This entry concerns the history of ornamental gardening considered as an amenity of civilized life, as a vehicle for style, for conspicuous show and even an expression of philosophy.

See also subsistence gardening, the art and craft of growing plants, considered as a circumscribed form of individual agriculture. Gardening is the practice of growing Plants for their attractive flowers or foliage and Vegetables or Fruits for consumption Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture

Though cultivation of plants for food long predates history, the earliest evidence for ornamental gardens is seen in Egyptian tomb paintings of the 1500s BC; they depict lotus ponds surrounded by rows of acacias and palms. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology A garden is a planned space usually outdoors set aside for the display cultivation and enjoyment of Plants and other forms of Nature. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Nymphaea is a Genus of Aquatic plants in the family Nymphaeaceae. A pond is a body of water smaller than a Lake, both being examples of Terrain features Although the term pond is universally used to describe waterbodies that Acacia is a Genus of Shrubs and Trees belonging to the Subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae, first Arecaceae or Palmae (also known by the name Palmaceae, which is taxonomically invalid or commonly palm tree) the palm family is a family of Flowering The other ancient gardening tradition is of Persia: Darius the Great was said to have had a "paradise garden" and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were renowned as a Wonder of the World. layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox Darius I the Great (c 549 BC&ndash486 BC 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 Dārayavahuš: "Possessing goodness" Having ascended to power amidst controversy and bloodshed The Paradise garden is a form of Garden, originally just Paradise, a word derived from the Median language or Old Persian. The Seven Wonders of the World (or the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) is a well known list of seven remarkable constructions of Classical antiquity. Persian influences extended to post-Alexander's Greece: around 350 BC there were gardens at the Academy of Athens, and Theophrastus, who wrote on botany, was supposed to have inherited a garden from Aristotle. Events By place Persian Empire Sidon, the centre of the revolt against Persia, seeks help from its sister city of Tyre An academy ( Greek Ἀκαδημία is an institution of higher learning research or honorary membership Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Theophrastus ( Greek:; 371 – c 287 BC a Greek native of Eressos in Lesbos, was the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Epicurus also had a garden where he walked and taught, and bequeathed it to Hermarchus of Mytilene. Hermarchus ( Ἕρμαρχoς sometimes but incorrectly written Hermachus Mytilene ( Greek: Μυτιλήνη - Mitilíni) is the Capital City of Lesbos, a Greek Island in the Aegean Sea Alciphron also mentions private gardens. Alciphron ( Gr) was an ancient Greek sophist, and the most eminent among the Greek epistolographers.

The most influential ancient gardens in the western world were the Ptolemy's gardens at Alexandria and the gardening tradition brought to Rome by Lucullus. For his grandfather and namesake see Lucius Licinius Lucullus. Wall paintings in Pompeii attest to elaborate development later, and the wealthiest of Romans built enormous gardens, many of whose ruins are still to be seen, such as at Hadrian's Villa. A mural is a Painting on a wall ceiling or other large permanent surface Pompeii is a ruined and partially buried Roman town-city near modern Naples and Caserta in the Italian region of Campania, in The Hadrian's Villa ( Villa Adriana in Italian) is a large Roman Archaeological complex at Tivoli, Italy.

Byzantium and Moorish Spain kept garden traditions alive after the 4th century. By this time a separate gardening tradition had arisen in China, which was transmitted to Japan, where it developed into aristocratic miniature landscapes centered on ponds and separately into the severe Zen gardens of temples.

In Europe, gardening revived in Languedoc and the Ile-de-France in the 13th century, and in the Italian villa gardens of the early Renaissance. A villa was originally an Upper-class Country house, though since its origins in Roman times the idea and function of a villa has evolved considerably The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere French parterres developed at the end of the 16th century and reached high development under Andre le Notre. André Le Nôtre ( March 12, 1613 &ndash September 15 1700) was a Landscape architect and the gardener of King Louis XIV English landscape gardens opened a new perspective in the 18th century.

