This article refers collectively to all true honey bees; for the "common" domesticated honey bee, see Western honey bee

Honey bees
Western honey bee on Geraldton wax flower
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Subclass: Pterygota Infraclass: Neoptera Superorder: Endopterygota Order: Hymenoptera Suborder: Apocrita Family: Apidae Subfamily: Apinae Tribe: Apini Genus: Apis Linnaeus, 1758
Species
Subgenus Micrapis: Apis andreniformis Apis florea, or dwarf honey bee Subgenus Megapis: Apis dorsata, or giant honey bee Subgenus Apis: Apis cerana, or eastern honey bee Apis koschevnikovi Apis mellifera, or western honey bee Apis nigrocincta

Honey bees (or honeybees) are a subset of bees, primarily distinguished by the production and storage of honey and the construction of colonial nests out of wax. Geraldton wax is a Flowering plant endemic to Western Australia. Arthropods are Animals belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, " Joint " Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Pterygota is a subclass of Insects that includes the winged insects Neoptera is a classification group that includes almost all the winged Insects specifically those that can flex their wings over their abdomens The Endopterygota, also known as Holometabola, are Insects of the subclass Pterygota which go through distinctive Larval Pupal Hymenoptera is one of the larger orders of Insects comprising the sawflies, Wasps Bees and Ants The name refers to Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. In Biology, a subgenus is a Taxonomic rank directly below Genus. Bees are flying Insects closely related to Wasps and Ants Bees are a Monophyletic lineage within the superfamily Apoidea Honey is a sweet and Viscous fluid produced by Honey bees (and some other species and derived from the nectar of Flowers According to the In Biology, a colony (from Latin colonia) refers to several individual Organisms of the same Species living closely together usually For the rock song by Nirvana see Beeswax (song. Beeswax is a natural Wax produced in the bee hive of Honey bees of the genus Honey bees are the only extant members of the tribe Apini, all in the genus Apis. Currently, there are only seven recognized species of honey bee with a total of 44 subspecies (Engel, 1999) though historically, anywhere from six to eleven species have been recognized. Honey bees represent only a small fraction of the approximately 20,000 known species of bees. Some other types of related bees produce and store honey, but only members of the genus Apis are true honey bees.

Contents 1 Origin, systematics and distribution 2 Beekeeping 3 Life cycle 3.1 Pollination 3.2 Honey 3.3 Beeswax 3.4 Pollen 3.5 Propolis 4 Defense 5 Communication 6 Symbolism 7 See also 8 External links 9 References

Origin, systematics and distribution

Honey bees as a group appear to have their center of origin in South and Southeast Asia (including the Philippines), as all but one of the extant species are native to that region, notably the most plesiomorphic living species (Apis florea and A. andreniformis). The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry ^[1] The first Apis bees appear in the fossil record at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, in European deposits dating about 35 million years ago. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. The Eocene epoch (558 ± 02 - 339 ± 01 Ma) is a major division of the Geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Palaeogene period in The Oligocene is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene period and extends from about 33 The origin of these prehistoric honey bees does not necessarily indicate that Europe is where the genus originated, only that it occurred there at that time. There are few known fossil deposits in the suspected region of honeybee origin, and fewer still have been thoroughly studied; moreover, the tropical conditions are generally not ideal for fossilization of small land animals.

The close relatives of modern honey bees - e. g. bumblebees and stingless bees - are also social to some degree, and thus social behavior seems a plesiomorphic trait that predates the origin of the genus. A bumblebee (or bumble bee) is any member of the Bee Genus Bombus, in the family Apidae; there are over 250 known species primarily Stingless bees, or simply meliponines, are a large group of bees comprising the tribe Meliponini (sometimes called stingless honey bees) in the family Among the extant members of Apis, the more basal species make single, exposed combs, while the more recently-evolved species nest in cavities and have multiple combs, which has greatly facilitated their domestication. In Phylogenetics, a basal Clade is the earliest clade to branch in a larger clade it appears at the base of a cladogram

Most species have historically been cultured or at least exploited for honey and beeswax by humans indigenous to their native ranges. For the rock song by Nirvana see Beeswax (song. Beeswax is a natural Wax produced in the bee hive of Honey bees of the genus Only two of these species have been truly domesticated, one (Apis mellifera) at least since the time of the building of the Egyptian pyramids, and only that species has been moved extensively beyond its native range. Domestication (from Latin domesticus) refers to the process whereby a Population of Animals The Egyptian pyramids are pyramid shaped structures located in Egypt, and were built as a tomb for dead pharaohs

