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Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire

Flag of the Holy Roman Empire
Otto I the first Emperor
First emperor Otto I
Last emperor Francis II
Style Holy Roman Emperor
Appointer Electors' Council
Emperorship started 962
Emperorship ended August 6, 1806
Coats of arms of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor from 1564 to 1576. The Emperors used the double-headed eagle as a symbol of their authority
Coats of arms of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor from 1564 to 1576. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Otto I the Great ( 23 November 912 &ndash 7 May 973) son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke Francis II (Franz II Heiliger Römischer Kaiser ( 12 February 1768 &ndash 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling The Prince-Electors (or simply Electors) of the Holy Roman Empire ( German: Kurfürst ( pl Events By Place Europe February 2 — Pope John XII crowns Otto I the Great Holy Roman Emperor. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 1806 ( MDCCCVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Maximilian II ( July 31, 1527 &ndash October 12, 1576) was king of Bohemia from 1562 king of Hungary and Croatia The Emperors used the double-headed eagle as a symbol of their authority
The Holy Roman Empire in the 14th century. (The colours indicate the main dynasties competing for the crown.
The Holy Roman Empire in the 14th century. The double-headed eagle is a common symbol in Heraldry and Vexillology. (The colours indicate the main dynasties competing for the crown.

The Holy Roman Emperor (German: Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser, Latin: Romanorum Imperator) was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states making up the Holy Roman Empire— a Central European feudal state in existence from the Early Middle Ages (962) into the Early Modern period until its dissolution during the Napoleonic Wars (1806). The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. An elective monarchy is a Monarchy ruled by someone generally from a Royal house, who is elected by a group The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. The Early Middle Ages is a period in the History of Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire spanning roughly five centuries from AD 500 The early modern period is a term initially used by historians to refer mainly to the period roughly from 1500 to 1800 in Western Europe ( Early modern Europe) The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions The Empire, whose Emperor was crowned as King of the Romans was based upon the Germanic territories of the Emperor Charlemange, and held by tradition to be his successors ruling its successor state. King of the Romans ( Latin: Rex Romanorum) was the title used by the elected ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the Imperator futurus Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his The last Emperor, Francis II of Austria and technically the Emperor-elect (candidates were initially elected by the Prince-Electors as King of the Germans)—as most were from the time of the Investiture Controversy in the 1070s–1080s, though styled as Emperors, most not having been crowned by the Roman Catholic Pope —dissolved the empire least the upstart conqueror Napoleon, be able to become emperor through controlling puppets that were the empires Prince-Electors. Francis II (Franz II Heiliger Römischer Kaiser ( 12 February 1768 &ndash 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling The Prince-Electors (or simply Electors) of the Holy Roman Empire ( German: Kurfürst ( pl This article lists the German monarchs, ruling over the territory of Germany from the creation of a separate Eastern Frankish Kingdom in 843 until the end of monarchy The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest was an 11th century dispute between Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor and Pope Gregory VII over History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe.

Contents

By convention the first Emperor was taken to be the Saxon king Otto the Great, crowned as Emperor by Pope John XII on February 2, 962, although the Empire itself (as well as the style Holy Roman Emperor) did not come into use until some time later. This article lists Dukes Electors and Kings ruling over territories named Saxony from the beginning of the Saxon Duchy in the 9th century to the end of the Saxon Kingdom in 1918 Otto I the Great ( 23 November 912 &ndash 7 May 973) son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke John XII (c 937&ndash May 14, 964) was Pope from December 16, 955 to May 14, 964. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Events By Place Europe February 2 — Pope John XII crowns Otto I the Great Holy Roman Emperor. Some have asserted that the first Emperor was Charlemagne (crowned in 800), but that claim was only made afterwards. Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his Holy Roman Emperors were crowned by the Popes up until the 16th century, and the last Emperor, Francis II, abdicated in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars that saw the Empire's final dissolution. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Francis II (Franz II Heiliger Römischer Kaiser ( 12 February 1768 &ndash 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions

The Roman of the Emperor's title was a reflection of the translatio imperii (transfer of rule) principle that regarded the (Germanic) Holy Roman Emperors as the inheritors of the title of Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, a title left unclaimed in the West after the death of Julius Nepos in 480. Translatio imperii, Latin for "transfer of rule" is a concept invented in the Middle Ages for describing History as a Linear The Western Roman Empire refers to the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 285 the other half of the Roman Empire was the Eastern Julius Nepos (c 430–480 was a Western Roman Emperor (474–475 or –480 during the last stage of the Western Roman Empire.

