The history of the Jews in South Africa mainly begins with the general European settlement in the 19th century. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut " Who is a Jew? " (Mihu Yehudi? ?מיהו יהודי is a basic question about Jewish identity. This article focuses on the Etymology of the word Jew. Biblical and Middle Eastern origins The Jews in their land The Jewish ethnonym in Secular Jewish culture embraces several related phenomena above all it is the Culture of secular communities of Jewish people but it can also include Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Although Jews and religious leaders share a core of monotheistic principles Judaism has no formal statement of principles of faith such as a Creed or Catechism In Judaism, the name of God is more than a distinguishing title See also Old testament, Septuagint, Targum, Peshitta The Tanakh (תַּנַ"ךְ (taˈnax or; also Tenakh or Tenak is term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to Nevi'im (נְבִיאִים "Prophets" is the second of the three major sections in the Hebrew Bible, the Tanakh, between the Ketuvim (כְּתוּבִים "writings" is the third and final section of the Tanakh ( Hebrew Bible) after Torah and Nevi'im This article is about commandments in Judaism For the Jewish rite of passage see Bar Mitzvah and Bat Mitzvah Mitzvah ( Hebrew: מצוה See also Mitzvah See also Biblical law in Christianity The 613 Mitzvot ("commandments" (also " 613 Mitzvos The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law For the Gregorian dates of Jewish Holidays see Jewish holidays 2000-2050. Jewish services ( Hebrew: תפלה, tefillah; plural תפלות, tefillos or tefillot; Yinglish: davening Tzedakah ( צדקה) is a Hebrew word commonly translated as charity, though it is based on a root meaning Justice Jewish ethics stands at the intersection of Judaism and the Western philosophical tradition of Ethics. Kabbalah (קַבָּלָה lit "receiving" is a discipline and school of thought discussing the mystical aspect of Judaism. Minhag ( Hebrew: מנהג "custom" pl minhagim) is an accepted tradition or group of traditions in Judaism. Midrash ( Hebrew: מדרש plural midrashim, lit "to repeat" is a Hebrew term referring to the not exact but comparative ( homiletic See also Judaism by country Jewish ethnic divisions refers to a number of distinct communities within the world's ethnically Jewish population Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural Mizrahi Jews or Mizrahim, ( also referred to as Edot HaMizrach (Communities of the East are Jews descended Jewish population refers to the number of Jews in the world Precise figures are difficult to calculate because the definition of " Who is a Jew " remains a Jewish population centers have shifted tremendously over time due to the constant streams of Jewish refugees created by expulsions persecution and officially sanctioned killing This article deals with the practice of Judaism and the living arrangement of Jewish people in the listed countries The History of the Jews in the Land of Israel begins with the ancient Israelites (also known as Hebrews) who settled in the Land of Israel. The history of the Jews in the United States has been influenced by waves of immigration primarily from Europe inspired by the social and economic opportunities of the United Iraqi Jews are Jews born in Iraq or of Iraqi heritage The history of the Jews in Iraq is documented from the time of the Babylonian captivity c Spanish Jews once constituted one of the largest and most prosperous Jewish communities under Muslim and Christian rule in Spain, before they The history of the Jews in Portugal is directly related to Sephardi history a Jewish ethnic division that represents communities who have originated The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over a Millennium. Jews have lived in Germany, or " Ashkenaz " at least since the early 4th century, through both periods of tolerance and spasms of The Jewish community of Bosnia and Herzegovina has a rich and varied history surviving World War II and the Yugoslav Wars, after having The history of the Jews in the Americas dates back to Christopher Columbus and his first cross- Atlantic voyage on August 3, 1492 The history of the Jews of Argentina harks back to the days of the Spanish Inquisition and Portuguese Inquisition when Jews fleeing persecution settled in what A Brazilian Jew ( Portuguese: Judeu Brasileiro) is a Brazilian person of full partial or predominantly Jew ancestry or a Jew-born person residing in Brazil Jewish immigration to Latin America began with seven sailors arriving in Christopher Columbus 's crew Jewish Cubans, Cuban Jews, or Cubans of Jewish heritage, have lived on the island of Cuba for centuries Jews have been present in El Salvador since the early 19th Century. Jews have lived in Mexico since the times of the Inquisition. Jewish Nicaraguans or Nicaraguan Jews (Judío Nicaragüense are Nicaraguans of Jewish Ancestry who were born in or have immigrated to Nicaragua The History of the Jews in Venezuela dates to the middle of the 17th century when records suggest that groups of Marranos (Spanish and Portuguese descendants of baptized The Jewish community in France presently numbers around 600000 according to the World Jewish Congress and 500000 according to the Appel Unifié Juif de France and is The first written records of Jewish settlement in England date from the time of the Norman Conquest, mentioning Jews who arrived with William the Conqueror Canada has the world's fourth-largest Jewish population According to the Canada 2001 Census, there are an estimated 351000 Jews currently living in Canada The history of the Jews in Australia began with the transportation of a number of Jewish Convicts aboard the First Fleet in 1788 when History of the Jews in Hungary concerns the Jews of Hungary and of Hungarian origins Indian Jews are a religious minority of India. Judaism was one of the first non- Dharmic religions to arrive in India in recorded history Jews {ref|name|§}} have lived in the geographic area of Asia Minor (modern Turkey) for more than 2400 years There have been organized Jewish communities in Greece for more than two thousand years Since Biblical times the Jewish people have had close ties with Africa beginning with Abraham 's sojourns in Egypt, and later the Israelite captivity under The beginnings of Jewish history in Iran date back to late biblical times Jews and Judaism in China' have had a long history Jewish settlers are documented in China as early as the 7th or 8th century CE, but may The history of Jews in the territory of the present-day Republic of Macedonia began in Roman times when Jews first arrived in the region in the The history of Jews in Romania concerns the Jews of Romania and of Romanian origins from their first mention on what is nowadays Romanian territory By type List of Jewish historians List of Jewish scientists and philosophers List of Jewish nobility Crypto-Judaism is the secret adherence to Judaism while publicly professing to be of another faith people who practice crypto-Judaism are referred to as "crypto-Jews" Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized Conservative Judaism (also known as Masorti Judaism in Israel and Europe) is a modern stream of Judaism that arose out Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently subjected to vandalism and the insertion of personal opinions Reconstructionist Judaism is a modern American-based Jewish movement based on the ideas of the late Mordecai Kaplan (1881 – 1983 Karaite Judaism or Karaism (ˈkærəˌaɪt ˈkærəˌɪzəm) is a Jewish movement NOTE The word sect should not be used without defining it first and Humanistic Judaism is a movement within Judaism that emphasizes Jewish culture and history—rather than belief in God—as the sources of Jewish identity Jewish Renewal is a recent movement in Judaism which endeavors to reinvigorate modern Judaism with mystical, Hasidic, Musical and Alternative Judaism or Agnostic Judaism refers to a variety of groups whose members while identifying as Jews in some fashion nevertheless do not practice Rabbinical The Jewish languages are a set of Languages that developed in various Jewish communities around the world more notably in Europe, West Asia, and Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High Judæo-Persian dialects are a subgroup of Persian dialects spoken by the Jews of Iran Judæo-Aramaic is a collective term used to describe several Hebrew -influenced Aramaic and Neo-Aramaic Languages History The Judæo-Arabic languages are a collection of Arabic dialects spoken by Jews living or formerly living in the Arab world; the term also refers to Jewish history is the History of the Jewish people, faith, and culture. This is a timeline of the development of Judaism and the Jewish people. Jewish leadership has evolved over time Since the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE there has been no single body that has a leadership The history of Ancient Israel and Judah is known to us from classical sources including Judaism 's Tanakh or Hebrew Bible (known Etymology The Hebrew name given in Scripture for the building is Beit HaMikdash or "The Holy House" and only the Temple in Jerusalem is referred to by this name The Babylonian captivity, Babylonian exile, is the name typically given to the deportation and exile of the Jews of the ancient Kingdom of Judah to Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the See also Religious significance of Jerusalem Since the 10th century BCE Jerusalem in Judaism has been the holiest city, focus and spiritual centre of This is a partial timeline of major events in the History of Jerusalem:; 1800 BCE: The Jebusites build the wall Jebus ( Jerusalem The Hasmoneans (/hæzməˡniən/ חשמונאים Hashmonaiym, Audio were the ruling dynasty of the Hasmonean Kingdom ( 140 &ndash 37 BCE The Sanhedrin (סנהדרין συνέδριον ''synedrion'', "sitting together" hence " assembly " or "council" was an assembly Schisms among the Jews are cultural as well as religious They have happened as a product of historical accident geography and Theology. The word Pharisees ( lat. pharisæ|us, - i) comes from the Hebrew פרושים perushim from פרוש parush, meaning "separated" This article discusses the traditional views of the two religions and may not be applicable all adherents of each The historical interaction of Judaism and Islam started in the 7th century CE with the origin and spread of Islam in the Arabian peninsula. The Jewish diaspora ( Hebrew: Tefutzah, "scattered" or Galut גלות "exile" Yiddish: tfutses) the presence The History of Jews in the Middle Ages (approximately 500 CE to 1750 CE can be divided into two categories Also not to be confused with Subbotniks or Sabbatarians. Note Most Sabbateans during and after Sabbatai Zevi were Jews Hasidic Judaism (also Chasidic, etc from the Hebrew: he '''''חסידות''''', Chassidus, meaning "piety" from the Hebrew Haskalah ( Hebrew: השכלה "enlightenment" "education" from sekhel " Intellect " "mind") the Jewish Enlightenment Jewish question Jewish emancipation was the abolition of discriminatory laws as applied especially to Jews in Europe in the nineteenth century the recognition of Jews The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Aliyah ( refers to Jewish Immigration to the Land of Israel (and since its establishment in 1948 the State of Israel) For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The State of Israel (מדינת ישראל Medinat Yisrael) was established in 1948 after nearly two thousand For other uses see Israel (disambiguation The Land of Israel ( Hebrew: אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל Eretz Yisrael) is Note This article is about the movement See Orthodox outreach, Reform outreach, and Conservative outreach for more information about the rabbis See also Antisemitism, History of antisemitism, New antisemitism The persecution of Jews has occurred many times in Jewish history. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility The history of antisemitism, hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as a religious or ethnic group goes back many centuries Jewish political movements refer to the organized efforts of Jews to build their own political parties or otherwise represent their interest in politics outside of History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the Labor Zionism ( Labour Zionism, ציונות סוציאליסטית tsionut sotsialistit) can be described as the major stream of the Left wing of the Revisionist Zionism is a nationalist faction within the Zionist movement Religious Zionism, or the Religious Zionist Movement (a branch of which is also called Mizrachi) is an ideology that combines Zionism and religious The General Zionists (ציונים כלליים Tzionim Klalim) were centrists within the Zionist movement and a political party in Israel World Agudath Israel (The World Jewish Union usually known as the Aguda, was established in the early twentieth century as the political arm of Ashkenazi Torah Judaism Jewish feminism is a movement that seeks to improve the religious legal and social status of women within Judaism and to open up new opportunities for religious experience Politics of Israel takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic Republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Israel is The early patterns of Jewish South African history are almost identical with the history of the Jews in the United States but on a much smaller scale, including the period of early discovery and settlement from the late 15th century to the early 19th century. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The history of the Jews in the United States has been influenced by waves of immigration primarily from Europe inspired by the social and economic opportunities of the United
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History
Portuguese exploration
The modern Jewish history of South Africa began, indirectly, some time before the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, by the participation of certain astronomers and cartographers in the Portuguese discovery of the sea-route to India. The Cape of Good Hope ( Afrikaans: Kaap die Goeie Hoop, Kaap de Goede Hoop Cabo da Boa Esperança Persian Language: دماغه امید نیک For additional context see History of Portugal and Portuguese Empire. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country There were Jews among the directors of the Dutch East India Company, which for 150 years administered the colony at the Cape of Good Hope. The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian Jewish cartographers in Portugal, members of the wealthy and influential classes, assisted Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco da Gama who first sailed around the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 and 1497 . Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Bartolomeu Dias (baɾtuluˈmeu ˈdiɐʃ Anglicized Bartholomew Diaz) (c Dom Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira ('vaʃku dɐ 'gɐmɐ ( Sines or Vidigueira, Alentejo, Portugal, ca The Cape of Good Hope ( Afrikaans: Kaap die Goeie Hoop, Kaap de Goede Hoop Cabo da Boa Esperança Persian Language: دماغه امید نیک Portugal's Jews were still free until the Portuguese Inquisition was promulgated in 1536 . The Portuguese Inquisition was formally established in Portugal in 1536 at the request of the King of Portugal, João III.
The Dutch Settlement
In 1652 the Dutch began the first permanent European settlement of South Africa under Jan van Riebeeck as a representative of the Dutch East India Company. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The written history of Cape Colony South Africa (later known as Cape Province) began when Bartolomeu Dias, a Portuguese navigator discovered Johan Anthoniszoon "Jan" van Riebeeck ( 21 April, 1619 &ndash 18 January, 1677) was a Dutch colonial administrator It has been noted that:
- A number of non-professing Jews were among the first settlers of Cape Town in 1652, despite restrictions against the immigration of non-Christians. Cape Town (Kaapstad Xhosa: Ikapa) is the second most populous city in South Africa, forming part of the metropolitan municipality of the Religious freedom was granted by the Dutch colony in 1803. [1]
During the seventeenth and the greater part of the eighteenth century the state religion alone was allowed to be publicly observed; but on July 25, 1804, the Dutch commissioner-general Jacob Abraham de Mist, by a proclamation whose provisions were annulled at the English occupation of 1806 and were not reestablished till 1820, instituted in the colony religious equality for all persons, irrespective of creed.
The 1820s
Jews did not arrive in any numbers at Cape Town before the 1820s. The first congregation in South Africa was founded in Cape Town in November 1841, and the initial service was held in the house of one Benjamin Norden, at the corner of Weltevreden and Hof streets. A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of Benjamin Norden, Simeon Markus, together with a score of others arriving in the early thirties, were commercial pioneers, especially the Mosenthal brothers -- Julius, Adolph (see Aliwal North) , and James Mosenthal -- who started a major wool industry. Aliwal North is a town in central South Africa on the Orange River, Eastern Cape Province Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species By their enterprise in going to Asia and returning with thirty Angora goats in 1856 they became the originators of the mohair industry. The Angora goat (Ankara keçisi is a Goat from the Angora region in Anatolia, near present-day Ankara, Turkey. Mohair usually refers to a Silk -like fabric or Yarn made from the Hair of the Angora goat. Aaron and Daniel de Pass were the first to open up Namaqualand, and for many years (1849-86) were the largest shipowners in Cape Town, and leaders of the sealing, whaling, and fishing industries. Namaqualand ( Afrikaans: Namakwaland) is an arid region of South Africa, extending along the west coast over 600 miles and covering a total area of 170000 Pinnipeds ("fin-feet" lit "winged feet" or fin-footed mammals are a widely distributed and diverse group of semi-aquatic marine Mammals comprising Whaling is the hunting of Whales and dates back to at least 6000 BC For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish. Jews were among the first to take to ostrich-farming and played a role in the early diamond industry. The Ostrich ( Struthio camelus) is a large Flightless bird native to Africa (and formerly the Middle East) In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in
Jews also played some part in early South African politics. Captain Joshua Norden was shot at the head of his Mounted Burghers in the Xhosa War of 1846; Lieutenant Elias de Pass fought in the Xhosa War of 1849. The Xhosa Wars, also known as the Kaffir Wars or Cape Frontier Wars, were a series of nine wars between the amaXhosa people and European settlers Julius Mosenthal (1818-80), brother of the poet S. Mosenthal of Vienna, was a member of the Cape Parliament in the fifties. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Simeon Jacobs, C. M. G. (1832-83), who was a judge in the Supreme Court of the Cape of Good Hope, as the acting attorney-general of Cape Colony he introduced and carried in 1872 the Cape Colony Responsible Government Bill and the Voluntary Bill (abolishing state aid to the Anglican Church), for both of which bills Saul Solomon, the member for Cape Town, had fought for decades. The High Court of South Africa is a Court of Law in South Africa. See also Anglicanism The Anglican Communion is an international association of national Anglican churches Saul Solomon (b. St. Helena May 25, 1817; d. Saint Helena (pronounced saint he-LEE-na) named after St Helena of Constantinople, is an island of volcanic origin and a British overseas territory Oct. 16, 1892), the leader of the Cape Colony Liberal Party, has been called the "Cape Disraeli. The Cape Colony, part of modern South Africa, was established by the Dutch East India Company in 1652 with the founding of Cape Town. " He several times declined the premiership and was invited into the first responsible ministry, formed by Sir John Molteno. Sir John Charles Molteno KCMG ( 5 June 1814 - 1 September 1886) was a Politician, British Administrator Like Disraeli, too, he early left the ranks of Judaism. Benjamin Disraeli 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, KG, PC, FRS (born Benjamin D'Israeli; 21 December 1804 &ndash 19 April 1881 was Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut
At the same time, the Jews faced substantial anti-Semitism. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility Though freedom of worship was granted to all residents in 1870, the revised Grondwet of 1894 still debarred Jews and Catholics from military posts, from the positions of president, state secretary, or magistrate, from membership in the First and Second Volksraad ("parliament"), and from superintendencies of natives and mines. All instruction was to be given in a Christian and Protestant spirit, and Jewish and Catholic teachers and children were to be excluded from state-subsidized schools. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Before the Boer War (1899-1902), Jews were often considered uitlanders ("foreigners") and excluded from the mainstream of South African life. See also First Boer War,, South African Wars (1879-1915 The Second Boer War ( Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans:
However, a small number of Jews also settled among and identified with the rural white Afrikaans-speaking population; these persons became known as Boerejode (Boer Jews). Afrikaans is an Indo-European language, derived from 17th century Dutch and classified as Low Franconian Germanic, mainly spoken in A measure of intermarriage also occurred and was generally accepted. [2]
Second Anglo-Boer War:1899-1902
Jews fought on both sides during the Second Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902). See also First Boer War,, South African Wars (1879-1915 The Second Boer War ( Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: Some of the most notable fights during the three years' Boer war — such as the Gun Hill incident before the Siege of Ladysmith — involved Jewish soldiers like Major Karri Davies. The Siege of Ladysmith was a protracted engagement in the Second Boer War, taking place between 30 October 1899 and 28 February 1900 Nearly 2,800 Jews fought on the British side and the London Spectator counted that 125 were killed. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located (Jewish Encyclopedia)
Around 300 Jews served among the Boers during the second Boer War [1] and were known as Boerjode: those who had citizenship rights were conscripted along with other burghers ("citizens"), but there were also a number of volunteers. Jews fought under the Boers' Vierkleur ("four colored") flag in many of the major battles and engagements and during the guerilla phase of the war, and a dozen are known to have died. Around 80 were captured and held in British POW camps in South Africa. Some were sent as far afield as St. Helena, Bermuda, and Ceylon to where they had been exiled by the British. Ba (officially The Bermuda Islands or The Somers Isles) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Some Jews were among the Bittereinders ("Bitter Enders") who fought on long after the Boer cause was clearly lost. (Jewish Encyclopedia) & (Saks, 2005)
From Union through World War II
Although the Jews were allowed equal rights after the Boer War, they again became subject to persecution in the days leading up to World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In 1930, the Quota Act of 1930 was intended to curtain the entry of Jews from Eastern Europe. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. The 1937 The Aliens Act, motivated by a sharp increase the previous year in the number of German Jewish refugees coming to South Africa, brought the migration to almost a complete halt. Aliens Act 1 of 1937 was a South African law aimed at curtailing Jewish immigration to South Africa just as it was increasing due to increased Anti-Semitic Jews have lived in Germany, or " Ashkenaz " at least since the early 4th century, through both periods of tolerance and spasms of Some Jews were able to enter the country, but many were unable to do so. A total of approximately six-and-a-half thousand Jews came to South Africa from Germany between the years 1933 and 1939. [2] Many Afrikaners (i. The term Afrikaner people refers to white Afrikaans -speaking people who have been established in Southern Africa since the 17th century and are mainly of northwestern e. Boers) felt sympathy for Nazi Germany, and organizations like Louis Weichardt’s "Grayshirts" and the pro-Nazi Ossewabrandwag were openly anti-Semitic. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Louis Theodor Weichardt ( May 21, 1894 - October 26, 1985) was a South African political leader who founded the Greyshirts Greyshirts or Gryshemde was a name given to a South African Nazi movement that existed during the 1930s and 1940s The Ossewabrandwag ("Oxwagon Sentinel" (OB was a nationalist Afrikaner organisation in South Africa, founded in Bloemfontein on February The opposition National Party argued that the Aliens Act was too lenient and advocated a complete ban on Jewish immigration, a halt in the naturalization of Jewish permanent residents of South Africa and the banning of Jews from certain professions. The National Party ( Afrikaans: Nasionale Party) (with its members sometimes known as Nationalists or Nats) was the governing party of [3] After the war, the situation began to improve, and a large number of South African Jews, generally a fairly Zionist community, left to join the new nation of Israel. History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.
Post World War II
South African Jews and Israel
When the Afrikaner-dominated National Party came to power in 1948 it did not adopt an anti-Jewish policy despite its earlier position. The term Afrikaner people refers to white Afrikaans -speaking people who have been established in Southern Africa since the 17th century and are mainly of northwestern The National Party ( Afrikaans: Nasionale Party) (with its members sometimes known as Nationalists or Nats) was the governing party of In fact, during that year, the modern State of Israel won its independence from Britain, and the Afrikaners identified with Israel and admired its resistance to British rule. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. In 1953 South Africa's Prime Minister, D. F. Malan, became the first foreign head of government to visit Israel though the trip was a "private visit" rather than an official state visit. Daniel François Malan (22 May 1874 &ndash 7 February 1959 more commonly known as D "Official visit" redirects here For the Yes Minister episode see " The Official Visit " [4] This began a long history of cooperation between Israel and South Africa on many levels. The proudly Zionistic South African Jewish community, through such bodies as the South African Zionist Federation and a number of publications, maintained a cordial relationship with the South African government even though it objected to the policies of Apartheid being enacted. South Africa's Jews were permitted to collect huge sums of money to be sent on as official aid to Israel, in spite of strict exchange-control regulations. Per capita, South African Jews were reputedly the most philanthropic Zionists abroad. [5]
South African Jewish moderation and liberalism
South African Jews can be described as being mostly mildly liberal and overwhelmingly supported opposition parties such as first the United Party, then the Liberal Party, Progressive Party and its successors during the decades of National Party apartheid rule. Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal The United Party was South Africa's ruling political party between 1934 and 1948. The Liberal Party of South Africa was a South African political party from 1953 to 1968 The Progressive Party was a liberal South African party that opposed the ruling National Party's policies of Apartheid. (See Liberalism in South Africa). This article gives an overview of liberal parties in South Africa. The community as a whole was not aligned with any sort of violent Communist or revolutionary elements though there were prominent South African Jewish socialists and communists such as Moses Kotane, Joe Slovo, Ruth First, Denis Goldberg and Albie Sachs. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Joe Slovo ( May 23 1926 &ndash January 6 1995) was a South African Communist politician and long time leader of the Ruth First ( May 4 1925 &ndash August 17 1982) was a South African anti- Apartheid activist and scholar born in Denis Goldberg (b in Cape Town, 1933 is a South African social campaigner who was active in the struggle against Apartheid and was imprisoned along with Albie Sachs (1935- is a Justice on the Constitutional Court of South Africa. The prime example of the more moderate approach is that of the highly-assimilated Harry Oppenheimer (1908-2000) (born Jewish but converted to Anglicanism upon his marriage), the richest man in South Africa and the arch-capitalist chairman of the De Beers and Anglo American corporations. Harry Frederick Oppenheimer (28 October 1908 &ndash 19 August 2000 was a prominent South African businessman and one of the world's richest men Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where De Beers and the various companies within the De Beers Family of Companies engage in exploration for diamonds, diamond mining diamond trading and industrial diamond manufacture Anglo American PLC () is a world-wide group of companies, originally founded in South Africa as a Mining enterprise but now extending into other areas He was a staunch supporter and uncompromising backer of the liberal Progressive Party and its policies, believing that granting more freedom and economic growth to South Africa's Black African majority was good politics and sound economic policy. The banner for this cause was held high by the Jewish Mrs. Helen Suzman, as the lone Progressive Party member in South Africa's parliament, representing the heavily Jewish suburb and voting district of Houghton, home to many wealthy Jewish families at the time. Helen Suzman, born Helen Gavronsky ( 7 November, 1917 in Germiston Gauteng, South Africa) was an anti- Apartheid Houghton Estate is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. Part of it is located in Region 3, the other part in Region 4.
Anti-Apartheid activities
Though Jews accounted for only 2. 5% of South Africa's white population and 0. 3% of South Africa's total population, many Jews played notable roles in the anti-apartheid movement. For example, when 156 political leaders arrested on December 5, 1956, more than half of the whites arrested were Jewish. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. They were charged with high treason resulting in the Treason Trial which lasted from 1956-1960. The Treason Trial was a trial in which 156 people (105 Blacks 21 Indians 23 Whites and 7 Coloureds including Nelson Mandela, were arrested in a raid and accused of treason And, all of the whites initially charged in the 1963 Rivonia Trial were Jewish. The Rivonia Trial was a trial that took place in South Africa between 1963 and 1964, in which ten leaders of the African National Congress
Jewish politicians like Helen Suzman attempted to stop the abuse of black political prisoners. Helen Suzman, born Helen Gavronsky ( 7 November, 1917 in Germiston Gauteng, South Africa) was an anti- Apartheid Writer Nadine Gordimer helped edit Mandela's speech in his defence at the Rivonia Trial (in 1991, Gordimer donated her Nobel Prize money to the Congress of South African Writers, which was allied with the African National Congress). Nadine Gordimer (born 20 November 1923 is a South African Writer, Political activist and Nobel laureate. The African National Congress (ANC has been South Africa 's governing party supported by its Tripartite alliance with the Congress of South African Trade Unions
Harry Schwarz was in the minority opposition for over 40 years and was a prominent opponent of the National Party. Harry Heinz Schwarz (born May 13, 1924) is a former South African anti- Apartheid politician diplomat and jurist The National Party ( Afrikaans: Nasionale Party) (with its members sometimes known as Nationalists or Nats) was the governing party of He was the leader of the opposition for the United Party from 1963-1974 in the Transvaal. The United Party was South Africa's ruling political party between 1934 and 1948. For the Russian theme park see Transvaal Park. The Transvaal (Afrikaans lit He was one of the founders of the Torch Commando, an ex-soldiers' movement to protest against the disenfranchisement of the coloured people in South Africa. The Torch Commando was born out of the work of the Springbok Legion a South African organisation of World War II Veterans, founded in 1941 during the second Schwarz was one of the defence barristers in the Rivonia Trial. The Rivonia Trial was a trial that took place in South Africa between 1963 and 1964, in which ten leaders of the African National Congress In 1975, Schwarz left the United Party and formed the Reform Party which later merged with the Progressive Party. The Reform Party was a political party that existed for just five months in 1975 in 1991 Harry Schwarz was made ambassador to the United States. An ambassador is the highest ranking Diplomat who represents their country The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Beginning in the mid-seventies, Schwarz played an increasingly important role on the Jewish Board of Deputies, serving as chairman of its committee on international relations and often acting as spokesman for the board to Jewish agencies abroad. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ He argued that violent change could ultimately lead to a nondemocratic government, incompatible with Jewish ethics and with the interests of the Jewish community. He emphasized that Jews needed not only a democratic society for all, but also "The right to follow [their] own religion and love for Israel freely. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. "
During the Rivonia Trial Dr. Percy Yutar, South Africa’s first Jewish attorney-general, who was said to be indifferent towards Apartheid[3], prosecuted Nelson Mandela while Jewish attorney Arthur Chaskalson was part of Mandela's defense counsel. Dr Percy Yutar ( 29 July 1911, Cape Town - 13 July 2002, Johannesburg) was South Africa ’s first Jewish Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (xolíɬaɬa mandéːla born 18 July 1918 is a former President of South Africa, the first to be elected in fully representative Arthur Chaskalson, (born November 24, 1931) former President of the Constitutional Court of South Africa (1994-2001 and Chief Justice of South Africa In that trial, Dennis Goldberg, engineer and leader of the Congress of Democrats, was sentenced to life in prison along with Mandela and other ANC leaders. Denis Goldberg (b in Cape Town, 1933 is a South African social campaigner who was active in the struggle against Apartheid and was imprisoned along with
In 1979, Chaskalson established the Legal Resources Center, an organization dedicated to the pursuit of justice and human rights in South Africa. Chaskalson challenged the implementation of apartheid laws, provided legal services, and trained paralegal personnel to help blacks. When Mandela came to power he appointed Chaskalson as President of the Constitutional Court of South Africa and later as Chief Justice of South Africa. The South African Constitutional Court was established in 1994 by South Africa 's first democratic Constitution: the Interim Constitution The Chief Justice of South Africa is the chief judge in South Africa, who exercises final authority over the functioning and management of all the courts
Many Jewish anti-apartheid activists were the target of state security force violence: Ruth First was assassinated; Albie Sachs lost an eye and an arm. Ruth First ( May 4 1925 &ndash August 17 1982) was a South African anti- Apartheid activist and scholar born in Albie Sachs (1935- is a Justice on the Constitutional Court of South Africa. Rowley Arenstein was exiled for thirty-three years. Abstract painter Arthur Goldreich was arrested as a political prisoner in July 1963 but eventually escaped. Arthur Goldreich was an abstract painter born in 1929 in Johannesburg, South Africa, and a key figure in the anti-apartheid movement in the country of his Joe Slovo, longtime leader of the South African Communist Party, served on the ANC's National Executive Committee, as did Ray Simons and Raymond Suttner. Joe Slovo ( May 23 1926 &ndash January 6 1995) was a South African Communist politician and long time leader of the South African Communist Party ( SACP) is a Political party in South Africa. Ronnie Kasrils was head of intelligence for the ANC's military wing. Ronald Kasrils (commonly known as Ronnie Kasrils) (born November 15, 1938) is a South African (Adler 2000)
Jews also played a significant role in providing humanitarian assistance for black communities. Ina Perlman founded "Operation Hunger", an organization that reached two million South African blacks. Influenced by skills learned in Israel, the South African Union of Jewish Women (UJW) developed outreach programs in black townships: they focused on teacher training and pre-school development and even sponsored a few black South African teacher visits to Israel. UJW also created a multiracial youth group and engaged in the Women's National Coalition. The group was the first to import black dolls from the United States so that children might have a choice. (Adler, 2000)
Johannesburg's Oxford Synagogue and Cape Town's Temple Israel assisted the black townships by running nurseries, medical clinics and adult education programs, and by providing legal aid for victims of apartheid laws. Johannesburg ( Pronounced /jō-hān'ĭs-bûrg'/ is the largest city in South Africa. Cape Town (Kaapstad Xhosa: Ikapa) is the second most populous city in South Africa, forming part of the metropolitan municipality of the (Adler 2000)
Many Jews objected to enlistment in the South African Defence Force and the Border War. The South African Border War, also known as the Namibian War of Independence, refers to the conflict that took place from 1966 to 1989 in South-West Johnathon Handler, chairperson of the UCT branch of South African Union of Jewish Students, was one of a group of 15 conscientious objectors to make public their resistance to war in the townships shortly before the End Conscription Campaign was banned. The End Conscription Campaign was an anti- Apartheid organisation allied to the United Democratic Front (UDF and composed of Conscientious objectors and their supporters
Focused on internal Jewish communal issues
Despite the over-representation of Jews in the struggle against apartheid, the Jewish establishment and the majority of South African Jews remained focused on Jewish issues. Most individuals were unsupportive of the anti-apartheid cause and communal institutions remained distant from the struggle against racial injustice until relatively late. In 1980, 32 years after the creation of apartheid, the South African Jewish Board of Deputies passed a resolution urging "all concerned, in particular members of our own community, to cooperate in securing the immediate amelioration and ultimate removal of all unjust discriminatory laws and practices based on race, creed or color". A few rabbis spoke out against apartheid early, but they failed to gain support and it was not until 1985 that the rabbinate as a whole condemned apartheid. (Adler 2000)
Today
Although the Jewish community peaked in the 1970s, about 70,000 mostly nominally Orthodox, remain in South Africa. Despite low intermarriage rates, approximately 1,800 Jews leave the country for economic reasons every year, mainly to Israel, Australia, Canada and the United States. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Jewish community in South Africa is currently the largest in Africa, and, although shrinking due to emigration, it remains one of the most nominally Orthodox communities in the world. Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized The South African Jewish Community is widely reputed to be among the most vibrant diaspora communities in terms of Jewish communal and religious life. Although the numbers have reduced over the last three decades, the community continues to thrive. A high crime rate in South Africa and various other factors are the driving force behind emigration. The community has remarkable support structures and is distinctly self sufficient. Levels of anti-semitism in South Africa are among the lowest in the world. The current Chief Rabbi, Dr, Warren Goldstein (2008), has been widely credited for initiating a "Bill of Responsibilities" which the government has incorporated in the national school curriculum. The Chief Rabbi has also pushed for community run projects to combat crime in the country. The community has become more observant and in Johannesburg, the largest centre of Jewish life, with 66 000 Jews, there is a high number and density of Kosher restaurants and religious centres. In politics, the jewish community comtinues to have influence, particularly in leadership roles. Helen Zille, the mayor of Cape Town and leader of the Democratic Alliance South Africa's main opposition party, is from a Jewish background, her parents who are both half-Jewish immigrants, fled from Europe to South Africa during the Second World War. Helen Zille ( 9 March, 1951 - is the Mayor of Cape Town in South Africa 's Western Cape province and leader of the Democratic Cape Town (Kaapstad Xhosa: Ikapa) is the second most populous city in South Africa, forming part of the metropolitan municipality of the The Democratic Alliance (DA is a liberal South African political party and the official opposition to the ruling African National Congress. As leader of the party, she is also the successor of Tony Leon, who also has a Jewish background and led the opposition party between 1994-2007. Anthony James Leon (born December 15, 1956) is a South African politician and the former leader of the Democratic Alliance, South Africa's
Lemba
The Lemba, a minority ethnic group which resides in Mpumalanga, may have been the first ethnic Jews to have resided in what is now South Africa, having emigrated to the area some 2,500 years ago from San'a', Yemen. The Lemba or Lembaa are an Ethnic group numbering 70000 in Southern Africa who claim a common descent and belonging to the Jewish people Mpumalanga, (umˈpuːməlɑŋɡə – name changed from Eastern Transvaal on 24 August 1995) is a province of South Africa Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya Today, most Lemba adhere to Protestant Christianity while observing Judaic-like customs.
Jewish education in South Africa
Traditionally, Jewish education in South Africa was conducted by the Cheder or Talmud Torah, while children received secular education at government and private schools. A Cheder (alternatively Cheider, in Hebrew חדר, meaning "room" is a traditional elementary school teaching the basics of Judaism Talmud Torah schools were created in the Jewish world both Ashkenazic and Sephardic, as a form of public primary School for boys of modest backgrounds There were, initially, no formal structures in place for Rabbinical education. Semicha (סמיכה "leaning the hands" also semichut (סמיכות "ordination" or semicha lerabbanut (סמיכה לרבנות "rabbinical (Note that although the majority of South Africa's Jews are descendants of Lithuanian Jews who venerated Talmudic scholarship, the community did not establish schools or yeshivot for several decades. Lithuanian Jews (known in Yiddish and Yeshivish as Litvish (adjective or Litvaks (noun are Ashkenazi Jews with roots in the The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history Yeshiva or yeshivah (jəʃi'və ( Hebrew: ישיבה "sitting (n )
An important change took place in 1948, when King David School was established, as the first full-time dual-curriculum (secular and Jewish) Jewish day school - the high school was established in 1955. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The King David Schools are a network of Jewish day schools in Johannesburg, South Africa. See Yeshiva and Bais Yaakov about strictly Orthodox (mostly Haredi) Jewish schools Today, King David is amongst the largest Jewish day schools in the world, with thousands of students. King David's equivalent in Cape Town is the Herzlia School, with Carmel School in Pretoria and Durban (both subsequently renamed), and the Theodore Herzl School in Port Elizabeth. Cape Town (Kaapstad Xhosa: Ikapa) is the second most populous city in South Africa, forming part of the metropolitan municipality of the Pretoria is a city located in the northern part of Gauteng Province, South Africa. Durban (eThekwini is the third most populous city in South Africa, forming part of the EThekwini metropolitan municipality. In Total, nineteen Day Schools, affiliated to the South African Board of Jewish Education, have been established in the main centres [4]. The Jewish day schools regularly place amongst the top in the country in the national and provincial "Matric" examinations [5] [6].
The first religious day school, the Yeshiva College of South Africa, was established in the mid 1950s, drawing primarily on the popularity of the Bnei Akiva Religious Zionist youth movement. The Yeshiva College of South Africa ( Yeshivat Beit Yitzchak) commonly known as Yeshiva College and formerly known as Yeshivat Bnei Akiva. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive Bnei Akiva (בני עקיבא founded in the British Mandate of Palestine in 1929 is the largest religious Zionist Youth movement in the world today Religious Zionism, or the Religious Zionist Movement (a branch of which is also called Mizrachi) is an ideology that combines Zionism and religious As an institution with hundreds of pupils, Yeshivah College is today the largest religious school in the country. Other educational institutions within this ideology include the "Yeshiva of Cape Town", a Torah MiTzion Kollel, and the Bet Midrash and Midrasha of Mizrachi, Johannesburg. A kollel (כולל "a gathering/collection scholars" (plural kollelim is an institute for advanced studies of the Talmud and of Rabbinic literature for Beth Midrash ( Hebrew: בית מדרש; also Beis Medrash, Beit Midrash, pl A he-Latn midrasha ( Hebrew: he מדרשה, pl he-Latn midrashot/s) refers to an institute of Jewish studies for women The Mizrachi (המזרחי HaMizrahi, an acronym for Merkaz Ruhani lit
In parallel to the establishment of Yeshiva College, and drawing on the same momentum [7], several smaller yeshivot were opened, starting in the 1960s. Yeshiva or yeshivah (jəʃi'və ( Hebrew: ישיבה "sitting (n The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 The Yeshiva Gedolah of Johannesburg [8], established in 1973, is the best known of these, having trained dozens of South African Rabbis, including Chief Rabbi Dr. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master Chief Rabbi is a title given in several countries to the recognized religious leader of that country's Jewish community or to a rabbinic leader appointed by the local secular Warren Goldstein. Rabbi Warren Goldstein (b c 1973 is the Chief rabbi of South Africa. The Yeshiva follows the "Telshe" educational model, although accommodates students from across the spectrum of "Hashkafa" (Hebrew: worldview, outlook, beliefs within orthodox Judaism). Telshe yeshiva was a famous Eastern European Yeshiva founded in the Lithuanian town of Telšiai. A comprehensive world view (or worldview) is a term Calqued from the German word Weltanschauung ( Welt is the German Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized
This era also saw the start of a large network of Chabad-Lubavitch activities and institutions. Chabad-Lubavitch is one of the largest Hasidic movements in Orthodox Judaism, and is based in the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn There is today a Lubavitch Yeshiva in Johannesburg serving the Chabad community, a Chabad Semicha programme in Pretoria, and Lubavitch Day schools in Johannesburg and Cape Town. Tomchei Temimim is the central Yeshiva ( Talmudical academy of the Chabad -Lubavitch Hasidic movement Semicha (סמיכה "leaning the hands" also semichut (סמיכות "ordination" or semicha lerabbanut (סמיכה לרבנות "rabbinical
The 1980s saw the establishment of a Haredi kollel as well as the growth of a large baal teshuva ("returnees" [to Judaism]) movement - this was supported by the Israel-based organizations Ohr Somayach and Aish HaTorah which established active branches in South Africa; Arachim also has an active presence. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. Haredi or Chareidi Judaism is the most theologically conservative form of Orthodox Judaism. A kollel (כולל "a gathering/collection scholars" (plural kollelim is an institute for advanced studies of the Talmud and of Rabbinic literature for See also Repentance in Judaism Baal teshuva ( Hebrew: he בעל תשובה; for a woman he בעלת תשובה baalat/baalas teshuva; Ohr Somayach (also Or Samayach or Ohr Somayach International) was founded in 1970. Aish HaTorah ("Fire of the Torah" is an Orthodox organization and Yeshiva. Presently, Ohr Somayach, South Africa operates a full time Yeshiva in Johannesburg - with its Bet Midrash established in 1990, and its Kollel in 1996 - as well as a Midrasha; it also runs a Bet Midrash in Cape Town. Ohr Somayach in South Africa is an affiliate of Ohr Somayach Jerusalem, a network of Haredi Yeshivas and Synagogues Like its parent Beth Midrash ( Hebrew: בית מדרש; also Beis Medrash, Beit Midrash, pl Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) A kollel (כולל "a gathering/collection scholars" (plural kollelim is an institute for advanced studies of the Talmud and of Rabbinic literature for Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) A he-Latn midrasha ( Hebrew: he מדרשה, pl he-Latn midrashot/s) refers to an institute of Jewish studies for women There are today several Haredi boy's schools in Johannesburg, as well as a Bais Yaakov girls' school. Haredi or Chareidi Judaism is the most theologically conservative form of Orthodox Judaism. Bais Yaakov (בית יעקב also written Beis Yaakov, Beit Yaakov or Beth Jacob -- literally "House Jacob" in Hebrew) is a common
The Progressive Movement maintains a network of supplementary Hebrew and Religious classes at its temples. These schools are all affiliated to the SA Union for Progressive Judaism.
References
- ^ Three South African "Boerejode' and the South African War. The South African Military History Society (Military History Journal - Vol 10 No 2) (November 21, 2006).
- ^ Cape Town Holocaust Centre
- ^ The Rise of the South African Reich - Chapter 4
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=7v-g21ksdVsC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=malan+israel&source=web&ots=VZ6Bt9WtRP&sig=M3sa9h0kOtkURnqQfA6fxiWYzj8
- ^ Chris McGreal. Chris McGreal is a reporter for The Guardian who frequently covers Middle East issues "Brothers in arms - Israel's secret pact with Pretoria", The Guardian, 2006-02-07. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince
- Adler, Franklin Hugh (2000), "South African Jews and Apartheid". Patterns of Prejudice, 34 (4), 23-36. - (abstract)
See also
External links
General
- Jewish South Africa
- Jewish Virtual History Tour of South Africa - Jewish Virtual Library
- South African Jewry A glimpse into the future, Prof. Afrikaner-Jews or Boer-Jode as they are sometimes known are an off-shoot of Afrikanerdom and Judaism. Ancient history The Bushmen See also Ancient History of South Africa Some three million years ago Ape -human-like Hominids According to the 2001 census there are 75745 Jews in South Africa. The Jewish Virtual Library is an online Encyclopedia published by the American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE Milton Shain, University of Cape Town
- Jews in South Africa - Jay Sand
- Lithuanian Jews make big impact in South Africa - Reuters
- South Africa - Jewish Encyclopedia
- "Jews on Commando", Saks, D. The University of Cape Town ( UCT) is a Public university located on the Rhodes Estate on the slopes of Devil's Peak, in Cape Town This article is primarily about Reuters prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson The Jewish Encyclopedia was an Encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. Y. (2005), Southern Africa Jewish Genealogy
- Zimbabwe Jewish Community history web site A comprehensive overview of the history of the community, from early settlement in Northern and Southern Rhodesia to life today.
- How the guard has changed since Rhodes stormed the SA economy, "Without the Jewish people, the country would have taken many more years to evolve", The Sunday Times (South Africa)
Jewish education
Schools
- Full listing
- Site of the King David Schools in Johannesburg
- Herzlia Schools
- Yeshiva College of South Africa
Religious
- List of Synagogues
- Aish HaTorah - South Africa
- Chabad, Johannesburg
- Ohr Somayach South Africa
- Yeshiva of Cape Town
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