Citizendia
Your Ad Here

For the city named after him, see Ho Chi Minh City.
Hồ Chí Minh
Ho Chi Minh
In office
September 2, 1945 – September 2, 1969
Preceded by N/A
Succeeded by Tôn Đức Thắng
In office
September 2, 1945 – September 20, 1955
Preceded by N/A
Succeeded by Phạm Văn Đồng
Born May 19, 1890(1890-05-19)
Nghệ An Province, Vietnam
Died September 2, 1969 (aged 79)
Hanoi, Vietnam
Nationality Vietnamese
Political party Vietnam Workers' Party

Hồ Chí Minh listen (help·info) (name pronounced [hò cí mɪŋ]) (May 19, 1890 – September 2, 1969) was a Vietnamese revolutionary and statesman, who later became prime minister (1946–1955) and president (1946–1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). Office The President of Vietnam (Chủ tịch nước Việt Nam is the Head of state of Vietnam, although the functions of the President are often ceremonial Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Tôn Đức Thắng ( August 20 1888 - March 30 1980) was the second and final President of North Vietnam and the first President Office The Prime Minister of Vietnam (Thủ tướng Việt Nam is the head of the executive branch of the Vietnamese government Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Phạm Văn Đồng ( March 1, 1906 – April 29, 2000) was an associate of Hồ Chí Minh. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Nghệ An ( Hán Tự: 乂[[wikt 安|安]] is the largest province in the North Central Coast of Vietnam. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Hanoi ( Vietnamese: Hà Nội Hán Tự: 河[[wikt 内|内]], estimated population 3398889 (2007, is the Capital of Vietnam Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The Communist Party of Vietnam ( Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam) is the currently ruling as well as the only legal Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially A revolutionary when used as a noun is a person who either actively engages in some kind of Revolution, or advocates the revolution with recognition from some government or The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN or less commonly Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa was a Country on the northern half of Vietnam

Ho led the Viet Minh independence movement from 1941 onward, establishing the communist-governed Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 and defeating the French Union in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu. The Việt Minh (abbreviated from Việt Nam Ðộc Lập Ðồng Minh Hội, English "League for the Independence of Vietnam" was a National liberation The French Union (Union française was a political entity created by the French Fourth Republic to replace the old French colonial system the " French Empire The Battle of Dien Bien Phu (Bataille de Diên Biên Phu Chiến dịch Điện Biên Phủ was the climactic battle of the First Indochina War between French Union He led the North Vietnamese in the Vietnam War until his death; six years later, the war ended with a North Vietnamese victory, and Vietnamese unification followed. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia He was named by Time Magazine as one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century,[1] while the former capital of South Vietnam, Saigon, was renamed Ho Chi Minh City in his honor. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and The Time 100 The Most Important People of the Century is a compilation of the 20th century's most influential politicians artists innovators scientists and cultural icons The twentieth century of the Common Era began on "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia

Contents

Early life

Hồ Chí Minh was born, as Nguyễn Sinh Cung, in 1890 in Hoàng Trù Village, his mother's hometown. From 1895, he grew up in his paternal hometown of Kim Liên Village, Nam Đàn District, Nghệ An Province, Vietnam. Nghệ An ( Hán Tự: 乂[[wikt 安|安]] is the largest province in the North Central Coast of Vietnam. He had three siblings, his sister Bạch Liên (or Nguyễn Thị Thanh), a clerk in the French Army, his brother Nguyễn Sinh Khiêm (or Nguyễn Tất Đạt), a geomancer and traditional herbalist, and another brother (Nguyễn Sinh Nhuận) who died in his infancy. The French Army, officially the Armée de Terre (Land Army is the land-based component of the French Armed Forces and its largest Nguyễn Sinh Khiêm (1888-1950 renamed Nguyễn Tất Đạt in accordance with Confucian tradition was the brother of President Hồ Chí Minh of Việt Following Confucian traditions, at the age of 10 his father named him Nguyễn Tất Thành (Nguyễn the Accomplished). Confucianism ( is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the fifth century B Ho's father, Nguyễn Sinh Sắc, was a Confucian scholar, small time teacher and later an imperial magistrate in a small remote district Binh Khe (Qui Nhon). He was later sacked for torturing a peasant to death during his drunkenness. Different to his father, Ho were with french education, attended lycée in Huế, the alma mater of his later disciples, Phạm Văn Ðồng and Võ Nguyên Giáp. He later left his studies and chose to teach at Dục Thanh school in Phan Thiết.

