| 香港特別行政區
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR)
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||
| Anthem: March of the Volunteers[1] |
||||||
 View at night from Victoria Peak
|
||||||
 Location of Hong Kong
|
||||||
| Official languages | Chinese, English[2] | |||||
| Demonym | Hongkonger | |||||
| Government | ||||||
| - | Chief Executive | Donald Tsang | ||||
| Establishment | ||||||
| - | Treaty of Nanking | 29 August 1842 | ||||
| - | Japanese occupation | 25 December 1941 – 15 August 1945 |
||||
| - | Transfer of sovereignty | 1 July 1997 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 1,104 km² (183rd) 426 sq mi |
||||
| - | Water (%) | 4. The Regional Flag of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China The Emblem of Hong Kong, or the Regional Emblem of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is the Emblem which represents A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's March of the Volunteers ( is the National anthem of the People's Republic of China (including the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region since Victoria Peak ( is a Mountain in Hong Kong. It is also known as Mount Austin, and locally An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place Hongkongers usually refers to residents of Hong Kong, and not Ethnicity or Nationality, i For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. The Chief Executive of Hong Kong ( is the head of Hong Kong Government and the principal representative of the Hong Kong. Sir Donald Tsang Yam-Kuen, GBM, KBE, JP (born 7 October 1944 is the current Chief Executive and Head of Government of Hong Hong Kong began as a coastal Island geographically located in southern China. The Treaty of Nanking (Treaty of Nanjing signed 29 August, 1842, was the unequal treaty which marked the end of the First Opium War between Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) Year 1842 ( MDCCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began after the Governor of Hong Kong, Sir Mark Young surrendered the territory of Hong Kong to Japan on 25 December Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China, often referred to as the Handover "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. To help compare Orders of magnitude of different geographical regions we list here areas between 1000 km2 and 10000 km2 This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a Fraction of 100 ( per cent meaning "per hundred" 6 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2007 estimate | 6,963,100[3] (98th) | ||||
| - | 2001 census | 6,708,389 | ||||
| - | Density | 6,352/km² (3rd) 16,469/sq mi |
||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2007 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | US$292. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume List of countries and dependencies by Population density in inhabitants/km² The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 8 billion (38th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | US$41,994 (10th) | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2007 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | US$206. There are three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP at Purchasing power parity (PPP Per capita 7 billion (37th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | US$29,650 (27th) | ||||
| Gini (2007) | 53. PLEASE NO RANDOM FIGURES THERE ARE NO FIGURES BASED ON NATIONAL STATISTICS IN THIS ARTICLE Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product Per capita at Nominal values, the The Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical dispersion most prominently used as a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth 3[4] | |||||
| HDI (2007) | ▲ 0. The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP 937 (high) (21st) | |||||
| Currency | Hong Kong dollar (HKD) |
|||||
| Time zone | HKT (UTC+8) | |||||
| Internet TLD | .hk | |||||
| Calling code | +852 | |||||
Hong Kong[5] (Chinese: 香港; pinyin:Xiānggǎng; Cantonese: Heunggong), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region [pronunciation], is one of two special administrative regions of People's Republic of China, the other being Macau. This is a list of countries by Human Development Index as included in the United Nations Development Program 's Human Development Report 2007 A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established Hong Kong Time (abbreviation HKT;) is the time in Hong Kong. The time is UTC+8 all year round A country This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use The pronunciation of Hong Kong varies depending upon the language of the native speaker be it Standard Cantonese or Standard Mandarin. A Special Administrative Region ( SAR) is a high autonomous administrative division of the People's Republic of China. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. The territory lies on the eastern side of the Pearl River Delta, bordering Guangdong province in the north and facing the South China Sea in the east, west and south. The Pearl River Delta Region (PRD ( in southern China occupies the low-lying areas alongside the Pearl River Estuary Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the The South China Sea is a Marginal sea south of China. It is a part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from Singapore to the Beginning as a trading port in the 19th century, Hong Kong has developed into one of the world's leading financial centres. A financial centre is a Global city that is a Company and Business Hub, as well as being home to many world famous Banks and/or
Hong Kong was a Crown colony of the United Kingdom from 1842 to 1981 and was a British dependent territory from 1981 until the transfer of its sovereignty to the People's Republic of China in 1997. The British Overseas Territories are fourteen territories that are under the Sovereignty of the United Kingdom, but which do not form part of the United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The British Overseas Territories are fourteen territories that are under the Sovereignty of the United Kingdom, but which do not form part of the United Kingdom The transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China, often referred to as the Handover Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Sino-British Joint Declaration and the Basic Law of Hong Kong stipulate that Hong Kong operate with a high degree of autonomy until at least 2047, fifty years after the transfer. The Sino-British Joint Declaration, formally known as the Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, or simply Hong Kong Basic Law, serves as the Constitutional document An autonomous area is an area of a Country that has a degree of Autonomy, or freedom from an external authority Under the policy of "one country, two systems", the Central People's Government is responsible for the territory's defence and foreign affairs, while the Government of Hong Kong is responsible for its own legal system, police force, monetary system, customs policy, immigration policy, and delegates to international organisations and events. " One country two systems " is an idea originally proposed by Deng Xiaoping during the early 1980s then Paramount Leader of the People's Republic The Central People's Government is the Central government of the People's Republic of China in Beijing. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China ( see pronunciation; conventional short The Hong Kong Police Force is the police force of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. The Hong Kong Monetary Authority ( or HKMA (金管局 is Hong Kong 's Central banking institution (more precisely Currency board) The Customs and Excise Department (C&ED) is responsible for the protection of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region against smuggling the protection and collection of The Immigration Department ( known as 人民入境事務處 before the 1997 handover) of the Hong Kong Government is responsible for immigration control of Hong A delegate is a member of a group representing an organization (e
History
Human settlement in the location now known as Hong Kong dates back to the Paleolithic era. Hong Kong began as a coastal Island geographically located in southern China. The term Paleolithic (or Palaeolithic) (from Greek παλαιός palaios, " Old " and λίθος Lithos, "stone" The region was first incorporated into Imperial China in the Qin Dynasty, and served as a trading post and naval base during the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty. Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era Not to be confused with the Qing Dynasty, the last dynasty of China The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The area's earliest recorded European visitor was Jorge Álvares, a Portuguese mariner who arrived in 1513. Jorge Álvares (died July 8, 1521) is credited as the first Portuguese Explorer to have reached China and Hong Kong. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. [6][7]
In 1839 the refusal by Qing Dynasty authorities to import opium resulted in the First Opium War between China and Britain. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China Opium is a Narcotic formed from the Latex (ie sap released by lacerating (or "scoring" the immature seed pods of opium poppies ( The First Opium War or the First Anglo-Chinese War was fought between the British East India Company and the Qing Dynasty in China from 1839 Hong Kong Island was occupied by British forces in 1841, and then formally ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking at the end of the war. Hong Kong Island ( is an island in the southern part of Hong Kong, China. The Treaty of Nanking (Treaty of Nanjing signed 29 August, 1842, was the unequal treaty which marked the end of the First Opium War between The British established a Crown Colony with the founding of Victoria City the following year. The British Overseas Territories are fourteen territories that are under the Sovereignty of the United Kingdom, but which do not form part of the United Kingdom Victoria City, or the City of Victoria, was one of the first urban settlements in Hong Kong after it became a British Colony in 1842 In 1860, after China's defeat in the Second Opium War, the Kowloon Peninsula south of Boundary Street and Stonecutter's Island were ceded to Britain under the Convention of Peking. The Second Opium War, the Second Anglo-Chinese War, the Arrow War, or the Anglo-French expedition to China, was a war of the United Kingdom The Kowloon Peninsula, commonly referred to as Kowloon, is a Peninsula that forms the southern part of the main landmass in the territory of Hong Kong, This does not cite its references or sources. Please help improve Stonecutters Island or Ngong Shuen Chau ( Chinese 昂船洲 is a former Island in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong. The Convention of Peking or the First Convention of Peking is the name used for three different treaties which were concluded between Qing China and the In 1898 Britain obtained a 99-year lease of Lantau Island and the adjacent northern lands, which became known as the New Territories. Lantau Island, also Lantao, based on the old local name of Lantau Peak ( lit New Territories, abbreviated to NT or NT, is a region in Hong Kong excluding Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and Stonecutters Island [8]
Hong Kong was declared a free port to serve as an entrepôt of the British Empire. A free port ( porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location An entrepôt (from the French " Warehouse " is a Trading post where merchandise can be imported and Exported without The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The Kowloon-Canton Railway opened in 1910 with a southern terminus in Tsim Sha Tsui. Tsim Sha Tsui (尖沙咀 or 尖沙嘴 often abbreviated as TST, also known as Tsim Tsui (尖咀 or 尖嘴 by local people is an urbanised area in the An education system based on the British model was introduced. The local Chinese population had little contact with the European community of wealthy tai-pans settled near Victoria Peak. A tai-pan ( Chinese 大班 was an influential foreign businessman doing business in China or Hong Kong in the 19th century Victoria Peak ( is a Mountain in Hong Kong. It is also known as Mount Austin, and locally [8]
In conjunction with its military campaign in World War II, the Empire of Japan invaded Hong Kong on December 8, 1941. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Battle of Hong Kong ended with British and Canadian defenders surrendering control of the colony to Japan on December 25. The Battle of Hong Kong took place during the Pacific campaign of World War II. Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian During the Japanese occupation, civilians suffered widespread food shortages, rationing, and hyper-inflation due to forced exchange of currency for military notes. The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began after the Governor of Hong Kong, Sir Mark Young surrendered the territory of Hong Kong to Japan on 25 December A famine is a widespread shortage of food that may apply to any Faunal species which phenomenon is usually accompanied by regional Malnutrition, Starvation Certain figures in this article use Scientific notation for readability Hong Kong lost more than half of its population in the period between the invasion and Japan's surrender in 1945, when the United Kingdom resumed control of the colony. [9]
Hong Kong's population recovered quickly as a wave of mainland migrants arrived for refuge from the ongoing Chinese Civil War. With the proclamation of the People's Republic of China in 1949 more migrants fled to Hong Kong from fear of persecution by the Communist Party. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the [8] Many corporations in Shanghai and Guangzhou also shifted their operations to Hong Kong. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million [8] The colony became the sole place of contact between mainland China and the Western world, as the communist government increasingly isolated the country from outside influence. Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction Trade with the mainland was interrupted during the Korean War, when the United Nations ordered a trade embargo against the communist government. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security In international Commerce and politics, an embargo is the prohibition of commerce [10]
The textile and manufacturing industries grew with the help of population growth and low cost of labour. As Hong Kong rapidly industrialised, its economy became driven by exports to international markets. Living standards rose steadily with industrial growth. The construction of Shek Kip Mei Estate in 1953 marked the beginning of the public housing estate program. Shek Kip Mei Estate ( Chinese: 石硤尾邨 is the first Public housing estate in Hong Kong. A public housing estate ( is a Housing estate in Hong Kong mainly built by the Hong Kong Housing Authority and the Hong Kong Housing Society Hong Kong was disrupted by a year of chaos during the riots of 1967 following the commencement of the Cultural Revolution in 1966 in communist China. The Hong Kong 1967 riots ( Traditional Chinese: 六七暴動 began in May 1967. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in the People’s Republic of China was a struggle for power within the Communist Party of China that manifested into [8]
The Independent Commission Against Corruption established in 1974 dramatically reduced corruption in the government. The handover ceremony of Hong Kong in 1997 officially marked the Transfer of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China The Independent Commission Against Corruption ( ICAC;; and zh-t 總督特派廉政專員公署 before 1997 of Hong Kong was established by Governor When the People's Republic of China initiated economic reforms in 1978, Hong Kong became the main source of foreign investments to the mainland. The Chinese economic reform ( refers to the program of economic reforms called " Socialism with Chinese characteristics " in the People's Republic of A Special Economic Zone was established the following year in the Chinese city of Shenzhen, located immediately north of the mainland's border with Hong Kong. Special Economic Zones of the People's Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs located in Mainland China. Shenzhen is a city of sub-provincial administrative status in southern China's Guangdong province situated immediately Services gradually displaced textiles and manufacturing in the economy of Hong Kong, as the financial and banking sectors became increasingly dominant.
