Citizendia

For the controversy about who invented radio, see Invention of radio. This article covers the main arguments about who had what part in the early development of radio
For the programming of early radio stations, see Old-time radio. Old-Time Radio (OTR and the Golden Age of Radio refer to a period of Radio programming lasting from the proliferation of radio broadcasting in the early 1920s until

The pre-history and early history of radio is the history of technology that produced instruments that use radio waves. Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt Later radio history increasingly involves matters of programming and content. The timeline of radio lists within the History of radio, the Technology and events that produced instruments that use Radio waves and activities that people

Various scientists proposed that electricity and magnetism, both capable of causing attraction and repulsion of objects, were linked. Electromagnetism is the Physics of the Electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a Force on particles that possess the property of In 1802 Gian Domenico Romagnosi suggested the relationship between electric current and magnetism, but his reports went unnoticed. Gian Domenico Romagnosi ( December 11, 1761 &ndash June 8, 1835) was an Italian Philosopher, Economist and In 1820 Hans Christian Ørsted performed a widely known experiment on man-made electric current and magnetism. He demonstrated that a wire carrying a current could deflect a magnetized compass needle. A compass, magnetic compass or mariner's compass is a navigational instrument for determining direction relative to the earth's Magnetic poles It consists Ørsted's experiments discovered the relationship between electricity and magnetism in a very simple experiment. In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. In scientific inquiry an experiment ( Latin: Ex- periri, "to try out" is a method of investigating particular types of research questions or Ørsted's work influenced André-Marie Ampère to produce a theory of electromagnetism. André-Marie Ampère (20 January 1775 &ndash 10 June 1836 was a French Physicist and Mathematician who is generally credited as one of the main discoverers In the history of radio and development of "wireless telegraphy", several people are claimed to have "invented the radio". The term Wireless Telegraphy is a historic term used today as applied to early Radio Telegraph communications techniques and practices The most commonly accepted claims are:

Contents

Wireless prehistory (19th century)

In the late 19th century it was clear to various scientists and experimenters that wireless communication was possible. Various theoretical and experimental innovations led to the development of radio and the communication system we know today. Some early work was done by local effects and experiments of electromagnetic induction. The near field and far field of an antenna or other isolated source of Electromagnetic radiation are regions around the source where different parts of the field In scientific inquiry an experiment ( Latin: Ex- periri, "to try out" is a method of investigating particular types of research questions or Faraday's law of induction describes an important basic law of electromagnetism which is involved in the working of Transformers Inductors and many forms of Many understood that there was nothing similar to the "ethereal telegraphy" [1][2] and telegraphy by induction; the phenomena being wholly distinct. According to ancient and medieval science, aether (Greek grc αἰθήρ aithēr) also spelled æther or ether, is the material that fills For the common use of RF induction process of heating a metal object by electromagnetic induction see Induction heating Radio-frequency induction Wireless telegraphy was beginning to take hold and the practice of transmitting messages without wires was being developed. Many people worked on developing the devices and improvements.

Faraday

In 1831, Michael Faraday began a series of experiments in which he discovered electromagnetic induction. Michael Faraday, FRS ( September 22 1791 – August 25 1867) was an English Faraday's law of induction describes an important basic law of electromagnetism which is involved in the working of Transformers Inductors and many forms of The relation was mathematically modelled by Faraday's law, which subsequently became one of the four Maxwell equations. Faraday's law of induction describes an important basic law of electromagnetism which is involved in the working of Transformers Inductors and many forms of In Classical electromagnetism, Maxwell's equations are a set of four Partial differential equations that describe the properties of the electric Faraday proposed that electromagnetic forces extended into the empty space around the conductor, but did not complete his work involving that proposal.

James Clerk Maxwell was an experimenter with electromagnetic waves and developed the Maxwell equations.
James Clerk Maxwell was an experimenter with electromagnetic waves and developed the Maxwell equations. James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 &ndash 5 November 1879 was a Scottish mathematician and theoretical physicist.

William Henry Ward

In April 1872 William Henry Ward received U.S. Patent 126,356  for radio development.

Maxwell

Between 1861 and 1865, James Clerk Maxwell made experiments with electromagnetic waves. James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 &ndash 5 November 1879 was a Scottish mathematician and theoretical physicist. In 1873, as a result of experiments, Maxwell first described the theoretical basis of the propagation of electromagnetic waves in his paper to the Royal Society, "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field. The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field which was written in the year 1864 is the third of James Clerk Maxwell 's papers concerned with Electromagnetism "

Mahlon Loomis

Mahlon Loomis of West Virginia has the oldest and most documented claim of inventing radio. Mahon Loomis ( 26 jylu 1826 Oppenhem - 13 october 1886 was an early Wireless Experimenter born in Oppenheim New York Biography Loomis West Virginia ( is a state in the Appalachian Upland South, and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by Loomis received U.S. Patent 129,971  for a "wireless telegraph" in July 1872. This patent utilizes atmospheric electricity to eliminate the overhead wire used by the existing telegraph systems. Atmospheric electricity is the regular diurnal variations of the Earth 's atmospheric electromagnetic network (or more broadly any It did not contain diagrams or specific methods. It is substantially similar to William Henry Ward's patent.

Edison (1875)

Towards the end of 1875, while experimenting with the telegraph, Thomas Edison noted a phenomenon that he termed "etheric force", announcing it to the press on November 28. For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events He abandoned this research when Elihu Thomson, among others, ridiculed the idea. Elihu Thomson ( March 29, 1853  – March 13, 1937) was an engineer and Inventor who was instrumental in the founding

David E. Hughes

In 1878, David E. Hughes was the first to transmit and receive radio waves when he noticed that his induction balance caused noise in the receiver of his homemade telephone. David Edward Hughes ( 16 May 1831 &ndash 22 January 1900) coinventor of the Microphone, and an accomplished Welsh musician Metal detectors use Electromagnetic induction to detect Metal. Basic principle A traditional landline telephone system also known as "plain old telephone service" (POTS, commonly handles both signaling and audio information He demonstrated his discovery to the Royal Society in 1880 but was told it was merely induction. Faraday's law of induction describes an important basic law of electromagnetism which is involved in the working of Transformers Inductors and many forms of

Calzecchi-Onesti

In 1884, Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti at Fermo in Italy invented a primitive device that responded to radio waves. Temistocle Calzecchi Onesti ( December 14, 1853 &ndash November 25, 1922) was an Italian Physicist and inventor born at Fermo (ancient Firmum Picenum) is a town and Comune of the Marche, Italy, previously in the Province of Ascoli It consisted of a tube filled with iron filings, called a "coherer". Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 coherer was a primitive form of radio signal detector used in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries consisting of a capsule of metal filings in the space between This device was a critical discovery because it would later be developed to become the first practical radio detector. A detector is a device that recovers Information of interest contained in a Modulated wave

Edouard Branly

Between 1884 and 1886, Edouard Branly of France produced an improved version of the coherer. coherer was a primitive form of radio signal detector used in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries consisting of a capsule of metal filings in the space between

Edison (1885)

In 1885, Edison took out U.S. Patent 465,971  on a system of radio communication between ships (which later he sold to Marconi). Marchese Guglielmo Marconi mar'koni (25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937 was an Italian inventor best known for his development of a Radiotelegraph system

