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Hollow Earth is a belief that the planet Earth has a hollow interior and, possibly, a habitable inner surface. The hypothesis of a Hollow Earth has long been contradicted by overwhelming evidence as well as by the modern understanding of planet formation, and the scientific community now dismisses the notion as pseudoscience.

The deepest hole that's been drilled to date is the SG-3 borehole which is 7. A borehole is the generalised term for any narrow shaft drilled in the ground either vertically or horizontally 62 miles (40,230 ft or 12,262 metres)[1] deep, part of the Kola Superdeep Borehole project, and thus visual knowledge of the Earth's structure extends that far. A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International The Kola Superdeep Borehole (Кольская сверхглубокая скважина was the result of a Scientific drilling project of the former USSR.

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Hollow Earth claims

19th century

In 1818, John Cleves Symmes, Jr. suggested that the Earth consisted of a hollow shell about 800 miles (1,300 km) thick, with openings about 1400 miles (2,300 km) across at both poles with 4 inner shells each open at the poles. John Cleves Symmes (1779 &ndash May 1829 was born in New Jersey to Timothy Symmes A geographical pole, or geographic pole, is either of two fixed points on the surface of a spinning body or Planet, at 90 degrees from the Equator, based Symmes became the most famous of the early Hollow Earth proponents. He proposed making an expedition to the North Pole hole, thanks to efforts of one of his followers, James McBride, but the new President of the United States, Andrew Jackson, halted the attempt. The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is subject to the caveats explained below defined as the point in the northern James McBride (1788 &ndash 1859 was a prominent pioneer Statesman in Butler County Ohio. Andrew Jackson (March 15 1767 June 8 1845 was the seventh President of the United States (1829&ndash1837

Jeremiah Reynolds also delivered lectures on the "Hollow Earth" and argued for an expedition. Jeremiah N Reynolds (1799&ndash1858 also known as JN Reynolds, was an American newspaper editor lecturer explorer and author became an influential advocate Reynolds went on an expedition to Antarctica himself but missed joining the Great U.S. Exploring Expedition of 1838 - 1842, even though that venture was a result of his agitation. The United States Exploring Expedition was an exploring and surveying expedition of the Pacific Ocean ("the Southern Seas" conducted by the United States Navy from

Though Symmes himself never wrote a book about his ideas, several authors published works discussing his ideas. McBride wrote Symmes' Theory of Concentric Spheres in 1826. It appears that Reynolds has an article that appeared as a separate booklet in 1827: Remarks of Symmes' Theory Which Appeared in the American Quarterly Review. In 1868, a professor W. F. Lyons published The Hollow Globe which put forth a Symmes-like Hollow Earth theory, but didn't mention Symmes. Symmes's son Americus then published The Symmes' Theory of Concentric Spheres to set the record straight.

Recent history

An early twentieth-century proponent of a hollow Earth, William Reed, wrote Phantom of the Poles in 1906. The Phantom of the Poles is a book written by William Reed, and published in 1906 He propounded the idea of a hollow Earth, but without interior shells or inner sun.

Marshall Gardner wrote A Journey to the Earth's Interior in 1913 and an expanded edition in 1920. He placed an interior sun in the hollow Earth. He even built a working model of the hollow Earth and patented it (#1096102). Gardner made no mention of Reed, but did take Symmes to task for his ideas. In the same time Vladimir Obruchev wrote a fiction novel Plutonia, where the hollow Earth's interior possessed one inner (central) sun and was inhabited by prehistoric species. Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchev (Влади́мир Афана́сьевич О́бручев, Klepenino near Rzhev, Tver Oblast  &ndash June The interior was connected with the surface by a hole in the Arctic. The Arctic is the Region around the Earth 's North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole.

Other writers have proposed that "ascended masters" of esoteric wisdom inhabit subterranean caverns or a hollow Earth. Ascended Masters, in the Ascended Master Teachings is derived from the Theosophical concept of Masters of Wisdom or "Mahatmas". Antarctica, the North Pole, Tibet, Peru, and Mount Shasta in California, USA, have all had their advocates as the locations of entrances to a subterranean realm referred to as Agarttha, with some even advancing the theory that UFOs have their homeland in these places. Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Mount Shasta ( Úytaahkoo, Karuk) or the "White Mountain" in English a 14179-foot (4322 m Stratovolcano, is the second-highest peak in the California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Agartha (sometimes Agartta, Agharti or Agarttha) is a Legendary city that is said to reside in the Earth's core.