After the Vietnam War ended in 1975 the Hong Kong government spent 25 years dealing with the entry and repatriation of Vietnamese refugees. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia Many of the Vietnamese people in Hong Kong immigrated as a result of the war and persecution in Vietnam since the mid-1970s
With the lease of the New Territories due to expire within two decades the governments of the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China discussed the issue of Hong Kong's sovereignty in the 1980s. In 1984 the two countries signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration, agreeing to transfer the sovereignty of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China in 1997. The Sino-British Joint Declaration, formally known as the Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of [8] The declaration stipulated that Hong Kong would be governed as a special administrative region, retaining its laws and a high degree of autonomy for at least fifty years after the transfer. A Special Administrative Region ( SAR) is a high autonomous administrative division of the People's Republic of China. Lacking confidence in the arrangement, some residents chose to emigrate, particularly after the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. "Emigrant" redirects here For the Butterflies, see Catopsilia. The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 culminating in the Tiananmen Square Massacre (referred to in Chinese as the June Fourth Incident, to avoid confusion with two
The Basic Law of Hong Kong, which would serve as the constitutional document after the transfer, was ratified in 1990. The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, or simply Hong Kong Basic Law, serves as the Constitutional document Over strong objections from Beijing, Governor Chris Patten introduced democratic reforms to the election process for the Legislative Council. The Governor of Hong Kong ( abbreviated 港督 was the head of the Hong Kong Government, ex-officio Commander-in-Chief and Vice-Admiral Christopher Francis Patten Baron Patten of Barnes, CH, PC (born 12 May 1944 in Cleveleys, Lancashire) is a prominent British Conservative The Legislative Council ( LegCo) is the Unicameral Legislature of Hong Kong. The transfer of the sovereignty occurred at midnight on July 1, 1997, marked by a handover ceremony at the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre. The transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China, often referred to as the Handover "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar The handover ceremony of Hong Kong in 1997 officially marked the Transfer of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China The Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre (often abbreviated as HKCEC or 會展 is one of the two major convention and exhibition venues in Hong Kong, along with [8] Tung Chee Hwa assumed office as the first Chief Executive of Hong Kong. Tung Chee Hwa, GBM (born 7 July 1937 Chinese calendar --> in Shanghai, China) was the first elected The Chief Executive of Hong Kong ( is the head of Hong Kong Government and the principal representative of the Hong Kong.
Hong Kong's economy was affected by the Asian financial crisis of 1997 that hit many East Asian markets. The Asian Financial Crisis was a period of Financial crisis that gripped much of Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown ( The lethal H5N1 avian influenza also surfaced that year. Influenza A virus subtype H5[[Neuraminidase N1]], also known as A(H5N1 or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause For the H5N1 subtype of Avian influenza see H5N1. Avian influenza, sometimes Avian flu, and commonly Bird flu refers Implementation of the Airport Core Programme led to the opening of the new Hong Kong International Airport in 1998, after six years of construction. The Hong Kong Airport Core Programme ( was a series of infrastructural works organised by the Government of Hong Kong during the 1990s with the new Hong Kong Hong Kong International Airport is the main airport in Hong Kong. The project was part of the ambitious Port and Airport Development Strategy that was drafted in the early 1980s. The Port and Airport Development Strategy ( PADS) ( is an infrastructure project in Hong Kong.
There was an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Hong Kong in the first half of 2003. [11] That year half a million people participated in a march to voice disapproval of the Tung administration and the proposal to implement Article 23 of the Basic Law, which had raised concerns over infringements on civil liberties. Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 is the basis (parent statute of a Security Law proposed by the Government of Hong Kong. The proposal was later abandoned by the administration. In 2005 Tung submitted his resignation as chief executive. Donald Tsang, the Chief Secretary for Administration, was selected as chief executive to complete the term. Sir Donald Tsang Yam-Kuen, GBM, KBE, JP (born 7 October 1944 is the current Chief Executive and Head of Government of Hong The Chief Secretary for Administration ( commonly known as Chief Secretary and abbreviated as CS, is the second highest position of the Hong Kong Government
Geography and climate
Hong Kong is located on China's south coast, 60 km (37 mi) east of Macau on the opposite side of the Pearl River Delta. Kowloon refers to an urban area in Hong Kong made up of Kowloon Peninsula and New Kowloon, bordered by the Lei Yue Mun strait in the east Hong Kong Island ( is an island in the southern part of Hong Kong, China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. The Pearl River Delta Region (PRD ( in southern China occupies the low-lying areas alongside the Pearl River Estuary It is surrounded by the South China Sea on the east, south, and west, and borders the city of Shenzhen in Guangdong Province to the north over the Sham Chun River. The South China Sea is a Marginal sea south of China. It is a part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from Singapore to the A sub-provincial city ( Chinese: 副省级城市 (or deputy-provincial city in the People's Republic of China, is a Prefecture-level city Shenzhen is a city of sub-provincial administrative status in southern China's Guangdong province situated immediately Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the Sham Chun River (also called Shenzhen River or Shenzhen He) serves as the natural border between Hong Kong and Mainland China, together The territory consists primarily of Hong Kong Island, Lantau Island, Kowloon Peninsula and the New Territories as well as some 260 other islands. Hong Kong Island ( is an island in the southern part of Hong Kong, China. Lantau Island, also Lantao, based on the old local name of Lantau Peak ( lit The Kowloon Peninsula, commonly referred to as Kowloon, is a Peninsula that forms the southern part of the main landmass in the territory of Hong Kong, New Territories, abbreviated to NT or NT, is a region in Hong Kong excluding Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and Stonecutters Island While Lantau is the largest island, Hong Kong Island is the second largest and the most populated. Lantau Island, also Lantao, based on the old local name of Lantau Peak ( lit Ap Lei Chau is the most densely populated island in the world. [12]
Much of Hong Kong remains undeveloped as the terrain is mostly hilly to mountainous with steep slopes. Of the territory's 1,104 square kilometres (426 sq mi),[13] less than 25% is developed. The remaining land is remarkably green with about 40% of the landmass reserved as country parks and nature reserves. Although Hong Kong is regarded as one of the world's great cities out of the total 1092 km² of land about three-quarters is countryside nature reserve ( natural reserve, nature preserve, natural preserve) is a Protected area of importance for Wildlife, flora [14] Most of the territory's urban development exists on Kowloon peninsula, along the northern shores of Hong Kong Island and in scattered settlements throughout the New Territories. The highest elevation in the territory is at Tai Mo Shan, at a height of 958 metres (3,140 ft) above sea level. Tai Mo Shan ( literally meaning "Big Hat Mountain" also, literally meaning "Foggy Mountain" has the highest peak in Hong Kong, with an Hong Kong's long, irregular and curvaceous coastline also affords the territory with many bays, rivers and beaches. The coast is defined as the part of the land adjoining or near the Ocean. Hong Kong has a long Coastline that is full of twists and turns with many bays and Beaches Many of them are well sheltered by Mountains nearby Lowlands exist in the northwestern part of the New Territories.
Despite Hong Kong's reputation of being intensely urbanised, the territory has made much effort to promote a green environment,[15] and recent growing public concern has prompted the severe restriction of further land reclamation from Hong Kong's most famous natural landmark, Victoria Harbour. Urbanizationn (also spelled urbanisation) is the physical growth of Urban areas into rural or natural land as a result of population in-migration to an existing Land reclamation is either of two distinct practices One involves creating new land from sea- or riverbeds the other refers to restoring an area to a more natural state (such as after Victoria Harbour is a natural landform Harbour situated between Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula in Hong Kong. Awareness of the environment is growing as Hong Kong suffers from increasing pollution compounded by its geography and tall buildings. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in Approximately 80% of the city's smog originates from other parts of the Pearl River Delta. Air pollution in Hong Kong is considered a serious problem It affects flora and fauna in the area and the health of residents living there [16]
Situated just south of the Tropic of Cancer, Hong Kong's climate is subtropical (Köppen climate classification Cwa), and is known for being unpredictable. For the novel by Henry Miller, see Tropic of Cancer (novel. The Tropic of Cancer, or Northern tropic, is one of five The Climate of Hong Kong is a monsoon-influenced Humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cwa) just short of being The subtropics are the zones of the Earth immediately north and south of the tropic zone which is bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems It was developed by Wladimir Köppen, a German climatologist [17] Summer is hot and humid with occasional showers and thunderstorms, with warm air coming in from the southwest. It is also the time when tropical cyclones are most likely, sometimes resulting in flooding or landslips. A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low pressure center and numerous Thunderstorms that produce strong winds and Flooding A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land a deluge A landslide is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movement such as rock falls deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows which can occur Winter weather usually starts sunny and becomes cloudier towards February, with the occasional cold front bringing strong, cooling winds from the north. A cold front defined as the leading edge of a cooler and drier mass of air The most pleasant seasons are spring, although changeable, and autumn, which is generally sunny and dry. [18] Hong Kong averages 1,948 hours of sunshine per year,[19] while the highest and lowest ever recorded temperatures at the Hong Kong Observatory are 36. Hong Kong Observatory ( known as the Royal Observatory ( before 1997, is a department of the Hong Kong Government. 1 °C (97. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 0 °F) and 0. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 0 °C (32. 0 °F), respectively. [20] Frost occurs only once or twice a year inland and on higher ground,[21] and snow is almost unheard of. Frost is the solid deposition of Water vapor from saturated air "Snowfall" redirects here For other uses see Snow (disambiguation or Snowfall (disambiguation. Hong Kong does not observe daylight saving time. Daylight saving time ( DST
On the morning of June 7 Hong Kong was lashed by a torrential storm which dumped up to 300mm of rain including 145. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins 5mm between 8am and 9am killing 2 people. The storm also caused traffic chaos and dozens of flight delays. [22]
| Weather averages for Hong Kong | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 18. 6 (65) | 18. 6 (65) | 21. 5 (71) | 25. 1 (77) | 28. 4 (83) | 30. 4 (87) | 31. 3 (88) | 31. 1 (88) | 30. 2 (86) | 27. 7 (82) | 24. 0 (75) | 20. 3 (69) | 25 (77) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 14. 1 (57) | 14. 4 (58) | 16. 9 (62) | 20. 6 (69) | 23. 9 (75) | 26. 1 (79) | 26. 7 (80) | 26. 4 (80) | 25. 6 (78) | 23. 4 (74) | 19. 4 (67) | 15. 7 (60) | 21 (70) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 24 (0. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric 9) | 52 (2) | 71 (2. 8) | 188 (7. 4) | 329 (13) | 388 (15. 3) | 374 (14. 7) | 444 (17. 5) | 287 (11. 3) | 151 (5. 9) | 35 (1. 4) | 34 (1. 3) | 2,382 (93. 8) |
| Source: Hong Kong Observatory[23] 2008 | |||||||||||||
Politics and government
In accordance with the Sino-British Joint Declaration, and reflecting the policy known as "one country, two systems" by the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong enjoys autonomy as a special administrative region except in defence and foreign affairs. Politics of Hong Kong takes place in a framework of a political system dominated by People's Republic of China, its own legislature the Chief Executive The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China ( see pronunciation; conventional short Elections are held in Hong Kong' when certain offices in the government need to be filled The Sino-British Joint Declaration, formally known as the Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of " One country two systems " is an idea originally proposed by Deng Xiaoping during the early 1980s then Paramount Leader of the People's Republic Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES A Special Administrative Region ( SAR) is a high autonomous administrative division of the People's Republic of China. [24] The declaration stipulates that the region maintain its capitalist economic system and guarantees the rights and freedoms of its people for at least 50 years beyond the transfer of sovereignty. The transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China, often referred to as the Handover [25] The Basic Law is the constitutional document that outlines executive, legislative and judicial authorities of government. The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, or simply Hong Kong Basic Law, serves as the Constitutional document A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity
The Chief Executive is the head of government and the region's principal representative, chosen by the Election Committee to serve no more than two five-year terms. The Chief Executive of Hong Kong ( is the head of Hong Kong Government and the principal representative of the Hong Kong. This article focuses on the cases where the Head of Government is a separate office from the Head of State The Election Committee is an 800-member Electoral college in the politics of Hong Kong. [26] The 800 members of the Election Committee serve five-year terms, and are composed of ex-official government members and functional constituency delegates selected by qualified individuals and legal entities belonging to various industrial, commercial, professional, labour, social services, academic and religious sectors of society. In the political systems of Hong Kong and Macau, a functional constituency is a professional or special interest group involved in the electoral process [26] The candidate chosen by the Election Committee must receive appointment by the Central People's Government to assume office. The Central People's Government is the Central government of the People's Republic of China in Beijing. The Chief Executive appoints senior officers under the Principal Officials Accountability System and directs government policies with consultation from the Executive Council, the cabinet body. Principal Officials Accountability System ( commonly referred to as the Ministerial system Overview Background After the transfer of sovereignty, Hong The Executive Council of Hong Kong ( ExCo,) is an organ in the Executive branch of the political structure of Hong Kong. A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch. In addition, the Chief Executive appoints judges, signs legislation and may pardon or commute sentences. [26]