The 19th century saw a welter of historical revivals and Romantic cottage-inspired gardening, as well as the rise of flower gardens, which became dominant in home gardening in the 20th century. A flower garden is a form of Garden usually grown for decorative purposes centering primarily on the kinds of Flowers produced by the plants involved

20th century gardening expanded into city planning.

The historical development of garden styles

Ancient Near East

• Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Assyrian hunting parks and Persian paradise gardens

• Assyrian/Persian paradise garden or enclosed hunting-orchard. The Paradise garden is a form of Garden, originally just Paradise, a word derived from the Median language or Old Persian.

Rectangular fishpond with ducks and lotus planted round with date palms and fruit trees, in a fresco from the Tomb of Nebamun, Thebes, 18th Dynasty

A funerary model of a garden, dating to the Eleventh dynasty of Egypt, circa 2009–1998 BC. The Eleventh dynasty of Ancient Egypt was one group of rulers whose earlier members are grouped with the four preceding dynasties to form the First Intermediate Period Made of painted and gessoed wood, originally from Thebes. Thebes may refer to one of the following places Thebes Greece, Boeotia Prefecture Ancient Thebes (Boeotia (gmy 𐀳𐀣

Egyptian Gardens

Gardens were much cherished in the egyptian times and were kept both for secular purposes and attached to temple compounds. Gardens in private homes and villas before the New Kingdom were mostly used for growing vegetables and located close to a canal or the river. However, in the New Kingdom they were often surrounded by walls and their purpose incorporated pleasure and beauty besides utility. Garden produce made out an important part of foodstuff but flowers were also cultivated for use in garlands to wear at festive occasions and for medicinal purposes. While the poor kept a patch for growing vegetables, the rich people could afford gardens lined with sheltering trees and decorative pools with fish and waterfowl. There could be wooden structrures forming pergolas to support vines of grapes from which raisins and wine were produced. There could even be elaborate stone kiosks for ornamental reasons, with decorative statues.

Temple gardens had plots for cultivating special vegetables, plants or herbs considered sacred to a certain deity and which were required in rituals and offerings like lettuce to Min. Sacred groves and ornamental trees were planted in front of or near both cult temples and mortuary temples. As temples were representations of heaven and built as the actual home of the god, gardens were laid out according to the same principle. Avenues leading up to the entrance could be lined with trees, courtyards could hold small gardens and between temple buildings gardens with trees, vineyards, flowers and ponds were maintained.

The ancient Egyptian garden would have looked different to a modern viewer than a garden in our days. It would have seemed more like a collection of herbs or a patch of wild flowers, lacking the specially bred flowers of today. Flowers like the iris, chrysanthemum, lily and delphinium (blue), were certainly known to the ancients but do not feature much in garden scenes. Formal boquets seem to have been composed of mandrake, poppy, cornflower and or lotus and papyrus.

Due to the arid climate of Egypt, tending gardens meant constant attention and depended on irrigation. Skilled gardeners were employed by temples and households of the wealthy. Duties included planting, weeding, watering by means of a shaduf, pruning of fruit trees, digging the ground, harvesting the fruit etc.

Hellenistic and Roman gardens

• Hellenistic gardens.

It is curious that although the Egyptians and Romans both gardened with vigor, the Greeks did not own private gardens. They did put gardens around temples and they adorned walkways and roads with statues, but the ornate and pleasure gardens that demonstrated wealth in the other communities is seemingly absent. Part maybe that blank areas in the historic landscape were assumed just that : blank. No one bothered to look for pollen or evidence of gardens. Part maybe that the modern technology is only just emerging, but the predominance of knowledge is that they just did not bother with gardens.