A book allegedly by a "Dr. Raymond Bernard" which appeared in 1969, The Hollow Earth, exemplifies this idea. The book rehashes Reed and Gardner's ideas and ignores Symmes. Bernard also adds his own ideas: UFOs come from the interior, the Ring Nebula proves the existence of hollow worlds, etc. An article by Martin Gardner revealed that Dr. Martin Gardner (b October 21, 1914, Tulsa Oklahoma) is a popular American mathematics and science writer specializing in Recreational mathematics Walter Siegmeister used the pseudonym `Bernard', but not until the publishing of Walter Kafton-Minkel's Subterranean Worlds: 100,000 years of dragons, dwarfs, the dead, lost races & UFOs from inside the Earth, in 1989, did the full story of Bernard/Siegmeister become well known.

The pages of the science fiction pulp magazine Amazing Stories promoted one such idea from 1945 to 1949 as "the Shaver Mystery". Pulp magazines (or pulp fiction; often referred to as "the pulps" were inexpensive Fiction magazines Amazing Stories was an American Science fiction magazine launched in April 1926 by Hugo Gernsback 's Experimenter Publishing. The magazine's editor, Ray Palmer, ran a series of stories by Richard Sharpe Shaver supposedly claimed as factual, though presented in the context of fiction. Ray Palmer may refer to Raymond A Palmer - science-fiction writer Ray Palmer (comics - a DC Comics comic book character Richard Sharpe Shaver (b October 8 1907 Berwick Pennsylvania, d Shaver claimed that a superior pre-historic race had built a honeycomb of caves in the Earth, and that their degenerate descendants, known as "Dero", live there still, using the fantastic machines abandoned by the ancient races to torment those of us living on the surface. As one characteristic of this torment, Shaver described "voices" that purportedly came from no explainable source. Thousands of readers wrote to affirm that they, too, had heard the fiendish voices from inside the Earth.

Fantastic stories (supposedly believed as factual within fringe circles) have also circulated that Adolf Hitler and some of his followers escaped to hollow lands within the Earth after World War II via an entrance in Antarctica. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including (See also Hitler's supposed adherence to concave hollow-Earth ideas, below. )

Some writers have proposed building megastructures that have some similarities to a hollow Earth -- see Dyson sphere, Globus Cassus. A megastructure is a built structure typically at least 1000 kilometers in length -- in other words at least 1 Megameter, hence the name A Dyson sphere (or shell as it appeared in the original paper is a hypothetical Megastructure originally described by Freeman Dyson. Globus Cassus is an art project and book by Swiss architect and artist Christian Waldvogel presenting a conceptual transformation of Planet Earth into a much bigger hollow

Concave hollow Earths

Example of a concave hollow Earth. Humans live on the interior; with the universe in the center.
Example of a concave hollow Earth. Humans live on the interior; with the universe in the center.

Instead of saying that humans live on the outside surface of a hollow planet, sometimes called a "convex" hollow-Earth theory, some have claimed that our universe itself lies in the interior of a hollow world, calling this a "concave" hollow-Earth theory. The surface of the Earth, according to such a view, might resemble the interior shell of a Dyson sphere. A Dyson sphere (or shell as it appeared in the original paper is a hypothetical Megastructure originally described by Freeman Dyson. Generally, scientists have taken neither type of speculation seriously.

Cyrus Teed, an eccentric doctor from upstate New York, proposed such a concave hollow Earth in 1869, calling his scheme "Cellular Cosmogony". Cyrus Reed Teed ( October 18, 1839 - December 22, 1908) was an eclectic physician who was the creator of a unique Hollow New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Teed founded a cult called the Koreshan Unity based on this notion, which he called Koreshanity. This article does not discuss "cult" in the original sense of "veneration" or "religious practice" for that usage see Cult (religious practice Koreshan Unity is the communal Utopia formed by Cyrus Teed, who took the name "Koresh" the Hebrew version of his name Cyrus. Koreshanity is the set of religious/scientific beliefs put forth by Cyrus Teed. The main colony survives as a preserved Florida state historic site, at Estero, but all of Teed's followers have now died. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Estero is a Census-designated place (CDP in Lee County, Florida, United States. Teed's followers claimed to have experimentally verified the concavity of the Earth's curvature, through surveys of the Florida coastline making use of "rectilineator" equipment.

Several twentieth-century German writers, including Peter Bender, Johannes Lang, Karl Neupert, and Fritz Braun, published works advocating the hollow Earth theory, or Hohlweltlehre. Stories have even been circulated, although apparently without historical documentation, that Hitler was influenced by concave hollow-Earth ideas and sent an expedition in an unsuccessful attempt to spy on the British fleet by aiming cameras up into the sky (Wagner, 1999). Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately [2]

The Egyptian mathematician Mostafa Abdelkader authored several scholarly papers working out a detailed mapping of the concave Earth model. Mostafa A Abdelkader is a Mathematician from Alexandria Egypt, who has proposed a concave Earth Theory, adjusting the Laws of physics See M. Abdelkader, "A Geocosmos: Mapping Outer Space Into a Hollow Earth," 6 Speculations in Science & Technology 81-89 (1983). Abstracts of two of Abdelkader's papers also appeared in Notices of the American Mathematical Society, (Oct. 1981 and Feb. 1982).