Today's honey bees constitute three clades (Engel 1999, Arias & Sheppard 2005):

Dwarf honey bees - subgenus Micrapis

• Apis florea and Apis andreniformis are small honey bees of southern and southeastern Asia. In Biology, a subgenus is a Taxonomic rank directly below Genus. They make very small, exposed nests in trees and shrubs. Their stings are often incapable of penetrating human skin, so the hive and swarms can be handled with minimal protection. A beehive is in a general sense an enclosed structure in which some species of Honey bees (genus Apis) live and raise their young The SWARM Remote Weapon System (Stabilised Weapon And Reconnaissance Mount is a fully armored Remote weapon system designed and built by the Thales Group in They occur largely sympatrically though they are very distinct evolutionarily and are probably the result of allopatric speciation, their distribution later converging. Sympatric speciation is the genetic divergence of various populations (from a single parent species inhabiting the same geographic region such that those populations become different eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 Allopatric speciation, also known as geographic Speciation, is the phenomenon whereby biological populations are physically isolated by an extrinsic barrier Given that A. florea is more widely distributed and A. andreniformis is considerably more aggressive, honey is - if at all - usually harvested from the former only. They are the most ancient extant lineage of honey bees, maybe diverging in the Bartonian (some 40 mya or slightly later) from the other lineages, but among themselves do not seem to have diverged a long time before the Neogene. The Bartonian (also known as the Auversian) is a stage of the middle Eocene Epoch. The Neogene is a geologic period and system starting 2303 ± 0 (Arias & Sheppard 2005)

Giant honey bees - subgenus Megapis
There is one recognized species which usually builds single or a few exposed combs on high tree limbs, on cliffs, and sometimes on buildings. They can be very fierce. Periodically robbed of their honey by human "honey hunters", colonies are easily capable of stinging a human being to death when provoked. Their origin as a distinct lineage is only slightly more recent than that of the dwarf honey bees.

• Apis dorsata, the Giant honey bee proper, is native and widespread across most of South and Southeast Asia.
• Apis dorsata binghami, the Indonesian honey bee, is classified as the Indonesian subspecies of the Giant honey bee or a distinct species; in the latter case, A. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. d. breviligula and/or other lineages would probably also have to be considered species.
• Apis dorsata laboriosa, the Himalayan honey bee, was initially described as a distinct species. Later, it was included in A. dorsata as a subspecies (Engel 1999) based on the biological species concept, though authors applying a genetic species concept have suggested it should be considered a species (Arias & Sheppard 2005). In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Essentially restricted to the Himalayas, it differs little from the Giant honey bee in appearance, but has extensive behavioral adaptations which enable it to nest in the open at high altitudes despite low ambient temperatures. An adaptation is a characteristic of an Organism that has been favored by Natural selection and It is the largest living honey bee.

Cave-nesting honey bees - subgenus Apis

• Eastern species

These are 3 or 4 species. The reddish Koschevnikov's Bee (Apis koschevnikovi) from Borneo is well distinct; it probably derives from the first colonization of the island by cave-nesting honey bees. Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. Apis cerana, the Eastern honey bee proper, is the traditional honey bee of southern and eastern Asia, kept in hives in a similar fashion to Apis mellifera, though on a much smaller and regionalized scale. It has not been possible yet to resolve its relationship to the Bornean Apis cerana nuluensis and Apis nigrocincta from the Philippines to satisfaction; the most recent hypothesis is that these are indeed distinct species but that A. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP cerana is still paraphyletic, consisting of several good species. In Phylogenetics, a group of organisms is said to be paraphyletic if the group contains its most recent common ancestor but does not contain all (Arias & Sheppard 2005)

• Western (European, Common) honey bee

Main article: Apis mellifera

Apis mellifera, the most commonly domesticated species, was the third insect to have its genome mapped. In classical genetics the genome of a Diploid Organism including Eukarya refers to a full set of chromosomes or genes in a Gamete, thereby It seems to have originated in eastern tropical Africa and spread from there to Northern Europe and eastwards into Asia to the Tien Shan range. Northern Europe is a term for the northern part of Europe. The United Nations defines Northern Europe as (Finland The Tian Shan (天山 Pinyin: Tiān Shān "celestial mountains" also commonly spelled Tien Shan, is a Mountain range located in Central It is variously called the Western, European or Common honey bee in different parts of the world. There are many subspecies that have adapted to the local geographic and climatic environment, and in addition, hybrid strains such as the Buckfast bee have been bred. In Zoology, as in other branches of Biology, subspecies is the Taxonomic rank immediately subordinate to a Species. The Buckfast hybrid bee was a Honey bee developed by "Brother Adam" (born Karl Kehrle in 1898 in Germany) who was in charge of Beekeeping Behavior, color and anatomy can be quite different from one subspecies or even strain to another.