Hertz

Between 1886 and 1888, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz validated Maxwell's theory through experiment. Heinrich Rudolf Hertz ( February 22, 1857 – January 1, 1894) was a German physicist who clarified and expanded the electromagnetic theory He demonstrated that radio radiation had all the properties of waves (now called Hertzian waves), and discovered that the electromagnetic equations could be reformulated into a partial differential equation called the wave equation. A transverse wave is a moving Wave that consists of oscillations occurring perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer In Mathematics, partial differential equations ( PDE) are a type of Differential equation, i The wave equation is an important second-order linear Partial differential equation that describes the propagation of a variety of Waves such as Sound waves But he saw no practical use for his discovery. For more information see Hertz's radio work. This article covers the main arguments about who had what part in the early development of radio

Stubblefield

Claims have been made that Murray, Kentucky farmer Nathan Stubblefield invented radio between 1885 and 1892, before either Tesla or Marconi, but his devices seemed to have worked by induction transmission rather than radio transmission. Murray is a city in Calloway County, Kentucky, United States. Nathan B Stubblefield ( November 22, 1860 - March 28, 1928) was an American Inventor and Kentucky melon farmer Faraday's law of induction describes an important basic law of electromagnetism which is involved in the working of Transformers Inductors and many forms of Radio propagation is a term used to explain how Radio waves behave when they are Transmitted, or are propagated from one point on the Earth

Landell de Moura

Between 1893 and 1894, Roberto Landell de Moura, a Brazilian priest and scientist, conducted experiments in wireless transmissions. Father Roberto Landell de Moura ( January 21, 1861 – June 30, 1928) was a Brazilian Roman Catholic priest and inventor who He did not publicize his achievement until 1900, when he held a public demonstration of a wireless transmission of voice in São Paulo, Brazil on June 3.

Beginnings of radio

There are varying disputed claims about who invented radio, which in the beginning was called "wireless telegraphy". This article covers the main arguments about who had what part in the early development of radio The term Wireless Telegraphy is a historic term used today as applied to early Radio Telegraph communications techniques and practices The key invention for the beginning of "wireless transmission of data using the entire frequency spectrum", known as the spark-gap transmitter, has been attributed to various men. A spark-gap transmitter is a device for generating Radio frequency electromagnetic waves. Marconi equipped ships with lifesaving wireless communications and established the first transatlantic radio service. Tesla developed means to reliably produce radio frequency electrical currents, publicly demonstrated the principles of radio, and transmitted long distance signals.

Nikola Tesla developed means to reliably produce radio frequencies, publicly demonstrated the principles of radio, and transmitted long distant signals. He holds the US patent for the invention of the radio, as defined as "wireless transmission of data".
Nikola Tesla developed means to reliably produce radio frequencies, publicly demonstrated the principles of radio, and transmitted long distant signals. There have already been discussions about Tesla's ethnicity on the talk page He holds the US patent for the invention of the radio, as defined as "wireless transmission of data".

Nikola Tesla

In 1891 Tesla began his research into radio. He later published an article, "The True Wireless", concerning this research. [3] In 1892 he gave a lecture called "Experiments with Alternate Currents of High Potential and High Frequency", in London (Available at Project Gutenberg). [4] In 1893, at St. Louis, Missouri, Tesla gave a public demonstration of "wireless" radio communication. Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of electrical conductors or " Wires quot Addressing the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia and the National Electric Light Association, he described in detail the principles of radio communication. This article is about the science museum in Philadelphia For the Boston school see Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə The National Electric Light Association ( NELA) was a national United States trade association including the Operators of central Power generation [5] The apparatus that Tesla used contained all the elements that were incorporated into radio systems before the development of the "oscillation valve", the early vacuum tube. This article is about the electronic device not an evacuated pipe used for experiments in Free-fall.

Tesla was the first to apply the mechanism of electrical conduction to wireless practices. A mechanism is some technical aspect of a larger process or mechanical device or combination of parts designed to perform a particular function Electrical conduction is the movement of electrically charged particles through a Transmission medium ( Electrical conductor) Also, he initially used sensitive electromagnetic receivers,[6] that were unlike the less responsive coherers later used by Marconi and other early experimenters. Electromagnetism is the Physics of the Electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a Force on particles that possess the property of coherer was a primitive form of radio signal detector used in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries consisting of a capsule of metal filings in the space between Afterwards, the principle of radio communication (sending signals through space to receivers) was publicized widely. This article is about a radio receiver for other uses see Radio (disambiguation. Various scientists, inventors, and experimenters began to investigate wireless methods. He was re-awarded the patent rights, after holding them initially, for radio by the United States Supreme Court after his death in 1943. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. For more information see Tesla's wireless work. This article covers the main arguments about who had what part in the early development of radio

Oliver Lodge

Oliver Lodge transmitted radio signals on August 14, 1894 (one year after Tesla, five years after Heinrich Hertz and one year before Marconi) at a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science at Oxford University. Sir Oliver Joseph Lodge, FRS ( June 12, 1851 - August 22, 1940) born at Penkhull in Stoke-on-Trent and educated Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Heinrich Rudolf Hertz ( February 22, 1857 – January 1, 1894) was a German physicist who clarified and expanded the electromagnetic theory The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the [7] (In 1995, the Royal Society recognized this scientific breakthrough at a special ceremony at Oxford University. The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 For more information, see Past Years: An Autobiography, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p231. )

On 19 August 1894 Lodge demonstrated the reception of Morse code signalling via radio waves using a "coherer". Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Morse code is a Character encoding for transmitting telegraphic information using standardized sequences of short and long elements to represent the letters numerals coherer was a primitive form of radio signal detector used in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries consisting of a capsule of metal filings in the space between He improved Edouard Branly's coherer radio wave detector by adding a "trembler" which dislodged clumped filings, thus restoring the device's sensitivity. [8] In August 1898 he got U.S. Patent 609,154 , "Electric Telegraphy", that made wireless signals using Ruhmkorff coils or Tesla coils for the transmitter and a Branly coherer for the detector. An induction coil or "spark coil" ( archaically known as a Ruhmkorff coil) is a type of Disruptive discharge Coil. A Tesla coil is a type of resonant transformer circuit invented by Serbian-American scientist Nikola Tesla around 1891 This was key to the "syntonic" tuning concept. Syntonic is the second album by Kon Kan, released in 1990 Track listing “Liberty!" 459 “I Told You So" 407 In 1912 Lodge sold the patent to Marconi.

Jagdish Chandra Bose

In November 1894, the Bengali Indian physicist, Jagdish Chandra Bose, demonstrated publicly the use of radio waves in Calcutta, but he was not interested in patenting his work. The Bengali people are the ethnic community from Bengal (divided between Bangladesh and India) on the Indian subcontinent with a history dating India has several socio-political historical and geographical meanings Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose, CSI, CIE, FRS (জগদীশ চন্দ্র বসু Jôgodish Chôndro Boshu) ( November 30 [9] Bose ignited gunpowder and rang a bell at a distance using electromagnetic waves, proving that communication signals can be sent without using wires.

The 1895 public demonstration by Bose in Calcutta was before Marconi's wireless signalling experiment on Salisbury Plain in England in May 1897. Salisbury Plain is a Chalk Plateau in central southern England covering. [10][11]

In 1896, the Daily Chronicle of England reported on his UHF experiments: "The inventor (J. The Daily Chronicle was a London Newspaper company in the United Kingdom that was founded in 1872 C. Bose) has transmitted signals to a distance of nearly a mile and herein lies the first and obvious and exceedingly valuable application of this new theoretical marvel. "

Alexander Popov

Popov was the first man to demonstrate the practical applications of radio waves.
Popov was the first man to demonstrate the practical applications of radio waves.

