in her novel Moses: Man of the Mountain, in which she calls Moses, "the finest hoodoo man in the world. "[15] Obvious parallels between Moses and magic occur in the biblical accounts of his confrontation with Pharaoh in which he performed "miracles" such as turning his staff into a snake. However, his greatest feat of conjure was using his powers to help free the Hebrews from slavery. This emphasis on Moses-as-conjuror led to the introduction of the pseudonymous work the Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses into the corpus of hoodoo magical reference literature. The Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses are two Grimoires allegedly dictated to Moses along with the Torah (the first five books of Moses
Bible-as-Talisman
In hoodoo, "All hold that the Bible is the great conjure book in the world. "[16] It has many functions for the practitioner, not the least of which is a source of spells. This is particularly evident given the importance of the book Secrets of the Psalms in hoodoo culture. [17] This book provides instruction for using psalms for things such as safe travel, headache, and marital relations. The Bible, however, is not just a source of spells but is itself a conjuring talisman. It can be taken "to the crossroads", carried for protection, or even left open at specific pages while facing specific directions. This informant provides an example of both uses:
- "Whenevah ah'm afraid of someone doin' me harm ah read the 37 Psalms an' co'se ah leaves the Bible open with the head of it turned to the east as many as three days. "[18]
Practices
The goal of hoodoo is to allow people access to supernatural forces to improve their daily lives by gaining power in many areas of life, including luck, money, love, divination, revenge, health, employment, and necromancy. The term supernatural or supranatural ( Latin: super, supra "above" + natura "nature" pertains to entities events Money is anything that is generally accepted as Payment for Goods and services and repayment of Debts. Love is any of a number of Emotions and experiences related to a sense of strong Affection. Divination (from Latin divinare "to be inspired by a god" related to Divine, Diva and Deus) is the attempt of ascertaining Health is a state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Necromancy ( Greek νεκρομαντία nekromantía) is a form of Divination in which the practitioner seeks to summon "operative spirits" As in many other folk religious, magical, and medical practices, extensive use is made of herbs, minerals, parts of animals' bodies, an individual's possessions, and bodily fluids, especially menstrual blood, urine and semen. A(n herb (ˈhɝb or /ˈɝb/ see pronunciation differences) is a plant that is valued for qualities such as medicinal properties flavor scent or the like A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific The menstrual cycle is a recurring cycle of physiologic changes that occurs in reproductive-age Females Overt menstruation (where there is blood flow from the Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the Kidneys by a process of filtration from Blood and Excreted through the Urethra. Physiological aspects Internal and external fertilization Depending on the Species, spermatozoa can fertilize Contact with ancestors or other spirits of the dead is an important practice within the conjure tradition, and the recitation of Psalms from the Bible is also considered magically effective in hoodoo. Psalms ( Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים, or "praises" is a book of the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament) included Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Due to hoodoo's great emphasis on an individual's magical power, its basic principles of working are generally felt to be easily adapted for use based on one's desires, inclination and habits.
Home-made potions and charms form the basis of much old-time rural hoodoo, but there are also many successful commercial companies selling various hoodoo components to urban and rural practitioners. These are generally called spiritual supplies, and they include herbs, roots, minerals, candles, incense, oils, floor washes, sachet powders, bath crystals, and colognes. A candle is a Light source and sometimes a Heat source consisting of a solid block of Fuel and an embedded wick. Incense is composed of Aromatic biotic materials It releases fragrant Smoke when burned Many patent medicines, cosmetics, and household cleaning supplies have been also aimed at hoodoo practitioners and have found dual usage as conventional and spiritual remedies. Patent medicine is the somewhat misleading term given to various medical Compounds sold under a variety of names and labels though they were for the most part actually
Cultural Influences
Magical systems are notorious for appropriating practices from different regions and cultures. In this regard, hoodoo is no different. Thus, it is difficult to establish the regional/cultural origins of many practices. For example, the use of an effigy, often called a "voodoo doll" in popular culture, to perform a spell on someone is documented in African, Native American, and European cultures. [19][20] However, there are some practices and influences in the tradition that can be loosely trace to particular regions.
