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Sexual orientation
Part of sexology
Distinctions

Asexuality · Autosexuality · Bisexuality · Heterosexuality · Homosexuality · Pansexuality · Paraphilia · Pomosexual · Zoosexuality
Labels

Gay · Lesbian · Queer · Questioning
Methods

Kinsey scale · Klein Grid
Study

Biology · Demographics · Medicine
Animal

Homosexuality in animals
See also

Intersex · Transgender · Transsexual
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Homosexual transsexual is a controversial term used by some psychologists and sexologists to describe male-to-female transsexual women who are exclusively or predominantly attracted to males. Sexual orientation is believed to refer to "an enduring pattern of emotional romantic and/or sexual attractions to men women or both sexes Sexology is the study of sexual interests behavior and function Asexuality is a Sexual orientation that describes individuals who do not experience Sexual attraction. Autosexuality refers to Sexual orientation and sexual behavior of attraction or romance that one holds exclusively and expresses towards oneself Bisexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of both sexes or to a bisexual orientation Heterosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the opposite sex or to a heterosexual orientation Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. Pansexuality or anthrosexuality ( anthro- literally meaning human human sexual (sometimes referred to as omnisexuality) is a Sexual orientation Pomosexual, or undefined sexual orientation, is a Neologism used to describe a person who shuns Sexual orientation labels (such as heterosexual and homosexual Zoophilia Zoosexuality is a term used to describe a Sexual orientation towards non-human animals In the English language, gay is an Adjective that in modern usage refers to Homosexuality. A lesbian is a Woman who is romantically or sexually attracted only to other women Queer has traditionally meant odd or unusual but is now also used to refer to anyone who is not heteronormative. Questioning is a term that can refer to a person who is questioning their Gender, Sexual identity or Sexual orientation. The Kinsey scale attempts to describe a person's sexual history or episodes of their sexual activity at a given time The Klein Sexual Orientation Grid attempts to further measure Sexual orientation by expanding upon the earlier Kinsey scale which categorizes sexual history from 0 Biology and sexual orientation is research into possible biological influences on the development of human Sexual orientation. Measurement difficulties Measuring the prevalence of various Sexual orientations is difficult because there is a lack of Reliable data. Intersexuality is the state of a living thing of a gonochoristic species whose Sex chromosomes, Genitalia, and/or Secondary sex characteristics Transgender (trænzˈdʒɛndɚ from ( Latin) derivatives Transsexualism is a condition in which a person identifies with a physical Sex different from the one with which they were born Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Sexology is the study of sexual interests behavior and function A transwoman (also spelled trans woman or trans-woman) is a male-to-female transsexual and the term transwoman is preferred by many such Transsexualism is a condition in which a person identifies with a physical Sex different from the one with which they were born Male (♂ refers to the sex of an organism or part of an organism which produces small mobile Gametes called spermatozoa. [1][2][3] It is less frequently used by proponents to describe female-to-male transsexual men who are exclusively attracted to females. A transman or transguy (often referred to as FTM) is short for Transsexual or Transgender man - a person who was naturally born or physically Female (♀ is the Sex of an Organism, or a part of an organism which produces ova (egg cells [4]

Proponents of the term define this category based on testing or self-report, noting that self-report is not always reliable. [1][2][5] Previous taxonomies used the terms "classic transsexual" or "true transsexual," terms once used in differential diagnoses. A differential diagnosis (sometimes abbreviated DDx, ddx [6] Proponents have stated that many "non-homosexual" transsexuals systematically distort their life stories because "non-homosexuals" were often screened out as candidates for surgery [7] and because some see "homosexual transsexual" as a more socially desirable diagnosis. Key characteristics include conspicuous cross-gender behavior from childhood through adulthood, and a "homosexual" sexual orientation. Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. Sexual orientation is believed to refer to "an enduring pattern of emotional romantic and/or sexual attractions to men women or both sexes The term is also part of a two-type taxonomy in which non-homosexual transsexual women have a condition called autogynephilia and are aroused by the idea or image of themselves as women. Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification The word comes from the Greek, taxis (meaning 'order' 'arrangement' and, nomos Autogynephilia (ˌɔːtoʊˌɡaɪnəˈfɪliə (from Greek αὐτό (self γῦνή (woman and φῖλία (love &mdash "love of oneself [8]

