GM Holden Ltd
Type	Private
Founded	1856
Headquarters	Port Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Key people	Mark Reuss Chairman and Managing Director
Industry	Automotive
Products	Automobiles Engines
Employees	6500 (November 2007)
Parent	General Motors
Website	www.holden.com.au

GM Holden Ltd is an Australian automaker based in Port Melbourne, Victoria. Port Melbourne is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" In Marketing, a product is anything that can be offered to a Market that might satisfy a want or need An engine is a mechanical device that produces some form of output from a given input Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. A holding company is a company that owns part all or a majority of other companies' outstanding Stock. General Motors Corporation ( GM) ( is a multinational automobile manufacturer founded in 1908 and headquartered in the United States. A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Port Melbourne is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The company was originally independent, but since 1931 has been a subsidiary of General Motors (GM). General Motors Corporation ( GM) ( is a multinational automobile manufacturer founded in 1908 and headquartered in the United States. Holden has taken charge of vehicle operations for GM in Australasia and, on behalf of GM, holds partial ownership of GM Daewoo in South Korea. Australasia is a Region of Oceania: New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and neighbouring Islands in the Pacific GM Daewoo Auto & Technology ( GM Daewoo or GMDAT) was first established as National Motor in 1937 in Bupyeong-gu Incheon, South Korea. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Over the years, Holden has offered a broad range of locally produced vehicles, supplemented by imported GM models. In the past, Holden has offered rebadged Nissan and Toyota models in sharing arrangements. For a list of vehicles that have been badge engineered see List of badge engineered vehicles. (pronounced) is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Japan, and is currently the world's largest Automaker.

Holden car bodies are manufactured at Elizabeth, South Australia, and engines are produced at Port Melbourne, Victoria. In Automotive engineering, the bodywork of an Automobile is the structure which protects The occupants Any other payload Elizabeth is a suburb in the northern extent of Adelaide, South Australia. Historically, production or assembly plants were operated in all mainland states of Australia: Acacia Ridge, Queensland; Dandenong, Victoria; Mosman Park, Western Australia; Pagewood, New South Wales; and Woodville, South Australia. The Commonwealth of Australia is made up of 8 states and territories controlled under a federal system of government Acacia Ridge is a suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Acacia Ridge is 15 km south of the central business district See also Mount Dandenong Victoria for the mountain and a different suburb with similar name Mosman Park is a western suburb of Perth, Western Australia on the north bank of the Swan River. Pagewood is a Suburb in south-eastern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Woodville is a suburb of Adelaide, situated about 8 kilometres northwest of the Central Business District of Adelaide. Until 1990, Holden New Zealand also operated a plant based in Trentham, and until 1984 in Petone as well. Holden New Zealand Limited, formerly General Motors New Zealand Limited before 1994 is the sales subsidiary for General Motors in New Zealand. Suburb Suburb The consolidation of car production at Elizabeth, South Australia, was completed in 1988, but some assembly operations continued at Dandenong until 1996.

Although Holden's involvement in exports has fluctuated since the 1950s, the declining sales of large cars in Australia has led the company to look to international markets to increase profitability; in 2006, exports alone accounted for almost AU$1. The Australian dollar ( sign: $; code: AUD) is the Currency of the Commonwealth of Australia, including Christmas 3 billion in earnings.

History of the marque

Early history

In 1852, James Alexander Holden emigrated to South Australia from England and in 1856 established J. South Australia is a state of Australia in the southern central part of the country England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland A. Holden & Co, a saddlery business in Adelaide. Adelaide is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of South Australia, and is the fifth largest city in Australia with a ^[1] Edward Holden, James' son, joined the firm in 1905 with an interest in automobiles. Sir Edward Wheewall Holden ( 14 August 1885 - 17 June 1947) was an Australian vehicle manufacturer ^[2] From there, the firm evolved through various partnerships and, in 1908, Holden and Frost moved into the business of minor repairs to car upholstery. ^[3] The company began to produce complete motorcycle sidecar bodies in 1913, and Edward experimented with fitting bodies to different types of carriages. ^[4] After 1917, wartime trade restrictions led the company to start full-scale production of vehicle body shells. J. A. Holden founded a new company in 1919, Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd (HMBB) specialising in car bodies. By 1923, HMBB were producing 12,000 units per year. ^[3] From 1924, HMBB became the exclusive supplier of car bodies for GM in Australia, with manufacturing taking place at the new Woodville, South Australia plant. Woodville is a suburb of Adelaide, situated about 8 kilometres northwest of the Central Business District of Adelaide. ^[5] These bodies were made to suit a number of chassis imported from manufacturers such as Chevrolet and Dodge. A chassis (plural "chassis" (ˈʃæːsiː ˈtʃæːsiː consists of a framework that supports an inanimate object analogous to an Animal 's Chevrolet (ˌʃɛvroʊˈleɪ - French origin (also known as Chevy) is a Brand of Automobile, produced by General Motors (GM Dodge is a United States -based brand of Automobiles Sport utility vehicles and Trucks manufactured and marketed by Chrysler LLC ^[3] The Great Depression era led to a substantial downturn in production, from 34,000 units annually in 1930 to just 1,651 units one year later. ^[3] In 1931, General Motors purchased the business and formed General Motors–Holden's Ltd. ^[6] Since then, two name changes have occurred: the first, in 1998, changed the name to Holden Ltd, and the second, in May 2005, to GM Holden Ltd. ^[7]

1940s

The Holden 50-2106 utility launched in 1951, three years after the 48-215 sedan. The Holden 48-215, also known unofficially as the Holden FX is a mid-size, six-cylinder sedan which was produced by the Australian Automaker,