The Legislative Council is the unicameral lawmaking body with 60 members serving four-year terms. The Legislative Council ( LegCo) is the Unicameral Legislature of Hong Kong. Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or Parliamentary chamber Half of its membership is directly elected from geographical electoral districts by universal suffrage through a party-list proportional representation system, while the remaining half are returned from functional constituencies. Universal suffrage (also universal adult suffrage, general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to Party-list proportional representation systems are a family of Voting systems used in multiple-winner Elections (e [26] The President of the Legislative Council is elected by and from among the members, and serves the role of speaker. The President of the Legislative Council is the speaker of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. The term speaker is a title often given to the presiding officer of a legislative body [26] Government bills are passed by a simple majority vote from members of the council, while private member's bills require separate majorities from geographical constituency members and functional constituency members for passage. A majority, also known as a simple majority in the US, is a Subset of a group that is more than half of the entire group A Private Member's Bill is a proposed Law introduced by a backbench member of Parliament, whether from the government or the opposition side to that
The Hong Kong Civil Service is a politically-neutral body that implements policies and provides government services. The Hong Kong civil service is managed by 12 policy bureaux in the Government Secretariat and 67 departments and agencies mostly staffed by Civil servants The The appointment and promotion of public servants is based on qualifications, experience and ability. [26] The permanent secretary is the most senior civil service position within each government bureau, serving under the politically-appointed position of secretary. The Permanent Secretary, in most departments officially titled the Permanent Under-Secretary of State (although the full title is rarely used is the most senior civil The twelve bureaus operate from government office buildings located throughout the territory, with headquarters in the Central Government Offices. The Central Government Offices ( also Government Headquarters 政府總部 houses the most major offices of the Hong Kong Government.
The Basic Law and universal suffrage have been major issues of political debate since the transfer of sovereignty. In 2002, the government attempted to implement Article 23 of the Basic Law, which requires the enactment of laws prohibiting acts of treason and subversion against the Chinese government. Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 is the basis (parent statute of a Security Law proposed by the Government of Hong Kong. [26] The proposal met strong opposition due to concerns that it undermined civil liberties, and was a major cause for the July 1 march in 2003. thumb| |Broken Liberty Istanbul Archaeology Museum Civil liberties are freedoms that protect the Individual from the Government. The Hong Kong July 1 march ( is an annual protest rally led by the Civil Human Rights Front since the 1997 handover on the HKSAR establishment day. The bill was shelved after it became clear it lacked the needed support in the legislature. [27][28] Debate also surrounds the issue of reforming the electoral system for the Chief Executive and the Legislative Council, and the time frame for such political reforms. The Basic Law states that the ultimate aim is the election of the Chief Executive and the entire membership of the legislature by universal suffrage. [26] The politics of Hong Kong is often characterised by the debate between pro-government groups and pro-democracy groups, which generally support a faster pace of democratisation. Democratic development in Hong Kong has been a major topic since the 1997 handover. [29] A proposal for political reform was defeated in the legislature in 2005. [30]
Legal system and judiciary
In contrast to mainland China's civil law system, Hong Kong continues to follow the common law tradition established by British colonial rule. The Court of Final Appeal ( is the court with the final adjudication power on the laws of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic Central (also Central District; Cantonese Choong Wan or Chung Wan) the Central business district of Hong Kong was commonly known as part of The Judiciary of Hong Kong is responsible for the administration of justice in Hong Kong Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction Civil law or Romano-Germanic law or Continental law is the predominant system of law in the world. Common law refers to law and the corresponding legal system developed through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive Article 84 of the Basic Law of Hong Kong allows Hong Kong's courts to refer to decisions (precedents) rendered by courts of other common law jurisdictions. The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, or simply Hong Kong Basic Law, serves as the Constitutional document In Common law legal systems, a precedent or authority is a Legal case establishing a principle or rule that a Court or other judicial Articles 82 and 92 allow judges from other common law jurisdictions to participate in proceedings of Hong Kong's Court of Final Appeal and sit as Hong Kong judges. The Court of Final Appeal ( is the court with the final adjudication power on the laws of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic
Structurally, Hong Kong's court system consists of the Court of Final Appeal which replaced the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, the High Court, which is made up of the Court of Appeal and the Court of First Instance, and the District Court, which includes the Family Court. The Court of Final Appeal ( is the court with the final adjudication power on the laws of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is one of the highest courts in the United Kingdom, established by the Judicial Committee Act 1833 For the High Court of Justice which was renamed in 1997 see Court of First Instance. The Court of Appeal deals with appeals on all civil and criminal cases from the Court of First Instance and the District Courts in The Court of First Instance is one of two courts in the High Court (formerly known as the Supreme Court) structure in Hong Kong. The District Courts ( Chinese: 區域法院 地方法院 before 1997 are the lower court system in Hong Kong, have both criminal and The Family Court of Hong Kong is a Court (part of the District Court, which mainly deals with cases relating to Divorces and welfare Other adjudicative bodies include the Lands Tribunal, the Magistrates' Courts, the Juvenile Court, the Coroner's Court, the Labour Tribunal, the Small Claims Tribunal, and the Obscene Articles Tribunal, which is responsible for classifying non-video pornography to be circulated in Hong Kong. Justices of the Court of Final Appeal are appointed by Hong Kong's Chief Executive. The Court of Final Appeal ( is the court with the final adjudication power on the laws of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic The Basic Law of Hong Kong is subject to interpretation by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC:SC) and this power has been invoked three times: the right of abode issue, an interpretation regarding post-2008 election procedures, and an interpretation regarding the length of the term of the Chief Executive. The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, or simply Hong Kong Basic Law, serves as the Constitutional document The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) is a committee of about 150 members of the National People's Congress (NPC of the People's The issue of who has the right of abode in Hong Kong prompted a fierce debate at the end of the 20th century and tested the One Country Two Systems policy in China
As in England, lawyers in Hong Kong are classified as either barristers or solicitors, where one can choose to practice as either one but not both (but it is possible to switch from one to another. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person A barrister is a Lawyer found in many Common law Jurisdictions that employ a split profession (as opposed to a Fused profession) in relation A "solicitor" is a term used in many Common law jurisdictions for a lawyer who offers legal services outside of the courts ) The vast majority of lawyers are solicitors, who are licensed and regulated by the Law Society of Hong Kong. A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person A "solicitor" is a term used in many Common law jurisdictions for a lawyer who offers legal services outside of the courts Barristers, on the other hand, are licensed and regulated by the Hong Kong Bar Association. A barrister is a Lawyer found in many Common law Jurisdictions that employ a split profession (as opposed to a Fused profession) in relation The Hong Kong Bar Association (HKBA ( is the professional regulatory body for Barristers in Hong Kong, and was founded in 1949. Only barristers are allowed to appear in the Court of Final Appeal and the High Court. A barrister is a Lawyer found in many Common law Jurisdictions that employ a split profession (as opposed to a Fused profession) in relation The Court of Final Appeal ( is the court with the final adjudication power on the laws of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic For the High Court of Justice which was renamed in 1997 see Court of First Instance. Just as the common law system is maintained, so are British courtroom customs such as the wearing of robes and wigs by both judges and lawyers. Common law refers to law and the corresponding legal system developed through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive
According to the Article 63 of the Basic Law of Hong Kong, the Department of Justice controls criminal prosecutions, free from interference. The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, or simply Hong Kong Basic Law, serves as the Constitutional document The Department of Justice ( headed by the Secretary for Justice is the department responsible for the laws of Hong Kong. [31] It is the largest legal institution in Hong Kong, and its responsibilities involve legislation, judicial administration, prosecution, civil representation, legal and policy drafting and reform, and the legal profession. Legislation (or " Statutory law " is law which has been promulgated (or " Enacted quot by a Legislature or other Governing Aside from prosecuting criminal cases in Hong Kong, officials of the Department of Justice also appear in court on behalf of the government in all civil and administrative lawsuits against the government. As the protector of public interests, it may apply for judicial reviews and assign legal representation on behalf of public interest to take part in the trial of cases that involve material public interests. The public interest refers to the "common well-being" or "general welfare Judicial review is the power of the courts to annul the acts of the executive and/or the legislative power where it finds them incompatible with a higher norm [32]
Administrative districts
Hong Kong is subdivided into 18 geographic districts for administrative purposes:
|
||
|
||
Each district is represented by a District Council that advises the Government of Hong Kong on local matters such as public facilities, community programmes, cultural activities and environmental improvements. The Districts of Hong Kong are the 18 administrative areas by which Hong Kong is geographically divided The Central and Western District ( located on northern part of Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong, is one of the 18 administrative 18 districts of the City-state The Eastern District ( is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong. The Islands District ( is one of the 18 Districts of Hong Kong. Kowloon City District ( is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong, China. Kwai Tsing ( is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong. It consists of two parts - Kwai Chung and Tsing Yi Island. Kwun Tong ( is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong. It is located in Kowloon. North District ( is the northernmost district of the 18 districts of Hong Kong. Sai Kung District is the second largest district in Hong Kong, China in terms of area Sha Tin District is one of the 18 districts of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. Sham Shui Po District ( is one of 18 districts of Hong Kong. It includes Sham Shui Po, Cheung Sha Wan and Lai Chi Kok of New The Southern District is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong, China. Tai Po District is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong. It covers the areas of Tai Po, Tai Po Kau, Ting Kok, Plover Cove Tai Po District is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong. It covers the areas of Tai Po, Tai Po Kau, Ting Kok, Plover Cove For the old town of Hong Kong see Tsuen Wan. For the new town in Hong Kong see Tsuen Wan New Town. For the old town of Hong Kong see Tsuen Wan. For the new town in Hong Kong see Tsuen Wan New Town. For a town in Hong Kong see Tuen Mun. For a new town in Hong Kong see Tuen Mun New Town. The Wan Chai District ( literally "Cove District is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong, located in the north of Hong Kong island. Yau Tsim Mong redirects here For the football team see Yau Tsim Mong Football Team. See also Yuen Long, The area in Hong Kong known as Yuen Long See also Yuen Long New Town, The new town in Hong Kong Yuen Long District The Central and Western District ( located on northern part of Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong, is one of the 18 administrative 18 districts of the City-state The Eastern District ( is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong. The Islands District ( is one of the 18 Districts of Hong Kong. Kowloon City District ( is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong, China. Kwai Tsing ( is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong. It consists of two parts - Kwai Chung and Tsing Yi Island. Kwun Tong ( is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong. It is located in Kowloon. North District ( is the northernmost district of the 18 districts of Hong Kong. Sai Kung District is the second largest district in Hong Kong, China in terms of area Sha Tin District is one of the 18 districts of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. Sham Shui Po District ( is one of 18 districts of Hong Kong. It includes Sham Shui Po, Cheung Sha Wan and Lai Chi Kok of New The Southern District is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong, China. Tai Po District is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong. It covers the areas of Tai Po, Tai Po Kau, Ting Kok, Plover Cove For the old town of Hong Kong see Tsuen Wan. For the new town in Hong Kong see Tsuen Wan New Town. For a town in Hong Kong see Tuen Mun. For a new town in Hong Kong see Tuen Mun New Town. The Wan Chai District ( literally "Cove District is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong, located in the north of Hong Kong island. Yau Tsim Mong redirects here For the football team see Yau Tsim Mong Football Team. See also Yuen Long, The area in Hong Kong known as Yuen Long See also Yuen Long New Town, The new town in Hong Kong Yuen Long District Hong Kong Island ( is an island in the southern part of Hong Kong, China. Kowloon refers to an urban area in Hong Kong made up of Kowloon Peninsula and New Kowloon, bordered by the Lei Yue Mun strait in the east New Territories, abbreviated to NT or NT, is a region in Hong Kong excluding Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and Stonecutters Island The District Councils, formerly District Boards until 1999 are the local councils for the 18 Districts of Hong Kong. The Home Affairs Department is the governmental body responsible for coordinating services and communicating government policies and plans to the public. The Home Affairs Department (HAD) is a department in the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. It interacts with the public at the local level through corresponding district offices.