One author who has used the term in papers notes, "Transsexuals, as a group, vehemently oppose the label and its pejorative baggage. "[2] Critics claim the term "homosexual transsexual" is "heterosexist "[9], "archaic" [10] and demeaning because it labels people by sex assigned at birth instead of their gender identity. Heterosexism is a term that applies to attitudes, Bias, and Discrimination in favor of opposite-sex sexuality and relationships Gender identity (or core gender identity) is a person's own sense of Identification as Male or Female. [11]

Contents

History of the term

Richard Green states that since the term "transsexual" is very new, it is necessary to examine historical specifics to identify transsexuality in history, and distinguish it from other roles that are described as "change of sex", such as homosexuality and heterosexual cross-dressing customs. Richard Green (born 6 June 1936) is an American Sexologist, Psychiatrist, Lawyer, and Author specializing in Cross-dressing is the act of wearing clothing commonly associated with another gender within a particular Society. [12] Green describes the cultural roles of groups such as the Two-Spirit, Hijra, Kathoey and Khanith, stating that these people are mentally indistinguishable from modern western transsexuals. Two-Spirit (also two spirit or twospirit) people are Native Americans who fulfill one of many mixed Gender roles found traditionally among many In the culture of the Indian subcontinent, a hijra ( Hindi: हिजड़ा Urdu: حجڑا is usually considered a member of "the Third Khanith (خنيث variant transcription Xanith) is a vernacular Arabic term for both standard written Arabic mukhannath and khuntha. [12] In part, because of this history, past researchers have referred to the "homosexual" category as being the "classic", "primary" or "true" transsexual. [5] At one time due to the heteronormative bias of many psychologists, transsexual people who did not fit into this category were often screened from receiving hormones and sex reassignment surgery. Heteronormativity is a term to describe the marginalization of Non-heterosexual lifestyles and the view that Heterosexuality is the normal Sexual orientation Sex reassignment surgery (SRS gender reassignment surgery, or sex-change operation is a term for the Surgical procedures by which a person's physical [5][7]

Description by western science

The concept of a taxonomy based on transsexual sexuality was first proposed by Magnus Hirschfeld in 1923,[13] and codified by Harry Benjamin in the Benjamin Scale. Magnus Hirschfeld ( May 14, 1868 - May 14, 1935) was a German- Jewish physician sex researcher, and early Gay rights Harry Benjamin ( January 12 1885 – August 24 1986) was a German-born endocrinologist widely known for his clinical work with Transsexualism Harry Benjamin 's Sex Orientation Scale (SOS was an attempt to classify and understand various forms and subtypes of transvestism and transsexualism in biological males [14] Kurt Freund proposed two types of cross-gender identity, based on his observation that gender identity disorder is different for homosexual males and heterosexual males. Kurt Freund ( 17 January, 1914 – 23 October, 1996) was Czech-Canadian Physician and Sexologist best known for developing Gender identity disorder (GID is the formal diagnosis used by Psychologists and Physicians to describe persons who experience significant gender dysphoria (discontent [15] Published reports measure a "homosexual transsexual" at a Kinsey Scale 5-6 or a Modified Androphilia Scale 9. 86±2. 37. [1][2] Ray Blanchard saw that homosexual transsexuals were younger when applying for sex reassignment, reported a stronger cross-gender identity in childhood, had a more convincing cross-gender appearance, and functioned psychologically better than "non-homosexual" transsexuals. Ray Milton Blanchard (born 9 October 1945) is an American-Canadian Sexologist, best known for his research studies on Pedophilia [8] Blanchard found them comparatively short and light in proportion to their height than non-homosexuals. [16] Independent research done by Smith confirmed most of Blanchards findings, except for the difference in height-weight ratio. [17] Dorner found that when injected with Premarin (for the treatment of mild to severe vasomotor symptoms of menopause), homosexual transsexual men showed an increased luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone response compared to heterosexual or bisexual transsexual men. Premarin is the commercial name for compound drug consisting primarily of conjugated Estrogens Isolated from mare's Urine ( PRE gnant Luteinizing hormone ( LH, also known as lutropin) is a Hormone produced by the Anterior pituitary gland. Follicle-stimulating hormone ( FSH) is a Hormone synthesized and secreted by Gonadotropes in the Anterior pituitary gland. [18]

Sexual activity

Leavitt and Berger further categorized homosexual transsexuals by three patterns of sexual activity:

Each group showed varying levels of masculinity and emotional disturbance in development. [2]