Regarding phylogeny, this is the most enigmatic honey bee species. It seems to have diverged from its Eastern relatives only during the Late Miocene. The Late Miocene (also known as Upper Miocene) is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages. This would fit the hypothesis that the ancestral stock of cave-nesting honey bees was separated into the Western group of E Africa and the Eastern group of tropical Asia by desertification in the Middle East and adjacent regions, which caused declines of foodplants and trees which provided nest sites, eventually causing gene flow to cease. Desertification is the degradation of land in arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting primarily from human activities and influenced by climatic variations The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. In Population genetics, gene flow (also known as gene migration) is the transfer of Alleles of Genes from one Population to another The diversity of subspecies is probably the product of a (largely) Early Pleistocene radiation aided by climate and habitat changes during the last ice age. Early Pleistocene (also known as Lower Pleistocene, or Calabrian) is a subdivision of the Pleistocene Epoch of the Geologic time scale An evolutionary radiation is an increase in taxonomic diversity or morphological disparity due to adaptive change or the opening of ecospace "Last glacial" redirects here For the period of maximum glacier extent during this time see Last Glacial Maximum The last glacial period That the Western honey bee has been intensively managed by humans since many millennia - including hybridization and introductions - has apparently increased the speed of its evolution and confounded the DNA sequence data to a point where little of substance can be said about the exact relationships of many A. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 mellifera subspecies. (Arias & Sheppard 2005)

In 1622, European colonists brought the dark bee (A. m. mellifera) to the Americas, followed later by Italian bees (A. The European dark bee ( Apis mellifera mellifera) was Domesticated in modern times and taken to North America in colonial times The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America Apis mellifera ligustica is the Italian bee which is a Sub-species of the Western honey bee ( Apis mellifera) m. ligustica) and others. Many of the crops that depend on honey bees for pollination have also been imported since colonial times. Escaped swarms (known as "wild" bees, but actually feral) spread rapidly as far as the Great Plains, usually preceding the colonists. A feral organism is one that has escaped from Domestication and returned partly or wholly to its wild state The Great Plains are the broad expanse of Prairie and Steppe which lie east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada The Native Americans called the honey bee "the white man's fly". Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Honey bees did not naturally cross the Rocky Mountains; they were carried by ship to California in the early 1850s. Mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains The Rocky Mountains, often called the Rockies, are a Mountain range in western North America. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean.

Main article: Africanized bee

The so-called "killer bee" are highly aggressive hybrids between European stock and the African subspecies A. m. scutellata; they are thus often called "Africanized bees". "Killer bee" redirects here For other uses see Killer bees. "Killer bee" redirects here For other uses see Killer bees. The African honey bee ( Apis mellifera scutellata) is a Subspecies of the Western honey bee. Originating by accident in Brazil, they have spread to North America and constitutes a pest in some regions. A pest is an organism which has characteristics that are regarded by Humans as injurious or unwanted However, these strains do not overwinter well, and so are not often found in the colder, more Northern parts of North America. On the other hand, the original breeding experiment for which the African bees were brought to Brazil in the first place has continued (though not as intended): novel hybrid strains of domestic and re-domesticated Africanized bees combine high resilience to tropical conditions and good yields, and are popular among beekeepers in Brazil.