First sojourn in France

On 5 June 1911, Hồ Chí Minh left Vietnam on a French steamer, Amiral Latouche-Tréville, working as a kitchen helper. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Arriving in Marseille, France, he applied for the French Colonial Administrative School but his application was rejected. Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. [2] During his stay, he worked as a cleaner, waiter, and film retoucher. Hồ spent most of his free time in public libraries reading history books and newspapers to familiarize himself with Western society and politics.

In the USA

In 1912, again working as the cook's helper on a ship, Hồ Chí Minh traveled to the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the From 1912 to 1913, he lived in New York (Harlem) and Boston, where he worked as a baker at the Parker House Hotel. The City of New York Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, long known as a major African American cultural and business center The Omni Parker House Hotel is a Hotel in Boston, Massachusetts, currently owned by Omni Hotels and named the Omni Parker House. He worked in menial jobs and later claimed to have worked for a wealthy family in Brooklyn between 1917 and 1918, and during this time he may have heard Marcus Garvey speak in Harlem. Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. Marcus Mosiah Garvey Jr, National Hero of Jamaica (17 August 1887 10 June 1940 was a Publisher, Journalist, Entrepreneur, Black nationalist Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, long known as a major African American cultural and business center It is believed that while in the United States he made contact with Korean nationalists, an experience that developed his political outlook. The Korean people are an East Asian Ethnic group. Most Koreans speak the Korean language. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation [3]

In England

At various points between 1913 and 1919, Hồ lived in West Ealing, west London, and later in Crouch End, Hornsey, north London. West Ealing is a place in the London Borough of Ealing in west London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Crouch End is an area of north London, in the London Borough of Haringey. Hornsey is a district in London Borough of Haringey in north London in England He is reported to have worked as a chef at the Drayton Court Hotel, on The Avenue, West Ealing. [4] It is claimed that Ho trained as a pastry chef under the legendary French master, Escoffier, at the Carlton Hotel in the Haymarket, Westminster, but there is no evidence to support this. Georges Auguste Escoffier (28 October 1846&ndash12 February 1935 was a French Chef, Restaurateur and culinary writer who popularized and updated Westminster is an area of Central London, within the City of Westminster. [3] However, the wall of New Zealand House, home of the New Zealand High Commission, which now stands on the site of the Carlton Hotel, displays a Blue Plaque, stating that Hồ worked there in 1913 as a waiter. The High Commission of New Zealand in London is housed in a building located in The Haymarket, London, off Pall Mall. High Commissioner is the title of various high-ranking special executive positions held by a commission of appointment In the United Kingdom, a blue plaque is a permanent sign installed in a public place to commemorate a link between that location and a famous person or event [5]

Political education in France

From 1919-1923, while living in France, Hồ Chí Minh embraced communism, through his friend Marcel Cachin (SFIO). This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Ho claimed to have arrived in Paris from London in 1917 but French police only have documents of his arrival in June 1919. [3] Following World War I, under the name of Nguyễn Ái Quốc (Nguyen the Patriot), he petitioned for recognition of the civil rights of the Vietnamese people in French Indochina to the Western powers at the Versailles peace talks, but was ignored. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All First French interventions See also France-Vietnam relations France-Vietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit Versailles (vɛʀsaj in French) formerly de facto capital of the kingdom of France, is now a wealthy suburb of Paris and is still an important Citing the language and the spirit of the U.S. Declaration of Independence, Ho petitioned U.S. President Woodrow Wilson for help to remove the French from Vietnam and replace it with a new, nationalist government. The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4 1776 announcing that the thirteen American colonies then The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially His request was ignored.

In 1921, during the Congress of Tours, France, Nguyen Ai Quoc became a founding member of the Parti Communiste Français (French Communist Party) and spent much of his time in Moscow afterwards, becoming the Comintern's Asia hand and the principal theorist on colonial warfare. Tours is a city in France the Préfecture (capital city of the Indre-et-Loire département, on the lower reaches of the river The French Communist Party ( French: Parti communiste français or PCF) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow It was at this time that Nguyễn Ái Quốc took the name of "Hồ Chí Minh", a Vietnamese name combining a common surname (Hồ) with a given name meaning 'enlightened will' (Chí meaning 'will' (or spirit), and Minh meaning 'light'). During the Indochina War, the PCF would be involved with antiwar propaganda, sabotage and support for the revolutionary effort.