In The Man Who Would Be Queen, J. Michael Bailey saw that the homosexual transsexuals he described were comfortable with prostitution,[19] and that they had a masculine sexual appetite and simply lusted after men. The Man Who Would Be Queen The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism is a 2003 book by J John Michael Bailey (born July 2, 1957 in Lubbock Texas) is an American Psychologist and Professor at Northwestern Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money. [19]

Studies have variously found that between 10% and 36% of homosexual transsexuals report a history of sexual arousal to crossdressing. Bentler found 23%, while Freund reported 31%;[20][15] Leavitt and Berger reported 36% among all homosexual transsexuals, and 24% of the sexually active subjects;[2] Blanchard found significantly lower numbers than his peers: 15% in his first study on the topic, and 10% in a paper two years later. [21][8] Blanchard saw autogynephilia in lower levels when comparing homosexual and non-homosexual transsexuals, with levels of anatomic autogynephilia among some of the 117 androphilic subjects. Autogynephilia (ˌɔːtoʊˌɡaɪnəˈfɪliə (from Greek αὐτό (self γῦνή (woman and φῖλία (love &mdash "love of oneself [22] A lower percentage of the homosexual transsexuals reported being (or having been) married and sexually aroused while cross-dressing. [17]

Socioeconomic factors

Researchers have found several demographic features that homosexual transsexuals tend to have in common. Demography is the statistical study of all Populations. It can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic population that is one that changes over [23][24] Ken Zucker found that homosexual transsexuals are of lower IQ and social class, immigrant status, non-intact family, non-Caucasian race, and childhood behavior problems[23] D. An Intelligence Quotient or IQ is a score derived from one of several different Standardized tests attempting to measure Intelligence. Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term The Caucasian race, sometimes the Caucasoid race, is a term of Racial classification, coined around 1800 by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach for the " F. MacFarlane studied transsexuals in Australia and New Zealand. [24] MacFarlane found that in New Zealand that 90% of the homosexual transsexual prostitutes were Māori,[24] an ethnic group who are only 9% of the overall population. This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand For their language see Māori language, and for other meanings see Māori (disambiguation. [24] In The Man Who Would Be Queen J. Michael Bailey notes that about 60% of homosexual transsexuals he studied in Chicago were Latina or black;[19] in his studies of gay males only 20% were non-white. The Man Who Would Be Queen The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism is a 2003 book by J John Michael Bailey (born July 2, 1957 in Lubbock Texas) is an American Psychologist and Professor at Northwestern [19] He saw that most homosexual transsexuals learn to live on the streets, resorting to prostitution, or shoplifting. [19] Bailey reported the opinions of two of his subjects who attributed the difference to genetics, or inflexible gender roles in their respective cultures. [19] MacFarlane similarly concluded that culture influenced the number of Māori homosexual transsexuals he observed. [24]

Blanchard, Bailey, and Lawrence theory controversy

Main article: Blanchard, Bailey, and Lawrence theory controversy

The "BBL Controversy" also known as the "Autogynephilia Controversy"[25] is an ongoing line of discussion in the transgendered community. The "BBL Controversy" also known as the "Autogynephilia Controversy" is an ongoing and heated line of discussion in the transgendered community The concept had not received much attention outside of sexology until sexologist Anne Lawrence, who self-identifies as an autogynephile, published a series of web articles about the concept in the late 1990s. Sexology is the study of sexual interests behavior and function [26] Lynn Conway and Andrea James responded to Lawrence's essay. Lynn Conway (born 1938 is an American computer scientist, electrical engineer, Inventor, and Transsexual activist Andrea Jean James (born January 16, 1967) is an American film consultant Actress, LGBT rights activist, and transsexual In 2003, J. Michael Bailey's book "The Man Who Would Be Queen" was published. John Michael Bailey (born July 2, 1957 in Lubbock Texas) is an American Psychologist and Professor at Northwestern The Man Who Would Be Queen The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism is a 2003 book by J Lynn Conway started an investigation into the publication of Bailey's book by the United States National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Sciences (NAS is a corporation in the United States whose members serve Pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science One who was referred to in the book as "Juanita" claimed that Bailey made inappropriate sexual advances towards her. [27] Northwestern University investigated Bailey, but did not reveal the findings of that investigation and did not comment on whether or not Bailey had been punished. [28] According to a paper by, Bioethicist and intersex specialist Prof. Alice Dreger, Ph. D. two of the four transwomen who accused Bailey of misusing their stories were not mentioned anywhere in "The Man Who Would Be Queen". The Man Who Would Be Queen The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism is a 2003 book by J [29][30]

Some scientific concerns have also been raised; a purported transgendered psychologist writing under the pen name of Madeline Wyndzen identified four possible scientific concerns with Blanchard's model which center around lack of control groups, independent verification, statistical analysis, and supposing causation from non time sensitive observation. [31] Wyndzen is concerned that Blanchard's research promotes the politically and socially dangerous idea that transsexual people are mentally defective: "Rather than asking the scientifically neutral question, “What is transgenderism?” Blanchard (1991) asks, "What kind of defect in a male's capacity for sexual learning could produce … autogynephilia, transvestitism …?" (p. 246). "[31]

On the other hand in a study conducted in 2005 in the Netherlands Yolanda Smith conducted a study which addressed many of Wyndzen's criticisms. [17] She found that Blanchards observations were replicated in her sample. Smith found that homosexual transsexuals differed from non-homosexual transsexuals in terms of reported gender non conformity and fewer had been married. [17] She did not find the difference in height,weight, and height weight ratio that Blanchard reported. [17]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Lawrence, Anne & Latty, Elizabeth M (April), “Measurement of sexual arousal in postoperative male-to-female transsexuals using vaginal photoplethysmography.”, Archives of Sexual Behavior 34 (2): 135-145, 1573-2800, doi:10.1007/s10508-005-1792-z, <http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4169645/Measurement-of-sexual-arousal-in.html> 
  2. ^ a b c d e f Leavitt, Frank & Berger, Jack C. Transgender youth are Children and Adolescents who identify as Transgender and/or Transsexual. Transsexual sexuality refers to sexual and romantic behavior of Transsexual people and is a complex interaction between identity and A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. (October), “Clinical patterns among male transsexual candidates with erotic interest in males”, Archives of Sexual Behavior 19 (5): 491-505, 1573-2800, doi:10.1007/BF02442350, <http://www.susans.org/reference/tserotic.html> 
  3. ^ Goozen, S. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. H. , Slabbekoorn, D. , Gooren, L. J. , Sanders, G. , & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2002). Organizing and activating effects of sex hormones in homosexual transsexuals. Behavioral Neuroscience, 116, 982-988.
  4. ^ Chivers, M. L. , & Bailey, J. M. (2000). Sexual orientation of female-to-male transsexuals: A comparison of homosexual and non-homosexual types. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 29, 259-278. Archives of Sexual Behavior is an academic peer-reviewed Sexology journal and the official publication of the International Academy of Sex Research
  5. ^ a b c [Ray]; Leonard H. Clemmensen, Betty W. Steiner (December 1985). "Social desirability response set and systematic distortion in the self-report of adult male gender patients". Archives of Sexual Behavior 14 (6). Netherlands: Springer. 1573-2800.  
  6. ^ Benjamin H (1966). "Three different types of transsexual" The Transsexual Phenomenon.. Julian Press ASIN B0007HXA76.
  7. ^ a b Morgan AJ Jr (1978). Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Psychotherapy for transsexual candidates screened out of surgery. Archives of Sexual Behavior. Archives of Sexual Behavior is an academic peer-reviewed Sexology journal and the official publication of the International Academy of Sex Research 7: 273-282.
  8. ^ a b c Blanchard R, Clemmensen LH, Steiner BW (1987). Heterosexual and homosexual gender dysphoria. Archives of Sexual Behavior, Volume 16, Number 2 / April, 1987
  9. ^ Bagemihl B. Archives of Sexual Behavior is an academic peer-reviewed Sexology journal and the official publication of the International Academy of Sex Research Surrogate phonology and transsexual faggotry: A linguistic analogy for uncoupling sexual orientation from gender identity. In Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality. Anna Livia, Kira Hall (eds. ) pp. 380 ff. Oxford University Press ISBN 0195104714
  10. ^ Wahng SJ (2004). Double Cross: Transamasculinity Asian American Gendering in Trappings of Transhood. in Aldama AJ (ed. ) Violence and the Body: Race, Gender, and the State. Indiana University Press. ISBN 025334171X
  11. ^ cf. Leiblum SR, Rosen RC (2000). Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy, Third Edition. ISBN 1-57230-574-6
  12. ^ a b Green R (1966). Transsexualism: Mythological, Historical, and Cross-Cultural Aspects. Benjamin H, The Transsexual Phenomenon. Julian Press ASIN B0007HXA76.
  13. ^ Hirschfeld M (1923). Die intersexuelle Konstitution. Jarhbuch fuer sexuelle Zwischenstufen. 1923: 3-27
  14. ^ Benjamin H (1966). The Transsexual Phenomenon. The Julian Press ASIN: B0007HXA76