Main article: Colony Collapse Disorder

Beekeepers in Western countries have been reporting slow declines of stocks for many years, apparently to changes in agricultural practice and perhaps climate change causing more unpredictable weather. Colony Collapse Disorder (or CCD) is a phenomenon in which worker bees from a beehive or Western honey bee colony abruptly disappear Climate change is any long-term significant change in the “average weather” that a given region experiences In early 2007, abnormally high die-offs (30-70% of hives) of Western honey bee colonies occurred in the US and possibly Québec; such a decline seems unprecedented in recent history. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk This has been dubbed "Colony Collapse Disorder" (CCD); it is unclear whether this is simply an accelerated phase of the general decline due to stochastically more adverse conditions in 2006, or a novel phenomenon. Colony Collapse Disorder (or CCD) is a phenomenon in which worker bees from a beehive or Western honey bee colony abruptly disappear Stochastic (from the Greek "Στόχος" for "aim" or "guess" means Random. Research has hitherto failed to determine what causes it, but the weight of evidence is tentatively leaning towards CCD being a syndrome rather than a disease as it seems to be caused by a combination of various contributing factors rather than a single pathogen or poison. In Medicine and Psychology, the term syndrome refers to the association of several clinically recognizable features signs (observed by a physician A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly A pathogen (from Greek πάθος pathos "suffering passion" and γἰγνομαι (γεν- gignomai (gen- "I give birth to" infectious In the context of Biology, poisons are substances that can cause damage, Illness, or Death to Organisms usually by

Beekeeping

Main article: Beekeeping

Two species of honey bee, A. Beekeeping (or apiculture, from Latin apis, Bee) is the maintenance of Honey bee colonies commonly in Hives mellifera and A. cerana, are often maintained, fed, and transported by beekeepers. Beekeeping (or apiculture, from Latin apis, Bee) is the maintenance of Honey bee colonies commonly in Hives Modern hives also enable beekeepers to transport bees, moving from field to field as the crop needs pollinating and allowing the beekeeper to charge for the pollination services they provide, revising the historical role of the self-employed beekeeper, and favoring large-scale commercial operations. For further information see the main article, or the articles for these species.

Life cycle

As in a few other types of eusocial bees, a colony generally contains one queen bee, a fertile female; seasonally up to a few thousand drone bees or fertile males; and a large seasonally variable population of sterile female worker bees. Eusociality ( Greek eu: "good" + "social" is a term used for the highest level of social organization in a hierarchical classification The term queen bee is typically used to refer to an adult mated female that lives in a Honey bee colony or hive she is usually the mother of all the bees in the hive Drones are male Honey bees Male honey bees develop when the Queen bee lays unfertilized eggs Drone genetics Haplodiploid sex-determination Details vary among the different species of honey bees, but common features include:

Eggs are laid singly in a cell in a wax honeycomb, produced and shaped by the worker bees. A honeycomb is a mass of Hexagonal Wax cells built by Honey bees in their nests to contain their larvae and stores of Honey and Larvae are initially fed with royal jelly produced by worker bees, later switching to honey and pollen. Royal jelly is a Honey bee secretion that is used in the nutrition of the Larvae It is secreted from the Hypopharyngeal glands in the heads of young workers The exception is a larva fed solely on royal jelly, which will develop into a queen bee. The larva undergoes several moltings before spinning a cocoon within the cell, and pupating. A pupa ( Latin pupa for doll pl pupae or pupas) is the life stage of some Insects undergoing transformation A pupa ( Latin pupa for doll pl pupae or pupas) is the life stage of some Insects undergoing transformation Drones hatch from unfertilized eggs, females (Queens and worker bees) hatch from fertilized eggs. The queen actually can choose to fertilize the egg she is laying, usually depending on what cell she is laying in.

Young worker bees clean the hive and feed the larvae. When their royal jelly producing glands begin to atrophy, they begin building comb cells. They progress to other within-colony tasks as they become older, such as receiving nectar and pollen from foragers, and guarding the hive. Later still, a worker takes her first orientation flights and finally leaves the hive and typically spends the remainder of its life as a forager.

Worker bees cooperate to find food and use a pattern of "dancing" (known as the bee dance or waggle dance) to communicate information regarding resources with each other; this dance varies from species to species, but all living species of Apis exhibit some form of the behavior. Honey bees learn and communicate in order to find food sources and for other means If the resources are very close to the hive, they may also exhibit a less specific dance commonly known as the "Round Dance".

Honey bees also perform tremble dances which recruit receiver bees to collect nectar from returning foragers . A tremble dance is a dance performed by receiver Honey bees of the species Apis mellifera to recruit more receiver honey bees to collect Nectar

Virgin queens go on mating flights away from their home colony, and mate with multiple drones before returning. The drones die in the act of mating.