Holden's first full-scale car factory in Port Melbourne, Victoria was completed in 1936, with construction beginning in 1939 on a new plant in Pagewood, New South Wales. Port Melbourne is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Pagewood is a Suburb in south-eastern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. ^[4] However, World War II delayed car production with efforts shifted to the construction of vehicle bodies, field guns, aircraft and engines. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including A field gun is an Artillery piece Originally the term referred to smaller Guns that could accompany a field army on the march and when in combat could be ^[5] Before the war ended, the Australian Government took steps to encourage an Australian automotive industry. This article describes the federal government of Australia See Australian governments for other jurisdictions ^[8] Both General Motors and Ford provided studies to the Australian Government outlining the production of the first Australian designed car. Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following Ford's proposal was the government's first choice, but required substantial financial assistance. General Motors' study was ultimately chosen because of its low level of government intervention. ^[9] After the war, Holden returned to producing vehicle bodies, this time for Buick, Chevrolet, Pontiac and Vauxhall. Buick (ˈbjuːɪk is a Marque of automobile sold in the United States, Canada, China, Taiwan, Qatar, and Chevrolet (ˌʃɛvroʊˈleɪ - French origin (also known as Chevy) is a Brand of Automobile, produced by General Motors (GM Pontiac is a Brand of Automobiles produced by General Motors that has been sold in the United States, Canada and Mexico Vauxhall Motors is a British automobile company It is a subsidiary of General Motors Corporation (GM and is part of GM Europe. ^[10] Before this however, Holden continued to pursue the goal of producing an Australian car. This involved compromise with General Motors, as Holden's managing director Laurence Hartnett favoured development of a local design, while GM preferred to see an American design as the basis for "Australia's Own Car". Sir Laurence John Hartnett CBE ( 26 May 1898 – 4 April 1986) was an engineer who made several important contributions to the Australian automotive ^[11] In the end, the design was based on a previously rejected post-war Chevrolet proposal. ^[12] The Holden was launched in 1948, creating long waiting lists extending through 1949 and beyond. ^[13] Although officially designated "48-215", the car was marketed simply as the "Holden". The Holden 48-215, also known unofficially as the Holden FX is a mid-size, six-cylinder sedan which was produced by the Australian Automaker, ^[14] The unofficial usage of the name "FX" originated within Holden, referring to the updated suspension 48-215 of 1953. ^[15]

1950s

During the 1950s, Holden dominated the Australian car market. General Motors invested heavily in production capacity, which allowed the company to meet increased post-war demand for motor cars. ^[4] Less expensive four-cylinder cars did not offer Holden's ability to deal with rugged rural areas. ^[9][16] 48-215 sedans were produced in parallel with the 50-2106 coupé utility from 1951; the latter was known colloquially as the "ute" and became ubiquitous in Australian rural areas as the workhorse of choice. The Holden 48-215, also known unofficially as the Holden FX is a mid-size, six-cylinder sedan which was produced by the Australian Automaker, The Holden 48-215, also known unofficially as the Holden FX is a mid-size, six-cylinder sedan which was produced by the Australian Automaker, The coupé utility combines a two-door " Coupé " cabin with an integral cargo bed behind the cabin—using a light-duty Unibody Automobile platform A colloquialism is an expression not used in formal speech, writing or Paralinguistics. Rural areas can be large and isolated (also referred to as "the country" and/or "the countryside over the course of time Production of both the ute and sedan continued with minor changes until 1953, when they were replaced by the facelifted FJ model, introducing a third panel van body style. The FJ Holden was the second model of an "all Australian car" car manufactured by Holden in Australia. A panel van (or panelvan) is a form Cars can come in a large variety of different body styles. Some are still in production while others are of historical interest only ^[17] The FJ was the first major change to the Holden since its 1948 introduction. Over time it gained iconic status and remains one of Australia's most recognisable automotive symbols. ^[18] A new horizontally slatted grille dominated the front-end of the FJ, which had other trim changes, along with a large rear window, but no changes were made to the body panels. A grille (French word from Latin craticula, small grill is an opening of several slits side by side in a wall or metal ^[19] Although little changed from the 48-215, marketing campaigns and price cuts kept FJ sales steady until a completely redesigned model was launched. ^[20] At the 2005 Australian International Motor Show in Sydney, Holden paid homage to the FJ with the Efijy concept car. The Australian International Motor Show is an Auto show held annually at the Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre, Darling Harbour New South Wales, Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 The Holden Efijy is a Concept car created in Australia by Holden. ^[21] Holden's next model, the FE, launched in 1956; offered in a new station wagon body style dubbed "Station Sedan" in the company's sales literature. A station wagon (or simply wagon) in American, Australian, Canadian and New Zealand usage and an estate car (or just estate ^[22] Strong sales continued in Australia, and Holden achieved a market share of more than 50 percent in 1958 with the revised FC model. ^[23] This was the first Holden to be tested on the new Holden Proving Ground based in Lang Lang, Victoria. Lang Lang is a town on the eastern coast of Western Port just off the South Gippsland Highway near its intersection with the Bass Highway in the Shire ^[24] The opening of the Dandenong, Victoria production facility in 1956 brought further jobs; by 1959 Holden employed 19,000 workers country-wide. See also Mount Dandenong Victoria for the mountain and a different suburb with similar name ^[25]

The EK was Holden's response to the Ford Falcon, and was available with automatic transmission. The Ford Falcon is a Full-size car which has been manufactured by Ford Australia since 1960

1960s

In the 1960s, Holden faced serious competition for the first time; its major competitors began to import cars. ^[26] Holden in 1960, introduced its third major new model, the FB. The car's style was inspired by 1950s Chevrolets, with tailfins and a wrap-around windshield with "dog leg" A-pillars. For the tail fin of an aircraft see Vertical stabilizer. The tailfin era of Automobile styling encompassed the 1950s The windshield or windscreen of an Aircraft, Automobile, Bus, Motorcycle, or Tram is the front Window An A-pillar is a name applied by car stylists and enthusiasts to the shaft of material that supports the windshield (windscreen on either of the windshield frame sides By the time it was introduced, many considered the appearance dated. Much of the motoring industry at the time noted that the adopted style did not translate well to the more compact Holden. ^[27] The FB became the first Holden that was adapted for left-hand-drive markets, enhancing its export potential. Right-hand traffic and left-hand traffic mean regulations requiring all traffic to keep either to the left or the right side of the Road. ^[28] In 1960, Ford unveiled the new Falcon in Australia, only months after its introduction in the United States. Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following The Ford Falcon is a Full-size car which has been manufactured by Ford Australia since 1960 To Holden's advantage, the Falcon was not durable, particularly in the front suspension, making it ill-suited for Australian conditions. The Australian environment ranges from virtually pristine Antarctic territory rainforests to degraded industrial areas of major cities ^[29] In response to the Falcon, Holden introduced the facelifted EK in 1961; the new model featured two-tone paintwork and optional automatic transmission. An automatic transmission (commonly "AT" or "Auto" is an Automobile Gearbox that can change Gear ratios automatically as the vehicle ^[30] An all-new EJ model came in 1962, debuting the new luxury oriented "Premier" model. ^[31] The EH update came a year later brining the new Red motor, providing better performance than the previous Grey motor. The Holden EH was a car developed by the Holden Motor Company in Australia at a purpose built factory in Fisherman's Bend, Melbourne The Holden motor is straight-six engine produced by General Motors–Holden's in Australia between 1948 and 1986 The Holden motor is straight-six engine produced by General Motors–Holden's in Australia between 1948 and 1986 ^[32] After the slow-selling HD series of 1965, Holden responded with the HR in 1966, selling over 250,000 units in two years. Changes came in the form of new front and rear styling and higher-capacity engines. More significantly, the HR fitted standard front seat belts; Holden thus became the first Australian automaker to provide the safety device as standard equipment across all models. A seat belt, sometimes called a safety belt, is a Safety harness designed to secure the occupant of a Vehicle against harmful movement that may result from ^[33] This coincided with the completion of the production plant in Acacia Ridge, Queensland. Acacia Ridge is a suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Acacia Ridge is 15 km south of the central business district ^[4]