In 1895, the Russian physicist Alexander Popov built a coherer. Alexander Stepanovich Popov (Александр Степанович Попов (Gregorian March 16 1859 - January 13 1906, Julian March coherer was a primitive form of radio signal detector used in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries consisting of a capsule of metal filings in the space between On May 7, 1895, Popov performed a public demonstration of transmission and reception of radio waves used for communication at the Russian Physical and Chemical Society, using his coherer:[12] this day has since been celebrated in Russia as "Radio Day". Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Radio Day ( Russian: День радио Den' Radio) Communications Workers' Day (as it is officially known in Russia) or Radio and Television He did not apply for a patent for this invention. Popov's early experiments were transmissions of only 600 yards. Popov was the first to develop a practical communication system based on the coherer, and is usually considered by the Russians to have been the inventor of radio. [13][14]

Around March 1896 Popov demonstrated in public the transmission of radio waves, between different campus buildings, to the Saint Petersburg Physical Society. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River (This was before the public demonstration of the Marconi system around September 1896). Per other accounts, however, Popov achieved these results only in December, 1897; that is, after publication of Marconi's patent. [15] In 1898 his signal was received 6 miles away, and in 1899 30 miles away. In 1900, Popov stated at the Congress of Russian Electrical Engineers that,

"the emission and reception of signals by Marconi by means of electric oscillations was nothing new, as in America Nikola Tesla did the same experiments in 1893. There have already been discussions about Tesla's ethnicity on the talk page "[16][17]

Later Popov experimented with ship-to-shore communication. Popov died in 1905 and his claim was not pressed by the Russian government until 1945.

Around 1895: 3-way near photofinish for first use of radio

Ernest Rutherford

The New Zealander Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson was instrumental in the development of radio. Ernest Rutherford 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, OM, PC, FRS (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937 was a New Zealand Physicist In 1895 he was awarded an Exhibition of 1851 Science Research Scholarship to Cambridge. The Great Exhibition, also known as Crystal Palace, was an international exhibition that was held in Hyde Park, London, England, from 1 He arrived in England with a reputation as an innovator and inventor, and distinguished himself in several fields, initially by working out the electrical properties of solids and then using wireless waves as a method of signalling. Rutherford was encouraged in his work by Sir Robert Ball, who had been scientific adviser to the body maintaining lighthouses on the Irish coast; he wished to solve the difficult problem of a ship’s inability to detect a lighthouse in fog. Sir Robert Stawell Ball ( July 1, 1840 – November 25, 1913) was an Irish astronomer. A lighthouse is a Tower, building or framework designed to emit light from a system of lamps and lenses or in older times from a fire and used as an Sensing fame and fortune, Rutherford increased the sensitivity of his apparatus until he could detect electromagnetic waves over a distance of several hundred meters. The commercial development, though, of wireless technology was left for others, as Rutherford continued purely scientific research. Thomson quickly realised that Rutherford was a researcher of exceptional ability and invited him to join in a study of the electrical conduction of gases.

Marconi

Guglielmo Marconi was an electrical engineer and Nobel laureate known for the development of a practical wireless telegraphy system.
Guglielmo Marconi was an electrical engineer and Nobel laureate known for the development of a practical wireless telegraphy system. Marchese Guglielmo Marconi mar'koni (25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937 was an Italian inventor best known for his development of a Radiotelegraph system

In 1896, Guglielmo Marconi was awarded a patent for radio with British Patent 12039, Improvements in Transmitting Electrical Impulses and Signals and in Apparatus There-for. Marchese Guglielmo Marconi mar'koni (25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937 was an Italian inventor best known for his development of a Radiotelegraph system The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an This was the initial patent for the radio, though it used various earlier techniques of various other experimenters (primarily Tesla) and resembled the instrument demonstrated by others (including Popov). During this time spark-gap wireless telegraphy was widely researched.

In 1896, Bose went to London on a lecture tour and met Marconi, who was conducting wireless experiments for the British post office. In 1897, Marconi established the radio station at Niton, Isle of Wight, England. Niton is a village on the Isle of Wight, near Ventnor with a thriving population of approximately 3000 supporting two pubs, several Churches, England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland In 1897, Tesla applied for two key radio patents in the USA. Those two patents were issued in early 1900. In 1898, Marconi opened a radio factory in Hall Street, Chelmsford, England, employing around 50 people. Chelmsford is the county town of Essex, England and the principal settlement of the borough of Chelmsford. In 1899, Bose announced his invention of the "iron-mercury-iron coherer with telephone detector" in a paper presented at Royal Society, London.

Julio Cervera Baviera

Julio Cervera Baviera
Julio Cervera Baviera

Recent studies in Spain credit Julio Cervera Baviera as the inventor of the radio (in 1902). Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Julio Cervera Baviera ( January 26, 1854 —ca 1929 was a Spanish Engineer, pioneer in the development of Radio, educator explorer [19] [20] Cervera Baviera obtained patents in England, Germany, Belgium, and Spain. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those In May-June 1899, Cervera had, with the blessing of the Spanish Army, visited Marconi's radiotelegraphic installations on the English Channel, and worked to develop his own system. The Spanish Army ( Ejército de Tierra in Spanish; literally "Land Army" is one of oldest active armies in the world and a branch of the Spanish He began collaborating with Marconi on resolving the problem of a wireless communication system, obtaining some patents by the end of 1899. A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Cervera, who had worked with Marconi and his assistant George Kemp in 1899, resolved the difficulties of wireless telegraph and obtained his first patents prior to the end of that year. On March 22, 1902, Cervera founded the Spanish Wireless Telegraph and Telephone Corporation and brought to his corporation the patents he had obtained in Spain, Belgium, Germany and England. [21] He established the second and third regular radiotelegraph service in the history of the world in 1901 and 1902 by maintaining regular transmissions between Tarifa and Ceuta for three consecutive months, and between Javea (Cabo de la Nao) and Ibiza (Cabo Pelado). Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Tarifa is a small town on the southernmost coast of the Iberian Peninsula. Ceuta is an autonomous city of Spain located on the Mediterranean, on the North African side of the Strait of Gibraltar, which Cap de la Nau, Cabo de la Nao in Spanish literally Cape of the Ship, is a headland Ibiza (Eivissa is an island located in the Mediterranean Sea about 80 km off the coast of Spain This is after Marconi established the radiotelegraphic service between the Isle of Wight and Bournemouth in 1898. The Isle of Wight is an English Island and county in the English Channel between three and five miles (8 km from the south coast of the Bournemouth ( is a large coastal resort town in the Borough of Bournemouth in Dorset, England. Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In 1906, Domenico Mazzotto wrote: "In Spain the Minister of War has applied the system perfected by the commander of military engineering, Julio Cervera Baviera (English patent No. Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting A defence minister (or defense minister) is a Cabinet position which regulates the Armed forces in some sovereign nations 20084 (1899)). "[22] Cervera thus achieved some success in this field, but his radiotelegraphic activities ceased suddenly, the reasons for which are unclear to this day. [23]

Turn of the century

Around the turn of the century, the Slaby-Arco wireless system was developed by Adolf Slaby and Georg von Arco (later incorporated into Telefunken). Turn of the Century is a Novel by Kurt Andersen It was published in 1999 by Random House. Adolf Karl Heinrich Slaby ( April 18 1849 &mdash April 6 1913) was a German Wireless pioneer and the first Georg Wilhelm Alexander Hans Graf von Arco ( August 30, 1869 &ndash May 5, 1940) was a German Physicist, Radio Telefunken is a German radio and television company founded in 1903 in Berlin, as a joint venture of two large companies Siemens & Halske (S & H and In 1900, Reginald Fessenden made a weak transmission of voice over the airwaves. Reginald Aubrey Fessenden ( October 6, 1866 &ndash July 22, 1932) born in East Bolton, Quebec, Canada, was Around 1900, Tesla opened the Wardenclyffe Tower facility and advertised services. Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar Wardenclyffe Tower (1901 &ndash 1917 also known as the Tesla Tower, was an early Wireless Telecommunications Aerial tower designed by In 1901, Marconi conducted the first successful transatlantic experimental radio communications. In 1903, Wardenclyffe Tower neared completion. Various theories exist on how Tesla intended to achieve the goals of this wireless system (reportedly, a 200 kW system). Tesla claimed that Wardenclyffe, as part of a World System of transmitters, would have allowed secure multichannel transceiving of information, universal navigation, time synchronization, and a global location system.