Colonies are established not by solitary queens, as in most bees, but by groups known as "swarms", which consist of a mated queen and a large contingent of worker bees. Swarming is the natural means of Reproduction of Honey bee colonies (considering the colony as the Organism rather than individual bees which cannot survive This group moves en masse to a nest site that has been scouted by worker bees beforehand. Once they arrive, they immediately construct a new wax comb and begin to raise new worker brood. This type of nest founding is not seen in any other living bee genus, though there are several groups of Vespid wasps which also found new nests via swarming (sometimes including multiple queens). The Vespidae are a large (nearly 5000 species diverse cosmopolitan family of Wasps including nearly all the known Eusocial wasps and many Solitary Also, stingless bees will start new nests with large numbers of worker bees, but the nest is constructed before a queen is escorted to the site, and this worker force is not a true "swarm". Stingless bees, or simply meliponines, are a large group of bees comprising the tribe Meliponini (sometimes called stingless honey bees) in the family

Pollination

Main article: Pollination management

Main article: List of plants pollinated by bees

Species of Apis are generalist floral visitors, and will pollinate a large variety of plants, but by no means all plants. Pollination Management is the label for horticultural practices that accomplish or enhance Pollination of a crop to improve yield or quality by understanding of the particular Of all the honeybee species, only Apis mellifera has been used extensively for commercial pollination of crops and other plants. The value of these pollination services is commonly measured in the billions of dollars. The dollar (often represented by the Dollar sign: "$" is the name of the official Currency in several countries dependencies and other

Honey

Main article: Honey

Honey is the complex substance made when the nectar and sweet deposits from plants and trees are gathered, modified and stored in the honeycomb by honey bees. Honey is a sweet and Viscous fluid produced by Honey bees (and some other species and derived from the nectar of Flowers According to the All living species of Apis have had their honey gathered by indigenous peoples for consumption, though for commercial purposes only Apis mellifera and Apis cerana have been exploited to any degree. Honey is sometimes also gathered by humans from the nests of various stingless bees. Stingless bees, or simply meliponines, are a large group of bees comprising the tribe Meliponini (sometimes called stingless honey bees) in the family

Beeswax

Main article: Beeswax

Worker bees of a certain age will secrete beeswax from a series of glands on their abdomens. For the rock song by Nirvana see Beeswax (song. Beeswax is a natural Wax produced in the bee hive of Honey bees of the genus For the rock song by Nirvana see Beeswax (song. Beeswax is a natural Wax produced in the bee hive of Honey bees of the genus In Vertebrates such as Mammals the abdomen (belly constitutes the part of the body between the Thorax (chest and Pelvis. They use the wax to form the walls and caps of the comb. As with honey, beeswax is gathered for various purposes.

Pollen

Main article: Pollen

Bees collect pollen in the pollen basket and carry it back to the hive. Pollen is a fine to coarse powder consisting of microgametophytes ( pollen grains) which produce the male Gametes (sperm cells of The pollen basket or corbicula is part of the tibia on the hind legs of the four related lineages of apid bees that used to comprise the family Apidae In the hive, pollen is used as a protein source necessary during brood-rearing. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl In certain environments, excess pollen can be collected from the hives of A. mellifera and A. cerana. It is often eaten as a health supplement.

Propolis

Main article: Propolis

Propolis (or bee glue) is created from resins, balsams and tree saps. Propolis is a resinous mixture that bees collect from tree buds sap flows or other botanical sources Propolis is a resinous mixture that bees collect from tree buds sap flows or other botanical sources Those species of honey bees which nest in tree cavities use propolis to seal cracks in the hive. Dwarf honey bees use propolis to defend against ants by coating the branch from which their nest is suspended to create a sticky moat. Propolis is consumed as a health supplement in various ways and also used in some cosmetics.

Defense

All honey bees live in colonies where the worker bees will sting intruders as a form of defense, and alarmed bees will release a pheromone that stimulates the attack response in other bees. A pheromone (from Greek φέρω phero "to bear" + ‘ορμόνη " Hormone " is a Chemical that triggers a natural The different species of honey bees are distinguished from all other bee species by the possession of small barbs on the sting, but these barbs are found only in the worker bees. A stinger (a Colloquialism for the term "sting" is a common term for a sharp organ or body part found in various Animals (typically Arthropods The sting and associated venom sac are also modified so as to pull free of the body once lodged (autotomy), and the sting apparatus has its own musculature and ganglion which allow it to keep delivering venom once detached. Autotomy (from the Greek auto = "self-" and tomy = "severing" or self amputation is the act whereby an animal severs In Anatomy, a ganglion (pl ganglia) is a tissue mass. Neurology In neurological contexts ganglia are composed mainly of

