Homeschooling^[1] ( also called home education), home learning or homeschool – is the education of children at home, typically by parents or professional tutors, rather than in a public or private school. The term public school has two distinct (and virtually opposite meanings depending on the location of usage in the United States, Australia and For the film of this title see Private School (film. Private schools, or Independent schools are Schools not administered

Although prior to the introduction of compulsory school attendance laws, most childhood education occurred within the family or community^[2], homeschooling in the modern sense is an alternative in developed countries to formal education. Compulsory education is Education which children are required by law to receive and governments to provide The term developed country, or advanced country, is used to categorize countries with developed Economies in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency

In many places homeschooling is a legal option for parents who wish to provide their children with a different learning environment than exists in nearby schools. These motivations range from a dissatisfaction with the schools in their area to the dissatisfaction of modern schools in general. It is also an alternative for families living in isolated rural locations and those who choose, for practical or personal reasons, not to have their children attend school.

Homeschooling may also refer to instruction in the home under the supervision of correspondence schools or umbrella schools. Distance education, or distance learning, is a field of education that focuses on the Pedagogy and Andragogy, technology and instructional systems design An umbrella school is an Alternative education school which serves to oversee the Homeschooling of children to fulfil government educational requirements In some places, an approved curriculum is legally required if children are to be home-schooled. In formal education a curriculum (plural curricula) is the set of courses and their content offered at a School or University. A curriculum-free philosophy of homeschooling may be called unschooling, a term coined in 1977 by American educator John Holt in his magazine Growing Without Schooling. The term " unschooling " refers to a range of educational philosophies and practices that differ markedly from conventional schooling while often considered to be a subset of John Caldwell Holt ( April 14, 1923 - September 14, 1985) was an American author and educator one of the best known proponents of Growing Without Schooling (GWS was a Homeschooling Newsletter, focused primarily on Unschooling.

Contents 1 History 2 Pioneers in Homeschool Philosophy 2.1 John Holt 2.2 Raymond and Dorothy Moore 3 Methodology 3.1 Unit studies 3.2 All-in-one curricula 3.3 Student-paced learning 3.4 Online Education 3.5 Community resources 3.6 Unschooling 4 Homeschooling and College Admissions 5 Motivations 6 International status and statistics 6.1 Europe 6.1.1 Germany 6.1.2 Austria 6.1.3 France 6.1.4 Ireland 6.1.5 Slovenia 6.1.6 Scotland 6.1.7 England and Wales 6.2 Asia and the Pacific 6.2.1 Australia 6.2.2 China 6.2.3 New Zealand 6.3 Americas 6.3.1 Canada 6.3.2 United States 7 Supportive research 7.1 Test results 7.2 Social research 7.3 Notable home-educated individuals 8 Criticism 8.1 Philosophical and political opposition 8.2 Criticism of supportive achievement studies 9 See also 10 References 11 External links

History

For much of history and in many cultures, enlisting professional teachers (whether as tutors or in an formal academic setting) was an option available only to a small elite. Thus, until relatively recently, the vast majority of people were educated by parents (especially during early childhood)^[2] and in the context of a specific type labor that they would pursue in adult life (such as working in the fields or learning a trade). The earliest compulsory education in the West began in the late 17th century and early 18th century in the German states of Gotha, Calemberg and, particularly, Prussia. Compulsory education is Education which children are required by law to receive and governments to provide Western culture (sometimes equated with Western Civilization) are terms which are used to refer to Cultures of European origin Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state ^[3] However, even in the 18th century, the vast majority of people in Europe lacked formal schooling. ^[4] It has only been since the early and mid 19th century that formal schooling in a classroom setting has become the norm and standard throughout the world, especially in developed countries.

Pioneers in Homeschool Philosophy

John Holt

Main article: John Holt (educator)

In 1964, John Caldwell Holt, a former World War II submariner with no professional training in education, published a book entitled How Children Fail which criticized traditional schools. John Caldwell Holt ( April 14, 1923 - September 14, 1985) was an American author and educator one of the best known proponents of John Caldwell Holt ( April 14, 1923 - September 14, 1985) was an American author and educator one of the best known proponents of World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Seaman as a rate refers to one of the lowest rates in a Navy. The book was based on a theory he had developed as a teacher and an observer of children and education; that the academic failure of schoolchildren was caused by pressure placed on children in schools. The book became controversial, and Holt began making appearances on major TV talk shows and writing book reviews for Life magazine. A talk show ( American) or chat show ( Global) is a Television or Radio program where one person or group of people come together to He also appeared as a guest on the To Tell The Truth TV game show. ^[5] In his follow-up work, How Children Learn, 1967, he tried to demonstrate the learning process of children and why he believed school short circuits this process.

In these books, Holt had not suggested any alternative to institutional schooling; he had hoped to initiate a profound rethinking of education to make schools friendlier toward children. As the years passed he became convinced that the way schools were was what society wanted, and that a serious re-examination was not going to happen in his lifetime.

Leaving teaching to publicize his ideas about education full time, he encountered books by other authors questioning the premises and efficacy of compulsory schooling, like Deschooling Society by Ivan Illich, 1970, and No More Public School by Harold Bennet, 1972. Ivan Illich (ɪˈvɑn ˈɪlɪtʃ ( Vienna, 4 September 1926 &ndash Bremen, 2 December 2002) was an Austrian Then, in 1976, he published Instead of Education; Ways to Help People Do Things Better. In its conclusion he called for a "Children's Underground Railroad" to help children escape compulsory schooling. The Underground Railroad was an informal network of secret routes and Safe houses used by 19th century Black slaves in the United States ^[5] In response, Holt was contacted by families from around the U. S. to tell him that they were educating their children at home. In 1977, after corresponding with a number of these families, Holt began producing a magazine dedicated to home education: Growing Without Schooling. Growing Without Schooling (GWS was a Homeschooling Newsletter, focused primarily on Unschooling. ^[6]

Holt later wrote a book about homeschooling, Teach Your Own, in 1981, and continued to hope for more expansive reform within education until his death in 1985.