Europe
Europe's greatest identifiable influence on hoodoo is, arguably, the presence and use of European or European-American grimoires. A grimoire (grɪˈmwɑr is a textbook of magic. Books of this genre typically giving instructions for invoking Angels or Demons performing One of the first examples of this is John George Hohman's Pow-wows: or, Long Lost Friend, a collection of magical spells originally published in 1820 for Pennsylvania-Dutch hexmeisters. The Pennsylvania Dutch (perhaps more strictly Pennsylvania Deitsch, Pennsylvania Germans or Pennsylvania Deutsch) are the descendants of German [21] It was introduced to hoodoo through catalogs on magic geared toward the African-American community in the early 1900s. [22] The spells in this book are woven throughout with Christian symbolism and prayer, which made it a natural addition to the similar symbolism of hoodoo. Mirroring the hoodoo concept of the Bible-as-talisman, the book itself proposes to be a protective amulet:
- Whoever carries this book with him is safe from all his enemies, visible or invisible; and whoever has this book with him cannot die without the holy corpse of Jesus Christ, nor drown in any water, nor burn up in any fire, nor can any unjust sentence be passed upon him. An amulet ( the Elder|Pliny]] meaning "an object that protects a person from trouble" a close cousin of the talisman (from Arabic So help me. [23]
The 6th and 7th Books of Moses is a European grimoire that is purportedly based on Jewish Kabbalah, though it actually covers little, if any, relation to Kabbalistic thought. The Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses are two Grimoires allegedly dictated to Moses along with the Torah (the first five books of Moses Kabbalah (קַבָּלָה lit "receiving" is a discipline and school of thought discussing the mystical aspect of Judaism. It contains numerous signs, seals, and passages in Hebrew that are supposed to be related to Moses' ability to work wonders. Though its authorship is attributed to Moses, the oldest manuscript dates to the mid-1800s. Its importance in hoodoo practice is summarized as follows:
- "I read de "Seven Books of Moses" seven or eight yeah a'ready . . . de foundation of hoodooism came from way back yondah de time dat Moses written de book "De Seven Book of Moses. "[24]
Generally, hoodoo practitioners do not use the instructions for rituals in this text, rather, the images and symbols have a greater importance. [25]
Differences between Voodoo and Hoodoo
Hoodoo and Voodoo are often mistaken for one another. Some believe that the terms may have a common etymology. Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time Simply put, Voodoo is a religion, whereas Hoodoo is a group of magic.
The ancient African religion of Vodoun is an established religion with its ancient roots in West Africa. Dahomey mythology|Yoruba mythology Vodun or Vudun (vodṹ — that is with a nasal u on a high tone) (so West Africa or Western Africa is the Westernmost Region of the African Continent. Its modern form is practiced across West Africa in the countries now known as Benin, Togo, and Burkina Faso, among others. Benin (bə'nɪn officially the Republic of Benin, and also known as Benin Republic, is a country in Western Africa. TOGO was a Japanese roller coaster design company famous for inventing the Stand-up roller coaster. Burkina Faso (bɚˌkiːnəˈfɑːsoʊ burr-KEE-na FAH-soh) also known by its short-form name Burkina, is a Landlocked nation in West Africa In Haiti, Cuba, and other Caribbean islands, the worship of the Vodoun gods (called lwa or loas) is practiced in a syncretic form that has been greatly modified by contact with Catholicism. Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting The Loa (also Lwa or L'wha) are the spirits of the Vodou religion practiced in Haiti, and other parts of the world Syncretism consists of the attempt to reconcile disparate or contradictory beliefs often while melding practices of various schools of thought As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described The Voodoo of Haiti is better known to many English speakers; similar practices among Spanish speakers in Cuba are called Santeria. Santería, also known as La Regla de Lukumi (Lukumi's Rule and The Way of the Saints is an Afro-Cuban religious tradition derived from traditional beliefs
Hoodoo shows obvious and evident links to the practices and beliefs of African folk magico-religious culture. A ritual is a set of actions often thought to have Symbolic value the performance of which is usually prescribed by a Religion or by the Traditions The Hoodoo practiced in the U. S. by the enslaved Africans was brought from West and Central Africa, specifically, the area that is now known as the Congo and Angola, Togo, Nigeria and other West African regions. The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World The Democratic Republic of the Congo (République démocratique du Congo often referred to as DR Congo, DRC or RDC, and formerly known or referred to Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central TOGO was a Japanese roller coaster design company famous for inventing the Stand-up roller coaster. Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal
Hoodoo and Popular Culture
Music
Many blues musicians have referred to hoodoo in their songs. The Blues is a vocal and instrumental form of Music based on the use of the Blue notes It emerged as an accessible form of self-expression Popular examples include "Louisiana Hoodoo Blues" by Ma Rainey, "Hoodoo Lady Blues" by Arthur Crudup, and "Hoodoo Man Blues" by Junior Wells. Gertrude Malissa Nix Pridgett Rainey, better known as Ma Rainey ( April 26, 1886 – December 22, 1939) was one of the earliest known Arthur "Big Boy" Crudup (also known as "Pop" Crudup) ( August 24 1905 — March 28 1974) was a Delta Junior Wells ( December 9, 1934 – January 15, 1998) born Amos Blakemore, was a blues Vocalist and Harmonica In addition to the expected terms hoodoo and mojo, other conjure words in blues songs include jinx, goofer dust, nation sack, black cat bone, graveyard dirt, and black spider dumplings. A jinx, in popular Superstition and Folklore, is A sort of Curse placed on a person that makes them prey to large numbers of minor misfortunes Goofer dust is an old Hoodoo practice of African Americans in the Southern States of the United States.