As the territory is governed by unitary authority, there are no formal definitions for cities and towns in Hong Kong and no capital city has been designated. See also Independent city A unitary authority is a type of Local authority that has a single tier and is responsible for all Local government functions The following is a list of cities towns and new towns in Hong Kong. The historic boundaries of Victoria City, Kowloon and New Kowloon remain stated in law, but these entities have not had any legal or administrative status since the implementation of the District Administration Scheme in 1982. Victoria City, or the City of Victoria, was one of the first urban settlements in Hong Kong after it became a British Colony in 1842 Kowloon refers to an urban area in Hong Kong made up of Kowloon Peninsula and New Kowloon, bordered by the Lei Yue Mun strait in the east New Kowloon is an area in Kowloon, Hong Kong, bounded in the south by Boundary Street, and in the north by the ranges of the Lion Rock, Previously some colonial-era texts had considered Victoria City to be the capital. [33]
Economy
Hong Kong is one of the world's leading financial centres. The International Finance Centre (abbr IFC, Branded as " ifc " is an integrated commercial development on the waterfront of Hong Kong Hong Kong's highly favorable geographical position and Entrepot trading opportunities are wealth-generating assets [34] Its highly capitalist economy, built on a policy of free markets, low taxation and government non-intervention,[35] has been ranked as the most free economy in the world in the Index of Economic Freedom for 14 consecutive years. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where A free market is a Market in which property rights are voluntarily exchanged at a price arranged completely by the mutual consent of sellers and buyers Economic interventionism, is a common term used to describe any activity beyond the basic regulation of fraud and enforcement of contracts undertaken by a government in an effort to affect The Index of Economic Freedom is a series of 10 economic measurements created by the Wall Street Journal and The Heritage Foundation to measure the degree of Economic freedom [36][37] It is an important centre for international finance and trade, with the greatest concentration of corporate headquarters in the Asia-Pacific region, and is known as one of the Four Asian Tigers for its high growth rates and rapid industrialisation between the 1960s and 1990s. Asia-Pacific or APAC is the area generally regarded as encompassing Littoral East Asia, Southeast Asia and Australasia near the The term Four Asian Tigers or East Asian Tigers refers to the Economies of South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore [38] The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the sixth largest in the world, with a market capitalisation of US$2. The Hong Kong Stock Exchange ( also 港交所 abbreviated as HKEX;) is the Stock exchange of Hong Kong. This is an active list of Stock exchanges Those Futures exchanges that also offer trading in securities besides trading in Futures contracts are listed both Market capitalization/capitalisation (aka market cap, mkt cap or capitalized/capitalised value) is a measurement of Corporate or Economic The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 97 trillion as of October 2007, and the second highest value of initial public offerings, after London. Initial public offering (IPO, also referred to simply as a "public offering" is when a company issues Common stock or shares to the public for the first London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. [39] The currency used in Hong Kong is the Hong Kong dollar, which has been pegged to the US dollar since 1983. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been
Continuing the practice established under the British administration, the Government of Hong Kong generally plays a passive role in the financial industry, mostly leaving the direction of the economy to market forces and the private sector. Under the official policy of positive non-interventionism, Hong Kong has often been cited as a prime example of laissez-faire capitalism. Positive non-interventionism was the economic policy of Hong Kong during British rule Laissez-faire ( pronunciation: French,; English,) is a French phrase literally meaning Let do (“allow to do” Following the Second World War, Hong Kong industrialised rapidly as a manufacturing centre driven by exports, and then underwent a rapid transition to a service-based economy in the 1980s. Hong Kong matured to become a financial centre in the 1990s, but was greatly affected by the Asian financial crisis in 1998, and again in 2003 by the SARS outbreak. The Asian Financial Crisis was a period of Financial crisis that gripped much of Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown ( A revival of external and domestic demand led to a strong recovery the following year, as cost decreases strengthened the competitiveness of Hong Kong exports, and a 68-month-long deflationary period ended, with consumer price inflation close to zero. In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time [40]
Hong Kong has little arable land and few natural resources within its borders, and must therefore import most of its food and raw materials. Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an Hong Kong is the world's eleventh largest trading entity,[41] with the total value of imports and exports exceeding its gross domestic product. In Economics, an import is any good (eg a Commodity) or Service brought into one country from another country in a legitimate fashion In Economics, an export is any good or Commodity, Transported from one country to another country in a Legitimate fashion Much of Hong Kong's exports consist of re-exports, which are products made outside of the territory, especially in mainland China, and distributed via Hong Kong. Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction Even before the transfer of sovereignty to the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong had established extensive trade and investment ties with mainland China. The transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China, often referred to as the Handover The territory's autonomous status enables it to serve as a point of entry for investments and resources flowing into the mainland. It is also a connecting point for flights from Taiwan destined for the mainland. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia.
At the end of 2007, there were 3. 46 million people employed full-time, with the unemployment rate averaging 4. 1%, the fourth straight year of decline. [42] Hong Kong's economy is dominated by the service sector, which accounts for over 90% of its GDP, while industry now constitutes just 9%. Hong Kong's tourism industry has recently benefitted from an increase in mainland visitors and the opening of Hong Kong Disneyland Resort in 2005. The Tourism industry has been an important part of the Economy of Hong Kong since it shifted to a service sector model in the late 1980s and early 90s HongKongDisneylandResortjpg|150px|right|thumb|Hong Kong Disneyland Resort]]The Hong Kong Disneyland Resort ( was built by the Government Inflation was at 2% in 2007, and Hong's Kong's largest export markets are China, the United States, and Japan. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. [43]
Demographics
Residents of Hong Kong are sometimes referred to as Hongkongers. Hksycssjpg|thumb|250px|A Picture of Sai Yeung Choi Street South]] Sai Yeung Choi Street ( are two streets in Mong Kok, Kowloon, Hong Kong, namely Mong Kok or Mongkok ( Chinese: 旺角 the English name is a Transliteration of its older name 望角 or 芒角 which pronounced "Mong Gok" Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world with an overall density of some 6300 people per square kilometre The majority of the population in Hong Kong are descendants of migrants from Mainland China. Hong Kong is a Bilingual city its residents speaking English and Cantonese which are both official languages of Hong Kong under the Hong Kong Hongkongers usually refers to residents of Hong Kong, and not Ethnicity or Nationality, i Hong Kong's population increased sharply throughout the 1990s, reaching 6. 99 million in 2006. [44] About 95% of Hong Kong's population is of Chinese descent, the majority of which is Cantonese or from ethnic groups such as Hakka and Teochew. Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. Cantonese people ( Jyutping: gwong2 dung1 jan4 broadly speaking are persons originating from the present-day Guangdong province in southern China The Hakkas ( Hakka language: Hak-kâ; Mandarin Chinese: Kèjiā) are a subgroup of the Han Chinese people who live predominantly For the Teochew dialect of Min Nan Chinese see Teochew dialect. Cantonese, a Chinese language originating from Guangdong province to the north of Hong Kong, is Hong Kong's de-facto official dialect and 95% of the population speaks Cantonese as their first language. Standard Cantonese is the standard variant of the Cantonese (Yuet language English is also an official language widely spoken by more than 38% of the population. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States According to the 1996 Hong Kong Government by-census, some 3. 1% regard English as their 'usual' language with 34. 9% claiming to speak English as 'another' language. [45] Signs displaying both Chinese and English are common throughout the territory. Since the 1997 handover, new groups of mainland Chinese immigrants have arrived. The usage of Mandarin, the official dialect of People's Republic of China and Republic of China (Taiwan), has also increased. Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The integration with mainland economy led to a demand in Mandarin speakers.