In one chapter of his book On the Wild Side (1992), Martin Gardner discusses the hollow Earth model articulated by Abdelkader. Martin Gardner (b October 21, 1914, Tulsa Oklahoma) is a popular American mathematics and science writer specializing in Recreational mathematics According to Gardner, this theory posits that light rays travel in circular paths, and slow as they approach the center of the spherical star-filled cavern. No energy can reach the center of the cavern, which corresponds to no point a finite distance away from Earth in the widely accepted scientific cosmology. A drill, Gardner says, would lengthen as it traveled away from the cavern and eventually pass through the "point at infinity" corresponding to the center of the Earth in the widely accepted scientific cosmology. Supposedly no experiment can distinguish between the two cosmologies. Martin Gardner notes that "most mathematicians believe that an inside-out universe, with properly adjusted physical laws, is empirically irrefutable". Gardner rejects the concave hollow Earth theory on the basis of Occam's Razor. Occam's razor (sometimes spelled Ockham's razor) is a principle attributed to the 14th-century English Logician and Franciscan Friar,

In a trivial sense, one can always define a coordinate transformation such that the interior of the Earth becomes "exterior" and the exterior becomes "interior". Coordinates are numbers which describe the location of points in a plane or in space (For example, in spherical coordinates, let radius r go to R²/r where R is the Earth's radius. ) Such transformations would require corresponding changes to the forms of physical laws; the consensus suggests that such theories tend towards sophistry.

Newtonian Gravity and a Hollow Earth

Someone on the inside of a hollow Earth would not experience an outward pull and could not stand on the inner surface; rather, the theory of gravity implies that a person on the inside would be nearly weightless. Gravitation is a natural Phenomenon by which objects with Mass attract one another Weightless is the debut album by rap group The Skinny Boys. It was released in 1986 for Warlock Records and was produced by Mark Bush and Chuck This was first shown by Newton, whose shell theorem mathematically predicts a gravitational force of zero everywhere inside a spherically symmetric hollow shell of matter, regardless of the shell's thickness. Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (ˈnjuːtən 4 January 1643 31 March 1727) Biography Early years See also Isaac Newton's early life and achievements In Classical mechanics, the shell theorem gives gravitational simplifications which can be applied to objects inside or outside a spherically symmetrical body A tiny gravitational force would arise from the fact that the Earth does not have a perfectly symmetrical spherical shape, and also from forces due to masses such as the Moon which do not form part of the spherical shell. The centrifugal force from the Earth's rotation would pull a person (on the inner surface) outwards, but even at the equator this is only 1/300 of ordinary Earth gravity. The equator (sometimes referred to colloquially as "the Line") is the intersection of the Earth 's surface with the plane perpendicular to the

The mass of the planet also indicates that the hollow Earth theory is unfeasible. Should the Earth be largely hollow, its mass would be much lower and thus its gravity on the outer surface would be much lower than it currently is.

Hollow Earths in fiction

Literature

Other cultural references

Myths and hints

The oldest claims of the hollow earth are Tibetian myths. See also Mythology Myth is derived from the Greek word μύθος mythos, which simply means 'story' Those myths report of 3 openings into the earth: 2 near the poles and 1 in the Himalayas. The Thule society, which was closely known by Adolf Hitler, reported much about those myths. The Thule Society (Thule-Gesellschaft originally the Studiengruppe für germanisches Altertum 'Study Group for Germanic Antiquity' was a German Occultist Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately There is even the theory that Hitler ordered a research journey for such an opening in the Antarctica. This theory is based on a speech of Admiral Dönitz in front of the German submarine in 1944. Karl Dönitz (ˈdøːnɪts) (16 September 1891 &ndash 24 December 1980 was a German naval Commander who served During that speech, Dönitz claims, "The German submarine fleet is proud of having built an invincible fortification for the Führer, anywhere in the world. " During the Nuremberg Trials, Dönitz spoke of "an invincible fortification, in midst of the eternal ice. The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after " These are the only serious hints of the theory of the hollow earth.

See also

Bibliography

References

  1. ^ Eagleson, Mary (1994). Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry. Walter de Gruyter, p799. ISBN 3110114518
  2. ^ William Yenne, “Adolf Hitler and the Concave Earth Cult,” Secret Weapons of World War II: The Techno-Military Breakthroughs That Changed History (New York: Berkley Books, 2003), 271-272.
  3. ^ Reported in Julian Cope's Japrocksampler, pp. Julian Cope (born Julian David Cope on 21 October, 1957) is an English rock Musician, Author, Antiquary Japrocksampler How the Post-war Japanese Blew Their Minds on Rock 'n' Roll, was written by author and musician Julian Cope and published by Bloomsbury on September 246-7.

External links

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