Holt's said: ". . . the human animal is a learning animal; we like to learn; we are good at it; we don't need to be shown how or made to do it. What kills the processes are the people interfering with it or trying to regulate it or control it. "^[7]. Holt later said, in 1980, "I want to make it clear that I don’t see homeschooling as some kind of answer to badness of schools. I think that the home is the proper base for the exploration of the world which we call learning or education. Home would be the best base no matter how good the schools were. "^[7]

Raymond and Dorothy Moore

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, educational professionals Raymond and Dorothy Moore began to research the academic validity of the rapidly growing Early Childhood Education movement. The Raymond S and Dorothy N Moore Foundation is a non-profit organization in North Bonneville Washington. Early childhood education regards Education in Early childhood, which are the most vulnerable stages in a persons life This research included independent studies by other researchers and a review of over 8,000 studies bearing on Early Childhood Education and the physical and mental development of children.

They asserted that formal schooling before ages 8—12 not only lacked the anticipated effectiveness, but was actually harmful to children. The Moores began to publish their view that formal schooling was damaging young children academically, socially, mentally, and even physiologically. They presented evidence that childhood problems such as juvenile delinquency, nearsightedness increased enrollment of students in special education classes, and behavioral problems were the result of increasingly earlier enrollment of students. Special Education is the individually planned and systematically monitored arrangement of teaching procedures adapted equipment and materials accessible settings and other interventions ^[8] The Moores cited studies demonstrating that orphans who were given surrogate mothers were measurably more intelligent, with superior long term effects – even though the mothers were mentally retarded teenagers – and that illiterate tribal mothers in Africa produced children who were socially and emotionally more advanced than typical western children, by western standards of measurement. An orphan (from the Greek ὀρφανός) is a child whose natural parents are absent or dead and who are not there to bring him up Surrogacy is a method of Reproduction whereby a woman agrees to become pregnant and deliver a child for a contracted party ^[8]

Their primary assertion was that the bonds and emotional development made at home with parents during these years produced critical long term results that were cut short by enrollment in schools, and could neither be replaced nor afterward corrected in an institutional setting. ^[8] Recognizing a necessity for early out-of-home care for some children — particularly special needs and starkly impoverished children, and children from exceptionally inferior homes — they maintained that the vast majority of children are far better situated at home — even with mediocre parents — than with the most gifted and motivated teachers in a school setting (assuming that the child has a gifted and motivated teacher). Special needs is a term used in clinical diagnostic and functional development to describe individuals who require assistance for disabilities such as medical mental or psychological They described the difference as follows: "This is like saying, if you can help a child by taking him off the cold street and housing him in a warm tent, then warm tents should be provided for all children — when obviously most children already have even more secure housing. "^[9]

Similar to Holt, the Moores embraced homeschooling after the publication of their first work, Better Late Than Early, 1975, and went on to become important homeschool advocates and consultants with the publication of books like Home Grown Kids, 1981, Home School Burnout, and others. ^[8]

One common theme in the homeschool philosophies of both Holt and the Moores is that home education should not be an attempt to bring the school construct into the home, or a view of education as an academic preliminary to life. They viewed it as a natural, experiential aspect of life that occurs as the members of the family are involved with one another in daily living.

Methodology

Homeschoolees use a wide variety of methods and materials. There are different type of educational philosophy that families adopt a particular such as a Charlotte Mason education, Classical education (including Trivium, Quadrivium), Montessori method, Theory of multiple intelligences, Unschooling, Waldorf education, School-at-home, and A Thomas Jefferson Education

However, most choose a mixed, eclectic approach. The philosophy of education is the study of the purpose process nature and ideals of Education. Charlotte Maria Shaw Mason ( January 1, 1842 &ndash January 16, 1923) was a British educator who invested her life in improving the The Classical education movement advocates a form of education based in the traditions of Western culture, with a particular focus on education as understood and taught In medieval universities, the trivium comprised the three subjects taught first Grammar, Logic, and Rhetoric. The quadrivium comprised the four subjects or arts taught in Medieval universities after the trivium. The Montessori method is an educational method for children based on theories of Child development originated by Italian educator Maria Montessori (1870-1952 The Multiple intelligences is an educational theory first developed by Howard Gardner that describes an Array of different kinds of " intelligences quot exhibited The term " unschooling " refers to a range of educational philosophies and practices that differ markedly from conventional schooling while often considered to be a subset of Waldorf education (also known as Steiner or Steiner-Waldorf education is a Pedagogy based upon the Educational philosophy of Rudolf Steiner, the founder School-at-home, also known as The Traditional Approach or The Structured Approach, is a method of Homeschooling in which the curriculum and Homework A Thomas Jefferson Education is a book written by Oliver DeMille which discusses leadership education concepts inspired by DeMille's study of Thomas Jefferson For sources of curricula and books, "Homeschooling in the United States: 2003"^[10] found that 78 percent utilized "a public library"; 77 percent used "a homeschooling catalog, publisher, or individual specialist"; 68 percent used "retail bookstore or other store"; 60 percent used "an education publisher that was not affiliated with homeschooling. In formal education a curriculum (plural curricula) is the set of courses and their content offered at a School or University. " "Approximately half" used curriculum or books from "a homeschooling organization", 37 percent from a "church, synagogue or other religious institution" and 23 percent from "their local public school or district. " 41 percent in 2003 utilized some sort of distance learning, approximately 20 percent by "television, video or radio"; 19 percent via "Internet, e-mail, or the World Wide Web"; and 15 percent taking a "correspondence course by mail designed specifically for homeschoolers. Distance education, or distance learning, is a field of education that focuses on the Pedagogy and Andragogy, technology and instructional systems design "

Because laws vary according to individual government statutes, official curriculum requirements vary. ^[11]

Unit studies

The unit study method incorporates several subjects — such as art, history, math, science, geography and Bible or theology — around the context of one topical theme – like water, animals, American slavery, or ancient Rome. ^[12] For example, a unit study of Native Americans could combine age-appropriate lessons in: social studies, how different tribes lived prior to colonization vs. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Social Studies is a term used to describe the broad study of the various fields which involve past and current human behavior and interactions today; art, making Native American clothing; history (of Native Americans in the U.S.); reading from a special reading list; and the science of plants used by Native Americans. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding The next unit study subject could change to some other broad topic.