The remaining 5% of the population is composed of non-ethnic Chinese forming a highly visible group despite their smaller numbers. A South Asian population of Sindhis, Indians, Pakistanis and Nepalese are found. Hong Kong has a long-established South Asian population As of the 2006 by-census there were at least 44744 persons of South Asian descent in Hong Kong Sindhis ( Sindhi: سنڌي) are a Sindhi speaking socio-ethnic group of people originating in Sindh in Pakistan. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. Vietnamese refugees have become permanent residents. Many of the Vietnamese people in Hong Kong immigrated as a result of the war and persecution in Vietnam since the mid-1970s According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race Approximately 140,000 Filipinos live and work in Hong Kong with the majority as foreign domestic helpers. There are on average around 140000 Filipinos in Hong Kong, of whom most find work as foreign domestic helpers. Foreign domestic helpers ( in Hong Kong are Domestic workers who work in Hong Kong but are from outside of Hong Kong An increasing number of domestic workers also originate from Indonesia. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. There are also a number of Europeans, Americans, Australians, Canadians, Japanese, and Koreans working in Hong Kong's commercial and financial sector. The European peoples are the various Nations and Ethnic groups of Europe. Americans in Hong Kong makeup a part of the foreign residents who call Hong Kong home For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Like their American counterparts a significant number of people with Canadian citizenship live and work in Hong Kong. Japanese people in Hong Kong are composed primarily of expatriate businesspeople and their families although there are also a sizable number of single women Koreans in Hong Kong formed a population of 4812 individuals as of 2006
Considered as a dependency, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated countries/dependencies in the world, with an overall density of more than 6,200 people per km². List of countries and dependencies by Population density in inhabitants/km² Hong Kong has a fertility rate of 0. The total fertility rate ( TFR, sometimes also called the fertility rate, period total fertility rate (PTFR or total 95 children per woman,[46] one of the lowest in the world and far below the 2. 1 children per woman required to sustain the current population. However, population in Hong Kong continues to grow due to the influx of immigrants from mainland China approximating 45,000 per year. Life expectancy in Hong Kong is 81. __FORCETOC__This is a list of countries by Life expectancy at birth the average number of years to be lived by a group of people born in the same year if mortality at each age remains 6 years as of 2006, 2nd highest in the world.
Hong Kong's population has an extremely dense urban core, consisting of Kowloon and the north of Hong Kong Island. Kowloon refers to an urban area in Hong Kong made up of Kowloon Peninsula and New Kowloon, bordered by the Lei Yue Mun strait in the east Hong Kong Island ( is an island in the southern part of Hong Kong, China. The rest of Hong Kong is relatively sparsely populated, with millions of residents scattered irregularly throughout the New Territories, south Hong Kong island and Lantau Island. New Territories, abbreviated to NT or NT, is a region in Hong Kong excluding Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and Stonecutters Island An increasing number of citizens are commuting from Shenzhen in mainland China. Shenzhen is a city of sub-provincial administrative status in southern China's Guangdong province situated immediately
Education
A former Crown colony, Hong Kong's education system has roughly followed the system of the United Kingdom, and in particular, the education system in England. Education in Hong Kong has a similar system to that of the United Kingdom, in particular the English education system of Hong Kong was modernized by the The British Overseas Territories are fourteen territories that are under the Sovereignty of the United Kingdom, but which do not form part of the United Kingdom Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency Education in the United Kingdom is organised separately in each of the countries of the United Kingdom with power over education in Scotland Wales and Northern Ireland being devolved Education in England is the responsibility of the Department for Children Schools and Families and the Department for Innovation Universities and Skills of the At the higher education levels, both British and American systems exist. The University of Hong Kong (HKU), the oldest institution of tertiary education in Hong Kong, has traditionally been based on the British model but has incorporated elements of the American model in recent years. The second oldest university, Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), follows the American model with a characteristically British college system. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, commonly referred to as CUHK, is the second oldest university in Hong Kong The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) was established on the American model of higher education. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (often abbreviated HKUST is a public university located in Hong Kong There are nine public universities in Hong Kong, and a number of private higher institutions. See also List of higher education institutions in Hong Kong Higher Education in Hong Kong means any education higher than Secondary education, including professional See also List of higher education institutions in Hong Kong Higher Education in Hong Kong means any education higher than Secondary education, including professional
Hong Kong's public schools are operated by the Education Bureau. The Education Bureau ( Jyutping: gaau3 yuk6 guk6 abbr EDB) is responsible for Education policies in Hong Kong. The system features a non-compulsory three-year kindergarten, followed by a compulsory six-year primary education, three-year junior secondary education; a non-compulsory two-year senior secondary education leading to the Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examinations and a two-year matriculation course leading to the Hong Kong Advanced Level Examinations. ( German, literally means "children's garden" is a form of education for young children which serves as a transition from home to the commencement of more formal schooling Australia See also Education The Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination (HKCEE 香港中學會考 is a standardized examination which most local students sit for at the end of their 5-year secondary education The Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination ( HKALE, 香港高級程度會考 or more commonly known as the A-level, conducted by the Hong Kong Examinations and [47] A new "3+3+4" curriculum, consisting of a three-year junior secondary, three-year senior secondary and four-year undergraduate academic system, will be implemented from 2009 (for senior secondary) and 2012 (for tertiary) onwards. There are also tertiary institutions offering various Bachelor's, Master's, and Doctoral degrees, other higher diplomas and associate degree courses. Tertiary education, also referred to as third stage third level and' post-secondary education', is the educational level following the completion of a school providing A higher diploma is an academic award in Hong Kong and Ireland. An associate degree is an Academic degree awarded by Community colleges Junior colleges four-year Universities, Business colleges
Most comprehensive schools in Hong Kong fall under three categories: Public schools, subsidised schools and private schools. Public schools are rare, and subsidised schools are the most common, which include government aids and grant schools, run by charitable organisations often with religious affiliations. The majority of such religious affiliations are Christian, but there are also Buddhist, Daoist (Taoist), Islamic and Confucian ones as well. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Confucianism ( is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the fifth century B Meanwhile, private schools, often run by Christian organisations, have admissions based on academic merit rather than on financial resources. For the film of this title see Private School (film. Private schools, or Independent schools are Schools not administered Outside this system are the schools under the Direct Subsidy Scheme (DSS) and private international schools. The Direct Subsidy Scheme ( DSS) is instituted by the Education Bureau of Hong Kong as a means to enhance the quality of Private schools in Hong Kong An International school is loosely defined as a School that does not require their students to learn the national or local language of the country the school is located in The medium of instruction is mainly spoken Cantonese, written Chinese and English.
The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks Hong Kong's education as the 2nd best in the world. [48]
Culture
Hong Kong is frequently described as a place where East meets West, a meeting reflected in its inhabitants, their customs, economic infrastructure, education and culture. The Culture of Hong Kong can best be described as a foundation that began with China, and then leaned West for much of the 20th century under constructive The Avenue of Stars ( modelled on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, is located along the Victoria Harbour waterfront in Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong The Architecture of Hong Kong features great emphasis on Contemporary architecture, specially Modernism, Postmodernism, Functionalism, etc Education in Hong Kong has a similar system to that of the United Kingdom, in particular the English education system of Hong Kong was modernized by the British rule may have ended in 1997 but Western culture is deeply ingrained in Hong Kong and coexists seamlessly with traditional philosophy and practices of the Chinese. On one street corner, there may be traditional Chinese shops selling Chinese herbal medicine, Buddhist paraphernalia or bowls of synthetic shark fin soup, but around the next, one may find theatres showing the latest Hollywood blockbuster, an English-style pub, or a Catholic Church. See Herbalism for the non-Chinese tradition of herbology Chinese Herbology ( is the common name for the subject of Chinese Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Shark fin soup (or shark's fin soup) is a Chinese cuisine Delicacy since Ming Dynasty, commonly served as part of a Chinese feast, United States cinema has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century This is a complete list of Catholic Church in Hong Kong Hong Kong Island Immaculate Conception Cathedral, ( Mid-Levels) Immaculate Hong Kong's official languages are Cantonese and English; signs in both languages are omnipresent throughout Hong Kong. The government, police and most workplaces and stores conduct business bilingually.
While Hong Kong is a global centre of trade, another famous export is its entertainment industry, particularly in the martial arts genre which gained a high level of popularity in the late 1960s and 1970s. Several Hollywood performers originate from Hong Kong cinema, notably Bruce Lee, Chow Yun-Fat, and Jackie Chan. Bruce Lee ( November 27 1940 – July 20 1973 was an American-born Martial artist, Philosopher, instructor, Martial arts actor and the Chow Yun-Fat SBS ( born May 18, 1955) is a Chinese Actor. He is one of the most famous actors in Asia and a Jackie Chan, SBS, MBE (born Chan Kong Sang, 陳港生 on 7 April 1954 is an Actor, action choreographer, Film director A number of Hong Kong filmmakers have also achieved widespread fame in Hollywood, such as John Woo, Wong Kar-wai and Tsui Hark. John Woo Yu-Sen (born May 1, 1946) is an internationally and critically acclaimed Chinese Film director and producer. ( 徐) Tsui Hark, born Tsui Man-Kong (徐文光 on February 15, 1950, is a New Wave Film director in Hong Kong Homegrown films such as Chungking Express, Infernal Affairs, Shaolin Soccer, Rumble in the Bronx, Eros and In the Mood for Love have also gained international recognition. Chungking Express ( Jyutping: Cung4hing3 Sam1lam4 literally Chongqing jungle is a 1994 Hong Kong Film written and directed Infernal Affairs ( is a 2002 Hong Kong crime - thriller film directed by Andrew Lau and Alan Mak. Shaolin Soccer ( is a 2001 Hong Kong comedy Film co-written and directed by Stephen Chow, who also stars in the film Rumble in the Bronx (紅番區 Hong faan kui in Cantonese is a 1995 Hong Kong martial arts - action film starring Eros is a 2004 Portmanteau film consisting of three short films Wong Kar-wai 's The Hand, Steven Soderbergh 's In the Mood for Love ( Traditional Chinese: 花樣年華 Simplified Chinese: 花样年华 Pinyin: Huāyàng niánhuá Jyutping Hong Kong is also the world's main hub for Cantopop music. Cantopop (Chinese 粵語流行曲 is a colloquial Portmanteau for " Cantonese popular music ".
The Hong Kong government also supports cultural institutions such as the Hong Kong Heritage Museum, Hong Kong Museum of Art, the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts and the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra. Hong Kong Heritage Museum ( is a Museum of History, Art and Culture in Sha Tin, Hong Kong, by the Shing Mun River The Hong Kong Museum of Art ( is a Museum for Chinese Cultural heritage, and local and international Art in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts ( located near the north coast of Wan Chai on the Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong, is both an academic institution The Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra ( commonly abbreviated HKPO (港樂 is the largest Symphony orchestra in Hong Kong. Furthermore, the government's Leisure and Cultural Services Department also subsidises and sponsors international performers brought to Hong Kong. The Leisure and Cultural Services Department (, often abbreviated as LCSD is a department in the Government of Hong Kong. Many international cultural activities are organised by the government, consulates and privately.