In 1904, The U.S. Patent Office reversed its decision, awarding Marconi a patent for the invention of radio, possibly influenced by Marconi's financial backers in the States, who included Thomas Edison and Andrew Carnegie. The United States Patent and Trademark Office ( PTO or USPTO) is an agency in the United States Department of Commerce that issues Patents to Andrew Carnegie (properly kɑrˈneɪgi but commonly /ˈkɑrnɨgi/ or /kɑrˈnɛgi/ (25 November 1835 – 11 August 1919 was a Scottish -born American Industrialist This also allowed the U. S. government (among others) to avoid having to pay the royalties that were being claimed by Tesla for use of his patents. For more information see Marconi's radio work. This article covers the main arguments about who had what part in the early development of radio In 1907, Marconi established the first commercial transatlantic radio communications service, between Clifden, Ireland and Glace Bay, Newfoundland. Clifden (An Clochán meaning "bee-hive cell" is a town on the coast of County Galway, Ireland and being Connemara 's largest town it is often Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Glace Bay (2001 pop 16984 is a community in the eastern part of the Cape Breton Regional Municipality. The Dominion of Newfoundland was a British dominion from 1907 (before which the territory had the status of a British colony to 1949

Early radio telegraphy and telephony

Donald Manson working as an employee of the Marconi Company (England, 1906)
Donald Manson working as an employee of the Marconi Company (England, 1906)

British Marconi

Using various patents, the company called British Marconi was established and began communication between coast radio stations and ships at sea. A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an The Marconi Company Ltd was founded by Guglielmo Marconi in 1897 as The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company (sometimes presented as Wireless Coast radio station is a maritime Radio station situated on shore which monitors radio Distress frequencies and relays ship-to-ship and ship-to-land This company along with its subsidiary American Marconi, had a stranglehold on ship to shore communication. It operated much the way American Telephone and Telegraph operated until 1983, owning all of its equipment and refusing to communicate with non-Marconi equipped ships. Before proposing a merge request please see Talk and see if the merger you propose has recently been made and Many inventions improved the quality of radio, and amateurs experimented with uses of radio, thus the first seeds of broadcasting were planted.

Reginald Fessenden

The invention of amplitude-modulated (AM) radio, so that more than one station can send signals (as opposed to spark-gap radio, where one transmitter covers the entire bandwidth of the spectrum) is attributed to Reginald Fessenden and Lee de Forest. Reginald Aubrey Fessenden ( October 6, 1866 &ndash July 22, 1932) born in East Bolton, Quebec, Canada, was Lee De Forest, ( August 26, 1873 – June 30, 1961) was an American Inventor with over 300 patents to his credit On Christmas Eve 1906, Reginald Fessenden used an Alexanderson alternator and rotary spark-gap transmitter to make the first radio audio broadcast, from Brant Rock, Massachusetts. Christmas Eve, December 24, is the day before Christmas Day, the celebrated birthday of Jesus. Reginald Aubrey Fessenden ( October 6, 1866 &ndash July 22, 1932) born in East Bolton, Quebec, Canada, was An Alexanderson alternator is a rotating machine invented by Ernst Alexanderson for the generation of high frequency Alternating current up to 100 kHz A spark-gap transmitter is a device for generating Radio frequency electromagnetic waves. Ocean Bluff and Brant Rock are two villages in the town of Marshfield in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States Ships at sea heard a broadcast that included Fessenden playing O Holy Night on the violin and reading a passage from the Bible. " O Holy Night " (" Cantique de Noël " is a well-known Christmas carol composed by Adolphe Adam in 1847 to the French poem The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin

Karl Braun

In 1909, Marconi and Karl Ferdinand Braun were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for "contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy". Karl Ferdinand Braun ( 6 June 1850 in Fulda, Germany &ndash 20 April 1918 in New York City, U The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Charles David Herrold

In April 1909 Charles David Herrold, an electronics instructor in San Jose, California constructed a broadcasting station. Charles David 'Doc' Herrold, ( November 16, 1875 – July 1, 1948) was an American Radio broadcasting It used spark gap technology, but modulated the carrier frequency with the human voice, and later music. A spark gap consists of an arrangement of two conducting Electrodes separated by a gap usually filled with a Gas such as Air. The station "San Jose Calling" (there were no call letters), continued to eventually become today's KCBS in San Francisco. Herrold, the son of a Santa Clara Valley farmer, coined the terms "narrowcasting" and "broadcasting", respectively to identify transmissions destined for a single receiver such as that on board a ship, and those transmissions destined for a general audience. See Silicon Valley for a discussion of the technological aspects of the Santa Clara Valley (The term "broadcasting" had been used in farming to define the tossing of seed in all directions. ) Charles Herrold did not claim to be the first to transmit the human voice, but he claimed to be the first to conduct "broadcasting". To help the radio signal to spread in all directions, he designed some omnidirectional antennas, which he mounted on the rooftops of various buildings in San Jose. An omnidirectional antenna is an antenna system which radiates power uniformly in one plane with a directive pattern shape in a perpendicular plane Herrold also claims to be the first broadcaster to accept advertising (he exchanged publicity for a local record store for records to play on his station), though this dubious honour usually is foisted on WEAF (1922). Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand WEAF (1130 AM) is a Gospel music formatted Radio station in Camden South Carolina.

RMS Titanic (April 2, 1912).
RMS Titanic (April 2, 1912).

In 1912, the RMS Titanic sank in the northern Atlantic Ocean. Construction The Titanic was a White Star Line ocean liner built at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, Ireland After this, wireless telegraphy using spark-gap transmitters quickly became universal on large ships. In 1913, the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea was convened and produced a treaty requiring shipboard radio stations to be manned 24 hours a day. The Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS is the most important treaty protecting the safety of merchant ships A typical high-power spark gap was a rotating commutator with six to twelve contacts per wheel, nine inches to a foot wide, driven by about 2000 volts DC. The volt (symbol V) is the SI derived unit of electric Potential difference or Electromotive force. As the gaps made and broke contact, the radio wave was audible as a tone in a crystal set. The telegraph key often directly made and broke the 2000 volt supply. One side of the spark gap was directly connected to the antenna. Receivers with thermionic valves became commonplace before spark-gap transmitters were replaced by continuous wave transmitters. This article is about the electronic device not an evacuated pipe used for experiments in Free-fall.

Harold J. Power

On March 8, 1916, Harold Power with his radio company American Radio and Research Company (AMRAD), broadcast the first continuous broadcast in the world from Tufts University under the call sign 1XE (it lasted 3 hours). Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The company later became the first to broadcast on a daily schedule, and the first to broadcast radio dance programs, university professor lectures, the weather, and bedtime stories [24].

Other innovators

Many scientists and inventors contributed to the invention of wireless telegraphy and telephony. An inventor is a person who creates or discovers a new method form device or other useful means Individuals that helped to further the science include, among others:

Audio broadcasting (1919 to 1950s)

See also: Old-time radio

Crystal sets

The most common type of receiver before vacuum tubes was the crystal set, although some early radios used some type of amplification through electric current or battery. Old-Time Radio (OTR and the Golden Age of Radio refer to a period of Radio programming lasting from the proliferation of radio broadcasting in the early 1920s until Inventions of the triode amplifier, motor-generator, and detector enabled audio radio. This article is about the electronic device not an evacuated pipe used for experiments in Free-fall. A motor-generator (an M-G set or a dynamotor for Dynamo -motor is a device for converting electrical power to another form A detector is a device that recovers Information of interest contained in a Modulated wave The use of amplitude modulation (AM), with which more than one station can simultaneously send signals (as opposed to spark-gap radio, where one transmitter covers the entire bandwidth of spectra) was pioneered by Fessenden and Lee de Forest. Amplitude modulation ( AM) is a technique used in electronic communication most commonly for transmitting information via a Radio Carrier wave Lee De Forest, ( August 26, 1873 – June 30, 1961) was an American Inventor with over 300 patents to his credit

To this day there is a small but avid base of fans of this technology who study and practice the art and science of designing and making crystal sets as a hobby; the Boy Scouts of America have often undertaken such craft projects to introduce boys to electronics and radio, and quite a number of them having grown up remain staunch fans of a radio that 'runs on nothing, forever'. As the only energy available is that gathered by the antenna system, there are inherent limitations on how much sound even an ideal set could produce, but with only moderately decent antenna systems remarkable performance is possible with a superior set.

The first vacuum tubes

During the mid 1920s, amplifying vacuum tubes (or thermionic valves in the UK) revolutionized radio receivers and transmitters. This article is about the electronic device not an evacuated pipe used for experiments in Free-fall. This article is about a radio receiver for other uses see Radio (disambiguation. For biologic transmitters see Transmitter substance. A transmitter is an electronic device which usually with the aid of an antenna John Ambrose Fleming developed an earlier tube known as an "oscillation valve" (it was a diode). Sir John Ambrose Fleming ( November 29, 1849 - April 18, 1945) was an English Electrical engineer and Physicist Dioden2jpg|thumb|right|150px|Figure 2 Various semiconductor diodes Lee De Forest placed a screen, the "grid" electrode, between the filament and plate electrode. Lee De Forest, ( August 26, 1873 – June 30, 1961) was an American Inventor with over 300 patents to his credit The Dutch engineer Hanso Schotanus à Steringa Idzerda made the first regular wireless broadcast for entertainment from his home in The Hague on 6 November 1919. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common He broadcast his popular program four nights per week until 1924 when he ran into financial troubles.

On 27 August 1920, regular wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in Argentina, pioneered by the group around Enrique Telémaco Susini, and spark gap telegraphy stopped. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Enrique Telémaco Susini ( January 31, 1891 - July 4, 1972) was an Argentine Entrepreneur and media pioneer A spark gap consists of an arrangement of two conducting Electrodes separated by a gap usually filled with a Gas such as Air. On 31 August 1920 the first known radio news program was broadcast by station 8MK, the unlicensed predecessor of WWJ (AM) in Detroit, Michigan. Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar WWJ (Newsradio 950 is Detroit, Michigan 's only 24-hour All-news radio station In 1922 regular wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in the UK from the Marconi Research Centre 2MT at Writtle near Chelmsford, England. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Marchese Guglielmo Marconi mar'koni (25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937 was an Italian inventor best known for his development of a Radiotelegraph system 2MT was the first British Radio station to make regular entertainment broadcasts The village of Writtle lies in Essex England, just two miles to the west of Chelmsford. Chelmsford is the county town of Essex, England and the principal settlement of the borough of Chelmsford. Early radios ran the entire power of the transmitter through a carbon microphone. The carbon Microphone, also known as a carbon button microphone (or sometimes just a button microphone) or a carbon transmitter, is a sound-to-electrical In the 1920s, the Westinghouse company bought Lee De Forest's and Edwin Armstrong's patent. Founded in 1886 as Westinghouse Electric Company and later renamed Westinghouse Electric Corporation by George Westinghouse. Lee De Forest, ( August 26, 1873 – June 30, 1961) was an American Inventor with over 300 patents to his credit Edwin Howard Armstrong ( December 18, 1890 &ndash January 31, 1954) was an American Electrical engineer and Inventor During the mid 1920s, Amplifying vacuum tubes (US)/thermionic valves (UK) revolutionized radio receivers and transmitters. This article is about the electronic device not an evacuated pipe used for experiments in Free-fall. This article is about the electronic device not an evacuated pipe used for experiments in Free-fall. This article is about a radio receiver for other uses see Radio (disambiguation. For biologic transmitters see Transmitter substance. A transmitter is an electronic device which usually with the aid of an antenna Westinghouse engineers developed a more modern vacuum tube.

Licensed commercial public radio stations

The question of the 'first' publicly-targeted licensed radio station in the U. S. has more than one answer and depends on semantics. Settlement of this 'first' question may hang largely upon what constitutes 'regular' programming.

Broadcasting was not yet supported by advertising or listener sponsorship. Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand The stations owned by manufacturers and department stores were established to sell radios and those owned by newspapers to sell newspapers and express the opinions of the owners. In the 1920s, Radio was first used to transmit pictures visible as television. During the early 1930s, single sideband (SSB) and frequency modulation (FM) were invented by amateur radio operators. Single-sideband modulation ( SSB) is a refinement of Amplitude modulation that more efficiently uses electrical power and bandwidth. By 1940, they were established commercial modes.

Westinghouse was brought into the patent allies group, General Electric, American Telephone and Telegraph, and Radio Corporation of America, and became a part owner of RCA. Before proposing a merge request please see Talk and see if the merger you propose has recently been made and RCA Corporation, founded as Radio Corporation of America, was an electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986 All radios made by GE and Westinghouse were sold under the RCA label 60% GE and 40% Westinghouse. ATT's Western Electric would build radio transmitters. Western Electric Company (sometimes abbreviated WE and WECo) was an American Electrical engineering company the manufacturing arm The patent allies attempted to set up a monopoly, but they failed due to successful competition. Much to the dismay of the patent allies, several of the contracts for inventor's patents held clauses protecting "amateurs" and allowing them to use the patents. Whether the competing manufacturers were really amateurs was ignored by these competitors.

These features arose:

Dates of first radio stations

This is a listing of radio stations in broadcast networks. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Federal Radio Commission ( FRC) was a government body that regulated Radio use in the United States from its creation in 1927 until its replacement A soap opera is an ongoing episodic work of Fiction, usually broadcast on Television or Radio. This article is about radio broadcasting for other uses see Radio (disambiguation. The earliest radio stations were simply radio telegraph systems which did not carry audio are not listed. The included first radio station encompass AM and FM stations; these include both commercial, public and nonprofit varieties found throughout the world.

Note
The first claimed audio transmission that could be termed to be from a broadcast station occurred on Christmas Eve in 1906, and was made by Reginald Fessenden.
Charles Herrold started broadcasting from a station in California in 1909 and was carrying audio by 1910.
Note
Some of the dates listed here may not be accurate. Feel free to make corrections to either of the lists.

USA and Canadian territory

This list includes the United States of America, the republic composed of 50 states, one federal district, and several insular territories, and the Canadian provinces, which consists of ten provinces with three territories. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The provinces and territories of Canada combine to make up the world's second largest country in total area.

StateDate
Alabama1922
Territory of Alaska1924
Alberta1922
Arizona1922
Arkansas1920
British Columbia1922
California1921
Colorado1921
Connecticut1922
Delaware1922
Florida1921
Georgia1922
Guam1954
Territory of Hawaii1922
Idaho1922
Illinois1921
Indiana1921
Iowa1922
Kansas1922
Kentucky1921
Louisiana1922
Maine1922
Manitoba1922
Maryland1922
Massachusetts1920
Michigan1920
Minnesota1922
Mississippi1925 3
Missouri1921
Montana1922
Nebraska1921
Nevada1922
New Brunswick1923
New Hampshire1922
New Jersey1921
New Mexico1922
New York1922
Newfoundland1924
North Carolina1922
North Dakota1922
Northwest Territories1958
Nova Scotia1920
Ohio1922
Oklahoma1921
Ontario1922
Oregon1922
Panama Canal Zone1923
Pennsylvania1920
Philippines1922
Prince Edward Island1924
Puerto Rico1922
Quebec1920
Rhode Island1922
Saskatchewan1922
South Carolina1930 4
South Dakota1922
Tennessee1922
Texas1920
Utah1922
Vermont1920
Virginia1923
Washington1920
Washington, D.C.1923
West Virginia1923
Wisconsin1922
Wyoming1930 5
Yukon Territory1923

Other countries

This list includes countries outside of the United States of America and the Canadian provinces. Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. The Alaska Territory was an incorporated territory of the United States from 1912 to 1959 Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The State of Colorado ( or chiefly by nonresidents) is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America. Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Delaware ( is a state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule Guam ( Chamorro: cha Guåhån) officially the Territory of Guam, is an island in the western Pacific Ocean and is an organized unincorporated The Territory of Hawaii, abbreviated officially as TH, was established on July 7, 1898 and dissolved on August 21, 1959 when The State of Idaho ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America. The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America. New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States North Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern and Western regions of the United States of America. The Northwest Territories (ˌnɔrθˌwɛstˈtɛrɨtɔriz ( NWT or NT; French, les Territoires du Nord-Ouest) is a territory Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The Panama Canal Zone (Zona del Canal de Panamá was a 553 square mile (1432 km² territory inside of Panama, consisting of the Panama Canal and an area generally The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Prince Edward Island (ˌprɪns ˌɛdwɚd ˈaɪlɨnd ( PEI or P Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Rhode Island ( officially named the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. South Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. Vermont ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D West Virginia ( is a state in the Appalachian Upland South, and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States The State of Wyoming ( is a sparsely populated state in the western region of the United States. Yukon (ˈjuːkɒn is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three territories. In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity

CountryDate
The Netherlands1919
Argentina1920
Malaya1921
Mexico1921
New Zealand1921
Russia1921
Uruguay1921
Ceylon1922
France1922
Switzerland1922
Great Britain1922
Chile1922
Cuba1922
Panama1922
Venezuela1922
Germany1923
Czechoslovakia1923
China1923
Australia1923
Brazil1923
Belgium1923
Denmark1923
Finland1923
Italy1923
Netherlands East Indies1923 5
South Africa1923
Spain1923
Sweden1923
Austria1923
Colombia1924
Costa Rica1924
Estonia1924
Lithuania1924
Luxembourg1924
Serbia1924
Poland1924
Norway1924*
Afghanistan1925*
Egypt1925
Japan1925
Fiji1925*
Latvia1925
Peru1925
Portugal1925
Romania1925
Hungary1925
Ireland1925
Netherlands Antilles1925
British Guiana1926
Free City of Danzig1926
Dominican Republic1926
El Salvador1926
Greece1926
Guatemala1926
Lithuania1926
Algeria1927*
Basutoland1927
Belgian Congo1927
Bolivia1927
Dutch New Guinea1927*
Greenland1927
Haiti1927
India1927
Kenya1927
Liberia1927
Mauritius1927
St. Helena1927*
Siam1927
Singapore1927
Suriname1927*
Turkey1927
French Indochina1927
Honduras1928
Hong Kong1928
Morocco1928*
Western Samoa1928*
Bulgaria1929
Falkland Islands1929 6
Mozambique1929
North Yemen1929*
British Honduras1930s *?*
Bermuda1930
Iceland1930*
Israel1930
Tunisia1930*
Vatican City1931 7
Ethiopia1931
Madagascar1931*
Nicaragua1931*
Nigeria1931
Ecuador1931
British Leeward Islands1932*
French West Africa1932*
Macau1932
Saudi Arabia1932
Southern Rhodesia1932
British Windward Islands1934*
Mongolia1934
Papua New Guinea1934
Sierra Leone1934
Andorra1935*
Gold Coast1935
Malta1935 7
Paraguay1936
Bahamas1936 8*
Iraq1936*
Gilbert and Ellice Islands1937
Lebanon1937
Albania1938 9*
Cyprus1938
Jamaica1938
Pitcairn Islands1938
Trinidad and Tobago1938
French Equatorial Africa1939
Libya1939
Aden1940 10
Bechuanaland1940
British Somaliland1940
Iran1940*
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan1940*
Bahrain1941
Northern Rhodesia1941
Seychelles1945
Syria1945
Brunei1947*
Spanish Guinea1947
Transjordan1948
Nepal1950
Sao Tome and Principe1950
Cape Verde Islands1951
Kuwait1951
Tanganyika1951
Portuguese Timor1960
Maldives1962
Nauru1968 12
Qatar1968 13
South West Africa1969 14
Oman1970
Bhutan1973
  • * Date unconfirmed

FM and television start

In 1933, FM radio was patented by inventor Edwin H. Armstrong. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. British Malaya loosely described a set of states on the Malay Peninsula that were colonized by the British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Fiji (Matanitu ko Viti फ़िजी officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (Matanitu Tu-Vaka-i-koya ko Viti फ़िजी द्वीप समूह गणराज्य Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The Netherlands Antilles ( Dutch:) previously known as the Netherlands West Indies or Dutch Antilles/West Indies, is part of the Lesser Antilles British Guiana was the name of the British Colony on the northern coast of South America, now the independent nation of Guyana. The Free City of Danzig ( German: Freie Stadt Danzig; Polish: Wolne Miasto Gdańsk) was an autonomous Baltic Sea port and The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with El Salvador ( República de El Salvador,) is a country in Central America. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Guatemala (República de Guatemala) is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west the Pacific Ocean to the southwest Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Lesotho (lɪˈsuːtuː &mdash had been populated by Khoi Khoi (Qhuaique for possibly as long as 40000 years The Belgian Congo ( Dutch: Belgisch Kongo French: Congo Belge German: Belgisch Kongo was the formal title of present-day Democratic Republic The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. Netherlands New Guinea was the official name of Western New Guinea while it was a colonial possession of the Netherlands. 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For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Anglo-Egyptian Sudan referred to the manner by which Sudan was administered between 1899 and 1956, when it was a condominium of Egypt The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf Northern Rhodesia was a territory in south central Africa initially administered under charter by the British South Africa Company and formed by it in 1911 by Seychelles (seɪˈʃɛl or /seɪˈʃɛlz/ in English and seʃɛl in French) officially the Republic of Seychelles (République des Seychelles Creole Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Brunei Darussalam, (bruːˈnaɪ in English officially the State of Brunei Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam Jawi: برني دارالسلام Spanish Guinea was an African Colony of Spain that became the independent nation of Equatorial Guinea. The Emirate of Transjordan ( Arabic: ar إمارة شرق الأردن) was a former Ottoman territory incorporated into the British Mandate of Palestine Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. São Tomé and Príncipe, officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, is an Island nation in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial The Republic of Cape Verde ( Portuguese: Cabo Verde, 'kabu 'veɾdɨ is a Republic located on an Archipelago in the Macaronesia The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed Tanganyika is the name of an East African territory lying between the largest of the African great lakes Lake Victoria, Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika Portuguese Timor was the name of East Timor when it was under Portuguese control The Maldives ( or, or Maldive Islands) officially the Republic of Maldives, is an Island nation consisting of a group of atolls stretching Nauru, officially the Republic of Nauru, is an Island nation in the Micronesian South Pacific. Qatar ( قطر; ˈqɑtˁɑr local pronunciation giṭar officially the State of Qatar (Arabic دولة قطر transliterated South-West Africa (Afrikaans Suidwes-Afrika; German Südwestafrika) was the name of what is today the Republic of Namibia. Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman ( Arabic: سلطنة عُمان) is an Arab Country in Southwest Asia on the southeast The Kingdom of Bhutan (buːˈtɑːn is a Landlocked nation in South Asia. See also Frequency modulation, FM band FM broadcasting is a broadcast Technology invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong that Edwin Howard Armstrong ( December 18, 1890 &ndash January 31, 1954) was an American Electrical engineer and Inventor FM uses frequency modulation of the radio wave to minimize static and interference from electrical equipment and the atmosphere, in the audio program. White noise is a random signal (or process with a flat Power spectral density. In 1937, W1XOJ, the first experimental FM radio station, was granted a construction permit by the FCC. In the 1930s, standard analog television transmissions started in Europe, and then in the 1940s in North America.

Marconi/Tesla priority dispute

Main article: Invention of radio
Timeline of Marconi/Tesla dispute
Timeline of Marconi/Tesla dispute

In 1943, Tesla's patent (number 645576) was reinstated as holding priority in the "invention" of modern radio by the U.S. Supreme Court shortly after Tesla's death. This article covers the main arguments about who had what part in the early development of radio Below is a list of Tesla patents. Dr Nikola Tesla was an Inventor who obtained around 300 Patents ref>Snezana Sarbo Tesla's Patents, Sixth The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. The validity of the patent was never in question in the case. This decision was based on the fact that prior art existed before the establishment of Marconi's patent. Ignoring Tesla's prior art, the decision may have enabled the U. Prior art (also known as or State of the art, which also has other meanings in most systems of Patent law constitutes all Information that S. government to avoid having to pay damages that were being claimed by the Marconi Company for use of its patents during World War I (as, it is speculated, the government's initial reversal to grant Marconi the patent right in order to nullify any claims Tesla had for compensation). World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

FM in Europe

After World War II, the FM radio broadcast was introduced in Germany. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including See also Frequency modulation, FM band FM broadcasting is a broadcast Technology invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong that Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. In 1948, a new wavelength plan was set up for Europe at a meeting in Copenhagen. Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city Because of the recent war, Germany (which did not exist as a state and so was not invited) was only given a small number of medium-wave frequencies, which are not very good for broadcasting. Medium Wave (MW is a part of the Medium frequency (MF radio band used mainly for AM broadcasting. For this reason Germany began broadcasting on UKW ("Ultrakurzwelle", i. e. ultra short wave, nowadays called VHF) which was not covered by the Copenhagen plan. Very high frequency (VHF is the Radio frequency range from 30 MHz to 300 MHz. After some amplitude modulation experience with VHF, it was realized that FM radio was a much better alternative for VHF radio than AM. Amplitude modulation ( AM) is a technique used in electronic communication most commonly for transmitting information via a Radio Carrier wave Because of this history FM Radio is still referred to as "UKW Radio" in Germany. Other European nations followed a bit later, when the superior sound quality of FM and the ability to run many more local stations because of the more limited range of VHF broadcasts were realized.

Later 20th century developments

In 1954 Regency introduced a pocket transistor radio, the TR-1, powered by a "standard 22. In Electronics, a transistor is a Semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals The Regency TR-1, announced on October 18, 1954 by the Regency Division of I 5V Battery". In the early 1960s, VOR systems finally became widespread for aircraft navigation; before that, aircraft used commercial AM radio stations for navigation. This article is about the radio navigation aid see VOR for other uses (AM stations are still marked on U. S. aviation charts). Aviation refers to activities involving man-made flying devices ( Aircraft) including the people organizations and regulatory bodies involved with them In 1960 Sony introduced their first transistorized radio, small enough to fit in a vest pocket, and able to be powered by a small battery. is a multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato Tokyo, Japan, and one of the world's largest Media conglomerates with It was durable, because there were no tubes to burn out. Over the next twenty years, transistors displaced tubes almost completely except for very high power, or very high frequency, uses.

Color television and digital

Telex on radio

Telegraphy did not go away on radio. Instead, the degree of automation increased. On land-lines in the 1930s, Teletypewriters automated encoding, and were adapted to pulse-code dialing to automate routing, a service called telex. A teleprinter ( A teleprinter ( For thirty years, telex was the absolute cheapest form of long-distance communication, because up to 25 telex channels could occupy the same bandwidth as one voice channel. For business and government, it was an advantage that telex directly produced written documents.

Telex systems were adapted to short-wave radio by sending tones over single sideband. Single-sideband modulation ( SSB) is a refinement of Amplitude modulation that more efficiently uses electrical power and bandwidth. CCITT R. The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector ( ITU-T) coordinates standards for telecommunications on behalf of the International Telecommunication 44 (the most advanced pure-telex standard) incorporated character-level error detection and retransmission as well as automated encoding and routing. For many years, telex-on-radio (TOR) was the only reliable way to reach some third-world countries. TOR remains reliable, though less-expensive forms of e-mail are displacing it. Many national telecom companies historically ran nearly pure telex networks for their governments, and they ran many of these links over short wave radio.

21st century development

Internet radio

Internet radio consists of sending radio-style audio programming over streaming Internet connections: no radio transmitters need be involved at any point in the process. Internet radio (also known as web radio, net radio, streaming radio and e-radio) is an audio Broadcasting service transmitted via The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks

Digital audio broadcasting

Digital audio broadcasting (DAB): appears to be set to grow in importance relative to FM radio for airborne broadcasts in several countries. Digital Audio Broadcasting ( DAB) also known as Eureka 147, is a Digital radio technology for Broadcasting Radio stations used in

Related articles

Legal issues with radio

When radio was first introduced in the 1930’s many predicted the end of records. Digital Audio Broadcasting ( DAB) also known as Eureka 147, is a Digital radio technology for Broadcasting Radio stations used in A wireless LAN or WLAN is a Wireless Local area network, which is the linking of two or more computers or devices without using wires A personal area network ( PAN) is a Computer network used for Communication among Computer devices (including Telephones and Personal Digital Radio Mondiale ( DRM) is a set of digital audio broadcasting technologies designed to work over the bands currently used for AM broadcasting, particularly Radio was a free medium for the public to hear music for which they would normally pay. While some companies saw radio as a new avenue for promotion, other feared it would cut into profits from record sales and live performances. Many companies had their major stars sign agreements that they would not appear on radio. [25][26]

Indeed, the music recording industry had a severe drop in profits after the introduction of the radio. For a while, it appeared as though radio was a definite threat to the record industry. Radio ownership grew from 2 out of 5 homes in 1931 to 4 out of 5 homes in 1938. Meanwhile record sales fell from $75 million in 1929 to $26 million in 1938 (with a low point of $5 million in 1933). Although it should be noted that the economics of the situation were also affected by the fact this took place during the Great Depression. [27]

The copyright owners of these songs were concerned that they would see no gain from the popularity of radio and the ‘free’ music it provided. Luckily, everything they needed to make this new medium work for them already existed in previous copyright law. The copyright holder for a song had control over all public performances ‘for profit. ’ The problem now was proving that the radio industry, which was just figuring out for itself how to make money from advertising and currently offered free music to anyone with a receiver, was making a profit from the songs.

The test case was against Bamberger Department Store in Newark, New Jersey in 1922. The store was broadcasting music throughout its store on the radio station WOR. No advertisements were heard, except for at the beginning of the broadcast which announced “L. Bamberger and Co. , One of America’s Great Stores, Newark, New Jersey. ” It was determined through this and previous cases (such as the lawsuit against Shanley’s Restaurant) that Bamberger was using the songs for commercial gain, thus making it a public performance for profit, which meant the copyright owners were due payment.

With this ruling the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) began collecting licensing fees from radio stations in 1923. The American Society of Composers Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP) is a non-profit Performance rights organization that protects its The beginning sum was $230 for all music protected under ASCAP, but for larger stations the price soon ballooned up to $5,000. Edward Samuel’s reports in his book The Illustrated Story of Copyright that “radio and TV licensing represents the single greatest source of revenue for ASCAP and its composers […] and average member of ASCAP gets about $150-$200 per work per year, or about $5,000-$6,000 for all of a member’s compositions. Not long after the Bamberger ruling, ASCAP had to once again defend their right to charge fees in 1924. The Dill Radio Bill would have allowed radio stations to play music without paying and licensing fees to ASCAP or any other music-licensing corporations. The bill did not pass. [28]

Exotic technologies

See also

Notes and Citations

  1. Broadcasts had also been available from Louisiana and Alabama since 1922. Meteor burst communications, or MBC for short is a radio Propagation mode that exploits the ionized trails of Meteors during Atmospheric Communication Moon Relay project (also known as simply Moon Relay, or alternately Operation Moon Bounce) was a Telecommunication project carried out by Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. Throughout the history of amateur radio, Amateur radio enthusiasts have made significant contributions to Science, Engineering, Industry, and The history of science and technology ( HST) is a field of History which examines how humanity's understanding of the natural world ( Science The Television Technology can be divided along two lines those developments that depended upon both mechanical and electronic Principles and The timeline of radio lists within the History of radio, the Technology and events that produced instruments that use Radio waves and activities that people A spark-gap transmitter is a device for generating Radio frequency electromagnetic waves.
  2. Broadcasts were also available from North Carolina and Georgia.
  3. Broadcasts were also available from Colorado since 1921.
  4. Radio broadcasting in Java briefly ceased after a station was destroyed by lightning.
  5. Broadcasts from Argentina had also been available as is the case today.
  6. Radio broadcasting had also been received from Italy, since Vatican City lies within the vicinity of Rome as is the case today.
  7. Radio broadcasts did exist in the Bahamas prior to 1936. Before then, they were received from the United States.
  8. Also received radio broadcasts from nearby Yugoslavia.
  9. Broadcasting in Aden ceased in 1946-1947 and again from 1948-1955.
  10. Andorra also received radio broadcasts from Spain.
  11. Radio broadcasts from the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands had also been available.
  12. Broadcasts had also been received from Saudi Arabia and Bahrain.
  13. Broadcasts had previously been received from South Africa
  14. Malta had also received radio broadcasts from Italy. The British adopted a radio service on the island to counter Fascist propaganda.

Footnotes

  1. ^ "Wireless telegraphy". Scientific American, June 19, 1897, page 386. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Uses the term to connote "aether's conduction". Electrical conduction is the movement of electrically charged particles through a Transmission medium ( Electrical conductor)
  2. ^ "The Slaby system of wireless duplex telegraphy". Scientific American, March 9, 1901, pages 146-147. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Uses the term to connote "aether's conduction". Electrical conduction is the movement of electrically charged particles through a Transmission medium ( Electrical conductor)
  3. ^ "The True Wireless" by Nikola Tesla
  4. ^ "Nikola Tesla". ieee-virtual-museum. org
  5. ^ "On Light and Other High Frequency Phenomena". Philadelphia/St. Louis; Franklin Institute in 1893.
  6. ^ Corum, K. L. , and J. F. Corum, "Tesla's Colorado Springs Receivers (A Short Introduction)".
  7. ^ Sir Oliver Lodge Invented Radio - Not Marconi".
  8. ^ Peter Rowlands (ed. ) and J. Patrick Wilson (ed. ) "Oliver Lodge and the Invention of Radio" ISBN 1-873694-02-4
  9. ^ "Jagadish Chandra Bose". ieee-virtual-museum. org.
  10. ^ "The Work of Jagdish Chandra Bose: 100 years of mm-wave research". tuc. nrao. edu.
  11. ^ "Jagadish Chandra Bose", ieee-virtual-museum. org.
  12. ^ Early Radio Transmission Recognized as Milestone. IEEE. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (read eye-triple-e) is an international Non-profit, professional organization Retrieved on July 16, 2006. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  13. ^ "Popov's Contribution to the Development of Wireless Communication, 1895". IEEE History Center, IEEE Milestone.
  14. ^ "Russia's Popov: Did he "invent" radio?". The First Electronic Church of America.
  15. ^ Л.Н.Никольский. Кто "изобрел" радио?
  16. ^ "The Guglielmo Marconi Case Who is the True Inventor of Radio".
  17. ^ "The Electronic Era; When? Where? Who? How? Why?". First Electronic Church Of America.
  18. ^ "Nikola Tesla On His Work with Alternating Currents and Their Application to wireless Telegraphy, Telephony, and Transmission of Power", Leland I. Anderson, Twenty First Century Books, 2002, pp. 25-29.
  19. ^ Noticias, Últimas noticias, El español Julio Cervera Baviera, y no Marconi, fue quien inventó la radio, según el profesor Ángel Faus . Universidad de Navarra
  20. ^ Un estudio asegura que fue el español Cervera Baviera y no Marconi el inventor de la radio - comunicación - elmundo.es
  21. ^ News, Latest news, The Spaniard Julio Cervera Baviera, and not Marconi, was the inventor of the radio, according to professor Ángel Faus . University of Navarra
  22. ^ Domenico Mazzotto, Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony. Translated by Selimo Romeo Bottone (Whittaker & Co. , 1906), 217.
  23. ^ http://www.coit.es/foro/pub/ficheros/librosapendice_1_981ff066.pdf?PHPSESSID=c3606fd8d59137417f50e69e7d8f8566
  24. ^ "North Hall. " Concise Encyclopedia of Tufts History. Ed. Anne Sauer [1]
  25. ^ liebowitz.dvi
  26. ^ frontline: the way the music died: inside the music industry: chronology - technology and the music industry | PBS
  27. ^ Creativity Wants to be Paid
  28. ^ Chapter Two

References

Primary sources

Secondary sources

External links

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