The Holden Brougham (1968–1971) was Holden's first full-size luxury vehicle; based on the mainstream Kingswood. The Holden Brougham was a large luxuriously-equipped Automobile made by General Motors – Holden 's Ltd The Holden Kingswood was a range of Full-size cars manufactured by General Motors-Holden's, the Australian subsidiary of General Motors (GM

Holden began assembling the compact HA series Vauxhall Viva in 1964. A compact (North America small family (European or c-segment car is a classification of cars which are larger than a supermini The Viva was produced by Vauxhall Motors in a succession of three versions between 1963 and 1979 This was superseded by the Holden Torana in 1967, a development of the Viva ending Vauxhall production in Australia. The Holden Torana was a car produced by General Motors - Holden (GM-H the Australian subsidiary of General Motors. ^[34] Holden offered the LC, a Torana with new styling, in 1969 with the availability of Holden's six-cylinder engine. In the development days, the six-cylinder Torana was reserved for motor racing, but research had shown that there was a business case for such a model. Auto racing (also known as automobile racing, motor racing or car racing) is a Motorsport involving Racing Cars It ^[35]

Holden's association with the manufacture of Chevrolets and Pontiacs ended in 1968, coinciding with Holden's next major new model, the HK. Chevrolet (ˌʃɛvroʊˈleɪ - French origin (also known as Chevy) is a Brand of Automobile, produced by General Motors (GM Pontiac is a Brand of Automobiles produced by General Motors that has been sold in the United States, Canada and Mexico ^[36] This included Holden's first V8 engine, a Chevrolet engine imported from the United States. A V8 engine is a V engine with eight cylinders mounted on the Crankcase in two banks of four cylinders in most cases set at a right angle to each other Chevrolet (ˌʃɛvroʊˈleɪ - French origin (also known as Chevy) is a Brand of Automobile, produced by General Motors (GM ^[37] Models based on the HK series included an extended-length prestige model, the Brougham, and a two-door coupé, the Monaro. The Holden Brougham was a large luxuriously-equipped Automobile made by General Motors – Holden 's Ltd The Monaro is an Automobile which was produced by Holden, the Australian branch of General Motors from 1968 to 1977 and then re-introduced ^[38] The mainstream Holden Special was rebranded the Kingswood, and the basic fleet model, the Standard, became the Belmont. The Holden Special was a vehicle produced by General Motors–Holden's Ltd in Australia from 1953 to 1968 The Holden Kingswood was a range of Full-size cars manufactured by General Motors-Holden's, the Australian subsidiary of General Motors (GM This page refers to a collection of vehicles (typically automobiles with a single owner Holden Standard was a vehicle manufactured by General Motors–Holden's Ltd in Australia from 1953 to 1968 The Holden Kingswood was a range of Full-size cars manufactured by General Motors-Holden's, the Australian subsidiary of General Motors (GM ^[39] The first Australian-designed and mass-produced V8 engine debuted in the Hurricane concept of 1969, before being applied to facelifted HT model. This was available in two capacities: 253 cubic inches (4. A cubic inch (plural cubic inches) is a non- SI unit of Volume, equal to the volume of a Cube with sides of one Inch. 1 L) referred to as a 4. 2L and 308 cubic inches (5. 0 L). ^[40]

Despite the arrival of serious competitors—namely the Ford Falcon, Chrysler Valiant, and Japanese cars—in the 1960s, Holden's locally produced large six- and eight-cylinder cars remained Australia's top-selling vehicles. The Chrysler Valiant was a passenger car introduced by Chrysler Australia in 1962 with production ceasing in 1981 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Sales were boosted by exporting the Kingswood sedan, station wagon, and utility body styles to places such as Indonesia, Trinidad and Tobago, and South Africa in complete knock down form. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (ˈtrɪnɪdæd ən təˈbeɪgoʊ is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying northeast of the South American The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa For other uses of the abbreviation see CKD Complete knock down (CKD, is a complete kit needed to assemble a vehicle ^[41]

Holden's HQ series sold in record numbers, with more than 480,000 units shifted throughout the car's lifetime.

1970s

In 1970, Holden transformed the Woodville, South Australia factory into an AU$16. Woodville is a suburb of Adelaide, situated about 8 kilometres northwest of the Central Business District of Adelaide. 5 million Tri-Matic automatic transmission plant. ^[4] The new three-speed transmission debuted in the HG series. ^[42] The following year, Holden launched the new HQ series. The Holden Kingswood was a range of Full-size cars manufactured by General Motors-Holden's, the Australian subsidiary of General Motors (GM ^[43] At this time, the company was producing all of its passenger cars in Australia, and every model was of Australian design; however, by the end of the decade, Holden was producing cars based on overseas designs. The HQ was thoroughly re-engineered, featuring a perimeter frame and semi-monocoque (unibody) construction. Monocoque, from the French for single ( mono) and shell ( coque) is a construction technique that supports structural load by using an object's external Other firsts included an all-coil suspension and an extended wheelbase for station wagons, while the utilities and panel vans retained the traditional coil/leaf suspension configuration. ^[44] The series included the new prestige Statesman brand, which also had a longer wheelbase replacing the Brougham. Statesman was an automotive Marque created by General Motors-Holden's (GMH the Australian subsidiary of General Motors in 1971 The Holden Brougham was a large luxuriously-equipped Automobile made by General Motors – Holden 's Ltd ^[45] The Statesman remains noteworthy because it was not marketed as a "Holden", but rather a "Statesman". ^[46], this model was also exported as a Chevrolet to foreign markets. The HQ framework led to a new generation of two-door Monaros, and, despite the introduction of the similar sized competitors, the HQ range became the top-selling Holden of all time, with 485,650 units sold in three years. The Monaro is an Automobile which was produced by Holden, the Australian branch of General Motors from 1968 to 1977 and then re-introduced ^[47] The HQ series was uplifted in 1974 with the introduction of the HJ, heralding new front panel styling and a revised rear fascia. ^[48] This new bodywork was to remain, albeit with minor upgrades through the HX and HZ series. ^[49] Detuned engines adhering to government emission standards were brought in with the HX series, whilst the HZ brought considerably improved road handling and comfort with the introduction of "Radial Tuned Suspension" (RTS). Emission standards are requirements that set specific limits to the amount of Pollutants that can be released into the environment Car handling and vehicle handling is a description of the way wheeled vehicles perform transverse to their direction of motion particularly during cornering and swerving ^[50]