In the Soviet Union and China

In 1923, Hồ left Paris for Moscow, where he was employed by the Comintern, and participated in the Fifth Comintern Congress in June 1924, before arriving in Canton (Guangzhou), China, in November 1924. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow Guangzhou ( Jyutping: Gwong²zau¹; Yale: Gwóngjàu) is the Capital and a Sub-provincial city During 1925-26 he organized 'Youth Education Classes' and occasionally gave lectures at the Whampoa Military Academy on the revolutionary movement in Indochina. The Nationalist Party of China Army Officer Academy ( commonly known as the Whampoa Military Academy ( was a Military academy in the Republic of China He left Canton again in April 1927 and returned to Moscow, spending some of the summer of 1927 recuperating from tuberculosis in the Crimea, before returning to Paris once more in November. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым He then returned to Asia by way of Brussels, Berlin, Switzerland, Italy, from where he took a ship to Bangkok in Thailand, where he arrived in July 1928. Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Bangkok, known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (krūŋtʰêːp máhǎːnákʰɔn) or Krung Thep ( for short is the Capital, largest The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj He remained in Thailand until late 1929 when he moved on to Hong Kong, and Shanghai. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million In June 1931, he was arrested in Hong Kong and incarcerated by British police until his release in 1933. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders He then made his way back to the Soviet Union, where he spent several more years recovering from tuberculosis. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common In 1938, he returned to China and served as an adviser with Chinese Communist armed forces. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based [3]

In Thailand

In 1928-29, Hồ Chí Minh stayed in the Thai village of Nachok.

Independence movement

In 1941, Hồ returned to Vietnam to lead the Việt Minh independence movement. The Việt Minh (abbreviated from Việt Nam Ðộc Lập Ðồng Minh Hội, English "League for the Independence of Vietnam" was a National liberation He oversaw many successful military actions against the Vichy French and Japanese occupation of Vietnam during World War II, supported closely but clandestinely by the United States Office of Strategic Services, and also later against the French bid to reoccupy the country (1946-1954). Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Office of Strategic Services ( OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. He was also jailed in China for many months by Chiang Kai-shek's local authorities. Chiang Kai-shek ( POJ: Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k Jyutping: zoeng2gaai3sek6 GCB ( October 31, 1887 &ndash After his release in 1943, he again returned to Vietnam. He was treated for malaria and dysentery by American OSS doctors. The Office of Strategic Services ( OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II.

After the August Revolution (1945) organized by the Việt Minh, Hồ became Chairman of the Provisional Government (Premier of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and issued a declaration of independence that borrowed much from the French and American declarations. On August 19, 1945, the Việt Minh under Hồ Chí Minh began the August General Uprising Khởi Nghĩa which was soon renamed the August Revolution [6] Though he convinced Emperor Bảo Đại to abdicate, his government was not recognized by any country. Bảo Đại ( Hán tự: vi-nom [[wikt保 保]][[wikt大 大]] Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy 22 October 1913 &ndash 30 July 1997 He repeatedly petitioned American President Harry Truman for support for Vietnamese independence,[7] citing the Atlantic Charter, but Truman never responded. The Atlantic Charter was negotiated at the Atlantic Conference (codenamed Riviera) by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U [8]

In 1945, in a power struggle, the Viet Minh killed members of rival groups, such as the leader of the Constitutional Party, the head of the Party for Independence, and Ngo Dinh Diem's brother, Ngo Dinh Khoi. Ngô Ðình Khôi was a brother of South Vietnam ’s first President Ngô Đình Diệm, and of Archbishop Ngô Đình Thục. [9] Purges and killings of Trotskyists, the rival anti-Stalinist communists, have also been documented[10]. Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. In 1946, when Hồ traveled outside of the country, his subordinates imprisoned 25,000 non-communist nationalists and forced 6,000 others to flee. [11] Hundreds of political opponents were also killed in July that same year. [12] All rival political parties were banned and local governments purged[13] to minimise opposition later on.