Establishment of the Holy Roman Empire

From the time of Otto the Great onward, much of the former Carolingian kingdom of Eastern Francia became the Holy Roman Empire. Otto I the Great ( 23 November 912 &ndash 7 May 973) son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the The various German princes elected one of their peers as King of the Germans, after which he would be crowned as emperor by the Pope. The Kingdom of Germany grew out of East Francia in the tenth century History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and The last emperor to be crowned by the pope was Charles V; all emperors after him were technically emperors-elect, but were universally referred to as Emperor. Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was

Conflict with the Papacy

The title of Emperor (Imperator) carried with it an important role as protector of the Catholic Church, and women were ineligible to be crowned. The Latin word Imperator was a title originally roughly equivalent to commander during the period of the Roman Republic. As the papacy's power grew during the Middle Ages, Popes and emperors came into conflict over church administration. The most well-known and bitter conflict was that known as the Investiture Controversy fought during the 11th century between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII. The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest was an 11th century dispute between Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor and Pope Gregory VII over Henry IV ( November 11, 1050 &ndash August 7, 1106) was King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until Pope

Succession

Successions to the kingship were controlled by a complicated mélange of factors. Elections meant the kingship of Germany was only partially hereditary, unlike the kingship of France, although sovereignty frequently remained in a dynasty until there were no more male successors. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Some scholars suggest that the task of the elections was really to solve conflicts only when the dynastic rule was unclear, yet, the process meant that the prime candidate had to make concessions, by which the voters were kept on side, which were known as Wahlkapitulationen (election capitulations). The Electoral council was set at seven princes (three archbishops and four secular princes) by the Golden Bull of 1356. The Prince-Electors (or simply Electors) of the Holy Roman Empire ( German: Kurfürst ( pl The Golden Bull of 1356 was a decree issued by a Reichstag in Nuremberg headed by Emperor Charles IV Holy Roman Emperor (see Diet It remained so until 1648, when the settlement of the Thirty Years' War required the addition of a new elector to maintain the precarious balance between Protestant and Catholic factions in the Empire. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. Another elector was added in 1690, and the whole college was reshuffled in 1803, a mere three years before the dissolution of the Empire.

After 1438, the Kings remained in the house of Habsburg and Habsburg-Lorraine, with the brief exception of one Wittelsbach, Charles VII. The Wittelsbach family is a European Royal family and a German dynasty from Bavaria. Emperor Charles VII Albert ( Brussels August 6, 1697 &ndash January 20, 1745 in Munich) a member of the Wittelsbach In 1508, and permanently after 1556, the King no longer traveled to Rome for the crowning by the Pope.

List of Emperors

This list includes all emperors, whether or not they styled themselves Holy Roman Emperor, from Otto the Great on. Otto I the Great ( 23 November 912 &ndash 7 May 973) son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke There are some gaps in the tally. For example, Henry the Fowler was King of Germany but not Emperor; Emperor Henry II was numbered as his successor as German King. Saint Henry II ( May 6, 973 &ndash July 13, 1024) called the Holy or the Saint, was the fifth and last Holy The Guideschi follow the numeration for the Duchy of Spoleto. The independent Duchy of Spoleto was a Lombard territory founded about 570 in Central Italy by the Lombard Dux Faroald.