During this decade, development of the Torana continued with the larger LH series of 1974, offered only as a four-door sedan. ^[51] The LH Torana was one of the few cars worldwide engineered to occupy four-, six-and eight-cylinder engines. ^[52] This trend continued until Holden introduced the Sunbird in 1976; essentially the four-cylinder Torana with a new name. The Holden Sunbird was a mid-sized automobile manufactured by General Motors– Holden 's Ltd ^[51] Designated LX, both the Sunbird and Torana introduced a three-door hatchback variant. ^[53] During its production run, the Torana achieved legendary racing success in Australia, achieving victories at the Mount Panorama Circuit in Bathurst, New South Wales. Mount Panorama Circuit is a Motor racing track located in Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia. Bathurst is a regional centre in the state of New South Wales, Australia approximately 200km west of Sydney and is the seat of the Bathurst Regional Council ^[54]

The Commodore followed the success of its forbear, the Kingswood, becoming Holden's bestselling vehicle to date. The Holden Commodore is an Automobile manufactured by the Holden division of General Motors (GM in Australia and formerly in New Zealand The Holden Kingswood was a range of Full-size cars manufactured by General Motors-Holden's, the Australian subsidiary of General Motors (GM

In 1975, Holden introduced the subcompact Gemini, the Australian version of the "T-Car", based on the Opel Kadett C. A subcompact car is an Automobile in a North American Vehicle size class, encompassing vehicles smaller than Compact cars According to the The Isuzu Gemini was a Compact car built in several generations by Isuzu and sold from 1974 to 2000 The General Motors T-car was an Automobile platform for Subcompact cars It was the 1970s' most prolific World car program The Opel Kadett is a Small family car produced by the German automaker Opel between 1937 and 1940 then from 1962 to 1992 The Gemini was an overseas design developed jointly with Isuzu, GM's Japanese affiliate; and was powered by a 1. ( is a Japanese car commercial vehicle and heavy truck manufacturing company, headquartered in Tokyo. 6 litre four-cylinder engine. ^[55] Fast becoming a popular car, the Gemini rapidly attained sales leadership in its class, and the nameplate lived on until 1987. ^[56]

Holden's most popular car to date, the Commodore, was introduced in 1978 as the VB. The Holden Commodore is an Automobile manufactured by the Holden division of General Motors (GM in Australia and formerly in New Zealand The Holden VB Commodore is a car that was produced by the Australian subsidiary of General Motors, Holden. ^[57] The new family car was loosely based on the Opel Rekord E body shell, but with the front from the Opel Senator grafted to accommodate the larger Holden six-cylinder and V8 engines. The Opel Rekord is a Family car which was built in several generations by the German car manufacturer Opel, latterly a subsidiary of General The Opel Senator was a large motor car, two generations of which were sold in Europe by the German General Motors subsidiary Opel Initially, the Commodore maintained Holden's sales leadership in Australia. ^[58] However, some of the compromises resulting from the adoption of a design intended for another market hampered the car's acceptance. In particular, it was narrower than its predecessor and its Falcon rival, making it less comfortable for three rear-seat passengers. ^[59]

Holden discontinued the Torana in 1979 and the Sunbird in 1980. After the 1978 introduction of the Commodore, the Torana became the "in-between" car, surrounded by the smaller and more economical Gemini and the larger, more sophisticated Commodore. The Isuzu Gemini was a Compact car built in several generations by Isuzu and sold from 1974 to 2000 The closest successor to the Torana was the Camira, released in 1982 as Australia's version of GM's medium-sized "J-Car". The Holden Camira was a medium-sized family car produced by Holden, the Australian subsidiary of General Motors. The J platform, or J-body, was General Motors ' inexpensive Front-wheel drive Automobile platform from the 1980s and 1990s ^[60]

The second generation Commodore (VN Calais pictured) overcame the previous generations' width problems. The Holden Commodore is an Automobile manufactured by the Holden division of General Motors (GM in Australia and formerly in New Zealand The Holden VN Commodore was the sixth model of the Holden Commodore, a Full-size car produced by the Australian automotive marque Holden.

1980s

The 1980s were challenging for Holden and the Australian car industry. The Australian Government tried to revive the industry with the Button car plan, which encouraged car makers to focus on producing fewer models at higher, more economical volumes, and to export cars. ^[61] The decade opened with the shut-down of the Pagewood, New South Wales production plant and introduction of the light commercial Rodeo, sourced from Isuzu in Japan. Pagewood is a Suburb in south-eastern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The Holden Rodeo is a utility vehicle sold in Australia and New Zealand by Holden, a subsidiary of General Motors (GM ^[4] The Rodeo was available in both two- and four-wheel drive chassis cab models with a choice of petrol and diesel powerplants. A chassis cab is a body style often found in medium duty Trucks Instead of providing the customer with a pre-assembled bed cargo container or other equipment the customer Diesel or Diesel fuel (ˈdiːzəl in general is any Fuel used in Diesel engines The most common is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum ^[62] The range was updated in 1988 with the TF series, based on the Isuzu TF. The Isuzu TF is a series of Pick-up trucks built in Japan by Isuzu between 1983 and 2002 and in the USA between 1987 and 1995 ^[4]

Holden introduced the new WB series utilities, panel vans and limousines in 1980. The Holden Kingswood was a range of Full-size cars manufactured by General Motors-Holden's, the Australian subsidiary of General Motors (GM However, the design, based on the HQ and updated HJ, HX and HZ models from the 1970s could not compete with similar models in Ford's lineup. The Holden Kingswood was a range of Full-size cars manufactured by General Motors-Holden's, the Australian subsidiary of General Motors (GM The Holden Kingswood was a range of Full-size cars manufactured by General Motors-Holden's, the Australian subsidiary of General Motors (GM The Holden Kingswood was a range of Full-size cars manufactured by General Motors-Holden's, the Australian subsidiary of General Motors (GM Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following Thus, Holden abandoned those vehicle classes all together in 1984. Car classification is subjective since many vehicles fall into multiple categories or do not fit well into any ^[43] Sales of the Commodore also fell, with the effects of the 1979 energy crisis lessening, and for the first time the Commodore lost ground to the Ford Falcon. The Holden Commodore is an Automobile manufactured by the Holden division of General Motors (GM in Australia and formerly in New Zealand The 1979 (or second) oil crisis in the United States occurred in the wake of the Iranian Revolution. The Ford Falcon is a Full-size car which has been manufactured by Ford Australia since 1960 Sales in other segments also suffered when competition from Ford intensified, and other Australian manufacturers: Mitsubishi, Nissan and Toyota gained market share. Mitsubishi Motors Australia Ltd (MMAL is a fully owned subsidiary of Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (MMC of Japan (pronounced) is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Japan, and is currently the world's largest Automaker. ^[63] When released in 1982, the Camira initially generated good sales, which later declined because buyers considered the 1. The Holden Camira was a medium-sized family car produced by Holden, the Australian subsidiary of General Motors. 6 litre engine underpowered, and the car's build and ride quality below-average. ^[60] The Camira lasted just seven years, and contributed to Holden's accumulated losses of over AU$500 million by the mid-1980s. ^[64]

The Statesman marque lasted until 1984, when Holden abandoned the full-size luxury segment. Statesman was an automotive Marque created by General Motors-Holden's (GMH the Australian subsidiary of General Motors in 1971

In 1984, Holden introduced the VK Commodore, with significant styling changes from the previous VH. The Holden VK Commodore was introduced in 1984 and replaced the VH. The Holden VH Commodore was an evolution of the previous VC model released in October 1981 The Commodore was next updated in 1986 as the VL, which had new front and rear styling. The Holden VL Commodore is a Mid-size car manufactured between 1986 and 1988 by the General Motors (GM Australian arm Holden. ^[65] Controversially, the VL was powered by the 3. 0 litre Nissan RB30 six-cylinder engine and had an electronically controlled four-speed automatic transmission. The RB engine is a 20L to 30L Straight-6 four-stroke Gasoline Engine from Nissan. The engine change was necessitated by the legal requirement that all new cars sold in Australia after 1986 had to consume unleaded petrol. ^[66] Because it was infeasible to convert the existing six-cylinder engine to run on unleaded fuel, the Nissan engine was chosen as the best engine available. However, changing exchange rates caused the cost of the engine and transmission to double over the life of the VL. ^[67] The decision to opt for a Japanese-made transmission led to the closure of the Woodville, South Australia assembly plant. Woodville is a suburb of Adelaide, situated about 8 kilometres northwest of the Central Business District of Adelaide. This came after Holden reorganised and recapitalised the business in 1985; separating the engine and car manufacturing divisions in the process. ^[68] For the most part, car bodies were now manufactured at Elizabeth, South Australia, with engines confined to a single plant in Port Melbourne, Victoria. Elizabeth is a suburb in the northern extent of Adelaide, South Australia. Port Melbourne is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The engine manufacturing business was successful, building four-cylinder Family II engines for use in cars built overseas. The Family II is a Straight-4 Piston engine that was originally developed by Opel in late 1970s for use in the Opel Ascona B and Opel Kadett ^[69] Confident by the apparent sign of turnaround, General Motors paid off Holden's mounted losses of AU$780 million on December 19, 1986. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) ^[68] The final phase of the Commodore's recovery strategy involved the 1988 VN, a significantly wider model powered by the American-designed 3. The Holden VN Commodore was the sixth model of the Holden Commodore, a Full-size car produced by the Australian automotive marque Holden. 8 litre Buick V6 engine. The Buick V6, initially marketed as Fireball at its introduction in 1962 is a large V6 engine used by General Motors. ^[59]

Holden began to sell the subcompact Suzuki Swift-based Barina in 1985. The Suzuki Swift is nameplate marketed by Suzuki carried by vehicles of three distinct derivations Generations I II III a Supermini that The Holden Barina is an subcompact Automobile sold since 1985 by Holden, the Australian arm of General Motors (GM ^[70] In the same year, Nissan Pulsar hatchbacks were rebadged as the Holden Astra, as a result of a deal with Nissan. The Nissan Pulsar is a Compact car / Small family car produced by the Japanese automaker Nissan since 1978 when it debuted as a Subcompact car The Holden Astra is a Compact car currently being manufactured by General Motors and sold through the Holden brand ^[71] This arrangement ceased in 1988 when Holden entered a new alliance with Toyota, forming a new company: United Australian Automobile Industries (UAAI). United Australian Automobile Industries ( UAAI) was a firm founded in Australia in 1989 as the result of an agreement between the Australian subsidiary UAAI resulted in Holden selling rebadged versions of Toyota's Corolla and Camry, as the Holden Nova and Apollo respectively, with Toyota re-branding the Commodore as the Toyota Lexcen. The Toyota Corolla is a line of subcompact / Compact cars produced by the Japanese Automaker Toyota, which has become very popular throughout The Toyota Camry is a Mid-size car, formerly a Compact car manufactured by Toyota since 1980 The Holden Nova was a Compact car that was produced by Toyota in Australia between August 1989 and 1996 and sold under the Holden nameplate The Holden Apollo is a Car that was a badge-engineered version of the Toyota Camry sold in Australia. ^[72]

The Holden Astra replaced the slow selling Nova, the result of a government-backed model sharing scheme. The Holden Astra is a Compact car currently being manufactured by General Motors and sold through the Holden brand The Holden Nova was a Compact car that was produced by Toyota in Australia between August 1989 and 1996 and sold under the Holden nameplate

1990s

The company changed throughout the 1990s, increasing its Australian market share from 21 percent in 1991 to 28. 2 percent in 1999. ^[73] Besides manufacturing Australia's bestselling car, which was exported in significant numbers, Holden continued to export many locally produced engines to power cars made elsewhere. In this decade, Holden adopted a strategy of importing cars it needed to offer a full range of competitive vehicles. ^[74]

On April 26, 1990, GM's New Zealand subsidiary, Holden New Zealand, announced that production at the assembly plant based in Trentham would be phased out and that vehicles would be imported duty-free. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Holden New Zealand Limited, formerly General Motors New Zealand Limited before 1994 is the sales subsidiary for General Motors in New Zealand. Suburb See also Taxation, Indirect Tax In Economics, a duty is a kind of Tax, often associated with Customs, a payment due to the This came after the 1984 closure of the Petone assembly line due to low output volumes. Suburb ^[75] During the 1990s Holden, other Australian automakers and trade unionists pressured the Australian Government to halt the lowering of car import tariffs. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming For other uses of this word see Tariff (disambiguation. A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary By 1997, the federal government had already cut tariffs to 22. 5 percent from 57. 5 percent ten years earlier, and by 2000 were planning to reduce this even further down to 15 percent. Holden was critical, saying that Australia's population was not large enough, and that the changes could tarnish the local industry. ^[76]

Holden re-introduced its defunct Statesman name in 1990, this time under the Holden marque, as the Statesman and Caprice. Statesman was an automotive Marque created by General Motors-Holden's (GMH the Australian subsidiary of General Motors in 1971 The Holden Statesman and Caprice are a series of full-size Luxury vehicles produced by the Australian General Motors division of Holden For 1991, Holden updated the Statesman and Caprice with a range of improvements, including the introduction of four-wheel anti-lock brakes,^[77] although a rear-wheel system had been standard on the Statesman Caprice from March 1976. An anti-lock braking system, or ABS (from the German, A nti' b' lockier' s' ystem) is a safety system on Motor vehicles ^[51] This feature was added to short-wheelbase Commodore range in 1992. ^[78] Another returning variant was the full-size utility, this time based on the Commodore. ^[79] The VN Commodore received a major facelift in 1993 with the VR. The Holden VN Commodore was the sixth model of the Holden Commodore, a Full-size car produced by the Australian automotive marque Holden. The Holden VR Commodore of July 1993 came with an updated sleeker and more modern design as well as safety enhancements such as anti-lock brakes (ABS Compared to the VN, approximately 80 percent of car was new. Exterior changes brought an overall smoother body and a "twin-kidney" grille—a Commodore styling trait which remained until the 2002 VY model. A grille (French word from Latin craticula, small grill is an opening of several slits side by side in a wall or metal The Holden VY Commodore is the twelfth model of the Holden Commodore range produced by Holden between September 2002 and August 2004 ^[80] Holden introduced the all-new VT Commodore in 1997, the outcome of an AU$600 million development programme that spanned more than half a decade. The Holden VT Commodore, released in 1997 was the tenth model of the Holden Commodore, a Full-size car built by Holden, the Australian subsidiary The new model sported a rounded exterior body shell, improved dynamics, and many firsts for an Australian-built car. A stronger body structure increased crash safety. ^[81] A revived Monaro, based on the VT Commodore, attracted wide attention after being shown as a concept car at Australian auto shows, and it drew a large waiting list after production began. The Monaro is an Automobile which was produced by Holden, the Australian branch of General Motors from 1968 to 1977 and then re-introduced An auto show, or motorshow, is a public exhibition of current Automobile models debuts Concept cars or out-of-production classics The revived Monaro was released to the Australian market in 2001 and ceased production in 2005. ^[82] The Buick-sourced V6 engine, produced locally, powered the Commodore range, as did the 5. Buick (ˈbjuːɪk is a Marque of automobile sold in the United States, Canada, China, Taiwan, Qatar, and A V6 engine is a V engine with six cylinders mounted on the Crankcase in two banks of three cylinders 0 litre V8 engine, replaced in 1999 by a 5. 7 litre unit. ^[83]

The UAAI badge-engineered cars first introduced in the 1980s sold poorly, but the Holden Commodore, Toyota Camry, and Corolla were all successful when sold under their original nameplates. ^[84] UAAI was dissolved in 1996, and Holden returned selling to GM products. ^[68] This signalled the closure of the Dandenong, Victoria facility, the sole plant for Corolla and Nova production. See also Mount Dandenong Victoria for the mountain and a different suburb with similar name ^[85] The Holden Astra and Vectra, both designed by Opel in Germany, replaced the Toyota-sourced Holden Nova and Apollo. The Holden Astra is a Compact car currently being manufactured by General Motors and sold through the Holden brand The Opel Vectra is a Large family car produced primarily by Adam Opel GmbH (commonly known as "Opel" the German subsidiary of General Adam Opel GmbH (commonly known as Opel) is a German automaker part of General Motors. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This came after the 1994 introduction of the Opel Corsa replacing the already available Suzuki Swift as the source for the Holden Barina. The Opel Corsa is a supermini that has been produced by General Motors' European Subsidiary Opel since 1982 and has also been sold under a variety The Suzuki Swift is nameplate marketed by Suzuki carried by vehicles of three distinct derivations Generations I II III a Supermini that The Holden Barina is an subcompact Automobile sold since 1985 by Holden, the Australian arm of General Motors (GM ^[86] Assembly of Vectra began at Elizabeth, South Australia in 1998, and these cars were exported to Japan and Southeast Asia with Opel badges. Elizabeth is a suburb in the northern extent of Adelaide, South Australia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. ^[87][88] However, the Vectra did not achieve sufficient sales in Australia to justify local assembly, and reverted to being fully imported in 2000. ^[89]

The VE Commodore of 2006, Holden's first vehicle to be completely designed and engineerd in Australia since 1971 HQ series. The Holden VE Commodore is the fourteenth and current model of the Holden Commodore, a Full-size car produced by Holden, the Australian subsidiary The Holden Kingswood was a range of Full-size cars manufactured by General Motors-Holden's, the Australian subsidiary of General Motors (GM

2000s

Holden's market surge from the 1990s reversed in the 2000s. In Australia, Holden's market share dropped from 27. 5 percent in 2000 to 15. 2 percent in 2006. ^[73][90] From March 2003, Holden no longer held the number one sales position in Australia, losing ground to Toyota. (pronounced) is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Japan, and is currently the world's largest Automaker. ^[91] This overall downturn affected Holden's profits; the company recorded a combined gain of AU$842. 9 million between 2002 and 2004, and a loss of AU$290 million between 2005 and 2006. ^[92] Factors contributing to the loss included the development of an all-new model, the strong Australian dollar and the cost of reducing the workforce at the Elizabeth plant, including the loss of 1,400 jobs after the closure of the third-shift assembly line in 2005, after just two years in operation. The Australian dollar ( sign: $; code: AUD) is the Currency of the Commonwealth of Australia, including Christmas ^[93] Holden caused controversy in 2005 with their Holden Employee Pricing television advertisement, which ran between October and December 2005. A television advertisement or television commercial (often just commercial or advert (US or ad (UK is a span of television programming produced The campaign publicised that "For the first time ever, all Australians can enjoy the financial benefit of Holden Employee Pricing". However, this did not include a discounted dealer delivery fee and savings on factory fitted options and accessories that employees received. At the same time, employees were given a further discount between 25 and 29 percent on selected models. ^[94]