Religion
Hong Kong enjoys a high degree of religious freedom, a right enshrined and protected through its constitutional document, the Basic Law. Religion in Hong Kong is part and parcel of the Culture of Hong Kong. The majority of Hong Kong's population (90%) practise a mix of local religions,[49] Buddhism (mainly Chinese Mahayana) alongside with Taoism. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Chinese Buddhism ( Pinyin fójiào refers collectively to the various schools of Buddhism that have flourished in China proper since ancient times Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions [50][51][52][53][54] but according to the International Religious Freedom Report 2007 from U. S. Department of States; there are only 700 thousand Buddhists or Taoists. [55] Buddhists and Taoists share a common background of Confucian theory, Chinese folk religion (worship of folk deities and figures of Chinese mythology) and ancestor worship. Confucianism ( is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the fifth century B Chinese folk religion is a collective label given to various folkloric beliefs that draws heavily from Chinese mythology. Chinese mythology is a collection of Cultural history, Folktales, and Religions that have been passed down in oral or written form
A sizable Christian community of around 560,000 local adherents (320 thousand Protestant Christians, 240 thousand Roman Catholics)[55] to 660,000 exists (if including over 100 thousand Filipino Catholics)[56], forming about 8% to 9% of the total population; it is roughly equally divided between Catholics and Protestants. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Apart from the major religions, there are also a significant number of followers of other religions, including an estimated 90,000 Muslims; 22,000 members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints[57]; 4,000 Jews; 4,600 Jehovah's Witnesses and a number of Hindus, Sikhs and Bahá'ís[55]. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the fourth largest Christian denomination in the United States and the largest and most well-known PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Jehovah's Witnesses is a restorationist, millenialist Christian denomination Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Sikhism ( IPA: or; ਸਿੱਖੀ sikkhī, IPA:) founded on the teachings of Nanak and nine successive gurus in fifteenth century The Bahá'í Faith is a Religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in nineteenth-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind Apart from offering religious instructions, many major religious bodies have established schools and provided social welfare facilities. "Social welfare" redirects here For other uses see Welfare A social welfare provision refers to any program which seeks to provide
Hong Kong's religious beliefs are tied to the region's early role as a fishing community. For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish. Tin Hau, the protector of seafarers, has been honoured with several temples throughout Hong Kong for at least 300 years. Tin Hau redirects here For other meanings of Tin Hau see Tin Hau (disambiguation Mazu ( also spelt Matsu, is the Taoist Hong Kong counts approximately 600 Temples Shrines and Monasteries. Hong Kong residents, especially elder generations, visit Taoist or Buddhist temples to appease the deities and, usually, to request compassion, good health or good fortune. Gifts of food, and in particular fruit, are presented, and incense and paper offerings are burnt in respect. Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. Incense is composed of Aromatic biotic materials It releases fragrant Smoke when burned Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging
With the transfer of Hong Kong to the PRC, there were significant concerns over religious freedom in Hong Kong. Freedom of religion is the freedom of an individual or community in public or private to manifest religion or belief in teaching practice worship and observance So far, this has proved mostly unfounded. Despite the banning of the Falun Gong movement by Beijing in 1999, adherents are still free to practice in Hong Kong. Falun Gong ( or Falun Dafa is a spiritual practice founded in China by Li Hongzhi （李洪志） in 1992 Similarly, the Catholic Church freely appoints its own bishops in Hong Kong, unlike on mainland China where the only approved 'Catholic' institution is the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association where bishops and priests are appointed by Beijing (though there is also an unofficial and illegal part of the Catholic church that maintains contact with the Vatican). The Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association ( Chinese: 中国天主教爱国会 Pinyin: Zhōngguó Tiānzhǔjiào Àiguó Huì) abbreviated A significant issue in the normalisation of ties between the PRC and the Vatican is Beijing's insistence that the Vatican drops its diplomatic ties with the ROC. Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory The controversy regarding the political status of Taiwan hinges on whether Taiwan, including the Pescadores (Penghu should remain effectively independent as territory
Architecture
At present, Hong Kong has the world's greatest number of skyscrapers, with a total of 7,681, well ahead of the second place city, New York City, which has 5,636. A skyscraper is a tall continuously habitable Building. There is no official definition or a precise cutoff height above which a building may clearly be classified as a skyscraper The City of New York [58] Most of these were built in the past two decades.
Due to the lack of available space, few historical buildings remain in Hong Kong as older buildings are regularly torn down to make way for new developments. Instead, the city has become a centre for modern architecture, especially in and around Central. This article is concerned with architectural aspects of Modernism; for the most recent developments in architecture see Contemporary architecture. The Central and Western District ( located on northern part of Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong, is one of the 18 administrative 18 districts of the City-state Dense commercial skyscrapers line the coast of Victoria Harbour from Central to Causeway Bay, and Hong Kong's skyline, ranked the best skyline in the world, is a major tourist attraction. Victoria Harbour is a natural landform Harbour situated between Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula in Hong Kong. Three of the 15 tallest skyscrapers in the world are in Hong Kong. These are lists of Skyscrapers, ranked by structural height (vertical elevation from the base to the highest architectural or integral structural element of the In Kowloon, which once included the nihilistic settlement called the Kowloon Walled City, the proximity of Kai Tak Airport previously necessitated strict height limits for all buildings. Kowloon refers to an urban area in Hong Kong made up of Kowloon Peninsula and New Kowloon, bordered by the Lei Yue Mun strait in the east The Kowloon Walled City ( originally known as 九龍寨城 was a tiny Chinese enclave in the middle of British Hong Kong for decades Kai Tak Airport (officially Hong Kong International Airport from 1954 to closure The airport ran out of landing slots and parking bays and flights often had to be diverted With the closure of Kai Tak Airport in 1998, these restrictions were lifted and several new skyscrapers in Kowloon are now under construction, including International Commerce Centre which, when completed in 2010, will become the world's fourth tallest. International Commerce Centre ( (abbr ICC) is a 118 story, 484 m (1587
One of the notable buildings in Hong Kong is I. M. Pei's Bank of China Tower, completed in 1990 and now the city's third tallest skyscraper. Ieoh Ming Pei ( (b April 26, 1917) commonly known by his initials I This building generated heated controversy from the start, as its sharp angles were said to cast negative feng shui energy into the heart of Hong Kong. Feng shui ( ˈfəŋˌʃueɪ fehng-shway in English is an ancient Chinese system of Aesthetics believed to utilize the Laws of both heaven (astronomy and earth (geography Predating the Bank of China Tower, another well-known structure is the HSBC Headquarters Building, finished in 1985. The HSBC Main Building ( is the Headquarters building of The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited in Central, Hong Kong. It was built on the site of Hong Kong's first skyscraper, which was finished in 1935 and was the subject of a bitter heritage conservation struggle in the late 1970s. Architectural conservation describes the process through which the material historical and design integrity of mankind's built heritage are prolonged through carefully planned Both banks' buildings are featured on many of Hong Kong's banknotes. Hong Kong banknotes in everyday circulation are $10 $20 $50 $100 $500 and $1000
The tallest building in Hong Kong is currently the Two International Finance Centre. The International Finance Centre (abbr IFC, Branded as " ifc " is an integrated commercial development on the waterfront of Hong Kong [59] Other well-known projects in Hong Kong include the new Hong Kong International Airport on Chek Lap Kok near Lantau, a huge land reclamation project linked to the centre of Hong Kong by the Lantau Link, which features three new major bridges: Tsing Ma, the world's sixth largest suspension bridge; Kap Shui Mun, the world's longest cable-stayed bridge carrying both road and railway traffic; and Ting Kau, the world's first major four-span cable-stayed bridge. Hong Kong International Airport is the main airport in Hong Kong. Chek Lap Kok is an Island in the western waters of Hong Kong, China. Lantau Island, also Lantao, based on the old local name of Lantau Peak ( lit The Lantau Link ( formerly known as the Lantau Fixed Crossing, is a series of infrastructures linking Hong Kong International Airport to the urban areas in A bridge is a Structure built to span a Gorge, Valley, Road, railroad track, River, Body of water Tsing Ma Bridge is a Bridge in Hong Kong, China. It is the world's seventh-longest span Suspension bridge. Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of suspension bridges This article is concerned with a particular type of suspension bridge the suspended-deck type The Kap Shui Mun Bridge (KSMB) in Hong Kong is the longest Cable-stayed bridge in the world that transports both road and A Ting Kau Bridge ( is a 1177 m long Cable-stayed bridge in Hong Kong that spans from the northwest of Tsing Yi Island and Tuen Mun Road
Transport
Hong Kong has a highly developed transportation network, encompassing both public and private transport. The "Star" Ferry Company Ltd is a passenger Ferry service operator in Hong Kong, China. Victoria Harbour is a natural landform Harbour situated between Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula in Hong Kong. Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another Over 90% of daily travels are on public transport, making it the highest percentage in the world. [60] The Octopus card stored value smart card payment system can be used to pay for fares on almost all railways, buses and ferries in Hong Kong. The Octopus card is a rechargeable contactless stored value Smart card used to transfer electronic payments in online or offline systems in Hong A smart card, chip card, or Integrated circuit card ( ICC) is any pocket-sized card with embedded integrated [61] The Octopus card uses RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) to allow users to scan their card without taking it out of their wallet or bag. Radio-frequency identification ( RFID) is an automatic identification method relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or All parking meters in Hong Kong accept payment by Octopus card only, and Octopus card payment can be made at various car parks. A parking meter is a device used to collect money in exchange for the right to park a Vehicle in a particular place for a limited amount of time
Seeing wide usage is the city's metro system, MTR, both an underground rail system and a link between Hong Kong and mainland China. A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated railway or metro(politan system is an electric passenger railway MTR, or Mass Transit Railway, is the Rapid transit Railway system in Hong Kong. It has 150 stations and moves 3. 4 million people a day. [62] The tramway system, serving the city since 1904, covers the northern parts of Hong Kong Island and is the only tram system in the world run exclusively with double deckers. Hong Kong Tramways is one of the three Tramways in the world that have regular operation of Double-decker trams (the others being Blackpool, England A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train [63] There are five operators running franchised public bus services in Hong Kong. Double-decker buses were introduced to Hong Kong in 1949, and are now almost exclusively used, with single-decker buses remaining in use for routes with lower demand or roads with lower carrying capacity. A double-decker bus is a Bus that has two levels While double-decker long-distance coaches are in widespread use around the world double-decker city buses are Most normal franchised bus routes in Hong Kong operate until 1 am. Public light buses run the length and breadth of Hong Kong, through areas where standard bus lines cannot reach or do not reach as frequently, quickly, or directly. A Public light bus is a common public Mode of transport in Hong Kong.
The Star Ferry service operates four lines across Victoria Harbour and has been in operation for over 120 years, providing a panoramic view of Hong Kong's skyline for its 53,000 daily passengers. The "Star" Ferry Company Ltd is a passenger Ferry service operator in Hong Kong, China. Victoria Harbour is a natural landform Harbour situated between Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula in Hong Kong. [64] It is considered one of the city's most treasured cultural icons and has been rated as one of the most picturesque ferry crossings in the world. [65] Other ferry services are provided by operators serving outlying islands, new towns, Macau, and cities in mainland China. See also Merchant ship A ferry is a form of transport usually a Boat or Ship, used to carry (or ferry) passengers and Hong Kong comprises the Kowloon peninsula and 236 Islands the largest being Lantau Island and the second largest being Hong Kong Island. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. Hong Kong is also famous for its junks traversing the harbour, and small kai-to ferries which serve remote coastal settlements. -HK CityHall Seaview 51217 5png|thumb|300px|A modern junk in Hong Kong]]A junk is a Chinese sailing vessel. The kai-to ( is a type of small motorized ferry serving remote coastal settlements in the Outlying Islands of Hong Kong.