The Bo Diddley song "Who Do You Love" contains an extensive series of puns about a man hoodooing his lover. Bo Diddley ( December 30 1928 &ndash June 2 2008, born Ellas Otha Bates) was an original and influential American " Who Do You Love? " is a song written by Bo Diddley, (real name Ellas McDaniel) in 1956 Bo Diddley also recorded an album titled Got My Own Bag of Tricks (1972), a reference to a mojo hand or trick bag.
In Chuck Berry's song "Thirty Days" he threatens an ex-lover, telling her that he ". Charles Edward Anderson "Chuck" Berry (born October 18 1926 in St . . talked to the gypsy woman on the telephone [and that] she gonna send out a world wide hoodoo".
Maryland rock band Clutch feature a song entitled "Hoodoo Operator" on their album Slow Hole to China. A clutch is a mechanism for transmitting rotation which can be engaged and disengaged Slow Hole to China Rare and Unreleased is an album by rock band Clutch, consisting of various previously-unreleased recordings
An Australian alternative rock band named themselves the "Hoodoo Gurus" and had several hits in the 1980s, such as "Come Anytime" and "What's My Scene".
Books
Non-fiction
Zora Neale Hurston recorded many hoodoo practices and tales. Zora Neale Hurston ( January 7, 1891 &ndash January 28, 1960) was an American folklorist and author during the time Harry Middleton Hyatt collected the largest array of hoodoo spells ever assembled. Other authors on the subject include Newbell Niles Puckett, Jim Haskins, and Catherine Yronwode. Catherine "Cat" Yronwode (or catherine "cat" yronwode, born Catherine Anna Manfredi on May 12 1947 is a writer and editor with an extensive career
Fiction
Author Ishmael Reed, in his novels Mumbo Jumbo, Yellow Back Radio Broke-Down, The Free-Lance Pallbearers and others, makes great use of Hoodoo, including characters who are practitioners. Ishmael Scott Reed ( February 22, 1938) is an American Poet, essayist and novelist Mumbo Jumbo is a 1972 Novel by African-American Author Ishmael Reed. Yellow Back Radio Broke-Down by the African-American writer Ishmael Reed, is a Satirical take on the traditional Western. Reed also published a number of HooDoo poems.
Emma Bull also refers to Hoodoo in her novel Bone Dance: A Fantasy for Technophiles. Emma Bull (born 13 December 1954) is a Science fiction and Fantasy author whose best-known novel is War for the Oaks, one
Radio
Since 2004, Dr. Christos Kioni, a conjure doctor from Florida, has co-hosted and produced a weekly hour-long radio show and podcast on the subject of hoodoo called "The Lucky Mojo Hoodoo Rootwork Hour. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the A podcast is a series of audio or Video digital-media files which is distributed over the Internet by syndicated Download "
Film
- The Skeleton Key, a film released in 2005, centers on the practice of hoodoo. The Skeleton Key is a 2005 horror - suspense film released in the UK on 22 July and in the USA on August 12 The year 2005 in film involved some significant events Releases of sequels took place with movies like The Devil's Rejects, Cheaper
- In the 1940 film His Girl Friday, the mayor of Chicago calls the Sheriff a HooDoo. His Girl Friday is a Screwball comedy, a Remake of the 1931 film The Front Page, itself an adaptation by Charles
- Cary Grant makes a comedic reference to hoodoo in the 1947 film The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer. The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer is a 1947 Screwball comedy film starring Cary Grant, Myrna Loy, and Shirley Temple.
Television
The CW show Supernatural features many references to hoodoo usually in regards to magic plot devices for the show. The CW Television Network ( The CW) is a Television network in the United States launched at the beginning of the 2006-2007 television season. Supernatural is an American horror television series regarding the Paranormal. In the episode "Playthings", they find hoodoo on urns called "five-spots" or quincunxes that ward off evil. For Sir Francis Galton 's machine for demonstrating the Normal distribution named "quincunx" see Bean machine.
Foot Notes
- ^ Smith, Theophus H. 1994. Conjuring Culture: Biblical Formations of Black America. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 3.