Birth of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

On September 2, 1945, after Emperor Bao Dai's abdication, Hồ Chí Minh read the Declaration of Independence of Vietnam,[14] under the name of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Bảo Đại ( Hán tự: vi-nom [[wikt保 保]][[wikt大 大]] Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy 22 October 1913 &ndash 30 July 1997 With violence between rival Vietnamese factions and French forces spiraling, the British commander, General Sir Douglas Gracey declared martial law. General Sir Douglas David Gracey KCB, KCIE, CBE, MC and bar (1894 - 1964 was a British Indian Army officer On September 24, the Viet Minh leaders responded with a call for a general strike. Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. [15]

In September 1945, a force of 200,000 Chinese Nationalists arrived in Hanoi. Hanoi ( Vietnamese: Hà Nội Hán Tự: 河[[wikt 内|内]], estimated population 3398889 (2007, is the Capital of Vietnam Hồ Chí Minh made arrangement with their general, Lu Han, to dissolve the Communist Party and to hold an election which would yield a coalition government. When Chiang Kai-Shek later traded Chinese influence in Vietnam for French concessions in Shanghai, Hồ Chí Minh had no choice but to sign an agreement with France on March 6, 1946, in which Vietnam would be recognized as an autonomous state in the Indochinese Federation and the French Union. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The French Union (Union française was a political entity created by the French Fourth Republic to replace the old French colonial system the " French Empire The agreement soon broke down. The purpose of the agreement was to drive out the Chinese army from North Vietnam. Fighting broke out with the French soon after the Chinese left. Hồ Chí Minh was almost captured by a group of French soldiers led by Jean-Etienne Valluy at Việt Bắc, but was able to escape. Jean Etienne Valluy ( May 15, 1899 - January 4, 1970) was a French General (see also Http//fr

In February 1950, Hồ met with Stalin and Mao in Moscow after the Soviet Union recognized his government. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 They all agreed that China would be responsible for backing the Viet Minh. The Việt Minh (abbreviated from Việt Nam Ðộc Lập Ðồng Minh Hội, English "League for the Independence of Vietnam" was a National liberation [16] Mao's emissary to Moscow stated in August that China planned to train 60-70,000 Viet Minh in the near future. [17] China's support enabled Ho to escalate the fight against France.

According to a story told by Journalist Bernard Fall, after fighting the French for several years, Hồ decided to negotiate a truce. Bernard B Fall ( November 19, 1926 - February 21, 1967) was a prominent War correspondent, Historian, political scientist The French negotiators arrived at the meeting site, a mud hut with a thatched roof. Inside they found a long table with chairs and were surprised to discover in one corner of the room a silver ice bucket containing ice and a bottle of good Champagne which should have indicated that Hồ was ready to negotiate. One demand by the French was the return to French custody of a number of Japanese military officers who had been helping the Vietnamese armed forces, in order for them to stand trial for war crimes committed during World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Hồ replied that the Japanese officers were allies and friends whom he could not betray. Then he walked out, to seven more years of war. (From Last Reflections on a War, Fall's last book, published posthumously. )

In 1954, after the important defeat of French paratroopers at the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ, France was forced to give up its empire in Indochina. The Battle of Dien Bien Phu (Bataille de Diên Biên Phu Chiến dịch Điện Biên Phủ was the climactic battle of the First Indochina War between French Union

Becoming president

Ho Chi Minh (right) with Vo Nguyen Giap (left)
Ho Chi Minh (right) with Vo Nguyen Giap (left)
Ho Chi Minh's house behind the Presidential Palace in Hanoi.
Ho Chi Minh's house behind the Presidential Palace in Hanoi. Hanoi ( Vietnamese: Hà Nội Hán Tự: 河[[wikt 内|内]], estimated population 3398889 (2007, is the Capital of Vietnam

In 1955, Ho Chi Minh became president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), a Communist-led single party state. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN or less commonly Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa was a Country on the northern half of Vietnam Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based A single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a type of Party system Government in which a single Political party

The 1954 Geneva Accords required that a national election would be held in 1956 to reunite Vietnam under one government. The Geneva Conference ( May 8 – July 21, 1954) was a conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore Peace in However, the government of South Vietnam, now under the leadership of Ngo Dinh Diem, refused the proposed election and instead prepared for war. "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia Some contemporary observers consider that if an election had been held in the 1954-55 period, around 80% of the Vietnamese population would have voted for Ho Chi Minh. [18] Even "President Eisenhower is widely quoted to the effect that in 1954 as many as 80% of the Vietnamese people would have voted for Ho Chi Minh, as the popular hero of their liberation, in an election against Bao Dai. . . "[19] However, the United States remained fearful of the prospect of losing its influence in Indochina, which would be valuable as a military base in a future conflict with Communist China.