As Hong Kong is dominated by steep, hilly terrain, some unusual methods of transport have been devised to ease movement up and down the slopes. For example, the Peak Tram, the first public transport system in Hong Kong, has provided vertical rail transport between Central and Victoria Peak since 1888 by steeply ascending the side of a mountain. The Peak Tramway ( is a Funicular railway in Hong Kong, which carries both tourists and residents to the upper levels of Hong Kong Island. Central (also Central District; Cantonese Choong Wan or Chung Wan) the Central business district of Hong Kong was commonly known as part of Victoria Peak ( is a Mountain in Hong Kong. It is also known as Mount Austin, and locally In Central and Western district, there is an extensive system of escalators and moving pavements, including the longest outdoor covered escalator system in the world, the Mid-Levels escalator. The Central and Western District ( located on northern part of Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong, is one of the 18 administrative 18 districts of the City-state An escalator is a Conveyor transport device for transporting people consisting of individual linked steps that move up or down on tracks which keep the treads A moving walkway, moving sidewalk (in the US moving pavement (elsewhere walkalator, travelator, autowalk, horizontal escalator HK Mid-Level Escalatorsjpg|thumb|200px|The Central-Mid-Levels escalators the Elgin Street entrance]] The Central-Mid-levels escalators ( in Hong Kong is the longest outdoor
Hong Kong International Airport is a leading air passenger gateway and logistics hub in Asia and one of the world's busiest airports in terms of international passenger and cargo movement, serving more than 47 million passengers and handling 3. Hong Kong International Airport is the main airport in Hong Kong. An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land 74 million tonnes of cargo in 2007. [66] It replaced Kai Tak Airport in Kowloon in 1998 and has been voted the world's best airport multiple times. Kai Tak Airport (officially Hong Kong International Airport from 1954 to closure The airport ran out of landing slots and parking bays and flights often had to be diverted Kowloon refers to an urban area in Hong Kong made up of Kowloon Peninsula and New Kowloon, bordered by the Lei Yue Mun strait in the east [67] Over 85 airlines operate at the two-terminal airport and it is the primary hub of Cathay Pacific, Dragonair, Air Hong Kong, Hong Kong Airlines and Hong Kong Express. An airport terminal is a building at an Airport where passengers transfer between ground transportation and the facilities that allow them to board and disembark from Airplanes Cathay Pacific Airways Limited () is the largest Airline and Flag carrier of Hong Kong. Dragonair A330-300 B-HWGJPG|right|thumb|Dragonair Airbus A330-300]] For the Pokémon of the same name see Dragonair. Not to be confused with Hong Kong Airways, Hong Kong Airlines. Hong Kong Airlines Limited ( Chinese 香港航空公司 (formerly CR Airways Ltd) is a Hong Kong -based Airline. Hong Kong Express Airways Limited ( Chinese 香港快運航空有限公司 previously 港聯航空 is an Airline based in Hong Kong.
Taxis are widely used throughout Hong Kong, all of which are obliged by law to run on liquefied petroleum gas instead of diesel, in order to help the city's pollution problems. A taxicab, also taxi or cab, is a type of Public transport for a single passenger or small group of passengers typically for a non-shared ride Liquefied petroleum gas (also called LPG, GPL, LP Gas, or Autogas) is a mixture of Hydrocarbon Gases used as a Fuel Diesel or Diesel fuel (ˈdiːzəl in general is any Fuel used in Diesel engines The most common is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum Despite the effort, the level of smog and pollution in Hong Kong is very high. Of around 517,000 registered vehicles in Hong Kong, 64% are privately owned passenger cars. Compared to the population size of Hong Kong, the number of vehicles is relatively small because space is scarce and private parking spaces are very expensive. In contrast to mainland China, the territory drives on the left and continues to use the British road sign system, both inherited from its colonial past. Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction Hong Kong is famous for having the most Rolls-Royce cars per capita in the world. A Rolls-Royce car may refer to vehicles produced by Rolls-Royce Limited (1906-1973 Rolls-Royce Motors (1973-2003 which was owned [68]
Healthcare
Hong Kong's medical infrastructure consists of a mixed medical economy, with 12 private hospitals and more than 50 public hospitals. This is a list of Hospitals and other medical facilities in Hong Kong. In order to protect infants and children from serious infectious diseases the Department of Health of Hong Kong provides a free comprehensive childhood immunisation programme There are also polyclinics that offer primary care services, including dentistry. A polyclinic (alternative spelling policlinic) is a place where a wide range of health care services (including diagnostics can be obtained without the need for an overnight Hong Kong has two medical schools, one with the University of Hong Kong (the Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine) and the other with the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine of the University of Hong Kong is the older of the two Medical schools in Hong Kong (the other being the Chinese University The Chinese University of Hong Kong, commonly referred to as CUHK, is the second oldest university in Hong Kong Medical graduates obtain the MBChB or MBBS, based upon the British model. Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, or in Latin Medicinae Baccalaureus et Baccalaureus Chirurgiae (abbreviated MB BChir, BM BCh, Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, or in Latin Medicinae Baccalaureus et Baccalaureus Chirurgiae (abbreviated MB BChir, BM BCh, There are also schools of nursing, both public and private, and training for professions allied to medicine, including a school dedicated to dentistry. Dentistry' is the "evaluation diagnosis prevention and/or treatment (nonsurgical surgical or related procedures of diseases disorders and/or conditions of the oral cavity The Hospital Authority is a statutory body established on 1 December 1990 under the Hospital Authority Ordinance to manage all 38 public hospitals and institutions in Hong Kong. The Hospital Authority ( is a Statutory body managing all the Public hospitals and institutes in Hong Kong. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) It is mainly responsible for delivering a comprehensive range of secondary and tertiary specialist care and medical rehabilitation through its network of health care facilities. The Authority also provides some primary medical services in 74 primary care clinics. [69]
Hong Kong's 12 private hospitals have partnered with the United Kingdom for international healthcare accreditation. Providing healthcare especially of an adequate standard is a complex and challenging process All 12 private hospitals are "Trent Hospitals", having been surveyed and accredited by the United Kingdom's Trent Accreditation Scheme. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Trent Accreditation Scheme (TAS is a United Kingdom -based Non-profit organisation formed with a mission to maintain and continually evaluate standards of quality [70] The Hong Kong Academy of Medicine is an independent institution with the statutory power to organise, monitor, assess and accredit all medical specialist training and to oversee the provision of continuing medical education in Hong Kong. [71] In addition, The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada has also accredited the postgraduate medical education (1994-present) in Hong Kong and allowed these graduates from the Hong Kong Academy of Medicine seeking RCPSC Certification and practising in Canada. The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, (RCPSC is a national private nonprofit organization established in 1929 by a special Act of Parliament The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, (RCPSC is a national private nonprofit organization established in 1929 by a special Act of Parliament Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page [72]
The Department of Health, under Food and Health Bureau, is the health adviser of Hong Kong government and an executive arm in health legislation and policy. Hong Kong 's Department of Health ( is responsible for healthcare policies and the provision of basic healthcare services Food and Health Bureau ( is a government bureau that manages health programmes and immunisation programmes in Hong Kong. Its main role is to safeguard the health of the community through promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative services in Hong Kong. [73] The main function of the department includes child assessment service, immunisation programmes, dental service, forensic pathology service, registration of healthcare professionals etc, though boards and councils (i. In order to protect infants and children from serious infectious diseases the Department of Health of Hong Kong provides a free comprehensive childhood immunisation programme Forensic pathology is a branch of Pathology concerned with determining the Cause of death by examination of a cadaver e. Medical Council of Hong Kong, Pharmacy and Poisons Board of Hong Kong) are independent statutory bodies established under the relevant ordinances that operate independently to discharge their statutory functions. [74]
Hong Kong is one of the healthiest places in the world. [75] Because of its early health education, professional health services, and well-developed health care and medication system, Hongkongers enjoy a life expectancy of 78 for females and 84 for men,[76] which are the second highest in the world, and 2. Hongkongers usually refers to residents of Hong Kong, and not Ethnicity or Nationality, i Life expectancy is the average number of years of life remaining at a given age 94 infant mortality rate, the fourth lowest in the world. [77][78]
Hong Kong has high standards of medical practice. It has contributed to the development of liver transplantation, being the first in the world to carry out adult to adult live donor liver transplant in 1993. [79]
Military
Hong Kong has never had its own military forces because it has never been a sovereign state, except voluntary auxiliary forces like The Royal Hong Kong Regiment (The Volunteers). The People's Liberation Army ( PLA) ( is the unified Military organization of all land sea and air forces of the People's Republic of China. The People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison is a garrison of the People's Liberation Army (PLA of the People's Republic of China (PRC responsible for defence The Chinese People's Liberation Army Forces Hong Kong Building (abbreviated as PLA Forces Hong Kong Building is a 113 metre 28 floor building located within the former HMS Tamar The People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison is a garrison of the People's Liberation Army (PLA of the People's Republic of China (PRC responsible for defence A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself The Royal Hong Kong Regiment (The Volunteers ( RHKR(V) ( formed in May 1854 was a local auxiliary Militia force funded entirely by the colonial government All defence matters have been dependent on the state which is controlling Hong Kong. Before the British handover to PRC sovereignty, defence was provided by the British military, who stationed soldiers in barracks throughout Hong Kong, including the British Forces Overseas Hong Kong. The Armed forces of the United Kingdom, commonly known as the British Armed Forces or Her Majesty's Armed Forces, and sometimes legally the Armed Forces British Forces Overseas Hong Kong consisted of the elements of the British Army, Royal Navy and Royal Air Force. Its finance was supported by the Hong Kong Government.
The People's Republic of China's State Council assumed sovereignty over Hong Kong on 1 July 1997[80] and stationed a garrison of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) to manage its defence affairs. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The State Council ( which is largely synonymous with the Central People's Government ( is the chief administrative authority of the People's Republic of China "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Garrison (various spellings (from the French garnison, itself from the verb garnir, "to equip" is the collective term for a body of Troops The People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison is a garrison of the People's Liberation Army (PLA of the People's Republic of China (PRC responsible for defence Although the garrison has little practical military value, the stationing of the PLA troops in Hong Kong is a significant symbol of the PRC government's assumption of sovereignty over Hong Kong.
According to Hong Kong's Basic Law, military forces stationed in Hong Kong will not interfere with local civil affairs; the Hong Kong SAR Government remains responsible for the maintenance of public order. The Hong Kong Garrison, composed of ground, naval, and air forces, is under the command of the Chinese Central Military Commission. An army (from Latin Armata "act of arming" via Old French armée) in the broadest sense is the land-based Armed forces An air force, also known in some countries as an air army or historically an army air corps, is in the broadest sense the national military or armed service A Central Military Commission or National Defense Commission is an organisation typical of Communist One-party states responsible for supervising the nation's The PLA Garrison subsequently opened its barracks on Stonecutters Island and Stanley to the public to promote understanding and trust between the troops and residents. Stonecutters Island or Ngong Shuen Chau ( Chinese 昂船洲 is a former Island in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong. Stanley is a town and a tourist attraction in Hong Kong. It is a peninsula on the southeastern part of Hong Kong Island.
See also
Notes and references
- ^ Since the transfer of sovereignty in 1997, Hong Kong has used the national anthem of the People's Republic of China. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES
- ^ The Hong Kong Basic Law states that the official languages are "Chinese and English". The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, or simply Hong Kong Basic Law, serves as the Constitutional document [1] It does not explicitly specify the standard for "Chinese". While Standard Mandarin and Simplified Chinese characters are used as the spoken and written standards in mainland China, Cantonese and Traditional Chinese characters are the long-established de facto standards in Hong Kong. Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction Standard Cantonese is the standard variant of the Cantonese (Yuet language See also: Bilingualism in Hong Kong
- ^ HK Census and Statistics Department
- ^ CIA World Factbook Gini Index
- ^ The name is often written as Hongkong in older English texts. Hong Kong is a Bilingual city its residents speaking English and Cantonese which are both official languages of Hong Kong under the Hong Kong The Hong Kong Government officially adopted the current form on 3 September 1926 (Hongkong Government Gazette, Notification 479, 3 September 1926). The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China ( see pronunciation; conventional short Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. While the names of most cities in the People's Republic of China are romanised into English using pinyin, the official English name is Hong Kong rather than Xianggang. In Linguistics, romanization (or latinization, also spelled romanisation or latinisation) is the representation of a Word or Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use See also: Pronunciation of Hong Kong
- ^ Jonathan Porter (1996). The pronunciation of Hong Kong varies depending upon the language of the native speaker be it Standard Cantonese or Standard Mandarin. Macau, the Imaginary City: Culture and Society, 1557 to the Present. Westview Press. ISBN 0813328365.