- ^ For example, in the Creedence Clearwater Revival song "Born on the Bayou," the line "I can still hear that old hound dog barking, chasin' down a hoodoo there," refers to a hoodoo doctor; someone who practices hoodoo. Creedence Clearwater Revival (often abbreviated CCR) was an American Rock and roll band who gained popularity in the late 1960s and early 1970s with " Born on the Bayou " is the first track on Creedence Clearwater Revival 's second album Bayou Country.
- ^ Merriam Webster Online [1]
- ^ Hyatt, Harry Middleton. 1970-1978. Hoodoo--Conjuration--Witchcraft--Rootwork. 5 vols. Hannibal: Western
- ^ For example, Doctor Harris of Florence, SC, and Doctor Buzzard of Beaufort, SC, were notable hoodoo doctors from the late 1800s. For a full discussion, see Hyatt. Hoodoo. vol. I. p. III.
- ^ See, Hyatt. Hoodoo. vol. I. p. 19.
- ^ see Hyatt. Hoodoo. All volumes.
- ^ The Lucky Mojo Curio Company, for example, is an established hoodoo shop based in Forestville, California with a strong web presence and an international clientele. Forestville is a Census-designated place (CDP in Sonoma County, California, United States.
- ^ See, Hyatt. Hoodoo. vol. I. Map in frontispiece.
- ^ see Hurston, Zora Neale. 1935. Mules and Men. New York: Harper and Row. 1990
- ^ Amateur folklorist Harry M. Hyatt has arguably contributed the most to the preservation of hoodoo beliefs and practices. He interviewed scores of informants and documented well over a thousand types of spells and practices. His five-volume work serves as a valuable primary source for practitioners and scholars who study this tradition.
- ^ Hyatt. Hoodoo. vol. II. p. 1761.
- ^ Hurston. 1935. Mules and Men. pp. 183.
- ^ Smith. 1994. Conjuring Culture. p. 6. See also, Hurston's, Mules and Men. In the appendix she lists the "paraphernalia of conjure," the last on the list being the Bible.
- ^ Hurston. Moses: Man of the Mountain. p. ??.
- ^ Hurston. Mules and Men. p. 280
- ^ Selig, Godfrey. Secrets of the Psalms
- ^ Hyatt. Hoodoo. vol. 1. p. 417. Quoted in Smith. Conjuring Culture. p. 14. n. 8.
- ^ For an English example, see Scot, Reginald. 1584. The Discoverie of Witchcraft. 1972 edition. New York: Dover Publications. p. 47. ISBN 0486260305
- ^ Cherokee anthropologist, Alan Kilpatrick, provides a related example of this idea in The Night Has a Naked Soul: Witchcraft and Sorcery Among the Western Cherokee. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. pp. 92-93. ISBN 0815604718. This example is not obvious, however, he explains that one takes the saliva of an intended victim and places it in the earth "where the worms live. " Thus, the person's saliva is a symbolic stand-in for, or loose effigy of, the intended victim.
- ^ Hohman, John George. 1820. Pow-wow's: or, Long Lost Friend. 1971 reprint edition. Pomeroy: Health Research Books.
- ^ "Pow-Wows": The European Influence on Hoodoo by catherine yronwode, a chapter from Hoodoo in Theory and Practice Accessed January 23 2008
- ^ Hohman. Catherine "Cat" Yronwode (or catherine "cat" yronwode, born Catherine Anna Manfredi on May 12 1947 is a writer and editor with an extensive career 1820. Pow-Wow. pp. 63 and 84.
- ^ Hyatt. Hoodoo. vol. I. pp. 1758-1759.
- ^ Mojo Hand and Root Bag by catherine yronwode from Hoodoo in Theory and Practice. Catherine "Cat" Yronwode (or catherine "cat" yronwode, born Catherine Anna Manfredi on May 12 1947 is a writer and editor with an extensive career accessed January 23 2008: "[. . . ] some root workers top off their mojo bags with parchments upon which are printed medieval European seals and sigils of talismanic import, particularly the seals from the Greater Key of Solomon and The 6th and 7th Books of Moses, both of which are sold as sets of seals printed on parchment paper, and are used without reference to the rituals given in the texts of the books. These [. . . ] items surprise many Caucasians, who are unaware that a strong vein of Germanic folklore runs through traditional African-American hoodoo. "
External links
- Hoodoo: A New World Name of an Ancient African Tradition
- Hoodoo: About.com Interview with Mama Zogbe
- Lucky Mojo Hoodoo Rootwork Hour with Dr. Christos Kioni
- Hoodoo,_Rootwork,_Conjure,Obeah at the Open Directory Project
- Hoodoo in Theory and Practice, a free online book by Catherine Yronwode
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