  15. ^ a b Freund K, Steiner BW, Chan S (1982). Two types of cross-gender identity. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 1982 Feb;11(1):49-63. Archives of Sexual Behavior is an academic peer-reviewed Sexology journal and the official publication of the International Academy of Sex Research
  16. ^ Blanchard R, Dickey R, Jones CL. Comparison of height and weight in homosexual versus non-homosexual male gender dysphorics. Archives of Sexual Behavior 1995 Oct;24(5):543-54. Archives of Sexual Behavior is an academic peer-reviewed Sexology journal and the official publication of the International Academy of Sex Research
  17. ^ a b c d e Smith, Yolanda L. S. ; Stephanie Van Goozen, Aj Kupier, Peggy T. Cohen-Kettenis (2005-12-15). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of "Transsexual subtypes: Clinical and theoretical significance" (PDF). Psychiatry Research 137 (3): 151–160. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.01.008. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  18. ^ Dorner G, Rohde W, Schott G, Schnabl C (1983). On the LH response to oestrogen and LH-RH in transsexual men. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology. [[1983 Nov;82(3):257-67.
  19. ^ a b c d e f Bailey JM (2003). The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism. Women Who Once Were Boys Joseph Henry Press, ISBN 0-309-08418-0.
  20. ^ Bentler P M (1976). A typology of transsexualism: Gender identity theory and data. Archives of Sexual Behavior 5: 567-584. Archives of Sexual Behavior is an academic peer-reviewed Sexology journal and the official publication of the International Academy of Sex Research
  21. ^ Blanchard R (1985). Typology of male-to-female transsexualism. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 14, 247-261. Archives of Sexual Behavior is an academic peer-reviewed Sexology journal and the official publication of the International Academy of Sex Research
  22. ^ Blanchard R (1989). The concept of autogynephilia and the typology of male gender dysphoria. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 177, 616-623. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease is a scholarly journal on Psychopathology.
  23. ^ a b Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy T. ; Owen A. , Kaijser V. , Bradley S. and Zucker K. (February 2003). Overview February was named after the Latin term februum, which means purification, via the purification ritual Februa held on February 15 in the Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. "Gender-Dysphoric Children and Adolescents: A Comparative Analysis of Demographic Characteristics and Behavioral Problems.". Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 31 (1): 41–53. Netherlands: Springer Netherlands. doi:10.1023/A:1021769215342. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  24. ^ a b c d e MacFarlane, D. F. (August 1984). Other names In Arabic, the month is called أغسطسص ʾUġusṭuṣ or آب ʾĀb; usage varies from place to place and Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) "Transsexual prostitution in New Zealand: Predominance of persons of Maori extraction". Archives of Sexual Behavior 13 (4): 301–309. Netherlands: Springer. doi:10.1007/BF01541903. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  25. ^ [|James, Andrea], A defining moment in our history. Examining disease models of gender identity., <http://www.tsroadmap.com/info/gender-identity.html>. Retrieved on 30 March 2008 
  26. ^ Lawrence AA (October 1998). Men Trapped in Men's Bodies:"An Introduction to the Concept of Autogynephilia. annelwrence. com (originally). Retrieved on 2006-08-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan.
  27. ^ Maria (2004). Maria's Story (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-02-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the
  28. ^ Wilson, Robin. Northwestern U. Concludes Investigation of Sex Researcher but Keeps Results Secret. Chronicle of Higher Education, 2004].
  29. ^ [Alice] (17 January 2008). Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Alice Domurat Dreger, PhD, Associate Professor of Clinical Medical Humanities & Bioethics (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-03-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor
  30. ^ [Alice] (2007). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "The Controversy Surrounding The Man Who Would Be Queen: A Case History of the Politics of Science, Identity, and Sex in the Internet Age.". Archives of Sexual Behavior. Springer.  
  31. ^ a b Wyndzen MH (2004). A Personal & Scientific look at a Mental Illness Model of transsexualism. Division 44 Newsletter, v. 20(1), 3. American Psychological Association. The American Psychological Association (APA is a professional organization representing psychologists in the U

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