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Hmong
Hmoob
Spoken in: China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, and USA. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
Total speakers: over 4 million[1]
Language family: Hmong-Mien
 Hmong
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: hmn
ISO 639-3: variously:
hmn – Hmong (generic)
mww – Hmong Daw (Laos, China)
hmv – Hmong Do (Vietnam)
hmf – Hmong Don (Vietnam)
blu – Hmong Njua (Laos, China)
hmz – Hmong Shua (Vietnam)
hmc – Hmong Central Huishui (China)
hmm – Hmong Central Mashan (China)
hmj – Hmong Chonganjiang (China)
hme – Hmong Eastern Huishui (China)
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Hmong-Mien or Miao-Yao languages are a small Language family of southern China and Southeast Asia. ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

Hmong (RPA: Hmoob) or Mong (RPA: Moob) is the common name for a group of dialects of the West Hmongic (Chuanqiandian) branch of the Hmong-Mien/Miao-Yao language family spoken by the Hmong people of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, northern Vietnam, Thailand, and Laos. The Romanized Popular Alphabet (RPA or Hmong RPA (also Roman Popular Alphabet is a system of Romanization for the various dialects of the Hmong language The Romanized Popular Alphabet (RPA or Hmong RPA (also Roman Popular Alphabet is a system of Romanization for the various dialects of the Hmong language The Hmong-Mien or Miao-Yao languages are a small Language family of southern China and Southeast Asia. The terms Hmong (m̥ɔ̃ŋ and Mong ( both refer to an Asian ethnic group in the mountainous regions of southern China. ( Postal map spelling: Szechwan and Szechuan) is a province in western China with its capital in Chengdu. ( also spelled Kweichow) is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the southwestern part of the country Guangxi (or Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region;) is a Zhuang autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma [2] The total number of speakers worldwide has been estimated to be more than 4 million, including over 200,000 Hmong Americans. A Hmong American is a resident of the United States who is of ethnic Hmong descent [1] Some dialects are mutually intelligible while others are so distinct as to be considered separate languages.

Contents

Phonology

The two dialects described here are known as White Hmong (also called Hmong Der or Hmong Daw) and Green Mong (also called Mong Leng or Mong Njua). [3] These are the two major dialects spoken by Hmong Americans. A Hmong American is a resident of the United States who is of ethnic Hmong descent While mutually intelligible, the dialects differ in both lexicon and certain aspects of phonology. For instance, Green Mong lacks the aspirated /m/ of Hmong Der and has a third nasalized vowel, /ã/. In English, "Hmong" is used to include both Hmong Der and Mong Leng, although some have suggested a compromise, such as: H'Mong, Mhong, or (H)Mong.

Vowels

The vowel systems of White Hmong and Green Mong are as shown in the following charts. In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract Phonemes particular to each dialect are color coded respectively:

Monophthongs
Front Central Back
oral nasal oral nasal oral nasal
Close i ɨ u
Mid e ẽ ɔ ɔ̃
Open a ã
Diphthongs
Closing Centering
Close component is front ai iə
Close component is central aɨ  
Close component is back au uə

Consonants

Hmong makes a number of phonemic contrasts in its unfamiliar to English speakers, like aspiration, prenasalization, and lateral release. A monophthong ( Greek μονόφθογγος "monophthongos" = single note) is a "pure" Vowel sound one whose articulation at A front vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a front vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far forward A central vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a central vowel is that the tongue is positioned halfway between A back vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far back as A close vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in many spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a close vowel is that the tongue is positioned as close as A mid vowel is a Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned mid-way between an An open vowel is a Vowel sound of a type used in most spoken Languages The defining characteristic of an open vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far as In Phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (from Greek grc δίφθογγος "diphthongos" literally "with two sounds" or "with The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Description Voiceless consonants are produced with the Vocal cords open and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed The consonant inventory of Hmong is shown in the chart below. In Articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a Speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper Vocal tract, the upper vocal (Consonants particular to White Hmong and Green Mong color coded respectively. )

  Bilabial Labio-
dental		 Dental Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Plain With dental
lateral release		 Central Lateral
Nasal m m̥ mˡ m̥ɬ   n n̥     ɲ ɲ̥      
Plosive Voiceless p pʰ pˡ pɬ   t tʰ tˡ tɬ ʈ ʈʰ c cʰ k kʰ q qʰ ʔ
Voiced       d dʱ            
Prenasalized mb mbʱ mbˡ mbɬ   nd ndʱ ndˡ ndɬ ɳɖ ɳɖʱ ɲɟ ɲɟʱ ŋɡ ŋɡʱ ɴɢ ɴɢʱ  
Affricate Voiceless   ts tsʰ   ʈʂ ʈʂʰ        
Prenasalized       ndz ndzʱ   ɳɖʐ ɳɖʐʱ        
Fricative v f   s   ɬ ʐ ʂ ʝ ç     h
Approximant l  

Syllable structure

Hmong syllables have a very simple structure: onsets are obligatory (except in a few particles), nuclei may consist of a monophthong or diphthong, and coda consonants are prohibited, except that a weak coda [ŋ] may accompany nasal vowels and a weak coda [ʔ] may accompany the low-falling creaky tone. In Phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a Consonant articulated with both Lips The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet In Phonetics, labiodentals are Consonants articulated with the lower Lip and the upper Teeth. In Linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth such as /t/ /d/ /n/ and In Phonetics, retroflex consonants are Consonant sounds used in some Languages (They are sometimes referred to as cerebral consonants Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth Uvulars are Consonants articulated with the back of the Tongue against or near the uvula, that is further back in the mouth than Velar consonants Glottal consonants are Consonants articulated with the Glottis. Laterals are "L"-like Consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants A syllable ( Greek:) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds In Phonetics and Phonology, a syllable onset is the part of a Syllable that precedes the Syllable nucleus. In Phonology, a syllable coda comprises the Consonant sounds of a Syllable that follow the nucleus, which is usually a Vowel Vocal fry registerIn Linguistics, creaky voice (sometimes called laryngealisation, pulse phonation or vocal fry or glottal fry)

Tones

Hmong is a tone language and makes use of seven distinct tones:

Tone Example[4] Orthographic Spelling
High /pɔ́/ 'ball' pob
Mid /pɔ/ 'spleen' po
Low /pɔ̀/ 'thorn' pos
High-falling /pɔ̂/ 'female' poj
Mid-rising /pɔ̌/ 'to throw' pov
Low-falling (creaky) tone /pɔ̰/ 'to see' pom
Mid-low (breathy) tone /pɔ̤/ 'grandmother' pog

Orthography

The Romanized Popular Alphabet (RPA) is the most widely used script for writing White Hmong and Green Mong in the West. A tonal language is a language that uses tone to distinguish words Tone is the use of pitch in Language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning—that is to distinguish or inflect words The Romanized Popular Alphabet (RPA or Hmong RPA (also Roman Popular Alphabet is a system of Romanization for the various dialects of the Hmong language Vocal fry registerIn Linguistics, creaky voice (sometimes called laryngealisation, pulse phonation or vocal fry or glottal fry) Breathy voice (also called murmured voice, soughing, or susurration) is a Phonation in which the Vocal cords vibrate as they do in The Romanized Popular Alphabet (RPA or Hmong RPA (also Roman Popular Alphabet is a system of Romanization for the various dialects of the Hmong language It was developed in Laos between 1951 and 1953 by three Western missionaries with the help of several Hmong assistants. The terms Hmong (m̥ɔ̃ŋ and Mong ( both refer to an Asian ethnic group in the mountainous regions of southern China. Several other scripts have been developed, including other systems with Roman letters based on the Chinese pinyin or the Vietnamese alphabet. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use The Vietnamese alphabet has the following 29 letters in collating order Description The Vietnamese alphabet called Chữ Quốc Ngữ There is also Pahawh, a unique writing system developed by Shong Lue Yang, a Hmong spiritual leader from Laos who believed the script to be revealed by God. Shong Lue Yang ( RPA: Soob Lwj Yaj) ( September 15, 1929 —February 1971 was a Hmong spiritual leader and inventor of the Pahawh [5]

Grammar

Hmong is an analytic SVO language in which adjectives and demonstratives follow the noun. In morphological typology (in linguistics an isolating language (also analytic language) is any Language in which words are composed of In Linguistic typology, subject-verb-object ( SVO) is a sentence structure where the subject comes first the Verb second and the object In Grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a Noun or Pronoun, giving more information about the Demonstratives are deictic words (they depend on an external frame of reference that indicate which entities a speaker refers to and distinguishes those entities from others Noun phrases can contain the following elements (parentheses indicate optional elements):[6]

(possessive) + (quantifier) + (classifier) + noun + (adjective) + (demonstrative)

The Hmong pronominal system distinguishes between three grammatical persons and three numbers - singular, dual, and plural. Grammatical person, in Linguistics, is deictic reference to a participant in an event such as the speaker the Addressee, or others They are not marked for case, that is, the same word is used to translate both "I" and "me", "she" and "her", and so forth. These are the personal pronouns of White Hmong (Hmoob Dawb):

White Hmong Pronouns
Person: First Second Third
Singular kuv koj nws
Dual wb neb nkawd
Plural peb nej lawv

See also

References

  1. ^ a b http://hmongstudies.org/LemoineHSJ6.pdf Lemoine, Jacques. Personal pronouns are Pronouns used as substitutes for proper or common Nouns. The terms Hmong (m̥ɔ̃ŋ and Mong ( both refer to an Asian ethnic group in the mountainous regions of southern China. The Romanized Popular Alphabet (RPA or Hmong RPA (also Roman Popular Alphabet is a system of Romanization for the various dialects of the Hmong language "What is the actual number of the (H)mong in the World. " Hmong Studies Journal, Vol 6, 2005.
  2. ^ Ratliff, Martha (1992). Meaningful Tone: A Study of Tonal Morphology in Compounds, Form Classes, and Expressive Phrases in White Hmong. Dekalb, Illinois: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University.  
  3. ^ White Hmong phonology: Golston, Chris; Phong Yang (2001). "Hmong loanword phonology", in in: C. Féry, A. D. Green, and R. van de Vijver (eds. ),: Proceedings of HILP 5, Linguistics in Potsdam 12, Potsdam: University of Potsdam, 40-57. ISBN 3-935024-27-4.   [1] Green Mong phonology: Smalley, William et. al. Mother of Writing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. p. 48-51. See also: Mortensen, David. “Preliminaries to Mong Leng (Hmong Njua) Phonology” Unpublished, UC Berkeley. 2004.
  4. ^ Examples taken from: Heimbach, Ernest H. White Hmong-English Dictionary [White Meo-English Dictionary]. 2003 ed. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications, 1969. Note that many of these words have multiple meanings.
  5. ^ Pahawh Hmong alphabet
  6. ^ Ratliff, Martha (1997). "Hmong-Mien demonstratives and pattern persistence". Mon-Khmer Studies Journal 27: 317-328.  

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Ethnologue Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics a Christian The University of Minnesota Twin Cities ( U of M or The U) is the oldest and largest part of the University of Minnesota system.
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