Main article: Operation Passage to Freedom

Following the Geneva Accords, there was to be a 300-day period in which people could freely move between the zones of the two Vietnams. Operation Passage to Freedom was the term used by the United States Navy to describe its transportation of 310000 Vietnamese civilians soldiers and non-Vietnamese The Geneva Conference ( May 8 – July 21, 1954) was a conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore Peace in Some 900,000 to 1 million Vietnamese, mostly Roman Catholic, left for South Vietnam, while a much smaller number, mostly communists, went from South to North. "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia [20][21] This was partly due to propaganda claims by a CIA mission led by Colonel Edward Lansdale that the Virgin Mary had moved South out of distaste for life under communism. Edward Geary Lansdale ( February 6, 1908 &ndash February 23, 1987) was a U Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Some Canadian observers claimed that some were forced by North Vietnamese authorities to remain against their will. [22] During this era, Hồ, following the communist doctrine initiated by Stalin and Mao, started a land reform in which hundreds of thousands of people accused of being landlords were summarily executed or tortured and starved in prison. This also caused millions of people to flee to South Vietnam. [23]

In 1959, Hồ's government began to provide active support for the National Liberation Front in South Vietnam via the Ho Chi Minh Trail, which escalated the fighting that had begun in 1957. "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia [24] In late 1964, North Vietnamese combat troops were sent southwest into neutral Laos. Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma [25]

During the mid to late 1960s, Hồ permitted 320,000 Chinese volunteers into northern North Vietnam to help build infrastructure for the country, thereby freeing a similar number of North Vietnamese forces to go south. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN or less commonly Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa was a Country on the northern half of Vietnam [26]

Death

A historical photo of Ho Chi Minh lying in state in his mausoleum. His body is now displayed in a larger display case.
A historical photo of Ho Chi Minh lying in state in his mausoleum. A mausoleum ( plural: mausolea is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or persons His body is now displayed in a larger display case.
Ho Chi Minh mausoleum, Hanoi
Ho Chi Minh mausoleum, Hanoi
Ho Chi Minh statue
Ho Chi Minh statue

With the outcome of the Vietnam War still in question, Ho Chi Minh died on the morning of September 2, 1969, at his home in Hanoi at age 79 from heart failure. A mausoleum ( plural: mausolea is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or persons The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Hanoi ( Vietnamese: Hà Nội Hán Tự: 河[[wikt 内|内]], estimated population 3398889 (2007, is the Capital of Vietnam

The former capital of South Vietnam, Saigon, was renamed Ho Chi Minh City on 1 May 1975 shortly after its capture which officially ended the war. "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

His embalmed body is on display in a granite Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum modeled after Lenin's Tomb in Moscow. The Hồ Chí Minh Mausoleum (Lăng Hồ Chí Minh is a large Memorial to the Vietnamese leader This is similar to other Communist leaders who have been similarly displayed before and since, including Mao Zedong, Kim Il-Sung, and for a time, Joseph Stalin, but the "honor" violated Hồ's last wishes. Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led Kim Il-sung ( 15 April 1912 – 8 July 1994) was the leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea from its founding in early Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party He wished to be cremated and his ashes buried in urns on hilltops of Vietnam (North, Central and South). He wrote, "Not only is cremation good from the point of view of hygiene but also it saves farmland. "

The Ho Chi Minh Museum in Hanoi is dedicated to his life and work. The Ho Chi Minh Museum is located in Hanoi, Vietnam. It is a museum dedicated to the late Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh and Vietnam's revolutionary

In Vietnam today, he is regarded by the Communist government with almost god-like status in a nationwide personality cult, even though the government has abandoned most of his economic policies since the mid-1980s. A cult of personality or personality cult arises when a country's leader uses Mass media to create a heroic public image through unquestioning flattery and praise He is still referred to as "Uncle Hồ" in Vietnam. Hồ's image appears on the front of every Vietnamese currency note, and Hồ is featured prominently in many of Vietnam's public buildings. The đồng (IPA dɔŋ ( sign: ₫; code: VND) is the Currency of Vietnam since May 3, 1978 In 1987, UNESCO officially recommended to Member States that they "join in the commemoration of the centenary of the birth of President Ho Chi Minh by organizing various events as a tribute to his memory", considering "the important and many-sided contribution of President Ho Chi Minh in the fields of culture, education and the arts" and that Ho Chi Minh "devoted his whole life to the national liberation of the Vietnamese people, contributing to the common struggle of peoples for peace, national independence, democracy and social progress. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 "[27]

Criticism

In contrast, some Vietnamese who lived through the war hated Ho Chi Minh for bringing chaos to the country. Vietnamese people living outside of Vietnam, commonly known as Overseas Vietnamese have more hostile opinions of Ho Chi Minh. Overseas Vietnamese ( Vietnamese: Việt Kiều, a Sino-Vietnamese word literally translating to "Vietnamese sojourner" refers to Vietnamese In particular to the Vietnamese in the U. S. ,who fled communist rule after 1975, for them Hồ is considered a murderer and traitor who ruined Vietnam by starting a war. [28]

Quotes

Notes

  1. ^ Time 100: Ho Chi Minh by Stanley Karnow, April 13 1998
  2. ^ Hồ applied for the French Colonial Administrative School
  3. ^ a b c d Sophie Quinn-Judge, Hồ Chí Minh: The Missing Years, University of California Press, 2002 ISBN 0-520-23533-9
  4. ^ The Drayton Court Hotel
  5. ^ The London Tourism Guide - a free tourist and visitor guidebook for England's capital city
  6. ^ Zinn, Howard (1995). A People's History of the United States: 1492-Present. New York: Harper Perennial, 460. ISBN 0060926430.  
  7. ^ Collection of Letters by Ho Chi Minh
  8. ^ Zinn, Howard (1995). A People's History of the United States: 1492-Present. New York: Harper Perennial, 461. ISBN 0060926430.  
  9. ^ Joseph Buttinnger, Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled, vol. 1. (New York: Praeger, 1967)
  10. ^ See: The Black Book of Communism
  11. ^ Cecil B. The Black Book of Communism Crimes Terror Repression is a book which describes a history of Repressions both Political and Civilian, by Currey, Victory At Any Cost (Washington: Brassey's, 1997), p. 126
  12. ^ Spencer Tucker, Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: a political, social, and military history (vol. 2), 1998
  13. ^ John Colvin, Giap: the Volcano under the Snow (New York: Soho Press, 1996), p. 51
  14. ^ Vietnam Declaration of Independence
  15. ^ Stanley Karnow, Vietnam a History
  16. ^ Luo Guibo, pp. 233-6
  17. ^ Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "Chronology," p. 45.
  18. ^ Brigham, Guerrilla Diplomacy, p. 6; Marcus Raskin & Bernard Fall, The Viet-Nam Reader, p. 89; William Duiker, U. S. Containment Policy and the Conflict in Indochina, p. 212
  19. ^ The Pentagon Papers, Chapter 5, "Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954-1960"
  20. ^ Pentagon Papers: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent11.htm
  21. ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, State of the World's Refugees, Chapter 4, "Flight from Indochina". The Pentagon Papers is the popular name for a 14000-page top-secret United States government report about the history of the Government's internal planning and policy Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR (established December 14, 1950) is a
  22. ^ Thakur, p. 204
  23. ^ RFA: 50 Years On, Vietnamese Remember Land Reform Terror
  24. ^ Lind, 1999
  25. ^ Davidson, Vietnam at War: the history, 1946–1975, 1988
  26. ^ Chen Jian, "China's Involvement in the Vietnam Conflict, 1964-69," China Quarterly, No. 142 (June 1995), pp. 366–69.
  27. ^ UNESCO. General Conference; 24th; Records of the General Conference, 24th session, Paris, 20 October to 20 November 1987, v. 1: Resolutions; 1988
  28. ^ "Ho Chi Minh poster angers Vietnamese Americans," CNN
  29. ^ Mass Humanities: David Halberstam Interview

Further reading

Essays

Biography

The Viet Minh, NLF & the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

The War in Vietnam

American Foreign Policy

External links


Persondata
NAME Minh, Hồ Chí
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION Prime minister, president, [Democratic Republic of Vietnam
DATE OF BIRTH 1890-05-19
PLACE OF BIRTH Nghệ An Province, Vietnam
DATE OF DEATH 1969-09-2
PLACE OF DEATH Hanoi, Vietnam
Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nghệ An ( Hán Tự: 乂[[wikt 安|安]] is the largest province in the North Central Coast of Vietnam. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Hanoi ( Vietnamese: Hà Nội Hán Tự: 河[[wikt 内|内]], estimated population 3398889 (2007, is the Capital of Vietnam Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially

Dictionary

Ho Chi Minh

-proper noun

  1. (also Ho Chi Minh City) The biggest city of Viet Nam, formerly known as Saigon.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic