Holly
European Holly (Ilex aquifolium) leaves and fruit
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Subclass: Asteridae (unranked) Euasterids II Order: Aquifoliales Family: Aquifoliaceae DC. ex A.Rich. Genus: Ilex L.
Species
About 600, see text

Holly (Ilex) is a genus of about 600 species of flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, and the only living genus in that family. Ilex aquifolium ( Holly, or European Holly to distinguish it from related species is a species of Holly native to western and southern Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Magnoliopsida is the Botanical name for a class of Flowering plants By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its Asteridae is a Botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass has varied with the taxonomic system being In the APG II system (2003 for the classification of Flowering plants, the name asterids refers to a Clade (a Monophyletic group The Aquifoliales are an order of Flowering plants including most notably the Aquifoliaceae, or Holly family and also the Helwingiaceae Achille Richard was a French botanist and physician (* 27 April 1794 in Paris - † 5 October 1852) Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group In Biological classification, family ( Latin One other genus, the monotypic Nemopanthus (Mountain Holly), was formerly separated from Ilex on the basis that its flowers have a reduced calyx and narrow petals, and also in cytology, being tetraploid, whereas Ilex is diploid. Monotypic is an adjective that refers to a taxonomic group with only one type: In Botany, "monotypic" means that a Taxon has only Ilex mucronata ( Mountain Holly or Catberry) is a species of Holly native to eastern North America, from Newfoundland A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also A petal (from Ancient Greek petalon "leaf" "thin plate" regarded as a highly modified leaf is one member or part of the corolla Polyploidy occurs in cells and Organisms when there are more than two homologous sets of Chromosomes. "Haplo" redirects here For the fictional character see The Death Gate Cycle. However, following analysis of molecular data, Mountain Holly has now been merged into Ilex, as I. mucronata; it is closely related to I. amelanchier. Ilex amelanchier, the Swamp Holly, is a Species of Holly from North America. ^[1][2]

Description and ecology

Hollies (here, Ilex aquifolium) are dioecious: (above) shoot with flowers from male plant; (top right) male flower enlarged, showing stamens with pollen and reduced, sterile stigma; (below) shoot with flowers from female plant; (lower right) female flower enlarged, showing stigma and reduced, sterile stamens with no pollen. Ilex aquifolium ( Holly, or European Holly to distinguish it from related species is a species of Holly native to western and southern The stamen ( Plural stamina or stamens, from Latin stamen meaning "thread of the warp " is the male Pollen is a fine to coarse powder consisting of microgametophytes ( pollen grains) which produce the male Gametes (sperm cells of A gynoecium (from Ancient Greek gyne, "woman" is the Female reproductive part of a Flower.

Hollies are shrubs and trees from 2–25 m tall, with a wide distribution in Asia, Europe, north Africa, and North and South America. A shrub or Bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of Woody plant, distinguished from a Tree A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a The leaves are simple, and can be either deciduous or evergreen depending on the species, and may be entire, finely toothed, or with widely-spaced, spine-tipped serrations. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. Botany Autumn leaf color. See --> In Botany and Horticulture, deciduous Plants, including In Botany, an Evergreen plant is a plant having leaves all year round They are mostly dioecious, with male and female flowers on different plants, with some exceptions. Plant sexuality covers the wide variety of Sexual reproduction systems found across the Plant kingdom A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also Pollination is mainly by bees and other insects. Pollination in angiosperms and Gymnosperms is the process that transfers pollen grains, which contain the male Gametes (sperm to where the female Bees are flying Insects closely related to Wasps and Ants Bees are a Monophyletic lineage within the superfamily Apoidea Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described The fruits are small drupes, usually with four to six pits, and range in color from red to purple-black. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. In Botany, a drupe is a Fruit in which an outer fleshy part ( Exocarp, or skin and Mesocarp, or flesh surrounds a shell (the pit ^[3]

A holly bush with a lone red berry in winter.

Holly berries are mildly toxic and will cause vomiting and/or diarrhea when ingested by people. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus However they are extremely important food for numerous species of birds, and also are eaten by other wild animals. Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. In the fall and early winter the berries are hard and apparently unpalatable. After being frozen or frosted several times, the berries soften, and become milder in taste. During winter storms, birds often take refuge in hollies, which provide shelter, protection from predators (by the spiny leaves), and food. A storm is any disturbed state of an astronomical body's atmosphere, especially affecting its surface and strongly implying Severe weather. Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an The flowers are sometimes eaten by the larva of the Double-striped Pug moth (Gymnoscelis rufifasciata). A larva ( Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of Animal with indirect development, undergoing Metamorphosis (for example The Double-striped Pug (Gymnoscelis rufifasciata is a Moth of the family Geometridae. A moth is an Insect closely related to the Butterfly, both being of the order Lepidoptera. Other Lepidoptera whose larvae feed on holly include Bucculatrix ilecella (which feeds exclusively on hollies) and The Engrailed (Ectropis crepuscularia). Lepidoptera is an order of Insect that includes Moths and butterflies. The Engrailed ( Ectropis crepuscularia) is a Moth of the family Geometridae. The Japanese Beetle (Popillia japonica) is another well-known animal feeding on holly leaves. The Japanese beetle ( Popillia japonica commonly referred to as the jitterbug is a Beetle about 1 Also holly is commonly referenced at Christmas time.

Having evolved numerous species that are endemic to islands and small mountain ranges, and being highly useful plants, many hollies are now becoming rare. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 Endemism is the Ecological state of being unique to a place Endemic species are not naturally found elsewhere Tropical species are especially often threatened by habitat destruction and overexploitation, and at least two have become extinct, with numerous others barely surviving. The Tropics are centered on the Equator and limited in Latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23°26' (23 Habitat destruction is the process in which natural Habitat is rendered functionally unable to support the species originally present In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. ^[4]

Selected species^[5]

Ilex anomala

Ilex chinensis

Ilex pedunculosa

Ilex rotunda

American Winterberry (Ilex verticillata)

Ilex yunnanensis

Etymology

The origin of the word "holly" is Old English holegn, which is related to Old High German hulis. Ilex verticillata ( American Winterberry) is a species of Holly native to eastern North America in the United States and southeast UserPolbot. --> Ilex abscondita is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex acutidenticulata is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex altiplana is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family Ilex amelanchier, the Swamp Holly, is a Species of Holly from North America. UserPolbot. --> Ilex anonoides is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family Ilex aquifolium ( Holly, or European Holly to distinguish it from related species is a species of Holly native to western and southern UserPolbot. --> Ilex aracamuniana is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex arisanensis is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex brachyphylla is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family Ilex brasiliensis, "Brazilian holly" is a species of Ilex genus in the Aquifoliaceae family which is native from Brazil UserPolbot. --> Ilex brevipedicellata is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex canariensis ( Small-leaved Holly) is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae UserPolbot. --> Ilex caniensis is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family Ilex cassine ( Dahoon Holly; also sometimes known as Cassena, but see also Ilex vomitoria) is a Holly native to the Ilex cerasifolia is a species of Ilex genus in the Aquifoliaceae family which is native from Brazil, typically in Cerrado UserPolbot. --> Ilex chengkouensis is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex chuniana is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex ciliolata is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family Ilex conocarpa is a species of Ilex genus in the Aquifoliaceae family which is native from Brazil, typically in Cerrado UserPolbot. --> Ilex cookii (also called Cook's Holly) is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae Gallberry refers to two similar shrubs in the Holly family: Ilex coriacea Ilex glabra UserPolbot. --> Ilex costaricensis is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex cowanii is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family Ilex crenata ( Japanese Holly or Box-leaved Holly; Japanese: イヌツゲ inutsuge) is a species of Holly native to is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities UserPolbot. --> Ilex dabieshanensis is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex davidsei is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family Ilex decidua ( Meadow Holly, also called " Possumhaw ", " Deciduous holly " or " Swamp Ilex decidua ( Meadow Holly, also called " Possumhaw ", " Deciduous holly " or " Swamp UserPolbot. --> Ilex diospyroides is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex ericoides is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex euryoides is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex fengqingensis is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex florifera is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex gardneriana was a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. UserPolbot. --> Ilex glabella is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family Ilex glabra, also known as Appalachian Tea, Dye-leaves, Evergreen Winterberry, Gallberry, Inkberry, is a species of Ilex glabra, also known as Appalachian Tea, Dye-leaves, Evergreen Winterberry, Gallberry, Inkberry, is a species of Gallberry refers to two similar shrubs in the Holly family: Ilex coriacea Ilex glabra UserPolbot. --> Ilex gleasoniana is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex graciliflora is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex grandiflora is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex guaiquinimae is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family Ilex guayusa, commonly known as "guayusa" is a Tree of the Holly genus native to the Ecuadorian Amazon Rainforest UserPolbot. --> Ilex harrisii is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex holstii is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex huachamacariana is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex ignicola is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex illustris is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family Ilex integerrima ("Soundest holly" is a species of holly in the Aquifoliaceae family native from Brazil and typically found Ilex integra ( syn Othera japonica Thunb) is an Ornamental tree of the Holly genus which is native to the Asia UserPolbot. --> Ilex jamaicana is a Plant species in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex jauaensis is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex jelskii is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex karuaiana is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex khasiana is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex lasseri is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family Ilex latifolia ( Tarajo Holly or Tarajo; Japanese:, Chinese: 大叶冬青 The Ye Dongqing) is a species of Holly UserPolbot. --> Ilex lechleri is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex longzhouensis is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex machilifolia is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex maclurei is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex magnifructa is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex maingayi is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex marahuacae is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex marginata is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex mathewsii is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family Ilex montana ( Mountain Winterberry; also "Mountain Holly" which is more typically Ilex mucronata) is a species of Holly Ilex mucronata ( Mountain Holly or Catberry) is a species of Holly native to eastern North America, from Newfoundland UserPolbot. --> Ilex neblinensis is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex oblonga is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex occulta is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family Ilex opaca ( American Holly) is a species of Holly, native to the eastern United States, from coastal Massachusetts south to central UserPolbot. --> Ilex palawanica is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex pallida is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld UserPolbot. --> Ilex parvifructa is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex patens is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex pauciflora is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex paujiensis is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex peiradena is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex perlata is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex polita is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex praetermissa is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex puberula is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family Ilex pubiflora is a species of Ilex genus in the Aquifoliaceae family which is native from Brazil, typically in Atlantic Ilex purpurea is a species of Holly, a Flowering plant in the family Aquifoliaceae. UserPolbot. --> Ilex qianlingshanensis is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex quercetorum is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex rarasanensis is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex reticulata is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex sclerophylla is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex sessilifructa is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex shimeica is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex sintenisii (also called Sintenis' Holly) is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae UserPolbot. --> Ilex sipapoana is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex spruceana is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex steyermarkii is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex subrotundifolia is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex subtriflora is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex sulcata is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex syzygiophylla is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex tahanensis is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex tateana is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family Ilex taubertiana, "Taubert's holly" is a species of Ilex genus in the Aquifoliaceae family which is native from Brazil UserPolbot. --> Ilex ternatiflora was a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. Ilex theezans, also I theæzans and I theazans, is a species of the Ilex genus in the Aquifoliaceæ family native UserPolbot. --> Ilex tiricae is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex tolucana is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex trachyphylla is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex trichocarpa is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex tugitakayamensis is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex uraiensis is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex vaccinoides is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex venezuelensis is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex venulosa is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family Ilex verticillata ( American Winterberry) is a species of Holly native to eastern North America in the United States and southeast Ilex vomitoria ( Yaupon Holly, Yaupon, or Cassina; the latter shared with Ilex cassine) is a species of Holly UserPolbot. --> Ilex vulcanicola is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex wenchowensis is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex williamsii is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex wugonshanensis is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family UserPolbot. --> Ilex yuiana is a species of Plant in the Aquifoliaceae family The French word for holly, houx, derives from the Old High German word, as do Low German/Low Franconian terms like Hülse or hulst. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Low German or Low Saxon (in Germany: Plattdüütsch or Nedderdüütsch; in Netherlands: Nedersaksisch or Nederduuts Low Franconian, or Low Frankish, is a group of several West Germanic Languages spoken in the Netherlands, northern Belgium ( These Germanic words appear to be related to words for holly in Celtic languages, such as Welsh celyn and Irish cuilleann. The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family. Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish.

The botanical name ilex was the original Latin name for the Holm Oak (Quercus ilex), which has similar foliage to common holly, and is occasionally confused with it. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Holm Oak ( Quercus ilex) also called Holly Oak or Evergreen Oak is a large Evergreen Oak native to the Mediterranean region.

Uses

Trunk and leaves of a variegated holly bush. Variegation is the appearance of differently coloured zones in the leaves, and sometimes the stems, of Plants This may be due to a number of causes

In many western cultures, holly is a traditional Christmas decoration, used especially in wreaths. A wreath is a ring made of Flowers leaves and sometimes Fruits that can be used as an ornament hanging on a wall or door or resting The wood is heavy, hard and whitish; one traditional use is for chess pieces, with holly for the white pieces, and ebony for the black. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs Chess is a recreational and competitive Game played between two players. Ebony ( Diospyros ebenum) also known as India Ebony or Ceylon Ebony depending on its origin is a Tree in the genus Diospyros Other uses include turnery, inlay work and as firewood. Looms in the 1800s used holly for the spinning rod. A loom is a Machine or device for Weaving thread or Yarn into Textiles Looms can range from very small hand-held frames to large free-standing Because holly is dense and can be sanded very smooth, the rod was less likely than other woods to snag threads being used to make cloth.

A calabaza of Mate. The calabash or African bottle gourd (not to be confused with the Calabaza) is a Vine grown for its fruit which can either be harvested young and used Mate or maté (\ˈmä-ˌtā\ Spanish and Portuguese: mate, ˈmate is an infusion, containing Stimulants including

Many of the hollies are highly decorative, and are widely used as ornamental plants in gardens and parks. Ornamental plants are typically grown in the flower Garden or as House plants Most commonly they are grown for the display of their Flowers Other common A garden is a planned space usually outdoors set aside for the display cultivation and enjoyment of Plants and other forms of Nature. A park is a protected area of Land and Water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped state and set aside for some purpose often to do with human Several hybrids and numerous cultivars have been developed for garden use, among them the very popular Ilex × altaclerensis (I. In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar aquifolium × I. perado) and Ilex × meserveae (I. aquifolium × I. rugosa). ^[6] Hollies are often used by homeowners and landscape architects for hedges; the sharp thorns of many species deter unauthorised persons from entering private properties, and may prevent break-ins if planted under windows and near drainpipes. A landscape architect is a person involved in the planning design and sometimes oversight of an exterior landscape or space A hedge is a line of closely spaced Shrubs and bushes planted and trained in such a way as to form a barrier or to mark the boundary of an area The aesthetic characteristics of holly plants, in conjunction with their home security qualities, makes them a good choice for hedges. A hedge is a line of closely spaced Shrubs and bushes planted and trained in such a way as to form a barrier or to mark the boundary of an area ^[7]

Between the thirteenth and eighteenth century, before the introduction of turnips, holly was cultivated for use as winter fodder for cattle and sheep. For similar vegetables also called "turnip" see Turnip (disambiguation. Festive ecology explores the relationships between the Symbolism and the Ecology of the Plants, Fungi and Animals associated with ^[8] Less spiny varieties of holly were preferred, and in practice the leaves growing near the top of the tree have far fewer spines making them more suitable for fodder.

Several holly species are used to make caffeine-rich herbal teas. Caffeine is a bitter white crystalline Xanthine Alkaloid that acts as a Psychoactive Stimulant Drug and a mild Diuretic An herbal tea, tisane, or ptisan is an Herbal Infusion made from anything other than the leaves of the Tea bush ( Camellia The South American Yerba Mate (I. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a paraguariensis) is boiled for the popular revigorating drinks Mate, and Chimarrão, and steeped in water for the cold Tereré. Mate or maté (\ˈmä-ˌtā\ Spanish and Portuguese: mate, ˈmate is an infusion, containing Stimulants including Chimarrão (ʃimaˈxɐ̃ũ or cimarrón is a South American traditional Beverage. Tereré is an infusion of Yerba mate (in Spanish / erva-mate (in Portuguese similar to mate but prepared with cold water (rather than Guayusa (I. Ilex guayusa, commonly known as "guayusa" is a Tree of the Holly genus native to the Ecuadorian Amazon Rainforest guayusa) is used both as a stimulant and as an admixture to the entheogenic tea ayahuasca; its leaves have the highest known caffeine content of any plant. An entheogen, in the strictest sense is a Psychoactive substance used in a religious or shamanic (or entheogenic) context This entry focuses on the Ayahuasca brew for information on the vine of the same name see Banisteriopsis caapi Ayahuasca In North and Central America, Yaupon (I. Ilex vomitoria ( Yaupon Holly, Yaupon, or Cassina; the latter shared with Ilex cassine) is a species of Holly vomitoria), was used by southeastern Native Americans as a ceremonial stimulant and emetic known as "the black drink"^[9]. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Vomiting (also called throwing up, emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's Stomach through the Mouth and sometimes the Black drink (sometimes known as white drink because of its connection to purification) was the name given by colonists to a ritual beverage called Asi, brewed by As the name suggests, the tea's purgative properties were one of its main uses, most often ritually. Evergreen Winterberry (Appalachian Tea, I. Ilex glabra, also known as Appalachian Tea, Dye-leaves, Evergreen Winterberry, Gallberry, Inkberry, is a species of glabra) is a milder substitute for Yaupon. In China, the young leaf buds of I. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National kudingcha are processed in a method similar to green tea to make a tisane called kǔdīng chá (苦丁茶, roughly "bitter spikeleaf tea"). Green tea is a type of Tea made solely with the leaves of Camellia sinensis, that has undergone minimal Oxidation during processing An herbal tea, tisane, or ptisan is an Herbal Infusion made from anything other than the leaves of the Tea bush ( Camellia Ku Ding tea (苦丁茶 Pinyin: kǔdīng chá literally "bitter nail/spike tea" or Kuding cha is a particularly bitter-tasting Chinese

References

Ilex anomala	Ilex chinensis	Ilex pedunculosa	Ilex rotunda
Ilex verticillata	Ilex yunnanensis	A contorted hedgehog holly.