The VT Commodore received its first major update in 2002 with the VY series. The Holden VT Commodore, released in 1997 was the tenth model of the Holden Commodore, a Full-size car built by Holden, the Australian subsidiary The Holden VY Commodore is the twelfth model of the Holden Commodore range produced by Holden between September 2002 and August 2004 A mildly facelifted VZ model launched in 2004, introducing the GM High Feature engine. For a complete overview of all Commodore models see Holden Commodore. The 3600 LY7 (and derivative LP1) are members of General Motors ' new High Feature (or HFV6) engine family of modern DOHC ^[95] This was built at the Port Melbourne, Victoria facility completed in 2003, with a maximum output 900 engines per day. Port Melbourne is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. This has reportedly added AU$5. 2 billion to the Australian economy; exports account for about AU$450 million alone. Throughout this article the unqualified term "dollar" and the $ symbol refer to the Australian dollar. ^[96] After the VZ, the High Feature engine powered the all-new VE Commodore. The Holden VE Commodore is the fourteenth and current model of the Holden Commodore, a Full-size car produced by Holden, the Australian subsidiary In contrast to previous models, the VE no longer utilises an Opel-sourced platform adapted both mechanically and in size. Adam Opel GmbH (commonly known as Opel) is a German automaker part of General Motors. An automobile platform is a shared set of common design engineering and production efforts as well as major components over a number of outwardly distinct models and even types of ^[97] Throughout the 1990s, Opel had also been the source of many Holden models. To increase profitability, Holden looked to the South Korean Daewoo brand for replacements after acquiring a 44. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː GM Daewoo Auto & Technology ( GM Daewoo or GMDAT) was first established as National Motor in 1937 in Bupyeong-gu Incheon, South Korea. 6 percent stake in the company in 2002. ^[98] The first of such models, the Barina was replaced by the Daewoo Kalos in 2005, still under the Barina nameplate. The Holden Barina is an subcompact Automobile sold since 1985 by Holden, the Australian arm of General Motors (GM The Daewoo Kalos is a Subcompact automobile manufactured by GM Daewoo (the South Korean subsidiary of General Motors) introduced in 2002 ^[99] The following year, the Viva, based on the Daewoo Lacetti, replaced the entry-level Holden Astra Classic, although a new Astra came about in 2004. The Daewoo Lacetti is a Compact car made by the South Korean automaker GM Daewoo. The Holden Astra is a Compact car currently being manufactured by General Motors and sold through the Holden brand ^[100] The Captiva crossover SUV came next in 2006. The Holden Captiva is a Crossover SUV sold under the Holden name and built by GM Daewoo in South Korea since 2006 A Crossover &mdash variously called XUV or CUV, for crossover utility vehicle &mdash is a marketing term for a vehicle that derives from a car while borrowing After discontinuing the Frontera and Jackaroo models in 2003, Holden was only left with one all-wheel drive model: the Adventra, a Commodore-based station wagon. The Holden Frontera was a medium sized SUV sold by General Motors in Australia and New Zealand from 1995 to 2002 The Isuzu Trooper is a Mid-size SUV produced by the Japanese automaker Isuzu between 1981 and 2002 Four-wheel drive, 4WD, or 4x4 ("four by four" is a four-wheeled Vehicle with a drivetrain that allows all four Wheels to The Holden Adventra is a Crossover SUV manufactured between 2003 to 2006 by Holden, the Australian arm of General Motors. ^[101] The fourth model to be replaced with a South Korean alternative was the Vectra, by the mid-size Epica in 2007. The Opel Vectra is a Large family car produced primarily by Adam Opel GmbH (commonly known as "Opel" the German subsidiary of General The Daewoo Tosca is a Mid-size car built by GM Daewoo in South Korea and marketed worldwide by General Motors as Chevrolet Epica ^[102] As a result of the split between GM and Isuzu, Holden in 2008 lost of the naming rights to the Rodeo nameplate. ( is a Japanese car commercial vehicle and heavy truck manufacturing company, headquartered in Tokyo. The Holden Rodeo is a utility vehicle sold in Australia and New Zealand by Holden, a subsidiary of General Motors (GM Consequently, the Rodeo will be facelifted and sold as the Holden Colorado. Isuzu D-Max is a Pickup truck made by Isuzu. It shares the same platform with several General Motors (GM mid-size trucks in the United States ^[103]

Corporate affairs and identity

Holden logos from 1928 (left) and 1972 (right).

As of 2008, chairman and managing director Mark Reuss heads operations at Holden. Light commercial vehicles ( LCV) or category N1 is the formal term in the European Union for goods vehicles with a Gross vehicle mass (GVM of A sport utility vehicle ( SUV) is a generic marketing description for a rugged automotive vehicle similar to a Station wagon but built on a light-truck chassis The Family II is a Straight-4 Piston engine that was originally developed by Opel in late 1970s for use in the Opel Ascona B and Opel Kadett The 3600 LY7 (and derivative LP1) are members of General Motors ' new High Feature (or HFV6) engine family of modern DOHC Executives of secondary departments include William Lesner, Alison Terry, Ian McCleave, Tony Hyde, Tony Stolfo, Alan Batey, Rodney Keane, Scott Sandefur, Pierre Matthee, Gene Stefanyshyn, Raymundo Garza, Mark Bernhard, and Fiona Harden. Vehicles are sold countrywide through the Holden Dealer Network (310 authorised stores and 12 service centres), which employs more than 13,500 people. ^[104]

Since the 1960s, Holden models have been a staple of domestic touring car racing, and the quasi-factory Holden Racing Team (HRT) has successfully participated in V8 Supercar racing. Touring car racing is a general term for a number of distinct Auto racing competitions in heavily-modified street cars Holden Racing Team, or HRT is a V8 Supercar racing team that began following the establishment in 1988 of the joint venture between the TWR Group and V8 Supercars is a Touring car racing category operated under the regulations of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA ^[105] In 1987, Holden Special Vehicles (HSV) was formed in partnership with Tom Walkinshaw, who primarily manufactures modified, high-performance Commodore variants. Holden Special Vehicles, abbreviated HSV is the officially designated performance vehicle division of Australian motor Automobile manufacturer ^[106] To further reinforce the brand, HSV introduced the HSV Dealer Team into the V8 Supercar fold in 2005 under the naming rights of HSV Toll Racing. HSV Dealer Team is one of the premier Motorsport teams contesting the V8 Supercar Championship ^[107]

The logo, or "Holden lion and stone" as it is known, has played a vital role in establishing Holden's identity. In 1928, Holden's Motor Body Builders appointed Rayner Hoff to design the emblem. Rayner Hoff ( 27 November 1894 – 19 November 1937) was a sculptor who worked in Australia. The logo refers to a prehistoric fable, in which observations of lions rolling stones led to the invention of the wheel. Stone Age Paleolithic See also Paleolithic, Recent African Origin, Early Homo sapiens, Early human migrations "Paleolithic" The lion ( Panthera leo) is a member of the family Felidae and one of four Big cats in the Genus Panthera. With the 1948 launch of the 48-215, Holden revised its logo and commissioned another redesign in 1972 to better represent the company. The Holden 48-215, also known unofficially as the Holden FX is a mid-size, six-cylinder sedan which was produced by the Australian Automaker, ^[108] The emblem was reworked once more in 1994. ^[109]

Sales in the Australian market between 1991 and 2006

Exports

Holden began to export vehicles in 1954, sending the FJ to New Zealand. The FJ Holden was the second model of an "all Australian car" car manufactured by Holden in Australia. ^[110] Exports to New Zealand have continued ever since, but to broaden their export potential, Holden began to cater their Commodore, Monaro and Statesman models for both right- and left-hand drive markets. The Holden Commodore is an Automobile manufactured by the Holden division of General Motors (GM in Australia and formerly in New Zealand The Monaro is an Automobile which was produced by Holden, the Australian branch of General Motors from 1968 to 1977 and then re-introduced The Holden Statesman and Caprice are a series of full-size Luxury vehicles produced by the Australian General Motors division of Holden The Middle East is now Holden's largest export market, with the Commodore sold as the Chevrolet Lumina since 1998, and the Statesman since 1999 as the Chevrolet Caprice. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. This is the article about the Lumina sedan and Coupe. For the Lumina minivan see Chevrolet Lumina APV. The Chevrolet Caprice and Caprice Classic were full-sized Automobiles produced by the Chevrolet division of General Motors in the United ^[87] Commodores are also sold as the Chevrolet Lumina in Brunei, Fiji and South Africa, to Brazil as the Chevrolet Omega and to North America as the Pontiac GTO. Brunei Darussalam, (bruːˈnaɪ in English officially the State of Brunei Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam Jawi: برني دارالسلام Fiji (Matanitu ko Viti फ़िजी officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (Matanitu Tu-Vaka-i-koya ko Viti फ़िजी द्वीप समूह गणराज्य The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The Chevrolet Omega is an Executive car sold by General Motors do Brasil for the Brazilian market The Pontiac GTO was an Automobile built by Pontiac from 1964 to 1974 and by General Motors Holden in Australia from 2004 to ^[104][111] The long-wheelbase Statesman model was sold previously in China as the Buick Royaum, before being replaced by the Statesman-based Buick Park Avenue. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Buick Park Avenue is a Full-size car built by General Motors and sold by its Buick division ^[112] Beginning in 2005, Statesman exports began in South Korea, sold as the Daewoo Statesman, and later as the Daewoo L4X. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː ^[113] Sales of the Monaro began in 2003 to the Middle East as the Chevrolet Lumina Coupe. Later on in the year, a modified version of the Monaro began selling in North America as the Pontiac GTO, and under the Monaro name through Vauxhall dealerships in the United Kingdom. The Pontiac GTO was an Automobile built by Pontiac from 1964 to 1974 and by General Motors Holden in Australia from 2004 to Vauxhall Motors is a British automobile company It is a subsidiary of General Motors Corporation (GM and is part of GM Europe. This arrangement continued through to 2005 when the car was discontinued. ^[114] Holden's move into international markets has been profitable; export revenue increased from AU$973 million in 1999 to just under $1. 3 billion in 2006. ^[115][116]

Notes

References

• Davis, Tony; Kennedy, Alistair; Kennedy, Ewan (February 2007). "The Holden Heritage - 13th Edition". Port Melbourne, Victoria: GM Holden. Port Melbourne is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.  
  • Part One, Part Two, Part Three (PDF).

• Earl, Peter (2002). Information, Opportunism and Economic Coordination. Cheltenham, United Kingdom: Edward Elgar Publishing, 296. Education The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located ISBN 1840647388.  

• Loffler, Don (2000). Still Holden Together: Stories of the First Holden Model. Kent Town, South Australia: Wakefield Press, 304. Kent Town ( is a suburb of Adelaide in the City of Norwood Payneham & St Peters. ISBN 1862545316.  

• Loffler, Don (2002). The FJ Holden: A Favorite Australian Car. Kent Town, South Australia: Wakefield Press, 276. Kent Town ( is a suburb of Adelaide in the City of Norwood Payneham & St Peters. ISBN 9781862545830.  

• Loffler, Don [1998] (2006). She's a Beauty!: The Story of the First Holdens, New Enlarged Edition, Kent Town, South Australia: Wakefield Press, 310. Kent Town ( is a suburb of Adelaide in the City of Norwood Payneham & St Peters. ISBN 1862547343.  

• McCarthy, Mike; McKay, Peter; Newton, Bruce; Robinson, Peter (October 2006). "2006 Collector's Edition VE Commodore: The Full Story". Wheels magazine: 164. Wheels magazine is an Australian Automotive Magazine published monthly by ACP Magazines. ACP Magazines. ACP Magazines (ACP a member of the PBL Media group is an Australian media company that was founded in 1933  

• Robinson, Peter (2006). AutoBiography: The inside story of Holden's all-new VE Commodore. Woolloomooloo, New South Wales: Focus Publishing, 224. Woolloomooloo is a harbourside inner-city eastern Suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. ISBN 1921156104.  

• Strauss, Richard (1998). Up for Rego: A Social History of the Holden Kingswood. North Melbourne, Victoria: Pluto Press Australia, 106. North Melbourne is an Inner-city Suburb of Melbourne, Australia in the state of Victoria. Pluto Press is a progressive independent publisher based in London. ISBN 1864030542.  

• Tuckey, Bill (1999). Commodore Lion King: Celebrating 21 Years. Middle Park, Victoria: Quil Visual Communications, 252. Middle Park is an Inner city suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. ISBN 0646382314.  

• Tuckey, Bill (2003). Australians and Their Cars: 100 Years of Motoring. Woolloomooloo, New South Wales: Focus Publishing, 160. Woolloomooloo is a harbourside inner-city eastern Suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. ISBN 1920683364.  

• Wright, John (1998). Heart of the Lion: The 50 Year History of Australia's Holden. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin, 359. Crows Nest is a Suburb on the lower North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Allen & Unwin, formerly a major British publishing house is now an independent book publisher and distributor based in Australia. ISBN 1864487445.