Ottonian (Saxon) Dynasty

Salian (Frankish) Dynasty

Supplinburger dynasty

Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty

House of Welf

Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty

House of Luxembourg

House of Wittelsbach

House of Luxembourg

House of Habsburg

House of Wittelsbach

House of Habsburg-Lorraine

Coronation

The Emperor was crowned in a special ceremony, traditionally performed by the Pope in Rome, using the Imperial Regalia. Frederick II ( December 26, 1194 &ndash December 13, 1250) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was a Pretender to the title Henry VII ( Heinrich; c 1275 (or 1279 &ndash 24 August 1313) was the King of Germany (or Rex Romanorum) from 1308 and Louis IV ( 1 April[[ 282]] &ndash 11 October 1347) called the Bavarian, of the house of Wittelsbach, was the Duke of Bavaria Charles IV ( Czech: Karel IV, German: Karl IV, Hungarian: IV Károly; 14 May 1316 &ndash For other nobles of the same name please see Sigismund. Sigismund ( February 14, 1368 – December 9, Frederick III of Habsburg ( September 21 1415 &ndash August 19, 1493) was elected as German King as the successor of Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was Ferdinand I Holy Roman Emperor ( Alcalá de Henares (near Madrid) Kingdom of Castile (now Spain) 10 March 1503 &ndash Maximilian II ( July 31, 1527 &ndash October 12, 1576) was king of Bohemia from 1562 king of Hungary and Croatia Rudolf II ( July 18, 1552, Vienna, Austria - January 20, 1612, Prague, Bohemia, now part of Rudolph I, also known as Rudolph of Habsburg ( German: Rudolf von Habsburg, Latin Rudolfus) May 1, 1218 &ndash Matthias ( February 24 1557 - March 20 1619) of the House of Habsburg reigned as Holy Roman Emperor from 1612-1619 Ferdinand II Holy Roman Emperor ( July 9, 1578 &ndash February 15, 1637) of the House of Habsburg, reigned as Ferdinand II Life Eldest son of Emperor Ferdinand II from the house of Habsburg and his first wife Maria Anna of Bavaria. Early life He was a younger brother of Ferdinand IV of Hungary and Mariana of Austria. Joseph I ( July 26, 1678 &ndash April 17, 1711) Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and Bohemia and Archduke of Austria Charles VI (German Karl VI) ( October 1, 1685 &ndash October 20, 1740) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia Emperor Charles VII Albert ( Brussels August 6, 1697 &ndash January 20, 1745 in Munich) a member of the Wittelsbach Early life He was born in Nancy, Lorraine (now in France) the oldest surviving son of Leopold Joseph, duke of Lorraine and his wife Heir and co-regent Joseph was born in the midst of the early upheavals of the War of the Austrian Succession. Leopold II (May 5 1747 March 1 1792 born Peter Leopold Joseph Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard, was Holy Roman Emperor from 1790 to 1792 and Grand Duke Francis II (Franz II Heiliger Römischer Kaiser ( 12 February 1768 &ndash 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The Imperial Regalia, insignia or crown jewels (in German Reichskleinodien, Reichsinsignien, or Reichsschatz) are the Regalia of the Emperors Without that coronation, no king, despite exercising all powers, could call himself Emperor. In 1508, Pope Julius II allowed Maximilian I to use the title of Emperor without coronation in Rome, though the title was qualified as Electus Romanorum Imperator ("elected Emperor of the Romans"). Pope Julius II (5 December 1443 &ndash 21 February 1513 born Giuliano Della Rovere, was Pope from 1503 to 1513 Maximilian's successors adopted the same titulature, usually when they became the sole ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. Maximilian's first successor Charles V was the last to be crowned Emperor. Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was