Unit studies are particularly helpful for teaching multiple grade levels simultaneously, as the topic can easily be adjusted (i. e. from an 8th grader detailing and labeling a spider’s anatomy to an elementary student drawing a picture of a spider on its web). As it is generally the case that in a given "homeschool", very few students are spread out among the grade levels, the unit study approach is an attractive option.

Unit study advocates assert that children retain 45% more information following this approach. ^[12]

All-in-one curricula

"All-in-one" curricula, sometimes called a "school in a box", are comprehensive packages covering many subjects; usually an entire year's worth. They contain all needed books and materials, including pencils and writing paper. Most such curricula were developed for isolated families who lack access to public schools, libraries and shops.

Typically, these materials recreate the school environment in the home and are based on the same subject-area expectations as publicly run schools, allowing an easy transition into school. They are among the more expensive options, but are easy to use and require minimal preparation. The guides are usually extensive, with step-by-step instructions. These programs may include standardized tests and remote examinations to yield an accredited school diploma. A standardized test is a test administered and scored in a consistent manner

Student-paced learning

Similar to All-in-one curricula are learner paced curriculum packages. These workbooks allow the student to progress at their own speed.

Online Education

Online schools, including colleges, have made homeschooling easier. Online resources include courses of study, educational games, online tests, and practical information for job training. Educational games are Games that have been specifically designed to teach people about a certain subject expand concepts reinforce development understand an historical event

Community resources

Homeschoolees often take advantage of educational opportunities at museums, community centers, athletic clubs, after-school programs, churches, science preserves, parks, and other community resources. Secondary school level students may take classes at community colleges, which typically have open admission policies.

Groups of homeschooling families often join together to create Homeschool co-ops. These groups typically meet once a week and provide a classroom environment. These are family-centered support groups whose members seek to pool their talents and resources in a collected effort to broaden the scope of their children's education. They provide a classroom environment where students can do hands-on and group learning such as: performing, science experiments, art projects, spelling bees, discussions, etc. All parents whose children take classes serve in volunteer roles to make the program a success.

Certain states, such as Maine, have laws that permit homeschooled families to take advantage of school resources. In such cases, children can be members of sports teams, be members of the school band, can take art classes, and utilize services such as speech therapy all while maintaining their homeschooled lifestyle.

Unschooling

"Unschooling" is a term that can be used with two distinct meanings. The term " unschooling " refers to a range of educational philosophies and practices that differ markedly from conventional schooling while often considered to be a subset of

Some people use the term "unschooling" to describe methods of education that do not resemble schools, primarily indicating that they do not rely heavily on textbooks or spend much time at desks. The parents actively conduct the children's education, using a variety of resources.

The term "unschooling" as coined by John Holt indicates that parents do not authoritatively direct the child's education, but interact with the child following the child's own interests, leaving them free to explore and learn as their interests lead. John Caldwell Holt ( April 14, 1923 - September 14, 1985) was an American author and educator one of the best known proponents of ^[13][14] "Unschooling" does not indicate that the child is not being educated, but that the child is not being "schooled", or educated in a rigid school-type manner.

"Unschooling" should not be confused with "deschooling," which may be used to indicate an anti-"institutional school" philosophy, or a period or form of deprogramming for children or parents who have previously been schooled. Deschooling is a term used by both education philosophers and proponents of Alternative education and/or Homeschooling, though it refers to different things

Holt asserted that children learn through the experiences of life, and he encouraged parents to live their lives with their child. Also known as interest-led or child-led learning, unschooling attempts to follow opportunities as they arise in real life, through which a child will learn without coercion. An unschooled child may utilize texts or classroom instruction, but these are not considered central to education. Holt asserted that there is no specific body of knowledge that is, or should be, required of a child. ^[15]

Unschooling advocates believe that children learn best by doing; a child may learn reading to further an interest about history or other cultures, or math skills by operating a small business or sharing in family finances. They may learn animal husbandry keeping dairy goats or meat rabbits, botany tending a kitchen garden, chemistry to understand the operation of firearms or the internal combustion engine, or politics and local history by following a zoning or historical-status dispute. While any type of homeschoolers may also use these methods, the unschooled child initiates these learning activities.

Homeschooling and College Admissions

The lack of "formal" records and transcripts (kept by school districts) can be a problem for home-schooled students that wish to enter college. Most, if not all, states permit homeschool high school parents to issue a high school transcript for their child. The College Board suggests that homeschooled students keep detailed records and portfolios. The College Board is a Not-for-profit Examination board in the United States that was formed in 1900 ^[16]

In the last several decades, US colleges and universities are becoming increasingly open to accepting students from diverse backgrounds, including home-schooled students. ^[17] According to one source, homeschoolers have now matriculated at over 900 different colleges and universities, including institutions with highly selective standards of admission such as Harvard University, Stanford University, Cornell University, Brown University, Dartmouth College, and Princeton University. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in Brown University is a highly esteemed private University located in Providence, Rhode Island and is a member of the Ivy League. Dartmouth College ( is a private, Coeducational University located in Hanover, New Hampshire, U Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. ^[18]

Motivations

Reason for homeschooling	Number of homeschooled students	Percent	s.e.
Can give child better education at home	415,000	48. The standard error of a method of measurement or estimation is the estimated Standard deviation of the error in that method 9	3. 79
Religious reason	327,000	38. 4	4. 44
Poor learning environment at school	218,000	25. 6	3. 44
Family reasons	143,000	16. 8	2. 79
To develop character/morality	128,000	15. 1	3. 39
Object to what school teaches	103,000	12. 1	2. 11
School does not challenge child	98,000	11. 6	2. 39
Other problems with available schools	76,000	9. 0	2. 40
Child has special needs/disability	69,000	8. 2	1. 89
Transportation/convenience	23,000	2. 7	1. 48
Child not old enough to enter school	15,000	1. 8	1. 13
Parent's career	12,000	1. 5	0. 80
Could not get into desired school	12,000	1. 5	0. 99
Other reasons*	189,000	22. 2	2. 90

According to a 2003 U. S. Census survey, 33% of homeschooling households cited religion as a factor in their choice. The same study found that 30% felt school had a poor learning environment, 14% objected to what the school teaches, 11% felt their children were not being challenged at school, and 9% cited morality. ^[19]

According to the U. S. DOE's "Homeschooling in the United States: 2003", 85 percent of homeschooling parents cited "the social environments of other forms of schooling" (including safety, drugs, bullying and negative peer-pressure) as an important reason why they homeschool. 72 percent cited "to provide religious or moral instruction" as an important reason, and 68 percent cited "dissatisfaction with academic instruction at other schools. "^[10] 7 percent cited "Child has physical or mental health problem", 7 percent cited "Child has other special needs", 9 percent cited "Other reasons" (including "child's choice," "allows parents more control of learning" and "flexibility"). ^[10]

Other reasons include more flexibility in educational practices for children with learning disabilities or illnesses, or for children of missionaries, military families, or otherwise traveling parents. In the United States and Canada, the term learning disability (LD refers to a group of disorders that affect a broad range of academic and functional skills including Homeschooling is sometimes opted for the gifted student who is accelerated, when a child has a significant career hobby (such as acting, circus performance, dancing or violin), or for families who wish to abstain from mandatory immunizations. Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's Immune system becomes fortified against an agent (known as the

International status and statistics

Homeschooling is legal in many countries. Countries with the most prevalent home education movements include Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Some countries have highly regulated home education programs as an extension of the compulsory school system; others, such as Germany^[20] and Brazil, have outlawed it entirely. In other countries, while not restricted by law, homeschooling is not socially acceptable or considered undesirable and is virtually non-existent.

Europe

Germany

Further information: Homeschooling in Germany

Status: Illegal

Homeschooling is illegal in Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Homeschooling in Germany is illegal with rare exceptions The requirement to attend school has been upheld on challenge from parents by the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany The requirement to attend school has been upheld, on challenge from parents, by the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany. The Federal Constitutional Court (in German: Bundesverfassungsgericht BVerfG) is a special Court established by the Basic Law for the Federal Republic Parents violating the law have most prominently included devout Christians who want to give their children a more Christian education than what's offered by the schools. Penalties against these parents have included fines (around €5,000), successful legal actions to take away the parents' custody of their children, and jail time for the parents. ^[21]

Austria

Status: Legal

Homeschooling is legal in Austria

France

Further information: Homeschooling in France

Status: Legal

Home education or home schooling in France is legal and requires the child to be registered with two authorities, the 'Inspection Académique' and the local town hall (Mairie). Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Homeschooling (also called home education) home learning or homeschool  – is the education of children at home typically by parents or professional An inspection is carried out twice yearly once a child reaches the age of six (it is obligatory from the age of eight). This is normally in French, however it can occasionally be in English if the parents request it and the local Inspection Academique is amenable.

The inspection involves written tests in both French and Mathematics, the first of which is used as a benchmark to check what level the child is. The tests are carried out with the anticipation that the child will progress in ability as she/he ages, thus they are designed to measure development with age, rather than as a comparison to say a school child of a similar age.

Ireland

Status: Legal

From 2004 to 2006, 225 children had been officially registered with Ireland's National Education Welfare Board, which estimated there may be as many as 1500 - 2000 more unregistered homeschoolers. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world ^[22] The right to a home education is guaranteed in the constitution of Ireland. ^[23]

Slovenia

Status: Legal

The number of people homeschooling in Slovenia has been increasing over the years. Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west ^[24] The Slovenian term is for homeschooling is "izobraževanje na domu".

Scotland

See also: Schoolhouse Home Education Association

England and Wales

See also: Education Otherwise

Status: Legal

Roland Meighan's 1995 estimate of homeschoolers in the United Kingdom was "almost 10,000",^[25] and in 1996 the London Evening Standard stated that 15,000 families home-educating in Britain was a 50 percent increase from the previous year. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Schoolhouse Home Education Association, more commonly referred to as Schoolhouse, is a charity based in Scotland which provides support and information History The Roman occupation of Britain was the first period in which the area of present-day England and Wales was administered as a single unit (with the exception Education Otherwise (EO is a registered charity based in England for families whose children are being educated otherwise than at school and for those who wish ^[26]

One home-education advocate estimated 50,000 children being home-educated in 2005. ^[27]

Asia and the Pacific

Australia

Status: Legal

The Australian census does not track homeschooling families, but Philip Strange of Home Education Association, Inc. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. very roughly estimates 15,000. ^[28] In 1995, Roland Meighan of Nottingham School of Education estimated some 20,000 families homeschooling in Australia. ^[25]

China

Status: Disputed (currently considered illegal)

There are no accurate statistics of home schooling in China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES However, increasing reports of homeschooling in the media^[29] suggest that the number is growing. The Compulsory Education Law states that the community, schools and families shall safeguard the right to compulsory education of school-age children and adolescents, and compulsory education is defined as schooling, therefore homeschooling is illegal.

New Zealand

Status: Legal

Karl M. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Bunday cites the New Zealand TV program "Sixty Minutes" (unrelated to the U. S. program), as stating in 1996 that there were 7,000 school-age children being homeschooled. ^[26] Philip Strange of the Australian Home Education Association Inc. quotes "5274 registered home educated students in 3001 families" in 1998 from the New Zealand Ministry of Education. ^[28]

Americas

Canada

Status: Legal

Meighan estimated the total number of homeschoolers, in 1995, to be 10,000 official and 20,000 unofficial. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page ^[25] Karl M. Bunday estimated, in 1995, based on journalistic reports, that about 1 percent of school-age children were homeschooled. ^[30] In April 2005, the total number of registered homeschool students in British Columbia was 3,068. ^[31] In Manitoba, homeschoolers are required to register with Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth. The number of homeschoolers is noted at over 1,500 in 2006; 0. 5% of students enrolled in the public system.

United States

Further information: Homeschooling in the United States

Status: Legal (Note: California in dispute)

Public schools were gradually introduced into the United States during the course of the 19th century. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The legality of Homeschooling in the United States has been debated by Educators Lawmakers and Parents since the beginnings of Compulsory California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The first state to issue a compulsory education law was Massachusetts, in 1789,^[3] but not until 1852 did the state establish a "true comprehensive statewide, modern system of compulsory schooling. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. "^[3]

Prior to the introduction of public schools, many children were educated in private schools or in the home. During this period illiteracy was common and many children were never properly educated. traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write or the ability to use Language to read, write, listen, ^[32] It was common for literate parents to use books dedicated to educating children such as Fireside Education, Griswold, 1828, Warren Burton's Helps to Education in the Homes of Our Country,^[33] 1863, and the popular McGuffey Readers, sometimes bolstered by local or itinerant teachers, as means and opportunity allowed. Samuel Griswold Goodrich ( August 19, 1793 - May 9, 1860) was an American author better known under the Pseudonym Two of the best known school books in the history of American education were the 18th century New England Primer ^[6] In contrast, Raymond Moore asserted that the United States was at the height of its national literacy under this informal system of tutelage. traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write or the ability to use Language to read, write, listen, ^[34]

After the establishment of the Massachusetts system, other states and localities gradually began to provide public schools and to make attendance mandatory. In 1912 A. A. Berle of Tufts University, (not to be confused with the Adolf Berle who was a delegate to the Paris Peace Conference) asserted in his book The School in Your Home that the previous 20 years of mass education had been a failure and that he had been asked by hundreds of parents how they could teach their children at home. ^[6]

Statistically, the typical American homeschooling parents are married, homeschool their children primarily for religious or moral reasons, and are almost twice as likely to be Evangelical than the national average. Evangelicalism is a theological movement tradition and system of beliefs most closely associated with Protestant Christianity, which identifies with the Gospel They average three or more children, and typically the mother stays home to care for them. ^{[35][36][19][10]}

Atypical homeschools may even be found in single parent homes, also known as single parent homeschooling. Single parent Homeschooling is the practice of conducting homeschool by a parent who is the sole breadwinner for the family According to the peer review journal Education Policy Analysis, based on the findings of the National Household Education Survey, of the National Center of Educational Statistics, as early as 1994, 11% of United States homeschools were being led by a single parent, and by 1999, 20. 6% were so being led. ^[37] However, this phenomenon seems to be flying under the radar as the movement does not seem to have significant advocacy from any national agency or organization and the statistics tracking single parent homeschools have currently not yet been posted on the websites of the DOE,^[38] the NHERI,^[39] or The Barna Group. ^[40] There is online advocacy at The Single Parent Home School Website [3]. The website is sponsored by Morningstar Educational Network.

According to United States Department of Education report NCES 2003-42, "Homeschooling in the United States: 2003",^[10] there was an increase in homeschooled students in the U. The United States Department of Education (also referred to as ED, for Education Department is a Cabinet -level department of the United States S. from 850,000 students in 1999 (1. 7 percent of the total student population) to 1. 1 million students in 2003 (2. 2 percent of the total student population).

According to an unsourced National Home Education Research Institute statement, an estimated 1. 9 to 2. 4 million children were home educated during 2005-2006. ^[41]

During this time, homeschooling rates increased among students whose parents have high school or lower education, 1. 6 to 2. 4 percent among student in grades 6-8; and 0. 7 to 1. 4 percent among students with only one parent.

As in 1999, rates were highest in families with three or more children (3. 1 percent), and higher in families with two children (1. 5 percent) than only one child (1. 4 percent). There were more homeschool students from families with two parents (2. 5 percent) than only one parent (1. 5 percent), and students from two parent families where only one parent worked were more than twice as likely to be homeschooled (5. 6 percent).

According to a 2000-2001 Barna survey, ^{[42] [43]}, home school parents are 39 percent less likely to be college graduates, 21 percent more likely to be married, 28 percent less likely to have experienced a divorce, and that the household income is 10% below the national average. Barna found that homeschoolers in the U. S. live predominantly in the Mid-Atlantic, the South-Atlantic, and the Pacific states. It found that homeschoolers are almost twice as likely to be evangelical as the national average (15 percent vs 8 percent), and that 91 percent describe themselves as Christian, although only 49 percent can be classified as "born again Christians. " It found they were five times more likely to describe themselves as "mostly conservative" on political matters than as "mostly liberal," although only about 37 percent chose "mostly conservative", and were "notably" more likely than the national average to have a high view of the Bible and hold orthodox Christian beliefs.

Distribution of Home School Students and Students Nationally Classified by Parent Academic Attainment: 1999, Education Policy Analysis Archives. ^[44]

	Did not finish high school	High school graduate only	Some college, no degree	Associate degree	Bachelors degree	Masters degree	Doctorate
Home school fathers	1. 2%	9. 3%	16. 4%	6. 9%	37. 6%	19. 8%	8. 8%
Males nationally	18. 1	32. 0	19. 5	6. 4	15. 6	5. 4	3. 1
Home school mothers	0. 5	11. 3	21. 8	9. 7	47. 2	8. 8	0. 7
Females nationally	17. 2	34. 2	20. 2	7. 7	14. 8	4. 5	1. 3

In contrast, Lawrence Rudner's (University of Maryland) 1998 study shows that homeschool parents have a higher income than average (1. 4 times by one estimate),^[36] and are more likely to have an advanced education. Rudner found that homeschooling parents tend to have more formal education than parents in the general population; that the median income for homeschooling families ($52,000) is significantly higher than that of all families with children in the United States ($36,000); that 98% of homeschooled children live in "married couple families"; that 77% of home school mothers do not participate in the labour force, whereas 98% of homeschooling fathers do participate in the labour force; and that median annual expenses for educational materials are approximately $400 per home school student. ^[45]

By 2001, according to the Canadian based Fraser Institute, Muslim Americans were the fastest growing subgroup in the American homeschool movement, and were predicted to double in number every year for the following eight years after. The Fraser Institute is Conservative and Libertarian Think tank based in Canada that espouses Free market principles ^[46]

A 2001 study by Dr. Clive Belfield states that the average homeschooling parent is a woman with a college degree. Belfield estimates annual homeschooling costs to be approximately $2,500 per child^[47]

Supportive research

Test results

Numerous studies have found that homeschooled students on average outperform their peers on standardized tests. ^[48][49] Home Schooling Achievement, a study conducted by National Home Education Research Institute (NHERI), supported the academic integrity of homeschooling. Among the homeschooled students who took the tests, the average homeschooled student outperformed his public school peers by 30 to 37 percentile points across all subjects. The study also indicates that public school performance gaps between minorities and genders were virtually non-existent among the homeschooled students who took the tests. ^[50]

New evidence has been found that home schooled children are learning more and are getting higher scores on the ACT and SAT tests. A study at Wheaton College in Illinois showed that the freshmen that were home schooled for high school scored fifty-eight points higher on their SAT scores than those of kids that went to a normal school. Most colleges look at the ACT and SAT scores of home schooled children when considering them for acceptance to a college. On average, home schooled children scores eighty-one points higher than the national average on the SAT scores. Home schooled children also scored twenty-two point eight on the ACT which is higher than the national average of twenty-one.

Social research

In the 1970s Raymond S. and Dorothy N. Moore conducted four federally funded analyses of more than 8,000 early childhood studies, from which they published their original findings in Better Late Than Early, 1975. This was followed by School Can Wait, a repackaging of these same findings designed specifically for educational professionals. ^[51] Their analysis concluded that, "where possible, children should be withheld from formal schooling until at least ages eight – ten. "

Their reason was that children, "are not mature enough for formal school programs until their senses, coordination, neurological development and cognition are ready. " They concluded that the outcome of forcing children into formal schooling is a sequence of "1) uncertainty as the child leaves the family nest early for a less secure environment, 2) puzzlement at the new pressures and restrictions of the classroom, 3) frustration because unready learning tools — senses, cognition, brain hemispheres, coordination — cannot handle the regimentation of formal lessons and the pressures they bring, 4) hyperactivity growing out of nerves and jitter, from frustration, 5) failure which quite naturally flows from the four experiences above, and 6) delinquency which is failure’s twin and apparently for the same reason. "^[52] According to the Moores, "early formal schooling is burning out our children. Teachers who attempt to cope with these youngsters also are burning out. "^[52] Aside from academic performance, they think early formal schooling also destroys "positive sociability", encourages peer dependence, and discourages self worth, optimism, respect for parents, and trust in peers. They believe this situation is particularly acute for boys because of their delay in maturity. The Moore's cited a Smithsonian Report on the development of genius, indicating a requirement for "1) much time spent with warm, responsive parents and other adults, 2) very little time spent with peers, and 3) a great deal of free exploration under parental guidance. "^[52] Their analysis suggested that children need "more of home and less of formal school" "more free exploration with. . . parents, and fewer limits of classroom and books," and "more old fashioned chores – children working with parents – and less attention to rivalry sports and amusements. "^[52]

John Taylor later found, using the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale, "while half of the conventionally schooled children scored at or below the 50th percentile (in self-concept), only 10. 3% of the home-schooling children did so. "^[53] He further stated that "the self-concept of home-schooling children is significantly higher (and very much so statistically) than that of children attending the conventional school. This has implications in the areas of academic achievement and socialization, to mention only two. These areas have been found to parallel self-concept. Regarding socialization, Taylor's results would mean that very few home-schooling children are socially deprived. He claims that critics who speak out against home schooling on the basis of social deprivation are actually addressing an area which favors home schoolers. ^[53]

In 2003, the National Home Education Research Institute conducted a survey of 7,300 U. S. adults who had been homeschooled (5,000 for more than seven years). Their findings included:

• Homeschool graduates are active and involved in their communities. 71% participate in an ongoing community service activity, like coaching a sports team, volunteering at a school, or working with a church or neighborhood association, compared with 37% of U. S. adults of similar ages from a traditional education background.

• Homeschool graduates are more involved in civic affairs and vote in much higher percentages than their peers. 76% of those surveyed between the ages of 18 and 24 voted within the last five years, compared with only 29% of the corresponding U. S. populace. The numbers are even greater in older age groups, with voting levels not falling below 95%, compared with a high of 53% for the corresponding U. S. populace.

• 58. 9% report that they are "very happy" with life, compared with 27. 6% for the general U. S. population. 73. 2% find life "exciting", compared with 47. 3%. ^[54]

Notable home-educated individuals

Numerous historical and current public figures were home-educated^{[55][2][56][57]}. Some examples include:

• Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) the 16th President of the United States, received very little schooling, but was an avid reader and taught himself how to read, write, and do arithmetic. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by ^[56][58]

• Andrew Wyeth (1917), an American realist painter, was taken out of school at young age because of illness, he then received education on art and other subjects from his parents. Andrew Newell Wyeth (born July 12, 1917) is an American realist painter and regionalist artist. ^[59][56]
• Bode Miller (1977), an American alpine skier, was homeschooled by his parents until he was ten. Bode Miller (born October 12 1977) is an American alpine skier. ^[60]
• Ernst Mach, Austria, Physicist. Ernst Mach (max ( February 18, 1838 &ndash February 19, 1916) was an Austrian Physicist and Philosopher and Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Homeschooled until highschool by his parents. ^[61]
• Erwin Schrödinger, Austria, Nobel Prize-winning physicist. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Homeschooled until age 10^[62]
• Elizabeth II (1926), the queen of the United Kingdom, received early education at home, later she attended lessons in constitutional history at Eton College. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II Eton College, or just Eton, is a world-famous British Independent school for boys founded in 1440 by King Henry VI. ^[63]
• George Washington, United States, First United States President^[56]
• Rosa Parks, United States, civil rights activist, homeschooled until age 11^[64]
• Sho Yano, United States, child prodigy
• Susan La Flesche Picotte, United States, first American Indian woman physician
• Thomas Edison (1847-1931) an American inventor and businessman, was taught reading, writing and arithmetic by his mother. George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4 1913 – October 24 2005 was an African American Civil rights activist whom the U The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Sho Timothy Yano (矢野 祥 born October 22, 1990, Portland, Oregon) is an Asian-American Child prodigy. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Dr Susan La Flesche Picotte ( June 17 1865 - September 18 1915) was the first person to receive federal aid for education and the first The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Arithmetic or arithmetics (from the Greek word αριθμός = number is the oldest and most elementary branch of mathematics used by almost everyone Before that he left school after only three months, as he had trouble following the lessons. Most of his other education he received from reading books on his own. ^[65]
• Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) the 28th President of the United States, was home educated by his father because of the Civil War. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South When he was nineteen he entered the Princeton University. Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. ^[56]
• Jared Allen
• Alexander Graham Bell
• Reid W. Barton
• Chris Crocker was homeschooled during high school ^[66]
• Jedediah Purdy
• Claude Monet
• Bode Miller, US skier was homeschooled until the third grade. For the American football quarterback see Jared Allen (quarterback Jared Scot Allen (born April 3, 1982 in Los Gatos California WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Reid W Barton is currently a graduate student at Harvard University in Mathematics, and one of the all-time greatest performers in the International Chris Crocker (born December 2 1987 is an American Internet celebrity and self-described " edutainer " who produces and acts in transgressive Jedediah Purdy is an associate professor of law at Duke University and the author of two widely-discussed books For Common Things Irony Trust and Commitment in America Claude Monet ( French klod mɔnɛ also known as Oscar-Claude Monet or Claude Oscar Monet (14 November 1840 &ndash 5 December 1926 was a founder Bode Miller (born October 12 1977) is an American alpine skier.
• Jason Taylor
• Tim Tebow ^[67]
• Christopher Paolini^[68]
• Irving Berlin
• Anton Bruckner
• Felix Mendelssohn
• Francis Poulenc
• Hilary Duff
• Dakota Fanning
• Jennifer Love Hewitt
• Bindi Irwin
• Lindsay Lohan
• Frankie Muniz
• Hayden Panettiere
• Sir Ernest Shackleton, was schooled by a governess until the age of eleven. Jason Paul Taylor (born September 1, 1974 in) is an American football Defensive end for the Washington Redskins of the National Timothy Richard "Tim" Tebow (born August 14, 1987) is an American football Quarterback for the Florida Gators. Christopher Paolini (born November 17 1983 in Southern California) is an American writer Irving Berlin (11 May 1888 &ndash 22 September 1989 was a Russian-born American Composer and Lyricist, and one of the most prolific American songwriters Anton Bruckner (4 September 1824 &ndash 11 October 1896 was an Austrian composer known primarily for his symphonies, masses, and Motets Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, born and generally known as Felix Mendelssohn (February 3 1809 &ndash November 4 1847 was a German Composer See also, Rhône-Poulenc Francis Jean Marcel Poulenc (fʀɑ̃sis ʒɑ̃ maʀsɛl pulɛ̃k January 7, 1899 – January 30, Hilary Erhard Duff (born September 28 1987 is an American Actress, pop Singer-songwriter Dakota Fanning (born February 23 1994 is an American teen Actress. Jennifer Love Hewitt (born February 21, 1979) is an American Actress and Singer-songwriter. Bindi Sue Irwin (born July 24, 1998 in Nambour, Queensland, Australia) is the daughter of late wildlife Conservationist Lindsay Dee Lohan (born July 2 1986 is an American Actress, model and Pop music Singer. Francisco "Frankie" Muniz IV (born December 5, 1985) is an American actor and racing driver Hayden Leslie Panettiere (born August 21 1989 is an American actress and singer Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, CVO, OBE, (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922 was an Anglo-Irish explorer who was one of the principal figures of the period
• Stonewall Jackson
• Robert E. Lee
• Douglas MacArthur ^[69]
• George Patton ^[70]
• Aaron Carter ^[71]
• Nick Carter ^[72]
• Matt Savage^[73]
• The Moffats ^[74]
• John Walker Lindh
• Theodore Roosevelt
• William Cary (missionary)
• Jonathan Edwards (theologian)
• Dwight L. Moody
• John Newton
• John Owen (theologian)
• Thomas Edison
• Cyrus McCormick
• Charles Wesley
• John Wesley
• Elijah Wood
• Evan Rachel Wood
• Wright brothers (Orville and Wilbur Wright)
• Jamie Wyeth

Criticism

Philosophical and political opposition

Opposition comes from varied sources, including some organizations of teachers and school districts. Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson (January 21 1824 &ndash May 10 1863 was a Confederate general during the American Civil War, and probably the Robert Edward Lee (January 19 1807 &ndash October 12 1870 was a career United States Army officer, an Engineer, and among the most celebrated General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. For the 19th century Scottish jurist/politician see George Patton Lord Glenalmond. Aaron Charles Carter (born December 7 1987 Carter who has also launched an acting career is known for media reports regarding his personal life including his relationships with Nickolas Gene Carter (born January 28 1980) is an American Actor, Musician, and Pop singer. For the poker tournament director see Matt Savage (poker. For the actor and keyboardist see Matt Savage (musician. The Moffats is a children's novel by the American author Eleanor Estes. John Phillip Walker Lindh (born February 9, 1981) is an American who was captured during the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan while serving Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T William Carey may refer to William Carey (1761&ndash1834 an English Protestant missionary William Carey (c This article is about the theologian (b 1703 for other uses of Jonathan Edwards see Jonathan Edwards. Early life Dwight Moody was born in Northfield Massachusetts to a large family John Henry Newton ( July 24, 1725 &ndash December 21, 1807) was an Englishman Anglican clergyman and former slave-ship captain John Owen ( 1616 - August 24, 1683) was an English Nonconformist church leader and theologian Cyrus Hall McCormick Sr ( February 15 1809 &ndash May 13 1884) of Rockbridge County Virginia was an American Biography Charles Wesley was the son of Susanna Wesley and Samuel Wesley. John Wesley (ˈwɛslɪ ( – March 2, 1791) was an Anglican cleric and Christian theologian who was the founder of the (Evangelical Elijah Jordan Wood (born January 28 1981) is an American Actor. Evan Rachel Wood (born September 7, 1987) is an American Actress and Singer. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout James Browning Wyeth (1946-- is a contemporary American realist painter The National Education Association, a United States professional association and union representing teachers, opposes homeschooling, although in recent years it has not been as outspoken. The National Education Association ( NEA) is the largest professional organization in the United States, representing Public school Teachers and A professional body or professional organization also known as a professional association or professional society is an organization usually Non-profit, that exists A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming The NEA has, in turn, been criticized for its opposition of homeschooling by putting its own interests ahead of students.

Opponents of homeschooling state concerns falling into several categories: standards of academic quality and completeness; reduced funding for public schools; lack of socialization with peers of different ethnic and religious backgrounds; fear of religious or social extremism; that homeschool curricula often exclude critical subjects; that parents are sheltering their children, or denying them opportunities that are their right such as social development, or providing an unfair advantage over students whose parents lack the time or money to homeschool; existence of parallel societies not fitting into standards of citizenship and national community. ^[75]

Some scholars see potential civic dangers in certain forms of homeschooling. Rob Reich, author of "Educational Leadership", writes that homeschool can potentially give students a very one-sided view of things, as their parents may, even unwittingly, block or diminish all points of view but their own in teaching. The word student is etymologically derived through Middle English from the Latin second-type conjugation Verb "studēre" This may make students unable to think for themselves or to adapt to multiple points of view. The word student is etymologically derived through Middle English from the Latin second-type conjugation Verb "studēre" He also argues that part of being a citizen is having something in common with fellow citizens, and homeschool diminishes that by reducing students' contact with peers. In short, while homeschooling can be good, Reich warns that those practicing it must avoid these dangers. ^[76]

Gallup polls of American voters have shown a significant change in attitude in the last twenty years, from 73% opposed to home education in 1985 to 54% opposed in 2001. ^[77]

Criticism of supportive achievement studies

Although there are studies that conclude that homeschooled students on average do well on standardized tests,^[78] these studies generally compare voluntary homeschool testing with mandatory public-school testing. The study organizers cannot require testing. Homeschooled students are not subject to the testing requirements of the No Child Left Behind Act. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (Public Law 107-110 often abbreviated in print as NCLB and sometimes shortened in pronunciation to "nickelbee" is a controversial ^[79] Some states require testing for homeschooled students and some do not; many that do require testing let homeschooling parents choose from more than one evaluation method. ^[80] Since testing is not required, homeschoolees taking the tests are self-selected, which biases the statistical results. Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection analysis interpretation or explanation and presentation of Data. Therefore, the progress of homeschooled students cannot be compared with that of students in public schools.

The demographics of homeschooling are difficult to compare to traditional schools, or even to define. Agencies, parents, and studies may disagree as to which students "count" as homeschooled. Some people have argued that homeschooled students, especially those who are likely to be tested, are an atypical group whose parents care strongly about their education and would also do well in a conventional school. A school (from Greek σχολεῖον - scholeion) is an Institution designed to allow and encourage Students (or "pupils"

See also

• Alternative education
• Calvert School
• Home School Legal Defense Association
• Mary Pride
• Schoolhouse Home Education Association
• Unschooling
• John Taylor Gatto

References

External links

• More information about Ivan Illich and his philosophy.
• A history of the modern homeschool movement, from the Cato Institute.
• Holt Associates Inc's website John Holt's writings and legacy
• moorefoundation.com The Moore Formula from the Official Website of the Moore Foundation.
• National Home Education Research Institute NHERI produces research about homeschooling and sponsors the peer-reviewed academic journal Home School Researcher.
• Home Education Network of Victoria, Australia
• Summary of various Homeschooling Methods

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