It is presumed that this complex apparatus, including the barbs on the sting, evolved specifically in response to predation by vertebrates, as the barbs do not usually function (and the sting apparatus does not detach) unless the sting is embedded in fleshy tissue. While the sting can also penetrate the flexible exoskeletal joints in appendages of other insects (and is used in fights between queens), in the case of Apis cerana defense against other insects such as predatory wasps is usually performed by surrounding the intruder with a mass of defending worker bees, who vibrate their muscles so vigorously that it raises the temperature of the intruder to a lethal level. This is also used to kill a queen perceived as intruding or defective, an action known to beekeepers as balling the queen, named for the ball of bees formed.

Communication

Main article: Bee learning and communication

Honey bees are known to communicate through many different chemicals and odors, as is common in insects, but also using specific behaviors that convey information about the quality and type of resources in the environment, and where these resources are located. Honey bees learn and communicate in order to find food sources and for other means The details of the signaling being used vary from species to species; for example, the two smallest species, Apis andreniformis and Apis florea, dance on the upper surface of the comb, which is horizontal (not vertical, as in other species), and worker bees orient the dance in the actual compass direction of the resource to which they are recruiting.

Western honey bees (Apis mellifera) in Serbia

A Bee and a Rose

Dead bees

Worker bees (left) emerging from hive push away drones (right)

Symbolism

A community of honey bees has often been employed throughout history by political theorists as a model of human society:

"This image occurs in Aristotle and Plato; in Virgil and Seneca; in Erasmus and Shakespeare; in Marx and Tolstoy. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Publius Vergilius Maro ( October 15, 70 BCE &ndash September 21, 19 BCE later called Virgilius, and known in English as Virgil or William Shakespeare ( baptised This article is about the Tolstoy family, for other meanings see Tolstoy (disambiguation Tolstoy, or Tolstoi " (Wilson 2004: p. 4)

Honeybees, signifying immortality and resurrection, were royal emblems of the Napoleonic Empire. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. ^[2]

See also

• Apidae
• Apiology
• Bee
• Beekeeping
• Bees and toxic chemicals
• Colony Collapse Disorder
• List of plants pollinated by bees

External links

• All about Honeybee
• Bees4Livelihood

References

1. ^ Smith, Deborah R. Bees are flying Insects closely related to Wasps and Ants Bees are a Monophyletic lineage within the superfamily Apoidea Beekeeping (or apiculture, from Latin apis, Bee) is the maintenance of Honey bee colonies commonly in Hives Bees can suffer serious effects from toxic chemicals' in their environment Colony Collapse Disorder (or CCD) is a phenomenon in which worker bees from a beehive or Western honey bee colony abruptly disappear ; Villafuerte, Lynn ; Otisc, Gard; Palmer,Michael R. Biogeography of Apis cerana F. and A. nigrocincta Smith: insights from mtDNA studies Apidologie 31 (2000) 265-279
2. ^ Eagle and the bee on the Napoleonic coat of arms

• Arias, Maria C. & Sheppard, Walter S. (2005): Phylogenetic relationships of honey bees (Hymenoptera:Apinae:Apini) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37(1): 25–35. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.02.017. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. Erratum in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40(1): 315. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.002
• Engel, Michael S. (1999): The taxonomy of recent and fossil honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apis). A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. Michael S Engel (born 24 September 1971 in Creve Coeur Missouri) is a Paleontologist and Entomologist. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 8: 165-196.
• Engel, Michael S. & Grimaldi, David (2005): Evolution of the Insects. Michael S Engel (born 24 September 1971 in Creve Coeur Missouri) is a Paleontologist and Entomologist. David A Grimaldi (born September 22, 1957) is an entomologist and Curator of Invertebrate Zoology at the American Museum of Natural History in Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534
• Kak, Subhash C. (1991): The Honey Bee Dance Language Controversy. The Mankind Quarterly Summer 1991: 357-365. HTML fulltext
• Lindauer, Martin (1971): Communication among social bees. Harvard University Press. Harvard University Press ( HUP) is a Publishing house, a division of Harvard University, that is highly respected in Academic publishing.
• Wilson, Bee (2004): The Hive: The Story Of The Honeybee. John Murray, London, UK. ISBN 0-7195-6598-7

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