Emperor Coronation date Officiant Location
Charles I 25 December 800 Pope Leo III Rome
Louis I 816 Pope Stephen V Reims
Lothair I 5 April 823 Pope Paschal I Rome
Louis II 850 Pope Leo IV Rome
Charles II 29 December 875 Pope John VIII Rome
Charles III 12 February 881
Guy III of Spoleto May 891 Pope Stephen V
Lambert II of Spoleto 30 April 892 Pope Formosus Ravenna
Arnulf of Carinthia 22 February 896 Rome
Louis III 901 Pope Benedict IV Rome
Berengar December 915 Pope John X Rome
Otto I 2 February, 962 Pope John XII
Otto II 25 December, 967 Pope John XIII
Otto III 21 May, 996 Pope Gregory V
Henry II 14 February, 1014 Pope Benedict VIII
Conrad II 26 March, 1027 Pope John XIX
Henry III 25 December, 1046 Pope Clement II
Henry IV 31 March, 1084 Antipope Clement III
Henry V 13 April, 1111 Pope Paschal II
Henry V 23 March, 1117 Antipope Gregory VIII
Lothair III 4 June, 1133 Pope Innocent II Basilica of St. John Lateran
Frederick I 18 June, 1155 Pope Adrian IV
Henry VI 14 April, 1191 Pope Celestine III
Otto IV 4 October, 1209 Pope Innocent III
Frederick II 22 November 1220 Pope Honorius III
Henry VII 29 June 1312 Cardinals
Louis IV 17 January 1328 Sciarra Colonna
Charles IV 5 April, 1355 Cardinal
Sigismund 31 May, 1433 Pope Eugenius IV
Frederick III 19 March, 1452 Pope Nicholas V
Charles V February 1530 Pope Clement VII Bologna, Italy

See also

References

  1. ^ Barraclough, Geoffrey (1984). The Origins of Modern Germany. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393301532.  
Roman Emperors by Epoch
see also: List of Roman Emperors · Concise list of Roman Emperors · Roman Empire
Principate Crisis of the 3rd century Dominate Division Successors
The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC For a simplified list see Concise list of Roman Emperors. For more information see History of the Roman Empire. This is the short overview of Roman Emperors: for more detail and explanation see List of Roman Emperors and Roman Emperor. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The office of Roman Emperor went through a complex convolution over the centuries of its existence The Crisis of the Third Century (also known as the Anarchy of the 3rd Century marked the end of the Principate, the early phase of Imperial Roman government The accession to the purple on November 20, 284, of Diocletian, the lower-class Greek-speaking Dalmatian commander of Carus's and Numerian's household cavalry The office of Roman Emperor underwent significant turbulence in the fourth and fifth centuries after assuming the trappings of Eastern despotism during the Dominate The office of Roman Emperor underwent significant turbulence in the fourth and fifth centuries after assuming the trappings of Eastern despotism during the Dominate The Julio-Claudian Dynasty refers to the first five Roman Emperors: Augustus (Octavian Tiberius, Caligula (Gaius Claudius, and The Year of the Four Emperors was a year in the history of the Roman Empire, AD 69 in which four emperors ruled in a remarkable succession The Flavian dynasty was a Roman imperial Dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 69 and 96 AD encompassing the reigns of Vespasian (69&ndash79 Nervan-Antonian dynasty is a Dynasty of six loosely connected Roman Emperors who ruled over the Roman Empire for almost the whole 2nd century The Year of the Five Emperors refers to 193, in which there were five claimants for the title of Roman Emperor. The Severan dynasty was a Roman imperial Dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 193 and 235. A Barracks emperor was a Roman Emperor who seized power by virtue of his command of the army "Illyrian emperors" is the name generally given to those emperors who governed the Roman Empire between 268 and 282 between the so-called Barracks emperors and the The Gallic Empire (in Latin Imperium Galliarum) is the modern name for the independent realm that existed from 260 to 273, during the For a simplified list see Concise list of Roman Emperors. For more information see History of the Roman Empire. Tetrarchy ( Greek: "leadership of four " can be applied to any system of government where power is divided between four individuals The Constantinian dynasty is an informal name for the ruling family of the Roman Empire from Constantius Chlorus († 305) to the death of Julian The Valentinian Dynasty, consisting of four emperors ruled the Western Roman Empire from 364 to 392 and the Eastern Roman Empire from 364 to 378 The Theodosian dynasty was a Roman family that rose to eminence in the waning days of the Roman Empire. The Western Roman Empire refers to the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 285 the other half of the Roman Empire was the Eastern This is a list of the Emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly known as the Byzantine Empire by modern historians This is a list of the Emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly known as the Byzantine Empire by modern historians
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