- ^ Richard L. Edmonds (2002). China and Europe Since 1978: A European Perspective. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521524032.
- ^ a b c d e f g Trea Wiltshire (1997). Old Hong Kong. FormAsia. ISBN 9627283134.
- ^ Thousands March in Anti-Japan Protest in Hong Kong. New York Times (2005-04-18). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Retrieved on 2008-02-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen
- ^ Wang Yong-hua (2006). "On Embargo of Hong Kong in 1950-1954". Journal of Yanan University Social Science Edition.
- ^ Links between SARS, human genes discovered. People's Daily (2004-01-16). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Retrieved on 2008-02-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen
- ^ Around Hong Kong Island : Ap Lei Chau. Dorling Kindersley (2007). Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Geography and Climate, Hong Kong (PDF). Census and Statistics Department, The Government of Hong Kong SAR. Retrieved on 2007-01-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
- ^ Outdoor Adventure: Tours in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Tourism Board (2006-12-27). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Retrieved on 2008-02-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen
- ^ Chief Executive pledges a clean, green, world-class city. Hong Kong Trade Development Council (November 2001).
- ^ Dirty Air Becomes Divisive Issue in Hong Kong Vote. The New York Times (2006-11-05). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Retrieved on 2008-02-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen
- ^ Hong Kong Weather Season by Season. About. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Climate of Hong Kong. Hong Kong Observatory (2003-05-04). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Retrieved on 2007-08-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the
- ^ Hong Kong in Figures 2008 Edition. HKGov Census and Statistics Department (2008-02-27). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Retrieved on 2008-05-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses
- ^ Extreme Values and Dates of Occurrence of Extremes of Meteorological Elements between 1884–1939 and 1947–2006 for Hong Kong. Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved on 2008-02-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen
- ^ The Impact of Cold and Frost on Terrestrial Vegetation in Hong Kong - Richard T Corlett, University of Hong Kong
- ^ Couple killed as landslide crushes hut in Hong Kong storms. The Earth Times (2008-06-07). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Retrieved on 2008-06-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins
- ^ Monthly Meteorological Normals for Hong Kong. Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved on 2008-02-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen
- ^ Section 3(2) of the Sino-British Joint Declaration states in part, "The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will enjoy a high degree of autonomy, except in foreign and defence affairs which are the responsibilities of the Central People's Government. "
- ^ Section 3(5) of the Sino-British Joint Declaration states that the social and economic systems and lifestyle in Hong Kong will remain unchanged, and mentions rights and freedoms ensured by law. Section 3(12) states in part, "The above-stated basic policies of the People's Republic of China . . . will remain unchanged for 50 years. "
- ^ a b c d e f g h The Basic Law. Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Retrieved on 2007-08-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great.
- ^ Presentation to Legislative Council on Right of Abode Issue. Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor (1999-05-10). Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Retrieved on 2007-01-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome.
- ^ Right of Abode in HKSAR — Verification of Eligibility for Permanent Identity Card. Immigration Department, The Government of the Hong Kong SAR (2007-06-05). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Retrieved on 2008-02-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen
- ^ Cohen, Warren I. Kirby, William. [1997] (1997). Hong Kong Under Chinese Rule: The Economic and Political Implications of Reversion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521627613
- ^ HK legislators vote down reforms. BBC News (2005-12-21). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian Retrieved on 2008-05-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ "Decree of the President of the People's Republic of China". Hong Kong SAR Government. Retrieved on June 07, 2008. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Department of Justice. Department of Justice of the Hong Kong SAR. Retrieved on 2007-03-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger
- ^ "Hong-Kong". Encyclopædia Britannica. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc (1911). Retrieved on 2008-04-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ The Global Financial Centres Index 1 Executive Summary (PDF). City of London (March 2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
- ^ Katharina Hartl (2003). Expatriate Women Managers: Gender, Culture, and Career. Rainer Hampp Verlag, 80. ISBN 387988711X.
- ^ 2008 Index of Economic Freedom. The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved on 2008-02-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen
- ^ Top 10 Countries. The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved on 2008-02-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen
- ^ Peter Wallace Preston and Jürgen Haacke (2002). Contemporary China: The Dynamics of Change at the Start of the New Millennium. Routledge. ISBN 0700716378.
- ^ Hong Kong surpasses New York in IPOs. International Herald Tribune (2006-12-25). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian Retrieved on 2008-02-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen
- ^ 2005–06 Budget Speech by the Financial Secretary. Government of the Hong Kong SAR (2005-03-16). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Retrieved on 2008-02-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen
- ^ About Hong Kong. Hong Kong SAR Government Information Centre (April 2006). Retrieved on 2008-02-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen
- ^ Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics, March 2008
- ^ CIA World Factbook
- ^ Hong Kong Statistics - Population and Vital Events. Census and Statistics Department, Government of the Hong Kong SAR. Retrieved on 2008-02-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen
- ^ ICE Hong Kong. University College London. Retrieved on 2008-02-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen
- ^ Hong Kong Total fertility rate. IndexMundi. Retrieved on 2008-02-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen
- ^ Kindergarten, Primary and Secondary Education. Education Bureau of the Hong Kong SAR. Retrieved on 2008-02-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen
- ^ PISA 2006 Science Competencies for Tomorrow's World. Retrieved on 2007-12-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people
- ^ CIA Factbook - Hong Kong
- ^ Buddhist and Taoist Communities, Hong Kong Tourism Board.
- ^ General Information - Religion marimari. com
- ^ Hong Kong Year Book (2006):Chapter 18 - Religion and Custom: Buddhism
- ^ Hong Kong Year Book (2006):Chapter 18 - Religion and Custom: Taoism
- ^ Hong Kong Year Book (2006):Chapter 18 - Religion and Custom: Confucianism
- ^ a b c International Religious Freedom Report 2007 - Hong Kong
- ^ Hong Kong Year Book (2006):Chapter 18 - Religion and Custom: Christianity
- ^ LDS Newsroom - China — Hong Kong
- ^ Most Active Cities in terms of High-rise Construction emporis. com
- ^ "Tenanting tallest tower looks likely to be a tall order". 'Bloomberg, June 18, 2003. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on June 07, 2008. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ William H. K. Lam and Michael G. H. Bell (2003). Advanced Modeling for Transit Operations and Service Planning. NetLibrary, Incorporated. ISBN 0585475229.
- ^ Octopus Card Information. Octopus Card. The Octopus card is a rechargeable contactless stored value Smart card used to transfer electronic payments in online or offline systems in Hong Retrieved on 2008-04-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans.
- ^ Tourist Information. MTR Corporation. MTR, or Mass Transit Railway, is the Rapid transit Railway system in Hong Kong. Retrieved on 2008-04-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans.
- ^ The Company. Hongkong Tramways Limited. Retrieved on 2008-04-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans.
- ^ Not even HK's storied Star Ferry can face down developers. International Herald Tribune (2006-11-10). The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international Newspaper Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Retrieved on 2008-04-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans.
- ^ Ferry is amongst the world's best. BBC News (2004-10-19). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. Retrieved on 2008-04-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans.
- ^ About Us. Hong Kong International Airport. Hong Kong International Airport is the main airport in Hong Kong. Retrieved on 2008-04-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title
- ^ International travellers have voted Hong Kong the best airport in the world. Skytrax (2007-08-08). Skytrax is a United Kingdom -based consultancy the public face of Inflight Research Services Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Retrieved on 2008-04-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title
- ^ World-famous producer of luxury cars launches first Hong Kong showroom. InvestHK (2003-07-30). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Retrieved on 2007-09-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the
- ^ About Hospital Authority. The Organisation of Hospital Authority. Retrieved on 2007-11-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St
- ^ Accreditation Details of Hong Kong Hospitals. Trent Accreditation Scheme. Retrieved on 2007-10-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse
- ^ The homepage of Hong Kong Academy of Medicine. HKMA. Retrieved on 2007-11-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St
- ^ Postgraduate Medical Education systems (PGME) for International Medical Graduate (IMG) applicants seeking RCPSC Certification. The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Retrieved on 2007-11-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St
- ^ Homepage of the Department of Health, the Government of Hong Kong SAR. Hong Kong government. Retrieved on 2007-11-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St
- ^ list of main services of the Department of Health, the Government of Hong Kong SAR. Hong Kong government. Retrieved on 2007-11-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St
- ^ Hong Kong health indices among world's best. Government of the Hong Kong SAR (2003-01-28). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Retrieved on 2008-02-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen
- ^ "Healthy life expectancy in Hong Kong". World Health Organization. Retrieved on 07 June 2008. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Rank Order - Life expectancy at birth. The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency (2008-01-24). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled Retrieved on 2008-02-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen
- ^ World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision (PDF). United Nations (2007). Retrieved on 2008-02-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen
- ^ Live Donor Liver Transplantation: Current Status
- ^ "China Resumes Control of Hong Kong, Ending 156 Years of British Rule China Resumes Control of Hong Kong, Ending 156 Years of British Rule". New York Times, 1 July 1997. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Retrieved on 07 June 2008. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
Further reading
- A History of Hong Kong (Third Edition). Frank Welsh. HarperCollins. 1 October 1998. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) 624 pages. ISBN 1-56836-002-9.
- Mathematical Modelling of Hong Kong Political and Economical Development. Derek Lam. Guangzhou Academic Press. 18 February 1986. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) 23 pages.
- Hong Kong's History: State and Society Under Colonial Rule (Asia's Transformations). Tak-Wing Ngo. Routledge. 1 August 1999. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) 205 pages. ISBN 0-415-20868-8.
- The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, Arts, Identity. Poshek Fu, David Deser. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534 25 March 2002. Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. 346 pages. ISBN 0-521-77602-3.
- A Modern History of Hong Kong. Steve Tsang. I. B. Tauris. 14 May 2004. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " 356 pages. ISBN 1-86064-184-9.
- An Outline History of Hong Kong. Liu Shuyong. 291 pages. ISBN 7-119-01946-5.
- Forts and Pirates - A History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong History Society. Hyperion Books. December 1990. ISBN 962-7489-01-8.
- List of Graded Historical Buildings in Hong Kong - 6 Jan 2007 from the Antiquities and Monuments Office
- List of Declared Monuments in Hong Kong - 3 March 2006 from the Antiquities and Monuments Office
External links
 |
This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. Mojibake is the happenstance of incorrect unreadable characters (garbage characters shown when Computer software fails to render a text correctly according to its associated A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( |
Government
- GovHK - Official government site
- Hong Kong Government - Census and Statistics Department
- Hong Kong Government - Fact Sheets
- Hong Kong Legislative Council - Official site of the legislative body
- DiscoverHongKong - Official site of the Hong Kong Tourism Board
General reference
- Hong Kong entry at The World Factbook
A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system.
Dictionary
Hong Kong
-proper noun
- a coastal administrative region in south-east China, formerly a British colony, currently a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic