The history of slavery covers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history. Slavery, generally defined, refers to the "systematic exploitation of labor without consent, and/or to the possession of human beings as property". As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another There is no clear timeline for the formation of slavery in any formalized sense. Slavery can be traced to the earliest records, such as the Code of Hammurabi (ca. The Code of Hammurabi ( Codex Hammurabi) is the best-preserved ancient Law code, created ca 1760 BC), which refers to it as an established institution. The 18th century BC was the Century which lasted from 1800 BC to 1701 BC ^[1]

Part of a series on Slavery
Period and context
History · Antiquity Religious views: Biblical · Christian · Islamic · Jewish Slave trades: Atlantic · African · Arab · Asian Human trafficking · Sexual slavery · Abolitionism · Servitude
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Gulag · Serfdom · Unfree labour · Debt bondage · Indentured servant · List of slaves · Legal status
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Contents 1 The ancient Mediterranean civilizations 2 Europe 2.1 The Vikings and Scandinavia 2.2 Middle Ages 2.3 Portuguese and Spanish explorations 2.4 Great Britain and Ireland 2.5 Pre-industrial Europe 2.6 Modern times 3 Slavery in Muslim World 3.1 Modern times 4 Africa 4.1 North Africa 4.1.1 Barbary pirates 4.2 Sub-Saharan Africa 4.3 Modern times 5 The Americas 5.1 Among indigenous peoples 5.2 Brazil 5.2.1 Resistance and abolition 5.2.2 Modern times 5.3 Other South American countries 5.4 British and French Caribbean 5.5 North America 5.5.1 Early events 5.5.2 Slavery in American Colonial Law 5.5.3 Development of slavery 5.5.4 Early United States law 5.5.5 Civil War 5.5.6 Modern times 6 Asia 6.1 Indian subcontinent 6.1.1 Modern times 6.2 Nepal 6.3 China 6.4 Japan 6.4.1 Modern times 6.5 Korea 6.6 Southeast Asia 6.6.1 Modern times 6.7 Central Asia and Caucasus 7 Oceania 7.1 Hawaii 7.2 Aotearoa / New Zealand 7.3 Chatham Islands 7.4 Rapa Nui / Easter Island 8 Abolitionist movements 8.1 Persian Empire 8.2 Britain 8.3 France 8.4 United States 8.5 Twentieth century worldwide 9 References 10 See also 11 External links

The ancient Mediterranean civilizations

Main article: Slavery in antiquity

Slavery in the ancient cultures was known to occur in civilizations as old as Sumer, and found in every such civilization, including Ancient Egypt, the Akkadian Empire, Assyria, Ancient Greece, Rome and parts of its empire, and the Islamic Caliphate. Slavery as an institution in Mediterranean cultures of the ancient world comprised a mixture of Debt-slavery, slavery as a punishment for crime and Sumer ( Sumerian: sux-Latn [[Ki (earth ki]]-[[EN (cuneiform en]]-'''ĝir15''', Akkadian: Šumeru; possibly Biblical Shinar Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history Such institutions were a mixture of debt-slavery, punishment for crime, the enslavement of prisoners of war, child abandonment, and the birth of slave children to slaves. Debt bondage or bonded labor is a means of paying off loans with direct labor instead of currency or goods Child abandonment is the practice of abandoning offspring outside of legal Adoption. ^[2] In the Roman Empire, probably over 25% of the population was enslaved. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial ^[3] Scholars believe that 30 to 40% of the total population of Italy was enslaved. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest ^[4]

An important exception occurred under the reign of King Cyrus who founded the Achaemenid Empire and liberated slaves in conquered territories. The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of Indeed much of the architectural feats of this period came from invention of coin currency which precipitated wage labor.

Slavery was an important element in the development of the ancient Greek city-states. A polis ( πόλις, pronunciation, in English-- plural poleis ( πόλεις, pronunciation, in English --is a City, a Records of slavery in Ancient Greece go as far back as Mycenaean Greece. Slavery was common practice and an integral component of Ancient Greece throughout its history as it was in other societies of the time Mycenaean Greece is a cultural period of ancient Greece taking its name from the archaeological site of Mycenae in northeastern Argolis, in the Peloponnese The treatment of Greek slaves could be said to be harsh, but not extremely brutal. The Spartans had earlier reduced an entire population to a pseudo-slavery called helots. The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη The helots (in Classical Greek / Heílôtes) were an unfree population group that formed the In Ancient Greece about 30% of the population consisted of slaves. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca ^[5]

As the Roman Republic expanded outward, entire populations were enslaved, thus creating an ample supply. The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the The people subjected to Roman slavery came from all over Europe and the Mediterranean. Slavery as an institution in Mediterranean cultures of the ancient world comprised a mixture of Debt-slavery, slavery as a punishment for crime and Such oppression by an elite minority eventually led to slave revolts (see Roman Servile Wars); the Third Servile War led by Spartacus was the most famous and severe. A slave rebellion is an armed uprising by slaves. Slave rebellions have occurred in nearly all societies that practice slavery and are amongst the most feared events The Third Servile War, also called the Gladiator War and The War of Spartacus by Plutarch, was the last of a series of unrelated and unsuccessful slave Spartacus (c 109 BC-71 BC according to Roman historians was a Slave who became the leader (or possibly one of several leaders in the unsuccessful slave Greeks, Berbers, Germans, Britons, Thracians, Gauls (or Celts), Jews, Arabs, and many more were slaves used not only for labor, but also for amusement (e. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic "Thracians" also refers to modern inhabitants of Thrace, regardless of ethnicity Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding g. gladiators and sex slaves). Gladiators (gladiatores "swordsmen" or "one who uses a sword" from la ''gladius'' "sword" were professional fighters in Ancient Rome who fought Sexual slavery refers to the organised coercion of persons into various different sexual practices forced Prostitution single-owner sexual slavery If a slave ran away, he was liable to be crucified. Crucifixion (from Latin crucifixio, noun of process crucifixio, from perfect passive participle crucifixus, fixed to a cross from By the late Republican era, slavery had become a vital economic pillar in the wealth of Rome. Slavery was so common, and citizenship restricted so firmly (only to native-born adult males), that the slaves in Rome far outnumbered the citizens. ^[6]

Due to Biblical descriptions, the definitions of slavery in Ancient Egypt are hotly debated. Archaeological discoveries by Mark Lehner and Zahi Hawass lead some to claim that the workers who built the pyramids were not enslaved. Mark Lehner, PhD is an American archaeologist with more than thirty years of experience excavating in Egypt. Zahi Hawass ( Arabic: زاهي حواس (born 28 May 1947 in Damietta, Egypt) is an Egyptian archaeologist and [6] As practiced in ancient Egypt, slavery was likely more akin to slavery in the medieval world rather than trans-Atlantic slavery: Persons generally became enslaved in ancient Egypt by virtue of being captives (or prisoners) of war, committing criminal or other indecent acts, or indebtedness. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Slaves in ancient Egypt could be sold, inherited or offered as gifts, but they could sometimes achieve social rank and take other contracts. Hence under Greek, Roman and Ancient Egyptian slavery there was no segregation between slave and society, it was non-racial and slaves could be upwardly mobile.

Europe

The Vikings and Scandinavia

Main articles: Thrall and Volga trade route

In the Viking era starting c. A thrall ( Þræll; Þír, f) was a variety of slave in Scandinavian culture during the Viking Age. In the Middle Ages, the Volga trade route connected Northern Europe and Northwestern Russia with the Caspian Sea, via the Volga River A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas 793, the Norse raiders often captured and enslaved weaker peoples they encountered. Norsemen is used to refer to the group of people as a whole who speak one of the North Germanic languages as their native language In the Nordic countries the slaves were called thralls (Old Norse: Þræll). The Nordic countries make up a region in Northern Europe called the Nordic region, consisting of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, A thrall ( Þræll; Þír, f) was a variety of slave in Scandinavian culture during the Viking Age. Old Norse is the North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age ^[7] The thralls were mostly from Western Europe, among them many Franks, Anglo-Saxons, and Celts. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts There is evidence of German, Baltic, Slavic and south European slaves as well. The slave trade was one of the pillars of Norse commerce during the 6th through 11th centuries. ^[8] The Persian traveller Ibn Rustah described how Swedish Vikings, the Varangians or Rus, terrorized and enslaved the Slavs. Ibn Rustah (in Persian احمد ابن رسته اصفهانی - Aḥmad ebn Roste Eṣfahānī was a 10th century Persian explorer and geographer born in Rosta The Varangians or Varyags ( Old Norse: Væringjar Greek: Βάραγγοι Βαριάγοι Váraggoi / Varyágoi, Ukrainian The Rus' Khaganate Volkhov Rus, Ilmen Rus, or Novgorod Rus --> was a Polity that flourished during a poorly documented The East Slavs are a Slavic ethnic group, the speakers of East Slavic languages. The slave raids came to an end when Catholicism became widespread throughout Scandinavia. As in the rest of Catholic Europe, the Scandinavian representatives for the church held that a Christian could not morally own another Christian. However, the moral aspect was not considered binding by church representatives in regards to enslavement of Africans. When slavery resurfaced in the post-Viking era in overseas colonies held by the Scandinavian countries, representatives of the church defended it, arguing, among other things, that Africans lacked "humanity" and therefore were better off as slaves, especially if they were converted. ^[9] The thrall system was finally abolished in the mid-14th century in Scandinavia. Serfdom was never instituted in Norway, Iceland and Sweden. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. ^[10][11] An ordinance of 20 June 1788 abolished villenage in Denmark and completely transformed the much-abused hoveri system. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Christian Ditlev Frederik Count Reventlow ( 11 March 1748 – 11 October 1827) was a Danish statesman and reformer and the son of ^[12] Serfdom remained the practice in Swedish Pomerania until July 4, 1806. Swedish Pomerania (Svenska Pommern Schwedisch-Pommern was a Dominion under the Swedish Crown from the 17th to the 19th century situated on what is now the

Although the thrall system had been abolished, slavery resurfaced again during the 17th century when Denmark-Norway^[13] and Sweden established trade posts in Africa, including the minor Swedish and Danish overseas colonies called Swedish Gold Coast and Danish Gold Coast. Denmark–Norway ( Danish: Danmark-Norge Norwegian: Danmark-Norge or Danmark-Noreg is the historiographical name for a former political entity union "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Sweden possessed overseas colonies from 1638 to 1663 and from 1784 to 1878. In various forms Denmark has had colonial possessions since the beginning of the 13th century when it obtained possessions in Estonia. The Swedish Gold Coast was a Swedish colony founded in 1650 on the Gulf of Guinea in present-day Ghana in West Africa. The Danish Gold Coast was a part of the Gold Coast (roughly present-day Ghana) which is on the West African Gulf of Guinea (hence the territory ^[14][15] In the late 18th century, Denmark-Norway set up slave colonies on the Caribbean islands of Saint Croix, Saint Thomas and Saint John^[16] and the Swedish King Gustav III established a Swedish slave trade colony on the Caribbean island Saint Barthelemy. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Gustav III ( – 29 March 1792) was King of Sweden from 1771 until his death Swedish slave trade occurred in the early History of Sweden and resurfaced during the 17th century around the time Swedish overseas colonies were established in Saint Barthélemy (Saint-Barthélemy officially the Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (French Collectivité de Saint-Barthélemy) is an Overseas collectivity ^[17] In 1803, Denmark-Norway banned export trade in slaves,^[18], the first nation to do so, and in 1813 Sweden followed suit. ^[19] Slavery in the colonies was finally abolished by Sweden (then in union with Norway) in 1847,^[20] and by Denmark in 1848. ^[13]

Middle Ages

Main article: Slavery in medieval Europe

Chaos and invasion made the taking of slaves habitual throughout Europe in the early Middle Ages. Slavery in early Medieval Europe was relatively common It was widespread at the end of antiquity. St. Patrick, himself captured and sold as a slave, protested an attack that enslaved newly baptized Christians in his Letter to the Soldiers of Coroticus. Saint Patrick (Patricius Irish: Naomh Pádraig) was a Roman Britain -born Christian Missionary and is the Patron saint In Carolingian Europe approximately 20% of the entire population consisted of slaves. The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the ^[21] Slavery in early medieval Europe was so common that the Roman Catholic Church repeatedly prohibited it—or at least the export of Christian slaves to non-Christian lands was prohibited at, for example, the Council of Koblenz in 922, the Council of London in 1102, and the Council of Armagh in 1171. The Council of London in 1102 was a Roman Catholic Church council of the church in England convened by Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury to debate and pass ^[22] William the Conqueror, too, banned export of English slaves. William I of England ( 1027 His reign which brought Norman culture to England had an enormous impact on the subsequent course of England in the Middle Ages The English people (from the adjective in Englisc) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to England who predominantly speak English The early medieval slave trade was mainly to the East: the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim world were the destinations, pagan Central and Eastern Europe, along with the Caucasus and Tartary, were important sources. The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East Tartary or Great Tartary ( Latin: Tataria or Tataria Magna) was a name used by Europeans from the Middle Ages until the Viking, Arab, Greek and Jewish merchants (known as Radhanites) were all involved in the slave trade during the Early Middle Ages. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Radhanites (also Radanites, Hebrew sing רדהני Radhani, pl ^[23][24][25]

So many Slavs (called Saqaliba in the medieval Arab world ) were enslaved for so many centuries that the very name 'slave' arguably derived from their name, not only in English, but in other European languages. Saqaliba ( Arabic: صقالبة sg Siqlabi) refers to the Slavs, particularly Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab ^[26][27]

The Mongol invasions and conquests in the 13th century made the situation worse. The Mongol Empire emerged in the course of the 13th century by a series of conquests and invasions throughout Central and Western Asia, reaching Eastern Europe ^[28] The Mongols enslaved skilled individuals, women and children and marched them to Karakorum or Sarai, whence they were sold throughout Eurasia. Karakorum (Khalkha Mongolian Khara-khorin, Classical Mongolian Qara Qorum) was the capital of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century Sarai Batu ( Old Sarai, Sarai-al-Maqrus, also transcribed as Saraj or Saray) was a capital city of the Golden Horde and one of For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. Many of these slaves were shipped to slave market in Novgorod. The Novgorod Republic (Новгородская республика / Novgorodskaya respublika Новгородская земьля / Novgorodskaya zemlja) was a ^[29][30][31]

Slave commerce during the Late Middle Ages was mainly in the hands of Venetian and Genoese merchants and cartels, who were involved in the slave trade with the Golden Horde. The Late Middle Ages is a term used by historians to describe European history in the period of the 14th and 15th centuries (AD 1300–1499 The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica The Most Serene Republic of Genoa (Repubblica di Genova was an independent state in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast from the 11th century This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. In 1382 the Golden Horde under Khan Tokhtamysh sacked Moscow, burning the city and carrying off thousands of inhabitants as slaves. Tokhtamysh (d ca 1406 was the last khan of the White Horde, who unified the White Horde and Blue Horde subdivisions of the Golden Horde into Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Between 1414 and 1423, some 10,000 eastern European slaves were sold in Venice. The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica ^[32] Genoese merchants organized the slave trade from the Crimea to Mamluk Egypt. Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым For years the Khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan routinely made raids on Russian principalities for slaves and to plunder towns. The Kazan Khanate (Казан ханлыгы|Qazan xanlığı|قازان خانليغى Russian: Казанское ханство tr: Kazanskoe khanstvo The Khanate of Astrakhan ( Xacitarxan Khanate) was a Tatar Feudal state that appeared after the collapse of the Russian chronicles record about 40 raids of Kazan Khans on the Russian territories in the first half of the 16th century. The list of rulers of Kazan Khanate Ghiasetdin of Kazan - as a ruler of Ghiasetdin Ulus, not the khanate ^[33] In 1521, the combined forces of Crimean Khan Mehmed Giray and his Kazan allies attacked Moscow and captured thousands of slaves. ^[34]

In 1441, Haci I Giray declared independence from the Golden Horde and established the Crimean Khanate. Hacı I Giray Angel (Melek (I Hacı Geray|۱حاجى گراى Melek Hacı Geray|ملک حاجى گراى (died 1466 was the founder and the first ruler of the Crimean Khanate The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Qırım Hanlığı|قريم خانلغى Крымское ханство - Krymskoye khanstvo; For a long time, until the early 18th century, the khanate maintained a massive slave trade with the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. In a process called the "harvesting of the steppe", they enslaved many Slavic peasants. In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced About 30 major Tatar raids were recorded into Muscovite territories between 1558-1596. The Tsardom of Rus' (Царство Русское was the official name for the Russian state between Ivan IV 's assumption of the title of Tsar (Emperor in 1547 ^[35] In 1571, the Crimean Tatars attacked and sacked Moscow, burning everything but the Kremlin and taking thousands of captives as slaves. ^[36] In Crimea, about 75% of the population consisted of slaves. Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым ^[37]

Medieval Spain and Portugal were the scene of almost constant warfare between Muslims and Christians. After the disorders of the passage of the Vandals and Alans down the Mediterranean coast of Hispania from 408, the history of Medieval Spain Portugal is a European Nation whose origins go back to the Early Middle Ages. Warfare refers to the conduct of conflict between opponents and usually involves escalation of aggression from the proverbial "war of words" between politicians A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Periodic raiding expeditions were sent from Al-Andalus to ravage the Iberian Christian kingdoms, bringing back booty and slaves. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or In raid against Lisbon, Portugal in 1189, for example, the Almohad caliph Yaqub al-Mansur took 3,000 female and child captives, while his governor of Córdoba, in a subsequent attack upon Silves, Portugal in 1191, took 3,000 Christian slaves. Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur (ابو يوسف يعقوب المنصور (c ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. Silves ( pron 'siɫvɨʃ is a town and a municipality in the Algarve, southern Portugal. ^[38]

The Byzantine-Ottoman wars and the Ottoman wars in Europe brought large numbers of Christian slaves into the Islamic world too. The wars of the Ottoman Empire in Europe are also sometimes referred to as the Ottoman Wars or as Turkish Wars, particularly in older European Listing of Muslims by country Important note Population counts by religious affiliation like most demographic characteristics of a Population ^[39] After the battle of Lepanto approximately 12,000 Christian galley slaves were freed from the Ottoman Turks. The Battle of Lepanto ( Greek: Ναύπακτος Naupaktos, pron The Turkish Navy was once the largest sea power in the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Red Sea, Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean ^[40] Christians were also selling Muslim slaves captured in war. Listing of Muslims by country Important note Population counts by religious affiliation like most demographic characteristics of a Population The Knights of Malta attacked pirates and Muslim shipping, and their base became a centre for slave trading, selling captured North Africans and Turks. The Knights Hospitaller (also known as the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language Malta remained a slave market until well into the late 18th century. Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system It required a thousand slaves to equip merely the galleys (ships) of the Order. Galleys redirects here For other uses see Galley (disambiguation. ^[41][42]

Slavery in Poland was forbidden in the 15th century; in Lithuania, slavery was formally abolished in 1588; they were replaced by the second enserfment. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Slavery remained a major institution in Russia until the 1723, when the Peter the Great converted the household slaves into house serfs. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The origins of Serfdom in Russia are traced to Kievan Rus in the 11th century Russian agricultural slaves were formally converted into serfs earlier in 1679. ^[43]

Portuguese and Spanish explorations

See also: Portuguese Empire, Spanish Empire, Economic history of Portugal, Spanish colonization of the Americas, and Black ladino

The 15th century Portuguese exploration of the African coast is commonly regarded as the harbinger of European colonialism. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries This article covers the economic history of Portugal. Portugal was once one of the largest and most powerful political and economic powers in the world The Spanish colonization of the Americas was Spain 's conquest settlement and rule over much of the Western hemisphere. Black Ladinos were Spanish -speaking black Africans born in Latin America, or exiled to the Americas after spending time in Castile The Portuguese people (os Portugueses literally the Portuguese) are the Ethnic group or Nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west In 1452, Pope Nicholas V issued the papal bull Dum Diversas, granting Afonso V of Portugal the right to reduce any "Saracens, pagans and any other unbelievers" to hereditary slavery which legitimated slave trade under catholic beliefs of that time. See also Antipope Nicholas V. Pope Nicholas V (Italian Niccolò V; November 15, 1397 &ndash March A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope. Dum Diversas is a Papal bull issued on June 18 1452 by Pope Nicholas V, that is credited with "ushering in the West African slave trade Afonso V (ɐˈfõsu in Portuguese; English Alphonzo) or Affonso (Archaic Portuguese the African ( Port Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". This approval of slavery was reaffirmed and extended in his Romanus Pontifex bull of 1455. Romanus Pontifex is a papal bull written January 8 1455 by Pope Nicholas V to King Afonso V of Portugal. These papal bulls came to serve as a justification for the subsequent era of slave trade and European colonialism. See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism Although for a short period as in 1462, Pius II declared slavery to be "a great crime". ^[44] The followers of the church of England and Protestants did not use the papal bull as a justification. The position of the church was to condemn the slavery of Christians, but slavery was regarded as an old established and necessary institution which supplied Europe with the necessary wokforce. In the XVI century African slaves had substituted almost all other ethnicities and religious enslaved groups in Europe. ^[45]

Among many other European slave markets, Genoa, Venice and Verdun-sur-Meuse were some well known markets, their importance and demand growing after the great plague of the XIII century which decimated much of the European work force. Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Verdun (medieval Wirten official name before 1970 Verdun-sur-Meuse) is a city and commune ^[46] The maritime town of Lagos, Portugal, was the first slave market created in Portugal for the sale of imported African slaves - the Mercado de Escravos, opened in 1444. Lagos ( pron 'laguʃ literally "Lakes" is a city and a municipality at the mouth of the river Bensafrim in the southern region of Algarve ^[47][48] In 1441, the first slaves were brought to Portugal from northern Mauritania. Mauritania (موريتانيا Mūrītāniyā officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country ^[48] Prince Henry the Navigator, major sponsor of the Portuguese African expeditions, as of any other merchandise, taxed one fifth of the selling price of the slaves imported to Portugal. The Infante Henrique Duke of Viseu ( Porto, March 4, 1394 – Sagres, November 13, 1460) pron ^[48] In the second half of the 16th century, the Crown gave up the monopoly on slave trade and the focus of European trade in African slaves shifted from import to Europe to slave transports directly to tropical colonies in the Americas - in the case of Portugal, especially Brazil. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld ^[48]In the XV century one third of the slaves were resold to the African market in exchange of gold. ^[49]

Spain had to fight against relatively powerful civilizations of the New World. The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia. However, the Spanish conquest of the indigenous peoples in the Americas was also facilitated by the spread of diseases (e. g. smallpox) due to lack of biological immunity. Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. ^[50] (like the Europeans that had lack of biological immunity to African diseases) Natives were used as forced labor (the Spanish employed the pre-Columbian draft system called the mita),^[51] but the diseases caused a labor shortage and so the Spanish colonists were gradually involved in the Atlantic slave trade. Mita ( Quechua: mit'a) was mandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire. The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World

The first Europeans to use African slaves in the New World were the Spaniards who sought auxiliaries for their conquest expeditions and laborers on islands such as Cuba and Hispaniola, where the alarming decline in the native population had spurred the first royal laws protecting the native population (Laws of Burgos, 1512-1513). The first African slaves arrived in Hispaniola in 1501. ^[52]

Great Britain and Ireland

Main articles: Slavery in Britain and Ireland and Slavery in the colonial United States

During and after Roman times, the practice of slavery was common in England. Slavery in Britain and Ireland dated back to the times of Roman occupation The origins of Slavery in the colonial United States are complex and there are several theories that have been proposed to explain the trade The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Anglo-Saxons continued and expanded their slave system, sometimes in league with Norse traders. For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas Chattel slavery of English Christians was discontinued when William of Normandy conquered England in 1066, but according to the Domesday Book census in 1086, 10% of the country's population was enslaved. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another William I of England ( 1027 His reign which brought Norman culture to England had an enormous impact on the subsequent course of England in the Middle Ages The Domesday Book (ˈduːmzdeɪ bʊk also known as Domesday, or Book of Winchester) was the record of the great survey ^[53] The trade in serfs and slaves in England was abolished in 1102, although the legal force of the event is open to question. The Council of Westminster, a collection of nobles, issued a decree: "Let no one hereafter presume to engage in that nefarious trade in which hitherto in England men were usually sold like brute animals. " However, the Council had no legislative powers, and no act of law was valid unless signed by the monarch.

The last form of enforced servitude in Britain (villeinage) had disappeared by the beginning of the 17th century. Slavery resurfaced in that century as a form of punishment against Catholics. Following the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, as many as 100,000 men, women and children were enslaved and transported to the colonies in the British West Indies and British North America^[54] Over half of all white immigrants to the BNA during the 17th and 18th centuries consisted of indentured servants. The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649-53 refers to the re-conquest of Ireland by the forces of the English Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell The term British West Indies refers to territories in and around the Caribbean which were at one time colonised by the United Kingdom. British North America consisted of the colonies and territories of the British Empire in continental North America after the end of the American Revolutionary As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system An indentured servant is a form of Debt bondage worker The Laborer is under Contract of an Employer for some period of time usually three to ^[55][56]

Britain played a prominent role in the Atlantic slave trade. The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World The "slave triangle" was pioneered by Francis Drake and his associates. Triangular trade is a historical term indicating Trade between three ports or regions Sir Francis Drake, Vice Admiral, (c 1540 &ndash 27 January 1595 was an English Privateer, navigator, Slaver, and politician Slavery was a legal institution in all of the 13 American colonies, and the profits of the slave trade and of West Indian plantations amounted to 5% of the British economy at the time of the Industrial Revolution. The start of the European colonization of the Americas is typically dated to 1492 although there was at least one earlier colonization effort The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting This is a history of the economy of the United Kingdom and of the countries that joined to form it in 1707 and 1801 The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the ^[57] In 1807, following many years of lobbying by the Abolitionist movement, the British Parliament voted to make the slave trade illegal anywhere in the empire. Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories Thereafter Britain took a prominent role in combatting the trade, although it took another generation before slavery itself was abolished. Between 1808 and 1860, the West Africa Squadron seized approximately 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard. The West Africa Squadron, established in 1808 after the passing of the Slave Trade Act in 1807 was a unit of the Royal Navy that was involved in the suppression ^[58] Action was also taken against African leaders who refused to agree to British treaties to outlaw the trade, for example against "the usurping King of Lagos", deposed in 1851. Lagos ( pron ˈleɪgɒs or /ˈlɑːgoʊs/ overseas is the most populous Conurbation in Nigeria with Anti-slavery treaties were signed with over 50 African rulers. ^[59]

In 1811, Arthur William Hodge was the first slave owner executed for the murder of a slave in the British West Indies. The term British West Indies refers to territories in and around the Caribbean which were at one time colonised by the United Kingdom. ^[60] He though was not, as some have claimed, the first white person to have been lawfully executed for the killing of a slave. White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. To kill, killing or to have killed means to cause the Death of a Living Organism. ^[61][62]

Pre-industrial Europe

It became the custom among the Mediterranean powers to sentence condemned criminals to row in the war-galleys of the state (initially only in time of war). Galleys redirects here For other uses see Galley (disambiguation. ^[63] The French Huguenots filled the galleys after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 and Camisard rebellion. The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth The Edict of Nantes was issued on April 13, 1598 by Henry IV of France to grant the Calvinist Protestants of Camisards were French Protestants ( Huguenots) of the rugged and isolated Cevennes region of south-central France, who raised an insurrection against ^[64] Galley-slaves lived in unsavoury conditions, so even though some sentences prescribed a restricted number of years, most rowers would eventually die, even if they survived shipwreck and slaughter or torture at the hands of enemies or of pirates. " Galley slave " is a term used to refer to prisoners condemned (in an obsolete form of punishment to man the oars of a Galley. A shipwreck can refer to a wrecked ship or to the event that caused the wreck such as the striking of something that causes the ship to sink the stranding of the ship on rocks Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries ^[65] Naval forces often turned 'infidel' prisoners-of-war into galley-slaves. Naval warfare is Combat in and on Seas Oceans or any other major bodies of water such as large Lakes and wide Rivers History Several well-known historical figures served time as galley slaves after being captured by the enemy -- the Ottoman corsair and admiral Turgut Reis and the Knights Hospitaller Grand Master Jean Parisot de la Valette among them. Turgut Reis ( 1485 - June 23, 1565) was a Turkish Privateer and Ottoman Admiral as well as Bey of The Knights Hospitaller (also known as the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St Jean Parisot de Valette (born in 1494 died in Malta 21 August 1568) was born into a noble family in Quercy. ^[66]

The so-called second serfdom took place in Eastern Europe during this period (particularly in Austria, Hungary, Prussia, Russia and Poland). Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Only in 1768 was a law passed in Poland that discontinued the nobility's right of life or death over serfs. Serfdom remained the practice in most of Russia until February 19, 1861. Some of the Roma people were enslaved over five centuries in Romania until abolition in 1864 (see Slavery in Romania). The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Slavery ( Romanian: robie) existed on the territory of present-day Romania since before the founding of the principalities of Wallachia and ^[67]

Slavery in the French Republic was abolished on February 4, 1794. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Year 1794 ( MDCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a

Modern times

Main articles: Forced labor in Germany during World War II and Slavery in modern Africa

Between 1933 and 1945, the Nazi regime created many Arbeitslager (labor camps) in Germany and Eastern Europe. Use of Forced labor in Nazi Germany during World War II occurred on a large scale Slavery in Africa continues today Slavery existed in Africa before the arrival of Europeans - as did a slave trade that exported millions Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in Penal labor. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Prisoners in Nazi labor camps were worked to death on short rations and in bad conditions, or killed if they became unable to work. Millions died as a direct result of forced labor under the Nazis. See for instance Eugen Kogon's publication The Theory and Practice of Hell: The German Concentration Camps and the System Behind Them^[68]

About 12 million forced laborers, most of whom were Eastern Europeans, were employed in the German war economy inside the Nazi Germany. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers ^[69][70] More than 2000 German companies profited from slave labor during the Nazi era, including Daimler-Benz, Deutsche Bank, Siemens, Volkswagen, Hoechst, Dresdner Bank, Krupp, Allianz, BASF, Bayer, BMW and Degussa. Daimler-Benz AG was a German manufacturer of automobiles motor vehicles and engines which was founded in 1926 Deutsche Bank AG (literally "German Bank" ˈdɔɪtʃə,) is an international Universal bank with a broad private clients franchise headquartered in Dresdner Bank AG is one of Germany 's largest banking corporations and is based in Frankfurt. The Krupp family, a prominent 400-year-old German dynasty from Essen, have become famous for their Steel production and for their manufacture of SE (formerly AG,,) is a large Financial services provider headquartered in Munich, Germany. BASF SE () is a German chemical company and the largest chemical company in the world For other uses see Bayer (disambiguation or Beyer or Buyer. Bayer AG (German ˈbaɪə () is a German ( BMW) (Bavarian Motor Works is an independent German automobile manufacturer founded in 1916 ^[71][72]

Main articles: Gulag and Population transfer in the Soviet Union

Between 1930 and 1960, the Soviet regime created many Lageria (labor camps) in Siberia. The Gulag was the government agency that administered the penal labor camps of the Soviet Union. Population transfer in the Soviet Union may be classified into the following broad categories deportations of " Anti-Soviet " categories of population often classified A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in Penal labor. Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving ^[73] There were at least 476 separate camp complexes, each one comprising hundreds, even thousands of individual camps. ^[74] It is estimated that there may have been 5-7 million people in these camps at any one time. In later years the camps also held victims of Stalin’s purges as well as World War II prisoners. Great Purge (Большая чистка transliterated Bolshaya chistka) was a series of campaigns of Political repression and Persecution World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including It is possible that approximately 10% of prisoners died each year. ^[75] Out of the 91,000 Germans captured alive after the Battle of Stalingrad, only 6,000 survived the Gulag and returned home. The Battle of Stalingrad is a commonly used name in English sources for several large operations by Germany and its allies and Soviet forces conducted with the ^[76] Many of these prisoners, however, had died of illness contracted during the siege of Stalingrad and in the forced march into captivity. ^[77]

Probably the worst of the camp complexes were the three built north of the Arctic circle at Kolyma, Norilsk and Vorkuta. This is an article about the region commonly known as Kolyma For river it is named after see Kolyma River The Kolyma (pronounced koh-lee-MAH Norilsk (Нори́льск is a major city in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. Vorkuta (Воркута́ Вӧркута Vörkuta; Nenets for Place teems with bears) is a Coal Mining town in the ^[78][79] Prisoners in Soviet labor camps were worked to death on extreme production quotas, brutality, hunger and harsh elements. Hunger is a feeling experienced usually followed by a desire to Eat. ^[80] In all, more than 18 million people passed through the Gulag, with a further millions being deported and exiled to remote areas of the Soviet Union. The Gulag was the government agency that administered the penal labor camps of the Soviet Union. Forced settlements in the Soviet Union took several forms Though the most notorious was the Gulag Labor camp system of Penal labor, resettling of entire ^[81][82] The fatality rate was as high as 80% during the first months in many camps. Immediately after the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II, the NKVD massacred about 100,000 prisoners who awaited deportation either to NKVD prisons in Moscow or to the Gulag. Operation Barbarossa ( Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the Codename for Nazi Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The massacre of prisoners refers to a series of mass executions committed by the Soviet NKVD against prisoners in Poland, the Baltic states, Michael McFaul, in his New York Times article of June 11, 2003, entitled 'Books of the Times;Camps of Terror, Often Overlooked' [7], has this to say about the state of contemporary dialogue on Soviet slavery:

It should now be known to all serious scholars that the camps began under Lenin and not Stalin. It should be recognized by all that people were sent to the camps not because of what they did, but because of who they were. Some may be surprised to learn about the economic function that the camps were designed to perform. Under Stalin, the camps were simply a crueler but equally inefficient way to exploit labor in the cause of building socialism than the one practiced outside the camps in the Soviet Union. Yet, even this economic role of the camps has been exposed before. What is remarkable is that the facts about this monstrous system so well documented in Applebaum's book are still so poorly known and even, by some, contested. For decades, academic historians have gravitated away from event-focused history and toward social history. Yet, the social history of the gulag somehow has escaped notice. Compared with the volumes and volumes written about the Holocaust, the literature on the gulag is thin.

(The article draws attention to Anne Applebaum's Pulitzer Prize winning text GULAG : A History [8])

Main articles: Human trafficking and Sexual slavery

Since the fall of the Iron Curtain, the impoverished former Eastern bloc countries such as Albania, Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria, Russia, Belarus and Ukraine have been identified as major trafficking source countries for women and children. Anne Elizabeth Applebaum (born 25 July 1964 is a journalist and Pulitzer Prize -winning Author who has The Pulitzer Prize, ˈpʊlɨtsɚ PULL-it-sər is an American award regarded as the highest national honor in Newspaper journalism, Human trafficking is the recruitment transportation harbouring or receipt of people for the purposes of slavery forced labor (including bonded labor or debt bondage and servitude Sexual slavery refers to the organised coercion of persons into various different sexual practices forced Prostitution single-owner sexual slavery The " Iron Curtain " was the symbolic ideological and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II until the end This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. ^[84] Young women and girls are often lured to wealthier countries by the promises of money and work and then reduced to sexual slavery. ^[85] It is estimated that 2/3 of women trafficked for prostitution worldwide annually come from Eastern Europe, three-quarters have never worked as prostitutes before. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. ^[86][87] The major destinations are Western Europe (Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, UK, Greece), the Middle East (Turkey, Israel, the United Arab Emirates), Asia, Russia and the United States. ^[88][89]

An estimated 500,000 women from Central and Eastern Europe are working in prostitution in the EU alone. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in ^[90] It is estimated that half million Ukrainian women were trafficked abroad since 1991 (80% of all unemployed in Ukraine are women). Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. ^[91][92] Russia is a major source of women trafficked globally for the purpose of sexual exploitation, Russian women are in prostitution in over 50 countries. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending ^[93][94][95] In poverty-stricken Moldova, where the unemployment rate for women ranges as high as 68% and one-third of the workforce live and work abroad, experts estimate that since the collapse of the Soviet Union between 200,000 and 400,000 women have been sold into prostitution abroad — perhaps up to 10% of the female population. Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. ^[96][97]

Slavery in Muslim World

Main article: Arab slave trade

Historians say the Arab slave trade lasted more than millennium. Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya A millennium (pl millennia) is a period of Time equal to one thousand Years (from Latin la mille, thousand and la annum ^[98][99] The Arab or Middle Eastern slave trade is thought to have originated with trans-Saharan slavery. The Arab Slave trade was the practice of Slavery in West Asia, North Africa, East Africa, and certain parts of Europe (such ^[100][101] Arab, Indian, and Oriental traders were involved in the capture and transport of slaves northward across the Sahara desert and the Indian Ocean region into Arabia and the Middle East, Persia, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. The Sahara (الصحراء الكبرى aṣ-ṣaḥrā´ al-kubra, "The Great Desert" is the world's largest hot Desert and the world's second largest The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. ^[102][103] The slave trade from East Africa to Arabia was dominated by Arab and African traders in the coastal cities of Zanzibar, Dar Es Salaam and Mombasa. East Africa is the Easternmost Region of the African Continent. The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) Zanzibar ( is part of the East African republic of Tanzania. It consists of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the Dar es Salaam (دار السلام "Abode of Peace" Dār as-Salām) formerly Mzizima, is the largest city in Tanzania. Mombasa is the second largest City in Kenya, lying on the Indian Ocean. ^[103][104] The Moors, starting in the 8th century, raided coastal areas of the Mediterranean, and became known as the Barbary pirates. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent The Barbary pirates, also sometimes called Ottoman corsairs, were Muslim Pirates and Privateers that operated from North Africa, from

Male slaves were employed as servants, soldiers, or laborers, while female slaves were traded to Middle Eastern countries and kingdoms by Arab, Indian, or Oriental traders, some as domestic servants, others as sex slaves. A domestic worker, domestic, servingman, servingwoman, or servant is one who works and often also lives within the employer's household Sexual slavery refers to the organised coercion of persons into various different sexual practices forced Prostitution single-owner sexual slavery ^{[105][106][107]} Some historians estimate that between 11 and 17 million slaves crossed the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Sahara Desert from 650 to 1900 AD. The Red Sea is a Salt water Inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface The Sahara (الصحراء الكبرى aṣ-ṣaḥrā´ al-kubra, "The Great Desert" is the world's largest hot Desert and the world's second largest ^[108][109]

Racist opinions occurred in the works of some Persian and Arab-Muslim historians and geographers: so in the 14th century CE, the Tunisian Ibn Khaldun could write: - :". layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Ibn Khaldūn or Ibn Khaldoun (full name أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون,, ( May 27, 1332 AD/732 AH &ndash March 19 . . the Negro nations are, as a rule, submissive to slavery, because (Negroes) have little that is (essentially) human and possess attributes that are quite similar to those of dumb animals. . . "^[110][111] In the same period, the Egyptian Al-Abshibi (1388-1446) wrote, "It is said that when the [black] slave is sated, he fornicates, when he is hungry, he steals. "^[112]

In 1400 Timur the Lame invaded Armenia and Georgia. Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between More than 60,000 people from the Caucasus were captured as slaves, and many districts of Armenia were depopulated. This article deals with the various Ethnic groups inhabiting the Caucasus region ^[113]

From 1569 the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth suffered a series of Tatar invasions, the goal of which was to loot, pillage and capture slaves into jasyr. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic The Mongol invasion of Europe from the east took place over the course of three centuries from the Middle Ages to the Early modern period As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another The borderland area to the south-east was in a state of semi-permanent warfare until the 18th century. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Some researchers estimate that altogether more than 3 million people, predominantly Ukrainians but also Circassians, Russians, Belarusians, Poles and Jews were captured and enslaved during the time of the Crimean Khanate. Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens Circassians is a term derived from the Turkic Cherkess ( Çerkes) and is not the self-designation of any people The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries Belarusians or Belorussians (Беларусы Biełarusy previously also spelled Belarussians, Byelorussians and Belorusians, also The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Qırım Hanlığı|قريم خانلغى Крымское ханство - Krymskoye khanstvo; ^[114][115] Russian conquest of the Crimea led to the abolition of slavery by the 1780s. ^[116]

Slavery was an important part of Ottoman society. In Istanbul, about 1/5 of the population consisted of slaves. Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey ^[37] As late as 1908 women slaves were still sold in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish ^[118] In the middle of the 14th century, Murad I built his own personal slave army called the Kapıkulu. Murad I (nick-named Hüdavendigâr - from Khodāvandgār - "the God-like One" (I The new force was based on the sultan's right to a fifth of the war booty, which he interpreted to include captives taken in battle. The captive slaves were converted to Islam and trained in the sultan's personal service. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. In the devşirme (translated "blood tax" or "child collection"), young Christian boys from the Balkans were taken away from their homes and families, converted to Islam and enlisted into special soldier classes of the Ottoman army. Devşirme or devshirme (derived from devşirme meaning "collection gathering" was the systematic collection of non-Muslim children The military of the Ottoman Empire was divided in three organizational structures the Army Navy and Air Force These soldier classes were named Janissaries, the most famous branch of the Kapıkulu. The Janissaries (derived from Ottoman Turkish ينيچرى ( yeniçeri) meaning "new soldier" comprised Infantry units that formed The Janissaries eventually became a decisive factor in the Ottoman invasions of Europe. The wars of the Ottoman Empire in Europe are also sometimes referred to as the Ottoman Wars or as Turkish Wars, particularly in older European ^[119] Most of the military commanders of the Ottoman forces, imperial administrators and de facto rulers of the Ottoman Empire, such as Pargalı İbrahim Pasha and Sokollu Mehmet Paşa, were recruited in this way. Pargalı İbrahim Pasha or Frenk İbrahim Pasha was the first Grand Vizier appointed by Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire (reigned Biography Early years Little is known for certain about Mehmed's birth and early life ^[120][121] By 1609 the Sultan's Kapıkulu forces increased to about 100,000. ^[122]

Mamluks were a slave soldiers who converted to Islam and served the Muslim caliphs and the Ayyubid sultans during the Middle Ages. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another A soldier is a general English term that refers to a member of a land component of National Armed forces. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah The Ayyubid or Ayyoubid Dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origins which ruled Egypt, Syria, Yemen (except for The first mamluks served the Abbasid caliphs in 9th century Baghdad. The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Over time they became a powerful military caste, and on more than one occasion they seized power for themselves, for example, ruling Egypt in the from 1250-1517. Castes are Hereditary systems of occupation, Endogamy, social culture, Social class, and Political power. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. From 1250 Egypt had been ruled by the Bahri dynasty of Kipchak Turk origin. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya Mamluks (al-Mamalik al-Bahariyya المماليك البحرية) was a Mamluk Dynasty of mostly Kipchak White slaves from the Caucasus served in the army and formed an elite corp of troops eventually revolting in Egypt to form the Burgi dynasty. White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. This article deals with the various Ethnic groups inhabiting the Caucasus region The Burji dynasty المماليك البرجية ruled Egypt from 1382 until 1517 Mamluks were mainly responsible for the expulsion of the Crusaders from Palestine and preventing the Mongol Ilkhanate of Persia and Iraq from entering Egypt. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate (Ил Хан улс Il Khan uls;) was a Mongol Khanate established in This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. ^[123]

The Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail "the Bloodthirsty" (1672-1727) raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard, who coerced the country into submission. Moulay Ismail Ibn Sharif ( 1634? or 1645?-1727 reigned 1672-1727 (مولاي إسماعيل بن الشريف ابن النصر was the second ruler of the Moroccan "Blackguard" or "Antipaladin" can also refer to a particular Dungeons & Dragons prestige class. ^[124]

Nautical traders from the United States became targets, and frequent victims, of the Barbary pirates, as soon as that nation began trading with Europe and refused to pay the required tribute to the North African states. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Barbary pirates, also sometimes called Ottoman corsairs, were Muslim Pirates and Privateers that operated from North Africa, from ^[125][126]

In response to the Hazara uprising of 1892, the Afghan Emir Abdur Rahman declared a "Jihad" against the Shiites. The Hazāra ( are a Persian-speaking people residing in the central region of Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. The large army defeated the rebellion at its center, in Oruzgan, by 1892 and the local population was severely massacred. Orūzgān ( Persian and Pashto: اروزگان also spelt Oruzgan or Uruzgan) is one of the thirty-four Provinces of Afghanistan Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year According to S. A. Mousavi, "thousands of Hazara men, women, and children were sold as slaves in the markets of Kabul and Qandahar, while numerous towers of human heads were made from the defeated rebels as a warning to others who might challenge the rule of the Amir". Until the 20th century, some Hazaras were still kept as slaves by the Pashtuns; although Amanullah Khan banned slavery in Afghanistan during his reign,^[127] the tradition carried on unofficially for many more years. Pashtuns ( Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn, Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns) also called Amanullah Khan (June 1 1892 &ndash April 25 1960 was the ruler of Afghanistan from 1919 to 1929 first as Amir and after 1926 as Shah. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, ^[128]

Modern times

The Arab or Middle Eastern slave trade continued into the early 1900s,^[129] and by some accounts continues to this day. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another As recently as the 1950s, Saudi Arabia had an estimated 450,000 slaves, 20% of the population. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi ^[130][131] It is estimated that as many as 200,000 Black south sudanese children and women ( mostly from dinka tribe who were sold by the sudanese arabs of the north) have been taken into slavery in Sudan during the Second Sudanese Civil War. Since 1995 international rights organizations such as Human Rights Watch and CASMAS have reported that slavery in Sudan is a common fate of captives in the The Second Sudanese Civil War (sometimes referred to as Anyanya II) started in 1983 although it was largely a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil ^[132][133] In Mauritania it is estimated that up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population, are currently enslaved, many of them used as bonded labor. Mauritania (موريتانيا Mūrītāniyā officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country Debt bondage or bonded labor is a means of paying off loans with direct labor instead of currency or goods ^[134] Slavery in Mauritania was criminalized in August 2007. Slavery in Africa continues today Slavery existed in Africa before the arrival of Europeans - as did a slave trade that exported millions ^[135]

The Arab trade in slaves continued into the 20^th century. Written travelogues and other historical works are replete with references to slaves owned by wealthy traders, nobility and heads of state in the Arabian Peninsula well into the 1920s. Slave owning and slave-like working conditions have been documented up to and including the present, in countries of the Middle East. Though the subject is considered taboo in the affected regions, a leading Saudi government cleric and author of the country's religious curriculum has called for the outright re-legalization of slavery^[136][137].

Children as young as two years old are used for slavery as child camel jockeys across the Arab countries of the Middle East. Before 2005 children as young as four are trafficked from countries such as Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sudan for use as jockeys in the Persian The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Although strict laws have been introduced recently in Qatar and UAE, thanks to better awareness of the issue and lobbying by human rights organisations such as the Ansar Burney Trust, the use of children still continues in outlying areas and during secret night-time races. Qatar ( قطر; ˈqɑtˁɑr local pronunciation giṭar officially the State of Qatar (Arabic دولة قطر transliterated Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled

Many of the Iraqi women fleeing the Iraq War are turning to prostitution, others are trafficked abroad, to countries like Syria, Jordan, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, and Iran. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign ^[138] In Syria alone, an estimated 50,000 Iraqi refugee girls and women, many of them widows, are forced into prostitution. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Throughout the past 100 years there have been a growing number of Refugees fleeing Iraq and settling throughout the world peaking recently with the latest Iraq War Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money. ^[139] Cheap Iraqi prostitutes have helped to make Syria a popular destination for sex tourists. The clients come from wealthier countries in the Middle East - many are Saudi men. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi ^[140] High prices are offered for virgins. ^[141]

Africa

Main articles: African slave trade and Slavery in modern Africa

In most African societies, there was very little difference between the free peasants and the feudal vassal peasants. This article discusses systems of slavery within Africa the history and effects of the slavery trade upon Africa Slavery in Africa continues today Slavery existed in Africa before the arrival of Europeans - as did a slave trade that exported millions Vassals of the Songhay Muslim Empire were used primarily in agriculture; they paid tribute to their masters in crop and service but they were slightly restricted in custom and convenience. The Songhai are an ethnic group from western Africa akin to the Mandé. These people were more an occupational caste, as their bondage was relative. In the Kanem Bornu Empire, vassals were three classes beneath the nobles. Marriage between captor and captive was far from rare, blurring the anticipated roles. ^[103].

French historian Fernand Braudel noted that slavery was endemic in Africa and part of the structure of everyday life. Fernand Braudel ( August 24 1902 &ndash November 27 1985) was the foremost French historian of the postwar era "Slavery came in different disguises in different societies: there were court slaves, slaves incorporated into princely armies, domestic and household slaves, slaves working on the land, in industry, as couriers and intermediaries, even as traders" (Braudel 1984 p. 435). During the 16th century, Europe began to outpace the Arab world in the export traffic, with its slave traffic from Africa to the Americas. The Dutch imported slaves from Asia into their colony in South Africa. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Later, the United Kingdom, which held vast colonial territories on the African continent (including southern Africa), made the practice of slavery illegal throughout its empire. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Southern Africa is the Southernmost Region of the African Continent, variably defined by Geography or Geopolitics. See also Atlantic slave trade, Abolitionism The Slave Trade Act (citation 47 Geo III Sess The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The end of the slave trade and the decline of slavery was imposed upon Africa by its European conquerors.

The nature of the slave societies differed greatly across the continent. There were large plantations worked by slaves in Egypt, the Sudan and Zanzibar, but this was not a typical use of slaves in Africa as a whole. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. Zanzibar ( is part of the East African republic of Tanzania. It consists of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the In most African slave societies, slaves were protected and incorporated into the slave-owning family.

In Senegambia, between 1300 and 1900, close to one-third of the population was enslaved. The Senegambia Confederation was a loose Confederation between the West African countries of Senegal and its neighbour The Gambia, which is almost In early Islamic states of the western Sudan, including Ghana (750-1076), Mali (1235–1645), Segou (1712–1861), and Songhai (1275-1591), about a third of the population were slaves. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Ghana Empire or Wagadou Empire (existed c 750 - 1076) was located in what is now southeastern Mauritania, Western Mali The Mali Empire or Manding Empire or Manden Kurufa was a Medieval West African civilization of the Mandinka from c The Bamana Empire (also Bambara Empire or Ségou Empire) was a large pre-colonial West African state based at Ségou, now in Mali The Songhai Empire, also known as the Songhay Empire was a pre-colonial African state of west Africa. In Sierra Leone in the 19th century about half of the population consisted of slaves. Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. In the 19th century at least half the population was enslaved among the Duala of the Cameroon, the Igbo and other peoples of the lower Niger, the Kongo, and the Kasanje kingdom and Chokwe of Angola. The Duala (or Douala) are an Ethnic group of Cameroon. They primarily inhabit the littoral region to the coast and form a portion of the Sawa The Republic of Cameroon is a unitary republic of central and western Africa. The Igbo [iɡɓo] ( Igbo: Igbo, sometimes Nd'Igbo) sometimes referred to (usually formerly as the Ibo, Eboe, Ebo The Niger River (ˈnaɪdʒɚ NYE-jer) is the principal River of western Africa, extending about 4180 km (2600 miles The Kingdom of Kongo (1400 – 1914 ( Kongo: Kongo dya Ntotila or Wene wa Kongo) was an African kingdom located in west central Africa in what The Chokwe are an Ethnic group of Central Africa whose ancestry can perhaps be traced to Mbundu and Mbuti Pygmies. Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central Among the Ashanti and Yoruba a third of the population consisted of slaves. Ashanti, or Asante, are a major Ethnic group of Ashanti Region in Ghana. The Yoruba (Yo•row•ba ( Yorùbá in Yoruba Orthography) are one of the largest ethno-linguistic or Ethnic groups in West Africa The population of the Kanem was about a third-slave. The Kanem Empire (700 - 1376 was located in the present countries of Chad and Libya. It was perhaps 40% in Bornu (1396–1893). The Bornu Empire (1396-1893 was a medieval African state of Niger from 1389 to 1893 Between 1750 and 1900 from one- to two-thirds of the entire population of the Fulani jihad states consisted of slaves. The Fulani War of 1804 - 1810, also known as the Fulani Jihad or Jihad of Usman dan Fodio, was a military conquest in present day Nigeria The population of the Sokoto caliphate formed by Hausas in the northern Nigeria and Cameroon was half-slave in the 19th century. Sokoto is a city located in the extreme northwest of Nigeria, near to where the Sokoto River and Rima River meet The Hausa are a Sahelian people chiefly located in the West African regions of northern Nigeria and southeastern Niger. Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal It is estimated that up to 90% of the population of Arab-Swahili Zanzibar was enslaved. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Swahili are a people and culture found on the coast of East Africa, mainly the coastal regions and the islands of Kenya and Tanzania, and north Zanzibar ( is part of the East African republic of Tanzania. It consists of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the Roughly half the population of Madagascar was enslaved. Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern ^{[142][143][144][145][146][147][148]}

The Anti-Slavery Society estimated that there were 2,000,000 slaves in the early 1930s Ethiopia, out of an estimated population of between 8 and 16 million. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page ^[149] Slavery continued in Ethiopia until the brief Second Italo-Abyssinian War in October 1935, when was abolished by order of the Italian occupying forces. See also First Italo-Ethiopian War. The Second Italo–Abyssinian War (also referred to as the Second Italo-Ethiopian War) was a ^[150] In response to pressure by Western Allies of World War II Ethiopia officially abolished slavery and serfdom after regaining its independence in 1942. The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. On August 26, 1942 Haile Selassie issued a proclamation outlawing slavery. Haile Selassie I ( Ge'ez: am ኃይለ፡ ሥላሴ "Power of the Trinity " 23 July 1892 &ndash 27 August 1975 born Tafari Makonnen, was ^[151][152]

Elikia M’bokolo, April 1998, Le Monde diplomatique. Le Monde diplomatique (nicknamed "Le Diplo" by its French readers is a monthly publication offering analysis and opinion on politics culture and current affairs Quote:"The African continent was bled of its human resources via all possible routes. Across the Sahara, through the Red Sea, from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic. The Sahara (الصحراء الكبرى aṣ-ṣaḥrā´ al-kubra, "The Great Desert" is the world's largest hot Desert and the world's second largest At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the Muslim countries (from the ninth to the nineteenth). The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings " He continues: "Four million slaves exported via the Red Sea, another four million through the Swahili ports of the Indian Ocean, perhaps as many as nine million along the trans-Saharan caravan route, and eleven to twenty million (depending on the author) across the Atlantic Ocean"^[153]

North Africa

Barbary pirates

See also: Arab slave trade

According to Robert Davis between 1 million and 1. Jean-Léon Gérôme ( May 11, 1824 – January 10, 1904) was a French painter and sculptor in the style 25 million Europeans were captured by Barbary pirates and sold as slaves in North Africa and Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 19th centuries. The European peoples are the various Nations and Ethnic groups of Europe. The Barbary pirates, also sometimes called Ottoman corsairs, were Muslim Pirates and Privateers that operated from North Africa, from North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish ^[154] The coastal villages and towns of Italy, Portugal, Spain and Mediterranean islands were frequently attacked by them and long stretches of the Italian, Portuguese and Spanish coasts were almost completely abandoned by their inhabitants; after 1600 Barbary pirates occasionally entered the Atlantic and struck as far north as Iceland. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. This is a list of Islands in the Mediterranean Sea: By area By country Croatia Croatian islands Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( ^[155]

In 1544, Khair ad Din captured Ischia, taking 4,000 prisoners in the process, and deported to slavery some 9,000 inhabitants of Lipari, almost the entire population. Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha ( Turkish: Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa or Hızır Hayreddin Paşa; also Hızır Reis before being promoted to the For the comune see Ischia (comune. For the part of the human hip see Ischium Ischia is a Volcanic Island in the As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Lipari ( Latin: Lipara; Ancient Greek: Meligunis; Italian: Lipari Sicilian: Lìpari is the largest of the Aeolian ^[156] In 1551, Turgut Reis (known as Dragut in the West) enslaved the entire population of the Maltese island Gozo, between 5,000 and 6,000, sending them to Libya. Turgut Reis ( 1485 - June 23, 1565) was a Turkish Privateer and Ottoman Admiral as well as Bey of Gozo ( Għawdex) is an Island of the Maltese archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea, the island is part of the Southern European Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab When pirates sacked Vieste in southern Italy in 1554 they took an 7,000 slaves. Vieste is a town and Comune in the Province of Foggia, in the Apulia region of southeast Italy. In 1555, Turgut Reis sailed to Corsica and ransacked Bastia, taking 6000 prisoners. Corsica (Corse Corsican and Italian: Corsica) is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily Bastia ( French & Corsican: Bastia) is a commune in the Haute-Corse department of France on the island In 1558 Barbary corsairs captured the town of Ciutadella (Minorca), destroyed it, slaughtered the inhabitants and carried off 3,000 survivors to Istanbul as slaves. Ciutadella de Menorca (official or just Ciutadella (common ( Ciudadela) is a Town and a Municipality on the western side of Minorca Minorca ( Catalan and Spanish: Menorca; from Latin Balearis Minor, later Minorica "minor island" is one of the Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey ^[157] In 1563 Turgut Reis landed at the shores of the province of Granada, Spain, and captured the coastal settlements in the area like Almuñécar, along with 4,000 prisoners. Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. Almuñécar is a municipality in the Spanish Autonomous Region of Andalusia on the Costa del Sol between Nerja ( Málaga) and Barbary pirates frequently attacked the Balearic islands, resulting in many coastal watchtowers and fortified churches being erected. The Balearic Islands ( Catalan and official Illes Balears; Spanish: Islas Baleares) are an Archipelago in the western Mediterranean The threat was so severe that island of Formentera became uninhabited. ^{[158][159][160]}

In Portugal for instance, the coastal city of Nazaré was raided several times during until the 16th century when the local fortress was built (according to Pedro Penteado and his book based in the historical ecclesiastic diaries of Nazaré). There are places that have the name Nazaré: In Brazil Nazaré Bahia Nazaré Tocantins Related The city of Lisbon built the Torre de Belém to defend the capital against these pirates. Belém Tower (in Portuguese Torre de Belém, pron. 'toɾ(ɨ dɨ bɨ'lɐ̃ĩ is a fortified tower located in the Belém district of

Between 1609 and 1616 England alone had a staggering 466 merchant ships lost to Barbary pirates. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Slave-taking persisted into the 19th century when Barbary pirates would capture ships and enslave the crew. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar ^[161][162] Even the United States was not immune. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In 1783 the United States made peace with, and gained recognition from, the British monarchy, and in 1784 the first American ship was seized by pirates from Morocco. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Payments in ransom and tribute to the Barbary states amounted to 20% of United States government annual revenues in 1800. ^[163] It was not until 1815 that naval victories in the Barbary Wars ended tribute payments by the U. Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Barbary Wars (or Tripolitan Wars were two wars between the United States of America and Barbary States in North Africa in the early 19th century S. , although some European nations continued annual payments until the 1830s. ^[164]

Among the most important slave markets where Pirates operated in the Mediterranean Europe were the ports of Majorca, Toulon, Marseille, Genoa, Pisa, Leghorn and Malta. In Africa, the most important were the ports of Morrocos, Tripoli, Algiers and Tunis. ^[165]

Sub-Saharan Africa

Main article: African slave trade

David Livingstone wrote of the slave trade:

"To overdraw its evils is a simple impossibility. Dr David Livingstone (19 March 1813 &ndash 1 May 1873 was a British Congregationalist pioneer medical Missionary with the London Missionary Society . . . We passed a slave woman shot or stabbed through the body and lying on the path. [Onlookers] said an Arab who passed early that morning had done it in anger at losing the price he had given for her, because she was unable to walk any longer. We passed a woman tied by the neck to a tree and dead. . . . We came upon a man dead from starvation. . . . The strangest disease I have seen in this country seems really to be broken heartedness, and it attacks free men who have been captured and made slaves. "

Livingstone estimated that 80,000 Africans died each year before ever reaching the slave markets of Zanzibar. Zanzibar ( is part of the East African republic of Tanzania. It consists of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the ^{[166][167][168][169]} Zanzibar was once East Africa's main slave-trading port, and under Omani Arabs in the 19th century as many as 50,000 slaves were passing through the city each year. ^[170]

Prior to the 16th century, the bulk of slaves exported from Africa were shipped from East Africa to the Arabian peninsula. East Africa is the Easternmost Region of the African Continent. The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) Zanzibar became a leading port on this trade. Zanzibar ( is part of the East African republic of Tanzania. It consists of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the Arab slave traders differed from European ones in that they would often conduct raiding expeditions themselves, sometimes penetrating deep into the continent. They also differed in that their market greatly preferred the purchase of female slaves over male ones.

The increased presence of European rivals along the East coast led Arab traders to concentrate on the overland slave caravan routes across the Sahara from the Sahel to North Africa. The Sahara (الصحراء الكبرى aṣ-ṣaḥrā´ al-kubra, "The Great Desert" is the world's largest hot Desert and the world's second largest See also Sahel Tunisia, a region of eastern Tunisia. The Sahel or Sahel Belt (from Arabic ساحل sāḥil North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The German explorer Gustav Nachtigal reported seeing slave caravans departing from Kukawa in Bornu bound for Tripoli and Egypt in 1870. Gustav Nachtigal ( February 23, 1834 – April 20, 1885) was a German explorer in Central Africa. Kukawa (previously Kuka) is a town in the northeastern Nigerian state of Borno, close to Lake Chad. The Bornu Empire (1396-1893 was a medieval African state of Niger from 1389 to 1893 Tripolis ( Arabic: طرابلس Ṭarābulus - also طرابلس الغرب Ṭarā-bu-lus al-Gharb Libyan vernacular: This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The slave trade represented the major source of revenue for the state of Bornu as late as 1898. The eastern regions of the Central African Republic have never recovered demographically from the impact of nineteenth-century raids from the Sudan and still have a population density of less than 1 person/km. Central Africa|Central African FederationThe Central African Republic ( CAR) République Centrafricaine ʀepyblik sɑ̃tʀafʀikɛn or Centrafrique) is a Landlocked Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. ^[172] During the 1870s, European initiatives against the slave trade caused an economic crisis in northern Sudan, precipitating the rise of Mahdist forces. The Mahdist War was a Colonial war of the late 19th century It was fought between the Mahdist Sudanese and the Egyptian and later British Mahdi’s victory created an Islamic state, one that quickly reinstituted slavery. Muhammad Ahmad ibn as Sayyid Abd Allah (otherwise known as The Mahdi or Muhammad Ahmed Al Mahdi Arabic:محمد أحمد المهدي ( August ^[173][174]

The Middle Passage, the crossing of the Atlantic to the Americas, endured by slaves laid out in rows in the holds of ships, was only one element of the well-known triangular trade engaged in by Portuguese, Dutch, French and British. Middle Passage refers to the forcible passage of African people from Africa to the New World, as part of the Atlantic slave trade. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America Triangular trade is a historical term indicating Trade between three ports or regions Ships having landed slaves in Caribbean ports would take on sugar, indigo, raw cotton, and later coffee, and make for Liverpool, Nantes, Lisbon or Amsterdam. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary Nantes (Naoned Gallo: Naunnt) is a city in western France, located on the Loire River, from the Atlantic coast Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west Ships leaving European ports for West Africa would carry printed cotton textiles, some originally from India, copper utensils and bangles, pewter plates and pots, iron bars more valued than gold, hats, trinkets, gunpowder and firearms and alcohol. West Africa or Western Africa is the Westernmost Region of the African Continent. Tropical shipworms were eliminated in the cold Atlantic waters, and at each unloading, a profit was made.

The Atlantic slave trade peaked in the late 18th century, when the largest number of slaves were captured on raiding expeditions into the interior of West Africa. The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World These expeditions were typically carried out by African kingdoms, such as the Oyo empire (Yoruba), Kong Empire, Kingdom of Benin, Kingdom of Fouta Djallon, Kingdom of Fouta Tooro, Kingdom of Koya, Kingdom of Khasso, Kingdom of Kaabu, Fante Confederacy, Ashanti Confederacy, Aro Confederacy and the kingdom of Dahomey. The Oyo Empire (c 1400 - 1835 was a West African empire of what is today western Nigeria. The Yoruba (Yo•row•ba ( Yorùbá in Yoruba Orthography) are one of the largest ethno-linguistic or Ethnic groups in West Africa The Kong Empire (1710-1895 also known as the Wattara Empire or Ouattara Empire for its founder was a pre-colonial African state centered in north eastern Cote The Benin Empire or Edo Empire (1440-1897 was a large pre-colonial African state of modern Nigeria. The Kingdom of Fouta Djallon (also the Kingdom of Fuuta Jallon and the Timbo Almamate) (1725-1896 was a pre-colonial West African state based in the The Kingdom of Fouta Tooro or the Kingdom of Fuua Tooro (1776-1891 was a pre-colonial West African state of the Fula-speaking people ( Fulɓe The Kingdom of Koya or Koya Temne or Temne Kingdom (1505-1896 was a pre-colonial African state in the north of present-day Sierra Leone. Khasso or Xaaso was a West African kingdom of the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries occupying territory in what is today Senegal and the The Kingdom of Kaabu (ver Gabu, Ngabou or N’Gabu') (1537-1867 was a Mandinka Kingdom of Senegambia (centered on modern northeastern The Fante Confederacy can refer either to the loose alliance of the Fante states in existence at least since the eighteenth century or it can refer to the briefly lived Confederation Ashanti, or Asante, are a major Ethnic group of Ashanti Region in Ghana. The Aro Confederacy (1690-1902 was a slave trading political union orchestrated by the Igbo subgroup the Aro people, centered in Arochukwu in present ^[175][176] Europeans rarely entered the interior of Africa, due to fear of disease and moreover fierce African resistance. Tropical diseases are diseases that are prevalent in or unique to tropical and subtropical regions The slaves were brought to coastal outposts where they were traded for goods. The people captured on these expeditions were shipped by European traders to the colonies of the New World. This article is about a type of political territory For other uses see Colony (disambiguation. The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia. As a result of the War of Spanish Succession, the United Kingdom obtained the monopoly (asiento de negros) of transporting captive Africans to Spanish America. In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714 several European powers combined to stop French succession to the Spanish throne and what would likely have been a resulting In the History of Slavery, asiento (or assiento, meaning " Assent " refers to the permission given by the Spanish government It is estimated that over the centuries, twelve to twenty million people were shipped as slaves from Africa by European traders, of whom some 15 percent died during the terrible voyage, many during the arduous journey through the Middle Passage. Middle Passage refers to the forcible passage of African people from Africa to the New World, as part of the Atlantic slave trade. The great majority were shipped to the Americas, but some also went to Europe and the south of Africa. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America Southern Africa is the Southernmost Region of the African Continent, variably defined by Geography or Geopolitics.

Before the arrival of the Portuguese, slavery had already existed in Kingdom of Kongo. The Portuguese people (os Portugueses literally the Portuguese) are the Ethnic group or Nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west The Kingdom of Kongo (1400 – 1914 ( Kongo: Kongo dya Ntotila or Wene wa Kongo) was an African kingdom located in west central Africa in what Despite its establishment within his kingdom, Afonso I of Kongo believed that the slave trade should be subject to Kongo law. Nzinga Mvemba (c 1456 - 1542 or 1543 also known as King Afonso I was a ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo in the first half of the 16th century When he suspected the Portuguese of receiving illegally enslaved persons to sell, he wrote letters to the King João III of Portugal in 1526 imploring him to put a stop to the practice. John III ( Portuguese: João III ʒuˈɐ̃ũ ( June 7, 1502 &ndash June 11, 1557) nicknamed o Piedoso ^[177]

The kings of Dahomey sold their war captives into transatlantic slavery, who otherwise would have been killed in a ceremony known as the Annual Customs. Every year in the Kingdom of Dahomey, a huge festival in honor of the ancestors was organized called the annual "customs". As one of West Africa's principal slave states, Dahomey became extremely unpopular with neighbouring peoples. ^{[178][179][180]} Like the Bambara Empire to the east, the Khasso kingdoms depended heavily on the slave trade for their economy. The Bamana Empire (also Bambara Empire or Ségou Empire) was a large pre-colonial West African state based at Ségou, now in Mali Khasso or Xaaso was a West African kingdom of the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries occupying territory in what is today Senegal and the This article discusses systems of slavery within Africa the history and effects of the slavery trade upon Africa A family's status was indicated by the number of slaves it owned, leading to wars for the sole purpose of taking more captives. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units This trade led the Khasso into increasing contact with the European settlements of Africa's west coast, particularly the French. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. ^[181] Benin grew increasingly rich during the 16th and 17th centuries on the slave trade with Europe; slaves from enemy states of the interior were sold, and carried to the Americas in Dutch and Portuguese ships. The Benin Empire or Edo Empire (1440-1897 was a large pre-colonial African state of modern Nigeria. The Bight of Benin's shore soon came to be known as the "Slave Coast". ^[182]

In the 1840s, King Gezo of Dahomey said:^[183]

"The slave trade is the ruling principle of my people. It is the source and the glory of their wealth…the mother lulls the child to sleep with notes of triumph over an enemy reduced to slavery…"

In 1807, the UK Parliament passed the Bill that abolished the trading of slaves. The King of Bonny (now in Nigeria) was horrified at the conclusion of the practice:^[184]

"We think this trade must go on. Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal That is the verdict of our oracle and the priests. They say that your country, however great, can never stop a trade ordained by God himself. "

Some historians conclude that the total loss in persons removed, those who died on the arduous march to coastal slave marts and those killed in slave raids, far exceeded the 65–75 million inhabitants remaining in Sub-Saharan Africa at the trade's end. Others believe that slavers had a vested interest in capturing rather than killing, and in keeping their captives alive; and that this coupled with the disproportionate removal of males and the introduction of new crops from the Americas (cassava, maize) would have limited general population decline to particular regions of western Africa around 1760–1810, and in Mozambique and neighbouring areas half a century later. The cassava, yuca, manioc, or mandioca ( Manihot esculenta) is a woody Shrub of the Euphorbiaceae (spurge family native Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica Population decline is the reduction over time in a region's Census. Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa There has also been speculation that within Africa, females were most often captured as brides, with their male protectors being a "bycatch" who would have been killed if there had not been an export market for them. Bride kidnapping, also known as marriage by abduction or marriage by capture, is a form of Marriage practiced in some traditional cultures in countries

During the period from late 19th and early 20th centuries, demand for the labor-intensive harvesting of rubber drove frontier expansion and slavery. The personal monarchy of Belgian King Leopold II in the Congo Free State saw mass killings and slavery to extract rubber. The Congo Free State was a Corporate state privately controlled by Leopold II King of the Belgians through a dummy non-governmental organization the ^[185]

Modern times

Main article: Slavery in modern Africa

Slavery in Mauritania was legally abolished by laws passed in 1905, 1961, and 1981, but it has never been criminalised,^[186] and several human rights organizations report that the practice continues there. Slavery in Africa continues today Slavery existed in Africa before the arrival of Europeans - as did a slave trade that exported millions Slavery in Mauritania is an entrenched phenomenon the national government has repeatedly tried to abolish banning the practice in 1905 1981 and August 2007 Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled In Niger, slavery is also a current phenomenon; a study has found that more than 800,000 people are still slaves, almost 8% of the population. Niger ( or /ˈnaɪdʒɚ/) officially the Republic of Niger, is a Landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. ^[187] Descent-based slavery, where generations of the same family are born into bondage, is traditionally practised by at least four of Niger’s eight ethnic groups. The largest ethnic groups in Niger are the Hausa, who also constitute the major ethnic group in northern Nigeria, and the Zarma Songhay (also It is especially rife among the warlike Tuareg, in the wild deserts of north and west Niger, who roam near the borders with Mali and Algeria. The Tuareg (also Twareg or Touareg, Amazigh: Imuhagh / Itargiyen, besides regional ethnyms are a Nomadic Mali, officially the Republic of Mali (République du Mali is a Landlocked nation in Western Africa. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's ^[188]

The trading of children has been reported in modern Nigeria and Benin. Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal Benin (bə'nɪn officially the Republic of Benin, and also known as Benin Republic, is a country in Western Africa. In parts of Ghana, a family may be punished for an offense by having to turn over a virgin female to serve as a sex slave within the offended family. The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast to the west Burkina Faso to the north Togo to the Sexual slavery refers to the organised coercion of persons into various different sexual practices forced Prostitution single-owner sexual slavery In this instance, the woman does not gain the title or status of "wife". In parts of Ghana, Togo, and Benin, shrine slavery persists, despite being illegal in Ghana since 1998. TOGO was a Japanese roller coaster design company famous for inventing the Stand-up roller coaster. Benin (bə'nɪn officially the Republic of Benin, and also known as Benin Republic, is a country in Western Africa. In this system of ritual servitude, sometimes called trokosi (in Ghana) or voodoosi in Togo and Benin, young virgin girls are given as slaves to traditional shrines and are used sexually by the priests in addition to providing free labor for the shrine. Overview Ritual servitude is a practice in Ghana, Togo, and Benin where traditional Religious Shrines take human beings Slavery in Sudan continues as part of an ongoing civil war. Since 1995 international rights organizations such as Human Rights Watch and CASMAS have reported that slavery in Sudan is a common fate of captives in the The Second Sudanese Civil War (sometimes referred to as Anyanya II) started in 1983 although it was largely a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil Evidence emerged in the late 1990s of systematic slavery in cacao plantations in West Africa; see the chocolate and slavery article. West Africa or Western Africa is the Westernmost Region of the African Continent. This article discusses Child labor and Human trafficking related to west African Cocoa production ^[183]

The Americas

Among indigenous peoples

Main articles: Aztec slavery, Repartimiento, Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies, and Slavery in Canada

In Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica the most common forms of slavery were those of prisoners-of-war and debtors. In the structure of the Aztec society Slaves or tlacotin (distinct from war captives also constituted an important class The Repartimiento de Labor was a colonial forced labor system imposed upon the indigenous population of Spanish America and the Philippines. Slavery in the Spanish colonies began with local Natives Initially the Spanish set Encomiendas on natives and maintained the mita Slavery in Canada was practiced for millennia by aboriginal nations, who routinely captured slaves from neighbouring tribes Mesoamerica or Meso-America (Mesoamérica is a Region extending approximately from central Mexico to Honduras and Nicaragua, defined People unable to pay back a debt could be sentenced to work as a slave to the person owed until the debt was worked off. Warfare was important to the Maya society, because raids on surrounding areas provided the victims required for human sacrifice, as well as slaves for the construction of temples. Maya society shared many features with other Mesoamerican civilizations for there was a high degree of interaction and Cultural diffusion throughout the region Sacrifice (from a Middle English verb meaning "to make sacred" from Old French, from Latin sacrificium: sacr, "sacred" ^[189] Most victims of human sacrifice were prisoners of war or slaves. Human sacrifice is the act of Homicide (the Killing of one or several Human beings in the context of a Religious ritual ( ritual killing ^[190] According to Aztec writings, as many as 84,000 people were sacrificed at a temple inauguration in 1487. Aztec is a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who achieved political ^[191] Slavery was not usually hereditary; children of slaves were born free. In the Inca Empire, workers were subject to a mita in lieu of taxes which they paid by working for the government. The Inca Empire (or Inka Empire) was the largest empire in Pre-Columbian America. Mita ( Quechua: mit'a) was mandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire. Each ayllu, or extended family, would decide which family member to send to do the work. Ayllu were the basic political unit of pre-Inca and Inca life It is unclear if this labor draft or corvee counts as slavery. Corvée is labour often but not always unpaid that persons in power have authority to compel their subjects to perform unless commuted in some way such as by a cash payment sometimes this was The Spanish adopted this system, particularly for their silver mines in Bolivia. The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries ^[192]

Other slave-owning societies and tribes of the New World were, for example, the Tehuelche of Patagonia, the Comanche of Texas, the Caribs of Dominica, the Tupinambá of Brazil, the fishing societies, such as the Yurok, that lived along the coast from what is now Alaska to California, the Pawnee and Klamath. Tehuelches is the collective name of the native tribes of Patagonia. The Comanche are a Native American ethnic group whose range (the Comancheria) consisted of present-day eastern New Mexico, southern Colorado Cariban languages Carib, Island Carib or Kalinago people after whom the Caribbean Sea was named live in the Lesser Antilles islands The Tupi people is one of the main Ethnic groups of Brazilian indigenous people, together with the related Guaraní. The Pawnee (also Paneassa, Pari, Pariki) are a Native American tribe that historically lived along the Platte, Loup and The Klamath are a Native American tribe of the Plateau culture area in Southern Oregon. ^[193] Many of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, such as the Haida and Tlingit, were traditionally known as fierce warriors and slave-traders, raiding as far as California. The Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast are the Pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Pacific Northwest Coast, their descendants and many Ethnic groups The Haida (19th C-early 20th C Indigenous nation of the west coast of North America. Not to be confused with the Turkic Telengit people The Tlingit (ˈklɪŋkɪt in English also /-gɪt/ or Tlinkit /ˈtlɪŋkɪt/ which California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Slavery was hereditary, the slaves being prisoners of war. Among some Pacific Northwest tribes about a quarter of the population were slaves. The Pacific Northwest is a region in the northwest of North America (the term refers to the land not the ocean ^[194][195] One slave narrative was composed by an Englishman, John R. Jewitt, who had been taken alive when his ship was captured in 1802; his memoir provides a detailed look at life as a slave, and asserts that a large number were held. The slave narrative is a literary form which grew out of the experience of enslaved Africans in Britain and the its colonies. John Rodgers Jewitt (born on 21 May, 1783 in Boston, England) was an armourer who entered the historical record with his Memoirs

Brazil

Main articles: History of slavery in Brazil and Bandeirantes

Slavery was a mainstay of the Brazilian colonial economy, especially in mining and sugar cane production. Jean-Baptiste Debret (1768-1848 was a French painter, who produced many valuable Lithographs depicting the people of Brazil. The economic history of Brazil covers various economic events and traces the changes in the Brazilian economy over the course of the History of Brazil. Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body Sugarcane ( Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae Brazil obtained 37% of all African slaves traded, and more than 3 million slaves were sent to this one country. Starting around 1550, the Portuguese began to trade African slaves to work the sugar plantations, once the native Tupi people deteriorated. The Tupi people is one of the main Ethnic groups of Brazilian indigenous people, together with the related Guaraní. Although Portuguese Prime Minister Marquês de Pombal abolished slavery in mainland Portugal on the February 12th, 1761, slavery continued in her overseas colonies. Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo 1st Count of Oeiras 1st Marquis of Pombal (in Portuguese, Marquês de Pombal, pron Slavery was practice among all classes. Slaves were owned by upper and middle classes, by the poor, and even by other slaves. ^[196]

From São Paulo the Bandeirantes, adventurers mostly of mixed Portuguese and native ancestry, penetrated steadily westward in their search for Indian slaves. São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world The Bandeirantes were Portuguese colonial Scouts who took part in the Bandeiras exploration expeditions The Portuguese people (os Portugueses literally the Portuguese) are the Ethnic group or Nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west Along the Amazon river and its major tributaries, repeated slaving raids and punitive attacks left their mark. The Amazon River (Rio Amazonas Río Amazonas of South America is the largest river in the world by volume with a total river flow greater than the next top ten largest rivers One French traveler in the 1740s described hundreds of miles of river banks with no sign of human life and once-thriving villages that were devastated and empty. In some areas of the Amazon Basin, and particularly among the Guarani of southern Brazil and Paraguay, the Jesuits had organized their Jesuit Reductions along military lines to fight the slavers. Guaraní are a group of culturally related indigenous peoples of South America, distinguished from the related Tupi by their use of the Guaraní language |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay ( Spanish: República del Paraguay; Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái) is one of the only The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Related article Indian Reductions The Jesuit Reductions were a particular version of the general Catholic strategy used in the 17th In the mid to late 19th century, many Amerindians were enslaved to work on rubber plantations. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. ^{[197][198][199]}

Resistance and abolition

Escaped slaves formed Maroon communities which played an important role in the histories of Brazil and other countries such as Suriname, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Jamaica. Maroons redirects here and may refer to Queensland state rugby league team. The history of Brazil begins with the arrival of the first indigenous peoples, over 8000 years ago by crossing the Bering land bridge into Alaska and then Native American period The history of Suriname dates from 3000 BCE when Native Americans first inhabited the area The history of Puerto Rico began with the settlement of the Archipelago of Puerto Rico by the Ortoiroid people between 3000 and 2000 BC Cuba, the largest of the Caribbean islands was first inhabited by Indigenous peoples known as the Taíno and Ciboney. Jamaica, one of the largest Caribbean islands was inhabited by Arawak natives In Brazil the Maroon villages were called palenques or quilombos. A quilombo (from the Kimbundu word kilombo) is a Brazilian Hinterland settlement founded by Quilombolas, or A quilombo (from the Kimbundu word kilombo) is a Brazilian Hinterland settlement founded by Quilombolas, or Maroons survived by growing vegetables and hunting. They also raided plantations. Fundamentally a plantation is usually a large Farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country on which Cotton, Tobacco At these attacks, the maroons would burn crops, steal livestock and tools, kill slavemasters, and invite other slaves to join their communities.

Jean-Baptiste Debret, a French painter who was active in Brazil in the first decades of the 19th Century, started out with painting portraits of members of the Brazilian Imperial family, but soon became concerned with the slavery of both blacks and indigenous inhabitants. Jean-Baptiste Debret (1768-1848 was a French painter, who produced many valuable Lithographs depicting the people of Brazil. His paintings on the subject (two appear on this page) helped bring attention to the subject in both Europe and Brazil itself.

The Clapham Sect, a group of evangelical reformers, campaigned during much of the 19th century for the United Kingdom to use its influence and power to stop the traffic of slaves to Brazil. The Clapham Sect was an influential group of like-minded Church of England social reformers in England at the beginning of the nineteenth century (active c Evangelism is the Christian practice of proselytisation. The intention of most evangelism is to effect Eternal salvation to those who do not follow the Besides moral qualms, the low cost of slave-produced Brazilian sugar meant that British colonies in the West Indies were unable to match the market prices of Brazilian sugar, and each Briton was consuming 16 pounds (7 kg) of sugar a year by the 19th century. This combination led to intensive pressure from the British government for Brazil to end this practice, which it did by steps over several decades.

First, foreign slave trade was banned in 1850. Then, in 1871, the sons of the slaves were freed. In 1885, slaves aged over 60 years were freed. The Paraguayan War contributed to end slavery, since slaves enlisted in exchange for freedom. The War of the Triple Alliance, also known as the Paraguayan War, and the Great War in Paraguay itself was fought from 1864 to 1870 and caused more deaths than any In Colonial Brazil, slavery was more a social than a racial condition. In fact, some of the greatest figures of the time, like the writer Machado de Assis and the engineer André Rebouças had black ancestry. Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis, pron. ʒoa'kĩ ma'riɐ ma'ʃadu dʒi a'sis often known as Machado de Assis, Machado, or Bruxo do Cosme Velho André Rebouças (1838-1898 was a Mulatto Brazilian engineer also known for his work in the Abolitionist movement

Brazil's 1877-78 Grande Seca (Great Drought) in the cotton-growing northeast led to major turmoil, starvation, poverty and internal migration. As wealthy plantation holders rushed to sell their slaves south, popular resistance and resentment grew, inspiring numerous emancipation societies. They succeeded in banning slavery altogether in the province of Ceará by 1884. ^[200] Slavery was legally ended nationwide on May 13 by the Lei Aurea ("Golden Law") of 1888. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. The Lei Áurea ("Golden Law" adopted on May 13, 1888, was the law that abolished slavery in Brazil. In fact, it was an institution in decadence at these times, as since the 1880s the country had begun to use European immigrant labor instead. Brazil was the last nation in the Western Hemisphere to abolish slavery. The Western Hemisphere, also Western hemisphere or western hemisphere, is a geographical term for the half of the Earth that lies West

Modern times

However, in 2004 the government acknowledged to the United Nations that at least 25,000 Brazilians work under conditions "analogous to slavery. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security " The top anti-slavery official puts the number of modern slaves at 50,000. ^[201] More than 1,000 slave laborers were freed from a sugar cane plantation in 2007 by the Brazilian government, making it the largest anti-slavery raid in modern times in Brazil. ^[202]

Other South American countries

During the period from late 19th and early 20th centuries, demand for the labor-intensive harvesting of rubber drove frontier expansion and slavery in Latin America and elsewhere. Indigenous people were enslaved as part of the rubber boom in Ecuador, Peru, Colombia, and Brazil. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld ^[203] In Central America, rubber tappers participated in the enslavement of the indigenous Guatuso-Maleku people for domestic service. ^[204]

British and French Caribbean

Main article: Slavery in the British and French Caribbean

Slavery was commonly used in the parts of the Caribbean controlled by France and the British Empire. Slavery in the British and French Caribbean refers to Slavery in the parts of the Caribbean dominated by France or the British Empire. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The Lesser Antilles islands of Barbados, St. Kitts, Antigua, Martinique and Guadeloupe, which were the first important slave societies of the Caribbean, began the widespread use of African slaves by the end of the 17th century, as their economies converted from sugar production. The Lesser Antilles, also known as the Caribbees, are part of the Antilles, which together with the Bahamas and Greater Antilles form the Etymology According to accounts by descendants of the aboriginal Arawak tribes on other local islands the original name for Barbados was Ichirouganaim. Saint Kitts and Nevis has one of the longest written histories in the Caribbean both islands being amongst Europe's first colonies in the archipelago The History of Antigua and Barbuda can be separated into three distinct eras Invasion and development Martinique was originally inhabited by Arawak and Carib peoples Discovery and settlement The earliest settlers on Guadeloupe arrived around 300 BC and developed agriculture on the island The history of the Caribbean reveals the significant role the region played in the colonial struggles of the European powers since the Fifteenth century. Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. ^[205] Among white Caribbeans there exists an underclass known as Redlegs; the descendants of English, Scottish and Irish indentured servants, and prisoners imported to the island. Redlegs was a term used to refer to the class of poor Whites that lived on colonial Barbados, St An indentured servant is a form of Debt bondage worker The Laborer is under Contract of an Employer for some period of time usually three to ^[206][207] The Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series of 1701 records 25,000 slaves in Barbados, of which 21,700 were white. ^[208]

By the middle of the 18th century, British Jamaica and French Saint-Domingue had become the largest slave societies of the region, rivaling Brazil as a destination for enslaved Africans. Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. Saint-Domingue was a French Colony on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola from 1659 to 1804 when it became the independent nation of Due to overwork and tropical diseases, the death rates for Caribbean slaves were greater than birth rates. An infectious disease is a clinically evident Disease resulting from the presence of Pathogenic microbial agents including Pathogenic viruses Pathogenic The conditions led to increasing numbers of slave revolts, escaped slaves forming Maroon communities and fighting guerrilla wars against the plantation owners. A slave rebellion is an armed uprising by slaves. Slave rebellions have occurred in nearly all societies that practice slavery and are amongst the most feared events Maroons redirects here and may refer to Queensland state rugby league team. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc Fundamentally a plantation is usually a large Farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country on which Cotton, Tobacco Campaigns against slavery began during the period of the Enlightenment and grew to large proportions in Europe and United States during the 19th century (see Abolitionism). The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies

North America

Main Articles: Slavery in Colonial America, Slavery in Canada, History of slavery in the United States, Atlantic slave trade, Indian slavery, Slavery among the Cherokee, History of slavery in Kentucky, History of slavery in Missouri

Early events

The first slaves used by Europeans in what later became United States territory were among Lucas Vásquez de Ayllón's colonization attempt of North Carolina in 1526. The origins of Slavery in the colonial United States are complex and there are several theories that have been proposed to explain the trade Slavery in Canada was practiced for millennia by aboriginal nations, who routinely captured slaves from neighbouring tribes Slavery in the United States began soon after English colonists first settled Virginia in 1607 and lasted until the passage of the Thirteenth The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World Indian Slavery was the practice of using Indigenous peoples of the Americas as Slaves. The Cherokee Freedmen Controversy is an ongoing political and tribal dispute between the administration of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma and descendants of the Cherokee The history of slavery in Kentucky dates from the earliest permanent European settlements in the state until the end of the Civil War. The history of Slavery in Missouri began in 1720 when a man named Philippe Francois Renault brought some 500 slaves from Santo Domingo to work in lead Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón (c 1475 probably Toledo Spain &ndash 18 October, 1526, (San Miguel de Guadalupe colony was a Spanish explorer North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States The attempt was a failure, lasting only one year; the slaves revolted and fled into the wilderness to live among the Cofitachiqui people. [9]

The first historically significant slave in what would become the United States was Estevanico, a Moroccan slave and member of the Narváez expedition in 1528 and acted as a guide on Fray Marcos de Niza's expedition to find the Seven Cities of Gold in 1539. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Estevanico (c 1500 – 1539 (also known as "Mustafa Zemmouri" "Black Stephen" "Esteban" "Esteban the Moor" "Estevan" "Estebanico" Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa The Narváez expedition was a Spanish attempt to install Pánfilo de Narváez as Adelantado (governor of Spanish Florida during This article is about the explorer For the high school in Tempe Arizona, see Marcos de Niza High School. Quivira and Cíbola are two of the fantastic Seven Cities of Gold existing only in a myth that originated around the year 1150 when the Moors conquered Mérida

In 1619 twenty Africans were brought by a Dutch soldier and sold to the English colony of Jamestown, Virginia as indentured servants. Jamestown, located on Jamestown Island in the Virginia Colony, was founded on May 14 1607 An indentured servant is a form of Debt bondage worker The Laborer is under Contract of an Employer for some period of time usually three to It is possible that Africans were brought to Virginia prior to this, both because neither John Rolfe our source on the 1619 shipment nor any contemporary of his ever says that this was the first contingent of Africans to come to Virginia and because the 1625 Virginia census lists one black as coming on a ship that appears to only have landed people in Virginia prior to 1619. John Rolfe (c 1585 &ndash 1622 was one of the early English settlers of North America. ^[209]The transformation from indentured servitude to racial slavery happened gradually. It was not until 1661 that a reference to slavery entered into Virginia law, directed at Caucasian servants who ran away with a black servant. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state It was not until the Slave Codes of 1705 that the status of African Americans as slaves would be sealed. The Slave Codes of 1705 were a comprehensive series of laws enacted by the Colony of Virginia 's House of Burgesses to regulate the growing slave population in Virginia African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa This status would last for another 160 years, until after the end of the American Civil War with the ratification of the 13th Amendment in December 1865. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South

Only a fraction of the enslaved Africans brought to the New World ended up in British North America-- perhaps 5%. The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia. British North America consisted of the colonies and territories of the British Empire in continental North America after the end of the American Revolutionary The vast majority of slaves shipped across the Atlantic were sent to the Caribbean sugar colonies, Brazil, or Spanish America. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld

Slavery in American Colonial Law

• 1642: Massachusetts becomes the first colony to legalize slavery. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States.
• 1650: Connecticut legalizes slavery. Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America.
• 1661: Virginia officially recognizes slavery by statute. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state
• 1662: A Virginia statute declares that children born would have the same status as their mother. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state
• 1663: Maryland legalizes slavery.
• 1664: Slavery is legalized in New York and New Jersey. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. ^[210]

Development of slavery

The shift from indentured servants to African slaves was prompted by a dwindling class of former servants who had worked through the terms of their indentures and thus became competitors to their former masters. These newly freed servants were rarely able to support themselves comfortably, and the tobacco industry was increasingly dominated by large planters. This caused domestic unrest culminating in Bacon's Rebellion. Bacon's Rebellion was an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon. Eventually, chattel slavery became the norm in regions dominated by plantations.

Many slaves in British North America were owned by plantation owners who lived in Britain. British North America consisted of the colonies and territories of the British Empire in continental North America after the end of the American Revolutionary The British courts had made a series of contradictory rulings on the legality of slavery^[211] which encouraged several thousand slaves to flee the newly-independent United States as refugees along with the retreating British in 1783. The British courts having ruled in 1772 that such slaves could not be forcibly returned to North America (see James Somersett and Somersett's Case for a review of the Somerset Decision), the British government resettled them as free men in Sierra Leone. James Somerset or Somersett was a young African American slave who was purchased by Charles Stuart in Virginia in 1749 Somersett's Case ( R v Knowles ex parte Somersett) is a famous judgment of the English Court of King's Bench in 1772 which held that Slavery Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. See Black Loyalists. A Black Loyalist or African American Loyalist was a formerly enslaved African American or Free Negro who escaped to the British during the

Several slave rebellions took place during the 17th and 18th centuries. A slave rebellion is an armed uprising by slaves. Slave rebellions have occurred in nearly all societies that practice slavery and are amongst the most feared events

Early United States law

Through the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 (also known as the Freedom Ordinance) under the Continental Congress, slavery was prohibited in the territories north of the Ohio River. The Northwest Ordinance (formally An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States North-West of the River Ohio, and also known as the Freedom The Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the The Ohio River is the largest Tributary by volume of the Mississippi River. In the East, though, slavery was not abolished until later. The importation of slaves into the United States was banned on January 1, 1808;^[212] but not the internal slave trade, nor involvement in the international slave trade externally. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1808 ( MDCCCVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year

Aggregation of northern free states gave rise to one contiguous geographic area, north of the Ohio River and the old Mason-Dixon line. The Ohio River is the largest Tributary by volume of the Mississippi River. The Mason–Dixon Line (or "Mason and Dixon's Line" is a Demarcation line between four U This separation of a free North and an enslaved South launched a massive political, cultural and economic struggle.

Refugees from slavery fled the South across the Ohio River to the North via the Underground Railroad, and their presence agitated Northerners. The Underground Railroad was an informal network of secret routes and Safe houses used by 19th century Black slaves in the United States Midwestern state governments asserted States Rights arguments to refuse federal jurisdiction over fugitives. States' rights refers to the idea in US politics and constitutional law, that U Some juries exercised their right of jury nullification and refused to convict those indicted under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Jury nullification means making a law void by jury decision in other words "the process whereby a jury in a criminal case effectively nullifies a law by acquitting a defendant regardless The Fugitive Slave Law or Fugitive Slave Act was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of

The Dred Scott decision of 1857 asserted that one could take one's property anywhere, even if one's property was chattel and one crossed into a free territory. Dred Scott v Sandford —whether or not they were slaves—could never be Citizens of the United States, and that the United States Congress Personal property is a type of Property. In the Common law systems personal property may also be called chattels or personalty. It also asserted that African Americans could not be citizens, as many Northern states granted blacks citizenship, who (in some states) could even vote. This was an example of Slave Power, the plantation aristocracy's attempt to control the North. The Slave Power (sometimes referred to as the " Slaveocracy " was a term used in the Northern United States (primarily in the period 1840-1875 to characterize While traditionally, this has been viewed as turning Northern public opinion against the South, it should be noted that pro-slavery forces made gains in the 1858 elections and it was the anti-slavery Republicans who were on the defensive on the issue. After the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, armed conflict broke out in Kansas Territory, where the question of whether it would be admitted to the Union as a slave state or a free state had been left to the inhabitants. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands repealed the Missouri Compromise of The Territory of Kansas was an Organized territory of the United States that existed from May 30 1854 until January 29 1861 when Kansas became the 34th The radical abolitionist John Brown was active in the mayhem and killing in "Bleeding Kansas. John Brown (May 9 1800 December 2 1859 was an American Abolitionist who advocated and practiced armed Insurrection as a means to end all Slavery Bleeding Kansas, sometimes referred to in history as Bloody Kansas or the Border War, was a series of violent events involving Free-Staters " The true turning point in public opinion is better fixed at the LeCompton Constitution fraud. Pro-slavery elements in Kansas had arrived first from Missouri and quickly organized a territorial government that excluded abolitionists. Through the machinery of the territory and violence, the pro-slavery faction attempted to force an unpopular pro-slavery constitution through the state. This infuriated Northern Democrats, who supported popular sovereignty, and was exacerbated by the Buchanon administration reneging on a promise to submit the constitution to a referendum - which it would surely fail. Anti-slavery legislators took office under the banner of the Republican Party.

Civil War

Approximately one Southern family in four held slaves prior to war. According to the 1860 U. S. census, about 385,000 individuals^[213] (i. e. 1. 4% of White Americans in the country, or 4. 8% of southern whites) owned one or more slaves. ^[214][215] 95% of blacks lived in the South, comprising one third of the population there as opposed to 1% of the population of the North. Consequently, fears of eventual emancipation were much greater in the South than in the North. ^[216]

In the election of 1860, the Republicans swept Abraham Lincoln into the Presidency (with only 39. The United States presidential election of 1860 set the stage for the American Civil War. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal 8% of the popular vote) and legislators into Congress. Lincoln however, did not appear on the ballots in most southern states and his election split the nation along sectional lines. After decades of controlling the Federal Government, several of the southern states declared they had seceded from the U. Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio is the act of withdrawing from an organization union or especially a political entity S. (the Union) in an attempt to form the Confederate States of America. The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861

Northern leaders like Lincoln viewed the prospect of a new Southern nation, with control over the Mississippi River and the West, as unacceptable. This led to the outbreak of the Civil War, which spelled the end for chattel slavery in America. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South However, in August of 1862, Lincoln wrote to editor Horace Greeley that despite his own moral objection to slavery, the objective of the war was to save the Union and not either to save or to destroy slavery. Horace Greeley ( February 3, 1811 &ndash November 29, 1872) was an American editor of a leading newspaper, a founder He went on to say that if he could save the Union without freeing a single slave, or by freeing all the slaves, or by freeing only some of the slaves, he would do it. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 was a reluctant gesture, that proclaimed freedom for slaves within the Confederacy, although not those in strategically important border states or the rest of the Union. The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. In a European context the term Border states policy, and Border states in a specific sense refer to attempts during the Interbellum to unite the countries that However, the proclamation made the abolition of slavery an official war goal and it was implemented as the Union captured territory from the Confederacy. Slaves in many parts of the south were freed by Union armies or when they simply left their former owners. Many joined the Union Army as workers or troops, and many more fled to cities in the north. The Union Army was the army that fought for the Union during the American Civil War.

Illegally, slaves within the United States remained enslaved until the final ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution on December 6, 1865 (with final recognition of the amendment on December 18), eight months after the cessation of hostilities. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit Slavery, and with limited exceptions such as those Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Only in the Border state of Kentucky did a significant slave population remain by that time.

After the failure of Reconstruction, freed slaves in the United States were treated as second class citizens. For decades after their emancipation, many former slaves living in the South sharecropped and had a low standard of living. Sharecropping is a system of agriculture or agricultural production in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land (e In some states, it was only after the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 60s that blacks obtained legal protection from racial discrimination (see segregation).

Modern times

Although slavery has been illegal in the United States for nearly a century and a half, the United States Department of Labor occasionally prosecutes cases against people for false imprisonment and involuntary servitude. The United States Department of Labor is a Cabinet department of the United States government responsible for occupational safety wage and hour standards False imprisonment is a Tort, and possibly a Crime, wherein a person is intentionally confined without legal authority Involuntary servitude is a United States legal and Constitutional term for a person laboring against that person's will to benefit another under some form These cases often involve illegal immigrants who are forced to work as slaves in factories to pay off a debt claimed by the people who transported them into the United States. Illegal immigration refers to Immigration across National Borders in a way that violates the Immigration laws of the destination Country Other cases have involved domestic workers. A domestic worker, domestic, servingman, servingwoman, or servant is one who works and often also lives within the employer's household

Asia

Indian subcontinent

Main article: Slavery in India

The Greek historian Arrian writes in his book Indica:

"This also is remarkable in India, that all Indians are free, and no Indian at all is a slave. The history of Slavery in India is complicated by the presence of factors which relate to the definition ideological and religious perceptions difficulties For others with this name see Arrianus (disambiguation. Lucius Flavius Arrianus 'Xenophon' (ca Indica is the name of an ancient book about India written by Arrian, one of the main ancient historians of Alexander the Great. This article is about the history of South Asia prior to the Partition of British India in 1947 In this the Indians agree with the Lacedaemonians. For the Laconian dialect see Doric Greek For the Ancient Kingdom see Sparta For the laconic expression see Laconic Yet the Lacedaemonians have Helots for slaves, who perform the duties of slaves; but the Indians have no slaves at all, much less is any Indian a slave. The helots (in Classical Greek / Heílôtes) were an unfree population group that formed the "

Though any formalised slave trade has not existed in South Asia, unfree labor has existed for centuries in the Medieval ages, in different forms. The most common forms have been kinds of bonded labor. Debt bondage or bonded labor is a means of paying off loans with direct labor instead of currency or goods During the epoch of the Mughals, debt bondage reached its peak, and it was common for money lenders to make slaves of peasants and others who failed to repay debts. Under these practices, more than one generation could be forced into unfree labor; for example, a son could be sold into bonded labor for life to pay off the debt, along with interest.

The early Arab invaders of Sind in the 700's, the armies of the Umayyad commander Muhammad bin Qasim, are reported to have enslaved tens of thousands of Indian prisoners, including both soldiers and civilians. The initial Arab Muslim conquests (632–732 (فتح Fatah, literally opening, also referred to as the Islamic conquests or Arab Muhammad bin Qasim Al-Thaqafi (محمد بن قاسم (c 31 December, 695 &ndash 18 July, 715) born Muhammad bin Qasim bin Yusuf Sakifi ^[217][218] In the early 11th century Tarikh al-Yamini, the Arab historian Al-Utbi recorded that in 1001 the armies of Mahmud of Ghazna conquered Peshawar and Waihand, "in the midst of the land of Hindustan", and captured some 100,000 youths. Mahmud of Ghazni (محمود غزنوی Maḥmūd-e Ghaznawī ( November 2, 971 - April 30, 1030) also known as Yāmīn ^[219][220] Later, following his twelfth expedition into India in 1018-19, Mahmud is reported to have returned to with such a large number of slaves that their value was reduced to only two to ten dirhams each. This unusually low price made, according to Al-Utbi, "merchants [come] from distant cities to purchase them, so that the countries of Central Asia, Iraq and Khurasan were swelled with them, and the fair and the dark, the rich and the poor, mingled in one common slavery". Elliot and Dowson refers to "five hundred thousand slaves, beautiful men and women. ". ^{[221] [222] [223]} Later, during the Delhi Sultanate period (1206-1555), references to the abundant availability of low-priced Indian slaves abound. The Delhi Sultanate ( Urdu: دلی سلطنت, दिल्ली सलतनत or Sultanat e Hind ( سلطنتِ هند; सलतनत ए Levi attributes this primarily to the vast human resources of India, compared to its neighbours to the north and west (Mughal Indian population being approximately 12 to 20 times that of Turan and Iran at the end of 16th century) . ^[224].

Arab slave traders also brought slaves as early as the first century AD from Africa. The Arab Slave trade was the practice of Slavery in West Asia, North Africa, East Africa, and certain parts of Europe (such Most of the African slaves were brought however in the 17th century and were taken into Western India. The Siddi people are of mainly East African descent. Not to be confused with the Hindu term Siddhi (though sometimes spelt in the same way East Africa is the Easternmost Region of the African Continent.

Much of the northern and central parts of the subcontinent was ruled by the so-called Slave Dynasty of Turkic origin from 1206-1290: Qutb-ud-din Aybak, a slave of Muhammad Ghori rose to power following his master's death. The Mamluk Dynasty or Ghulam Dynasty ( Urdu: غلام خاندان Hindi: ग़ुलाम ख़ानदान served as the first Sultans of The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family Qutb-ud-din Aybak ( Persian / Urdu: قطب الدین ایبک) was a Turkic ruler of medieval India, the first Sultan of Delhi Muhammad Shahab-ud-Din Ghori ( Persian, Pashto, Urdu: محمد شہاب الدین غوری also spelled Mohammad Ghauri, originally named Mu'izzuddin For almost a century, his descendants ruled presiding over the introduction of Tankas and building of Qutub Minar.

According to Sir Henry Bartle Frere (who sat on the Viceroy's Council), there were an estimated 8,000,000 or 9,000,000 slaves in India in 1841. Sir Henry Bartle Edward Frere 1st Baronet, GCB, GCSI, ( March 29, 1815 – May 29, 1884) was a British colonial administrator In Malabar, about 15% of the population were slaves. Malabar (മലബാര്‍ is a region of southern India, lying between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. Slavery was abolished in both Hindu and Muslim India by the Indian Slavery Act V. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Islam in India is the second-most practiced religion after Hinduism. of 1843. Provisions of the Indian Penal Code of 1861 effectively abolished slavery in India by making the enslavement of human beings a criminal offense. Indian Penal Code (IPC Hindi: भारतीय दण्ड संहिता provides a Penal code for all of India including Jammu and Kashmir ^{[225][226][227][228]}

Modern times

According to Human Rights Watch, there are currently more than 40 million bonded laborers in India,^[229] who work as slaves to pay off debts; a majority of them are Dalits. Human Rights Watch is a United States -based international Non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on Human rights. Debt bondage or bonded labor is a means of paying off loans with direct labor instead of currency or goods India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Dalit is a self designation for group of people of South Asian descent who were traditionally regarded as untouchables or low Caste. ^[230] There are also an estimated 5 million bonded workers in Pakistan. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and ^[231] As many as 200,000 Nepali girls, many under 14, have been sold into the sex slavery in India. Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. Sexual slavery refers to the organised coercion of persons into various different sexual practices forced Prostitution single-owner sexual slavery Nepalese women and girls, especially virgins, are favored in India because of their fair skin and young looks. ^[232][233]

Nepal

Slavery was abolished in Nepal in 1924. ^[234]

China

Slavery in China has repeatedly come in and out of favor. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Due to the enormous population of the region throughout most of its history, China has relatively had an almost unlimited workforce of cheap labor. Thus, the economy would naturally rely on a system of serfdom, slavery, or a combination of both. Approximately 5% of China's population was enslaved in ancient Han China (206 BC–220 AD) and slavery continued in China until the early 20th century. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. ^[235]

"In the houses of wealthy citizens, it is not unusual to find twenty to thirty slaves attending upon a family. Even citizens in the humbler walks of life deem it necessary to have each a slave or two. The price of a slave varies, of course, according to age, health, strength, and general appearance. The average price is from fifty to one hundred dollars, but in time of war, or revolution, poor parents, on the verge of starvation, offer their sons and daughters for sale at remarkably low prices. I remember instances of parents, rendered destitute by the marauding bands who invested the two southern Kwangs in 1854-55, offering to sell their daughters in Canton for five dollars apiece. . . .

The slavery to which these unfortunate persons are subject, is perpetual and hereditary, and they have no parental authority over their offspring. The great-grandsons of slaves, however, can, if they have sufficient means, purchase their freedom. . . .

Masters seem to have the same uncontrolled power over their slaves that parents have over their children. Thus a master is not called to account for the death of a slave, although it is the result of punishment inflicted by him. "^[236]

"In former times slaves were slain and offered in sacrifice to the spirit of the owner when dead, or by him to his ancestors: sometimes given as a substitute to suffer the death penalty incurred by his owner or in fulfillment of a vow. It used to be customary in Kuei-chou (and Szü-chuan too, I believe) to inter living slaves with their dead owners; the slaves were to keep a lamp burning in the tomb. . . .

Slavery exists in China, especially in Canton and Peking. . . . It is a common thing for well-to-do people to present a couple of slave girls to a daughter as part of her marriage dowery [sic]. Nearly all prostitutes are slaves. It is, however, customary with respectable people to release their slave girls when marriageable. Some people sell their slaves girls to men wanting a wife for themselves or for a son of theirs.

I have bought three different girls: two in Szü-chuan for a few taels each, less than fifteen dollars. One I released in Tientsin, another died in Hongkong; the other I gave in marriage to a faithful servant of mine. Some are worth much money at Shanghai. "^[237]

Slavery in China was finally abolished in 1910,^[238] although the practice apparently still continues unofficially in some regions. ^[239][240]

Japan

Main article: Slavery in Japan

Slavery in Japan was, for most of its history, indigenous, since the export and import of slaves was restricted by Japan being a group of islands. During most of the history of the country the practice of slavery in Japan involved only indigenous Japanese as the export and import of slaves was significantly restricted For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Korean slaves were shipped to Japan during the Japanese invasions of Korea in the 16th century. The Korean people are an East Asian Ethnic group. Most Koreans speak the Korean language. Two Japanese invasions of Korea and subsequent battles on the Korean peninsula took place during the years 1592-1598 ^[241][242] The export of a slave from Japan is recorded in 3rd century Chinese document, although the system involved is unclear. These slaves were called seiko (生口, seiko^?), lit. "living mouth".

In the 8th century, a slave was called nuhi (奴婢, nuhi^?) and series of laws on slavery was issued. The 8th century is the period from 701 to 800 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. In an area of present-day Ibaraki Prefecture, out of a population of 190,000, around 2,000 were slaves; the proportion is believed to have been even higher in western Japan. WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines --> is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region on Honshū

By the time of the Sengoku period (1467-1615), the attitude that slavery was anachronistic had become widespread. However, notably, in a meeting with Catholic priests, Oda Nobunaga was presented with a black slave, the first recorded encounter between a Japanese and an African. ( June 23, 1534 &ndash June 21, 1582) was a major Daimyo during the Sengoku period of Japanese history With the arrival of the leading Jesuit Francis Xavier in 1549, Catholicism developed as a major religious force in Japan. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Saint Francis Xavier ( Konkani / Konknni: Sam Fransisku Xavier/ Sanv Fransisk Xavier Basque: San Frantzisko Xabierkoa Spanish: San Francisco The tolerance towards Western "padres" was initially linked to trade concerned and part of that trade was slaves. There arose concern about the slavery of mainly Japanese women between the Christian Dyamo and the Portuguese Maranos, involving around 500,000 Japanese, mainly in a trade for gunpowder ^[243][244] which affected Hideyoshi's reaction to Christianity. Marranos or Secret Jews were Sephardic Jews (Jews resident in the Iberian peninsula) who were forced to adopt Christianity or In 1588, Toyotomi Hideyoshi ordered all slave trading to be abolished. This was continued by his successors.

Modern times

As the Empire of Japan annexed Asian countries, from the late 19th century onwards, archaic institutions including slavery were abolished in those countries. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku However, during the Pacific War of 1937-45, the Japanese military used millions of civilians and prisoners of war as forced labor, on projects such as the Burma Railway. The Pacific War was the part of World War II —and preceding conflicts—that took place in the Pacific Ocean, its islands and in East Asia, between The Burma Railway, also known also as the Death Railway, the Thailand-Burma Railway and similar names is a 415 km (258 mile railway between

According to a joint study by historians including Zhifen Ju, Mitsuyoshi Himeta, Toru Kubo and Mark Peattie, more than 10 million Chinese civilians were mobilized by the Kōa-in (Japanese Asia Development Board) for forced labour. The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere ( Kyūjitai: 大東亞共榮圈 Shinjitai: ja 大東亜共栄圏 Dai-tō-a Kyōeiken) was a concept ^[245] According to the Japanese military's own record, nearly 25% of 140,000 Allied POWs died while interned in Japanese prison camps where they were forced to work (U.S. POWs died at a rate of 37%). The United States of America —commonly referred to as the ^[246][247] More than 100,000 civilians and POWs died in the construction of the Burma-Siam Railway. The Burma Railway, also known also as the Death Railway, the Thailand-Burma Railway and similar names is a 415 km (258 mile railway between ^[248] The U. S. Library of Congress estimates that in Java, between 4 and 10 million romusha (Japanese: "manual laborer"), were forced to work by the Japanese military. Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. were Forced laborers during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia in World War II. ^[249] About 270,000 of these Javanese laborers were sent to other Japanese-held areas in South East Asia. Only 52,000 were repatriated to Java, meaning that there was a death rate of 80%. (For further details, see Japanese war crimes. Japanese war crimes occurred during the period of Japanese imperialism. )^[250]

Approximately 5,400,000 Koreans were conscripted into forced labor from 1939 to 1945. The Korean people are an East Asian Ethnic group. Most Koreans speak the Korean language. About 670,000 of them were taken to Japan, where about 60,000 died between 1939 and 1945 due mostly to exhaustion or poor working conditions. Many of those taken to Karafuto Prefecture (modern-day Sakhalin) were trapped there at the end of the war, stripped of their nationality and denied repatriation by Japan; they became known as the Sakhalin Koreans. History Japanese settlement on Sakhalin dates to at least the Edo period. Sakhalin (Сахали́н səxʌˈlʲin Japanese:nihongo|樺太|karafuto or; Chinese: 庫頁 Kùyè also Saghalien, is a large elongated Sakhalin Koreans ( Russian: Сахалинские корейцы/ Sakhalinskie Koreytsi or Корейцы Сахалина/ Koreytsi Sakhalina; Korean ^[251] The total deaths of Korean forced laborers in Korea and Manchuria for those years is estimated to be between 270,000 and 810,000. Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast ^[252]

As many as 200,000 women,^[253] mostly from Korea and China, and some other countries such as the Philippines, Taiwan, Burma, the Dutch East Indies, Netherlands,^[254] and Australia^[255] were forced into sexual slavery during the World War II. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Sexual slavery refers to the organised coercion of persons into various different sexual practices forced Prostitution single-owner sexual slavery (See Comfort women)

Korea

Indigenous slaves existed in Korea. Comfort women is a Euphemism for women forced into Prostitution and Sexual slavery for Japanese military brothels during World War Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. Slavery was officially abolished with the Gabo Reform of 1894 but remained extant in reality until 1930. The Gabo Reform describes a series of sweeping reforms introduced in Korea (at that time called Joseon) beginning in 1894 and ending in 1896, During the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910) about 30% to 50% of the Korean population were slaves. ^[256] Slavery was hereditary, as well as a form of legal punishment. ^[257] There was a slave class with both government and privately owned slaves, and the government occasionally gave slaves to citizens of higher rank. Privately owned slaves could be inherited as personal property. During poor harvests and famine, many peasants would voluntarily become slaves in order to survive. A famine is a widespread shortage of food that may apply to any Faunal species which phenomenon is usually accompanied by regional Malnutrition, Starvation In the case of private slaves they could buy their freedom. ^{[258][259][260][261]}

Southeast Asia

There was a large slave class in Khmer Empire who built the enduring monuments in Angkor Wat and did most of the heavy work. The Khmer Empire was the largest empire of South East Asia based in what is now Cambodia. Angkor Wat (or Angkor Vat) (អង្គរវត្ត is a Temple complex at Angkor, Cambodia, built for King Suryavarman II ^[262] Slaves had been taken captive from the mountain tribes. ^[263] People unable to pay back a debt to the upper ruling class could be sentenced to work as a slave too. Debt bondage or bonded labor is a means of paying off loans with direct labor instead of currency or goods ^[264] Between the 17th and the early 20th centuries one-quarter to one-third of the population of some areas of Thailand and Burma were slaves. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. ^[265]

In Siam, the war captives became the property of the king. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj During the reign of Rama III (1824-1851), there were an estimated 46,000 war slaves. Rama III redirects here For the third book in the Rama series see The Garden of Rama Poramin Maha Jessadabodindra, Phra Slaves from independent hill populations were "hunted incessantly and carried off as slaves by the Siamese, the Anamites, and the Cambodians" (Colquhoun 1885:53). ^[266]

Yi people in Yunnan practiced a complicated form of slavery. The Yi people (own name in the Liangshan dialect ꆈꌠ official transcription Nuosu, nɔ̄sū; the older name " Lolo " or " Luoluo " People were split into the Black Yi (nobles, 7% of the population), White Yi (commoners), Ajia (33% of the Yi population) and the Xiaxi (10%). Ajia and Xiaxi were slave castes. The White Yi were not slaves but had no freedom of movement. The Black Yi were famous for their slave-raids on Han Chinese communities. Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. After the 1959 some 700,000 slaves were freed. ^{[267][268][269]}

Slaves in Toraja society in Indonesia were family property. The Toraja are an Ethnic group indigenous to a mountainous region of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Sometimes Torajans decided to become slaves when they incurred a debt, pledging to work as payment. Slaves could be taken during wars, and slave trading was common. Torajan slaves were sold and shipped out to Java and Siam. Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Slaves could buy their freedom, but their children still inherited slave status. Slaves were prohibited from wearing bronze or gold, carving their houses, eating from the same dishes as their owners, or having sex with free women—a crime punishable by death. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. Slavery was abolished in 1909 by the Dutch East Indies government. Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below ^[270][271]

Modern times

There are currently an estimated 300,000 women and children involved in the sex trade throughout Southeast Asia. ^[272] It is common that Thai women are lured to Japan and sold to Yakuza-controlled brothels where they are forced to work off their price. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. History Origins Despite their notoriety in modern Japan the precise origin of the Yakuza is still somewhat the subject of debate ^[273][274]

According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), an estimated 800,000 people are subject to forced labor in Myanmar. The International Labour Organization Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. ^[275] In November of 2006, the International Labor Organization announced it will be seeking "to prosecute members of the ruling Myanmar junta for crimes against humanity" over the continuous forced labor of its citizens by the military at the International Court of Justice. See also International Commission of Jurists The International Court of Justice (known colloquially as the World Court or ICJ; Cour ^[276]

Central Asia and Caucasus

Russian conquest of the Caucasus led to the abolition of slavery by the 1860s^[277][278] and the conquest of the Central Asian Islamic khanates of Bukhara, Samarkand, and Khiva by the 1870s. The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Khanate of Bukhara (Buxoro Xonligi was a feudal state in Central Asia during the 16th–18th centuries Samarkand (Samarqand Самарқанд سمرقند UniPers: "Samarqand" is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of The Khanate of Khiva (Xiva Xonligi was the name of a Central Asian state that existed in the historical region of Khwarezm from 1515 to 1920 except Persian occupation by ^[279] A notorious slave market for captured Russian and Persian slaves was centred in the Khanate of Khiva from the 17th to the 19th century. The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox The Khanate of Khiva (Xiva Xonligi was the name of a Central Asian state that existed in the historical region of Khwarezm from 1515 to 1920 except Persian occupation by ^[280] When the Russian troops took Khiva in 1873 there were 29,300 Persian slaves, captured by Turkoman raiders. This article is about the Turkmen people of Turkmenistan. For the distinct group of Turk peoples of Iraq see Iraqi Turkmen. ^[281][282]

Oceania

In the first half of the nineteenth century, small-scale slave raids took place across Polynesia to supply labor and sex workers for the whaling and sealing trades, with examples from both the westerly and easterly extremes of the Polynesian triangle. Polynesia (from Greek: πολύς many, νῆσος island) is a Subregion of Oceania, comprising a large grouping of over Whaling is the hunting of Whales and dates back to at least 6000 BC Sealing redirects here for other uses see Sealing (disambiguation. The Polynesian Triangle is a region of the Pacific Ocean anchored by three island groups Hawai‘i, Easter Island (Rapa Nui and New Zealand By the 1860s this had grown to a larger scale operation with Peruvian slave raids in the South Sea Islands to collect labor for the guano industry. Polynesia (from Greek: πολύς many, νῆσος island) is a Subregion of Oceania, comprising a large grouping of over Guano (from the Quechua 'wanu' via Spanish) is the Feces of Seabirds Bats and seals

Hawaii

Ancient Hawaii was a caste society. Ancient Hawaii refers to the period of Hawaiian history preceding the unification of the Kingdom of Hawai'i by Kamehameha the Great in 1810. Castes are Hereditary systems of occupation, Endogamy, social culture, Social class, and Political power. People were born into specific social classes. Kauwa were the outcast or slave class. They are believed to have been war captives, or the descendents of war captives. Marriage between higher castes and the kauwa was strictly forbidden. The kauwa worked for the chiefs and were often used as human sacrifices at the luakini heiau. Human sacrifice is the act of Homicide (the Killing of one or several Human beings in the context of a Religious ritual ( ritual killing In ancient Hawai'i, a luakini temple or luakini Heiau, was a Native Hawaiian sacred place where human and animal blood Sacrifices (They were not the only sacrifices; law-breakers of all castes or defeated political opponents were also acceptable as victims. )^[283]

Aotearoa / New Zealand

In traditional Māori society of Aotearoa, prisoners of war became taurekareka, slaves, unless released, ransomed or tortured. This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand For their language see Māori language, and for other meanings see Māori (disambiguation. ^[284] With some exceptions, the child of a slave remained a slave. As far as it is possible to tell, slavery seems to have increased in the early nineteenth century, as a result of increased numbers of prisoners being taken by Māori military leaders such as Hongi Hika and Te Rauparaha in the Musket Wars, the need for labor to supply whalers and traders with food, flax and timber in return for western goods, and the missionary condemnation of cannibalism. Hongi Hika (1772?&ndash1828 was a New Zealand Māori Rangatira (chief and war leader of the Ngapuhi Iwi (tribe Te Rauparaha (1760s-1849 was a Māori chief and war leader of the Ngati Toa tribe who took a leading part in the Musket Wars. The Musket Wars were a series of battles fought between various tribal groups of Māori in the early 1800s primarily on the North Island in New Zealand Cannibalism (from Spanish es ''caníbal'' in connection with cannibalism among the Antillean Caribs, also called anthropophagy (from Greek ἄνθρωπος Slavery was outlawed when the British annexed New Zealand in 1840, immediately prior to the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, although it did not end completely until government was effectively extended over the whole of the country with the defeat of the Kingi movement in the Wars of the mid 1860s. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The Treaty of Waitangi ( Māori: Tiriti o Waitangi) is a Treaty first signed on February 6, 1840, by representatives of the British Māori King Movement or Kīngitanga is a movement that arose among some of the Māori tribes of New Zealand in the 1850s to establish a symbolic The New Zealand Wars, sometimes called the Land Wars and also once called the Māori Wars, were a series of conflicts that took place in New Zealand

Chatham Islands

One group of Polynesians who migrated to the Chatham Islands became the Moriori who developed a largely pacifist culture. Polynesia (from Greek: πολύς many, νῆσος island) is a Subregion of Oceania, comprising a large grouping of over The Archipelago of the Chatham Islands ( Rekohu in the Moriori language and Wharekauri in the Māori language) is a territory Moriori are the indigenous people of the Chatham Islands ( Rekohu in the Moriori language, Wharekauri in the Māori language It was originally speculated that they settled the Chathams direct from Polynesia, but it is now widely believed they were disaffected Māori who imigrated from the South Island of New Zealand. ^{[285] [286] [287] [288]} Their pacifism left the Moriori unable to defend themselves when the islands were invaded by mainland Māori in the 1830s. Some 300 Moriori men, women and children were massacred and the remaining 1,200 to 1,300 survivors were enslaved. ^[289][290]

Rapa Nui / Easter Island

The isolated island of Rapa Nui/Easter Island was inhabited by the Rapanui, who suffered a series of slave raids from 1805 or earlier, culminating in a near genocidal experience in the 1860s. The Rapanui or Rapa Nui ("Big Rapa" are the native Polynesian inhabitants of Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean (the island itself Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group The 1805 raid was by American sealers and was one of a series that changed the attitude of the islanders to outside visitors, with reports in the 1820s and 1830s that all visitors were receiving a hostile reception. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In December 1862 Peruvian slave raiders took between 1,400 and 2,000 islanders back to Peru to work in the guano industry; this was about a third of the island's population and included much of the island's leadership, the last ariki-mau and possibly the last who could read Rongorongo. Guano (from the Quechua 'wanu' via Spanish) is the Feces of Seabirds Bats and seals Rongorongo (ˈrɒŋɡoʊˈrɒŋɡoʊ in English in Rapa Nui) is a system of Glyphs discovered in the 19th century on Easter Island that appears to be After intervention by the French ambassador in Lima, the last 15 survivors were returned to the island, but brought with them smallpox, which further devastated the island. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers on a coast overlooking Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. .

Abolitionist movements

Main article: Abolitionism

Slavery has existed, in one form or another, through the whole of human history. Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies Guadeloupe is an island group or Archipelago located in the eastern Caribbean Sea at, with a land area of 1628 square kilometres (629  sq So, too, have movements to free large or distinct groups of slaves. Moses led Israelite slaves from ancient Egypt according to the Biblical Book of Exodus - possibly the first detailed account of a movement to free slaves. Moses ( Latin: Moyses,; Greek: grc Mωυσής in both the Septuagint and the New Testament; Arabic: ar موسىٰ Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to Exodus ( Greek: έξοδος eksodos = "departure" is the second book of the Jewish Torah and of the Christian Old Testament. However, abolitionism should be distinguished from efforts to help a particular group of slaves, or to restrict one practice, such as the slave trade. Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies

Persian Empire

The Persian Empire was the first civilization to prohibit the systematic enslavement of conquered non-combattant population. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Cylinder of Cyrus the Great containing the Decree on the conquered non-combattant population, now kept in the British Museum:

". The British Museum is a Museum of human history and culture in London. . . And as long as I am the monarch, I will never let anyone take possession of movable and landed properties of the others by force or without compensation. As long as I am alive, I shall prevent unpaid, forced labor. Today, I announce that everyone is free to choose a religion. People are free to live in all regions and take up a job provided that they never violate other's rights. No one may be penalized for his or her relatives' faults. I prevent slavery and my governors and subordinates are obliged to prohibit exchanging men and women as slaves within their own ruling domains. Such a tradition should be exterminated the world over. . . . "^[291]

Britain

In 1772, the Somersett Case (R. v. Knowles, ex parte Somersett)^[292] of the English Court of King's Bench ruled that slavery was unlawful in England (although not elsewhere in the British Empire). The Queen's Bench (or during the reign of a male monarch the King's Bench) is the superior court in a number of jurisdictions within some of the Commonwealth realms As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. A similar case, that of Joseph Knight, took place in Scotland five years later and ruled slavery to be contrary to the law of Scotland. Joseph Knight may refer to Joseph Knight (slave Joseph Knight (gardener Joseph Knight Sr

Following the work of campaigners in the United Kingdom, the Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade was passed by Parliament on March 25, 1807, coming into effect the following year. See also Atlantic slave trade, Abolitionism The Slave Trade Act (citation 47 Geo III Sess The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. Year 1807 ( MDCCCVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The act imposed a fine of £100 for every slave found aboard a British ship. The intention was to outlaw entirely the Atlantic slave trade within the whole British Empire. The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World

The Slavery Abolition Act, passed on August 23, 1833, outlawed slavery itself in the British colonies. The Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 (citation 3 & 4 Will IV c 73 was an 1833 Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom abolishing Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire Year 1833 ( MDCCCXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common On August 1, 1834 all slaves in the British West Indies, were emancipated, but still indentured to their former owners in an apprenticeship system which was finally abolished in 1838. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common ^[293]

Britain abolished slavery in both Hindu and Muslim India by the Indian Slavery Act V. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Islam in India is the second-most practiced religion after Hinduism. of 1843. ^[294]

Domestic slavery practised by the educated African coastal elites (as well as interior traditional rulers) in Sierra Leone was abolished in 1928. Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. A study found practices of domestic slavery still widespread in rural areas in the 1970s. ^[295][296]

France

There were slaves in mainland France, but the institution was never fully authorized there. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. However, slavery was vitally important in France's Caribbean possessions, especially Saint-Domingue. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Saint-Domingue was a French Colony on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola from 1659 to 1804 when it became the independent nation of In 1793, unable to repress the massive slave revolt of August 1791 that had become the Haitian Revolution, the French Revolutionary commissioners Sonthonax and Polverel declared general emancipation. The Revolution (1791–1804 was the most successful of African Slave rebellions in the Western Hemisphere Léger-Félicité Sonthonax (1763 – 1813 was a French Jacobin and abolitionist during the French Revolution who controlled the 7000 French Étienne Polverel (1740&mdash1795 was one of two French Revolutionary Civil Commissioners who ended slavery in Saint-Domingue in 1793 during the In Paris, on February 4, 1794, Abbé Grégoire and the Convention ratified this action by officially abolishing slavery in all French territories. Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Year 1794 ( MDCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a For the 20th-century Belgian Byzantinologist see Henri Grégoire (historian Henri Grégoire (often referred to as Abbé Grégoire A Treaty is an agreement under International law entered into by actors in international law namely States and International organizations. Napoleon sent troops to the Caribbean in 1802 to try to re-establish slavery. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. They succeeded in Guadeloupe, but the ex-slaves of Saint-Domingue defeated the French army and declared independence. Guadeloupe is an island group or Archipelago located in the eastern Caribbean Sea at, with a land area of 1628 square kilometres (629  sq The colony became Haiti, the first black republic, on January 1, 1804.

Slavery is defined as a crime against humanity by a French law of 2001. In Public international law, a crime against humanity is an act of Persecution or any large scale atrocities against a body of people and is the highest level of This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. ^[297]

United States

Slaves in the United States who escaped ownership would often make their way north up through Canada via the "Underground Railroad". The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Underground Railroad was an informal network of secret routes and Safe houses used by 19th century Black slaves in the United States The more famous of the African American abolitionists include former slaves Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth and Frederick Douglass. Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies Harriet Tubman (born Araminta Ross; c 1820 – 10 March 1913 was an African-American Abolitionist, Humanitarian, and Union Sojourner Truth (1797– November 26, 1883) was the self-given name from 1843 of Isabella Baumfree, an American abolitionist and Women's Frederick Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, February 14 1818 February 20 1895 was an American abolitionist, editor, Orator Many more people who opposed slavery and worked for abolition were northern whites, such as William Lloyd Garrison and John Brown. William Lloyd Garrison ( December 12 1805 – May 24 1879) was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer John Brown (May 9 1800 December 2 1859 was an American Abolitionist who advocated and practiced armed Insurrection as a means to end all Slavery Slavery was legally abolished in 1865 by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit Slavery, and with limited exceptions such as those

The British designated Sierra Leone in Africa as a destination country for former slaves of the British Empire, and some Americans hoped to send freed American slaves to Liberia in a similar kind of "repatriation". Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the west coast of Africa, bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire

While abolitionists agreed on the evils of slavery, there were differing opinions on what should happen after African Americans were freed. Some abolitionists, worried about the difficulties of integrating numerous uneducated people into a hostile environment, hoped to send freed people to Africa. By the time of Emancipation, most African-Americans were now native to the United States and did not want to leave. They believed that their labor had made the land theirs as well as that of the whites; trade unions feared competition in supplying an affordable labor force against former slaves. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Most freed people stayed in the United States by choice.

Twentieth century worldwide

The 1926 Slavery Convention, an initiative of the League of Nations, was a turning point in banning global slavery. The 1926 Slavery Convention or the Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery was an International treaty created under the auspices of the League The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 Article 4 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948 by the UN General Assembly, explicitly banned slavery. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly ( 10 December 1948 at Palais Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members The United Nations 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery was convened to outlaw and ban slavery worldwide, including child slavery. The full title of this treaty is The United Nations 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery the Slave Trade and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery. In December 1966, the UN General Assembly adopted the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which was developed from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is a United Nations Treaty based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, created in Article 8 of this international treaty bans slavery. The treaty came into force in March 1976 after it had been ratified by 35 nations. As of November 2003, 104 nations had ratified the treaty.

According to the British Anti-Slavery Society, "Although there is no longer any state which recognizes any claim by a person to a right of property over another, there are an estimated 27 million people throughout the world, mainly children, in conditions of slavery. "^{[298][299][300][301]}

See also: List of notable opponents of slavery‎

References

See also

Part of a series on Slavery
Period and context
History · Antiquity Religious views: Biblical · Christian · Islamic · Jewish Slave trades: Atlantic · African · Arab · Asian Human trafficking · Sexual slavery · Abolitionism · Servitude
Related
Gulag · Serfdom · Unfree labour · Debt bondage · Indentured servant · List of slaves · Legal status
This box: view • talk • edit

General

• Types of slavery:
  • Child slavery
  • Coolies
  • Forced labour
  • Gulag
  • Indentured servitude
  • Serfdom
  • Wage slavery
• Types of slave trades:
  • African slave trade
  • Arab slave trade
  • Atlantic slave trade
  • Blackbirding
  • Coastwise slave trade
  • Swedish slave trade
• Present-day slavery:
  • Slavery in modern Africa
  • Trafficking in human beings

People

• List of famous slaves
• Types of slave soldiers:
  • Janissary
  • Mamluk
  • Saqaliba

Ideals and organisations

• • Anti-Slavery Society
  • United States National Slavery Museum
• Abolitionism:
  • Compensated Emancipation
  • International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition

Other

• History of slavery in the United States:
  • Origins of the American Civil War
  • North Carolina v. Mann
• Asiento
• Bandeirantes
• Fazendas
• Kholop
• Pedro Blanco
• Religion and slavery
• Sambo's Grave
• Slave narrative
• Slave rebellion
• Slave ship
• Slavery at common law
• William Lynch Speech
• History of Liverpool#Slavery
• Guaraní#Slavery
• Serfdom in Russia

External links

• UN.GIFT - Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking
• Slave Trade Archives Project, UNESCO
• Parliament & The British Slave Trade 1600 - 1807
• Digital History - Slavery Facts & Myths
• Muslim Slave System in Medieval India
• Arab Slave Trade
• Scotland and the Abolition of the Slave Trade - schools resource
• African Holocaust Society - Anti-slavery and self-determination working to educate via media
• The Forgotten Holocaust: The Eastern Slave Trade
• Teaching resources about Slavery and Abolition on blackhistory4schools.com
• African history by Africans
• "What really ended slavery?" Robin Blackburn, author of a two-volume history of the slave trade, interviewed by International Socialism

As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Slavery as an institution in Mediterranean cultures of the ancient world comprised a mixture of Debt-slavery, slavery as a punishment for crime and The issue of religion and slavery is an area of historical research into the relationship between the world's major Religions and the practice of Slavery. The Bible contains several references to slavery. The Hebrew Bible does not promote Slavery, but neither does it condemn it Christianity does not have a clear position regarding slavery, in favour or against The major juristic schools of Islam traditionally accepted the institution of Slavery. Judaism has been influenced by the experience of slavery of the Hebrews in the land of Egypt, as narrated in the biblical story of The Exodus The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World This article discusses systems of slavery within Africa the history and effects of the slavery trade upon Africa The Arab Slave trade was the practice of Slavery in West Asia, North Africa, East Africa, and certain parts of Europe (such The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history Human trafficking is the recruitment transportation harbouring or receipt of people for the purposes of slavery forced labor (including bonded labor or debt bondage and servitude Sexual slavery refers to the organised coercion of persons into various different sexual practices forced Prostitution single-owner sexual slavery Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies Involuntary servitude is a United States legal and Constitutional term for a person laboring against that person's will to benefit another under some form The Gulag was the government agency that administered the penal labor camps of the Soviet Union. Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations especially in modern or early modern history in which people are employed against their will Debt bondage or bonded labor is a means of paying off loans with direct labor instead of currency or goods An indentured servant is a form of Debt bondage worker The Laborer is under Contract of an Employer for some period of time usually three to Slavery is a social-economic system under which certain persons — known as slaves — are deprived of personal freedom and compelled to perform labour or services In Law legal status refers to the concept of individuals having a particular place in society relative to the law as it determines the laws which affect them As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Coolie (variously spelled Cooly Kuli Quli Koelie etcis A historical term for manual labourers from Asia particularly China and India, in the 19th Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations especially in modern or early modern history in which people are employed against their will The Gulag was the government agency that administered the penal labor camps of the Soviet Union. An indentured servant is a form of Debt bondage worker The Laborer is under Contract of an Employer for some period of time usually three to Wage slavery is a term first coined by the Lowell Mill Girls in 1836 though articulated as a concept at least as early as Cicero and elaborated by subsequent thinkers This article discusses systems of slavery within Africa the history and effects of the slavery trade upon Africa The Arab Slave trade was the practice of Slavery in West Asia, North Africa, East Africa, and certain parts of Europe (such The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World Blackbirding refers to the recruitment of people through trickery and Kidnappings to work on plantations particularly the Sugar cane Plantations of The coastwise slave trade existed along the eastern coastal areas of North America. Swedish slave trade occurred in the early History of Sweden and resurfaced during the 17th century around the time Swedish overseas colonies were established in Slavery in Africa continues today Slavery existed in Africa before the arrival of Europeans - as did a slave trade that exported millions Human trafficking is the recruitment transportation harbouring or receipt of people for the purposes of slavery forced labor (including bonded labor or debt bondage and servitude Slavery is a social-economic system under which certain persons — known as slaves — are deprived of personal freedom and compelled to perform labour or services The Janissaries (derived from Ottoman Turkish ينيچرى ( yeniçeri) meaning "new soldier" comprised Infantry units that formed Saqaliba ( Arabic: صقالبة sg Siqlabi) refers to the Slavs, particularly Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab The Anti-Slavery Society was the everyday name of two different British organizations The United States National Slavery Museum is a Non-profit organization based in Fredericksburg Virginia, that is fundraising and campaigning to establish a national Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies Compensated emancipation was a method of ending Slavery in countries where slavery was legal The United Nations General Assembly declared 2004 as the International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (having welcomed the Slavery in the United States began soon after English colonists first settled Virginia in 1607 and lasted until the passage of the Thirteenth The main explanation for the origins of the American Civil War was slavery, especially the issue of the expansion of slavery into the territories. North Carolina v Mann, 13 NC 263 ( NC 1830) (or State v Mann, as it would have been identified within North Carolina In the History of Slavery, asiento (or assiento, meaning " Assent " refers to the permission given by the Spanish government The Bandeirantes were Portuguese colonial Scouts who took part in the Bandeiras exploration expeditions Fazenda is a Portuguese word for ' Farm ' but is used in the English language for the Coffee estates that spread within the interior of Brazil between 1840 Kholops (Холопы were Feudally dependent people in Russia between the 10th and early 18th centuries Pedro Blanco (?-1854 was a notorious Spanish slave trader based in Gallinas on the coast of Sierra Leone in the second quarter of the 19th century The issue of religion and slavery is an area of historical research into the relationship between the world's major Religions and the practice of Slavery. Sambo's Grave is the burial site of a young African Cabin boy or slave, on unconsecrated ground in a field near the small village of Sunderland The slave narrative is a literary form which grew out of the experience of enslaved Africans in Britain and the its colonies. A slave rebellion is an armed uprising by slaves. Slave rebellions have occurred in nearly all societies that practice slavery and are amongst the most feared events Slave ships were cargo Ships specially converted for the purpose of transporting slaves, especially newly purchased African slaves Slavery at common law refers to the legal status of Slavery and the Slave trade under the system of Law used in England and adopted by its former colonies The William (or Willie Lynch Speech (or Letter is an address purportedly delivered by William Lynch to an audience on the bank of the James River in Virginia The History of Liverpool can be traced back to 1190 when the place was known as 'Liuerpul' possibly meaning a pool or creek with muddy water Guaraní are a group of culturally related indigenous peoples of South America, distinguished from the related Tupi by their use of the Guaraní language The origins of Serfdom in Russia are traced to Kievan Rus in the 11th century Robin Blackburn (born 1940 is a British socialist historian a former editor of New Left Review (1981-99 and author of a number of works on Marxism and International Socialism (ISJ is a Quarterly Journal of Socialist Theory published by the Socialist Workers Party (Britain

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