Reconstruction of the roman garden of the House of the Vettii in Pompeii

• Roman gardens had many characteristics in common with contemporary gardens. In Pompeii one of the most famous of the luxurious residences a Domus rather than a villa, is the so-called "House of the Vettii" Pompeii is a ruined and partially buried Roman town-city near modern Naples and Caserta in the Italian region of Campania, in ( Latin: horti) were greatly inspired by Greek gardens and were usually in the peristyles The garden was a place of peace and tranquillity, a refuge from urban life, and was invested with religious and symbolic meanings. Ornamental horticulture became highly developed during the development of Roman civilisation. The administrators of the Roman Empire (c. 100 BC - AD 500) actively exchanged information on agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, hydraulics, and botany. Seeds and plants were widely shared. The Gardens of Lucullus (Horti Lucullani) on the Pincian Hill on the edge of Rome introduced the Persian garden to Europe, about 60 BC.
• Byzantine gardens

Islamic gardens

• Turkish gardens
• The developed Persian garden, which evolved into the Mughal gardens of India. Byzantium undoubtedly occupies an important place in the history of garden design The term Turkish gardens can be used to mean either 'gardens made in Turkey' which includes Byzantine gardens or 'gardens made under the influence of Turkish culture' The tradition and style of Garden design of Persian gardens ( Persian باغ ایرانی influenced the design of gardens from Andalusia to India Mughal gardens are a group of Gardens built by the Mughals in the Islamic style of architecture
• Islamic Spanish gardens. Spain has a long tradition of making Gardens Significant gardens were made by the Romans the Islamic rulers of Southern Spain (for example the

Chinese and Japanese gardens

Further information: Zen garden and Chinese garden

Rock sculpture from the 'Lingering Garden' of Suzhou, China

Both Chinese and Japanese garden design traditionally is intended to evoke the natural landscape of mountains and rivers. A, sometimes called a Zen garden, is an enclosed shallow Sandpit containing Sand, Gravel, rocks and occasionally grass The Chinese (Scholar's Garden is a place for solitary or social contemplation of nature Chinese scholars' rocks ( also known as scholar stones or viewing stones, are small shaped or naturally-occurring rocks appreciated by Chinese scholars Suzhou ( ancient name 吳) is a City on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and on the shores of Lake Taihu in the province of Jiangsu China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. However, the intended viewpoint of the gardens differs: Chinese gardens were intended to be viewed from within the garden and are intended as a setting for everyday life. Japanese gardens, with a few exceptions, were intended to be viewed from within the house, sort of like a diorama. The word diorama can refer either to a nineteenth century mobile theatre device or in modern usage a three-dimensional model usually enclosed in a glass showcase for a museum Additionally, Chinese gardens more often included a water feature, while Japanese gardens, set in a wetter climate, would often get by with the suggestion of water. (Such as sand or pebbles raked into a wave pattern. ) Traditional Chinese gardens are also more likely to treat the plants in a naturalistic way, while traditional Japanese gardens might feature plants sheared into mountain shapes. This contrasts with the handling of stone elements: in a Japanese garden, stones are placed in groupings as part of the landscape, but in a Chinese garden, a particularly choice stone might even be placed on a pedestal in a prominent location so that it might be more easily appreciated.

European gardens: Medieval

• Medieval gardening

• Medieval enclosed garden of northern Europe: hortus conclusus. See also the History of gardening. Gardening during the medieval period had a primary purpose of providing food for households Hortus Conclusus is a Latin term meaning literally "enclosed garden"

European gardens: Italian Renaissance

• The Italian Renaissance inspired a revolution in gardening. The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 14th Renaissance gardens were full of scenes from ancient mythology and other learned allusions. Water during this time was especially symbolic: it was associated with fertility and the abundance of nature.

• Terraced Italian garden of the Renaissance. This entry concerns the history of ornamental gardening considered as an amenity of civilized life as a vehicle for style for conspicuous show and even an expression of philosophy

The Medici Villa Petraia, near Florence, laid out by Niccolò Tribolo, epitomizes the Italian garden of the early Renaissance, before the grander architectural schemes of the 16th century

European gardens: French Baroque

Portrait of André Le Nôtre (12 March 1613-15 September 1700) by Carlo Maratta

• Baroque French gardens of André Le Nôtre his and followers. Niccolò di Raffaello di Niccolò dei Pericoli, called "Il Tribolo" (1500&ndash September 7, 1550) was an Italian Mannerist artist

Characterized by a centrally positioned building, elaborate parterres, radiating axis, fountains, basins and canals. Gardens of this typology are also designed with an interest in mathematics and science. Perspective is highly designed for to create a sense of power for the owner.

The Gardens of Versailles represent one of the finest examples of the French Baroque garden. The gardens of Versailles occupy part of what was once the Domaine royale de Versailles.

European gardens: Anglo-Dutch gardens

• Anglo-Dutch formalgardens

Landscape gardens

• English Landscape garden and its imitators, called 'English gardens. The term landscape garden is often used to describe the English garden design style characteristic of the eighteenth century particularly with the work of Lancelot The term English garden or English park (Jardin anglais Giardino all'inglese Englischer Landschaftsgarten is used in Continental Europe '

Romantic gardens

Picturesque gardens

'Gardenesque' gardens

The 'Gardenesque' style of English garden design evolved during the 1820s from Humphry Repton's Picturesque or 'Mixed' style, largely under the impetus of J. C. Loudon, who invented the term. John Claudius Loudon ( April 8, 1783 – December 14, 1843) was a Scottish botanist, garden and cemetery designer and garden

In a Gardenesque plan, all the trees, shrubs and other plants are positioned and managed in such a way that the character of each plant can be displayed to its full potential. With the spread of botany as a suitable avocation for the enlightened, the Gardenesque tended to emphasize botanical curiosities and a collector's approach. An avocation is an activity that a person does as a Hobby outside their principal occupation New plant material that would have seemed bizarre and alien in earlier gardening found settings: Pampas grass from Argentina and Monkey-puzzle trees. Winding paths linked scattered plantings. The Gardenesque approach involved the creation of small-scale landscapes, dotted with features and vignettes, to promote beauty of detail, variety and mystery, sometimes to the detriment of coherence. Artificial mounds helped to stage groupings of shrubs, and island beds became prominent features.

Pattern gardens: revived parterres

"Wild" gardens and herbaceous borders

The books of William Robinson describing his own "wild" gardening at Gravetye Manor, Sussex, and the sentimental picture of a rosy, idealized "cottage garden" of the kind pictured by Kate Greenaway, which had scarcely existed historically, both influenced the development of the mixed herbaceous borders that were advocated by Gertrude Jekyll from the 1890s. William Robinson (5 July 1838 &ndash 17 May 1935 was an Irish practical Gardener and Journalist whose ideas about wild gardening spurred the movement Kate Greenaway (Catherine Greenaway (London 17 March 1846 – 6 November 1901 was a Children's book Illustrator and writer Gertrude Jekyll ( November 29, 1843 – December 8, 1932) (surname pronounced /ˈdʒiˌkəl/) was an influential British garden Her plantings, which mixed shrubs with perennial and annual plants and bulbs in deep beds within more formal structures of terraces and stairs designed by Edwin Lutyens, set the model for high-style, high-maintenance gardening until the Second World War. Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens, OM, KCIE, PRA, FRIBA, LLD ( 29 March 1869 – 1 January 1944 Vita Sackville-West's garden at Sissinghurst Castle, Kent is the most famous and influential garden of this last blossoming of romantic style, publicized by the gardener's own gardening column in The Observer. Victoria Mary Sackville-West The Hon Lady Nicolson, CH ( March 9, 1892 &ndash June 2, 1962) best known as Vita Sackville-West The garden at Sissinghurst Castle in the Weald of Kent, near Cranbrook, Goudhurst and Tenterden, is owned and maintained by the National The Observer is a British Newspaper published on Sundays In about the same place on the political spectrum as its daily sister paper The In the last quarter of the 20th century, less structured Wildlife gardening emphasized the ecological framework of similar gardens using native plants. Wildlife gardening is a school of Gardening that is aimed at creating an environment that is attractive to various forms of wildlife such as Birds Amphibians Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of

Modern gardens

• Romantic idealized English cottage garden. The Cottage garden is a distinct style of garden that uses an informal design traditional materials dense plantings and a mixture of ornamental and edible plants on a smaller scale than
• Contemporary gardens.

Historic gardeners

The following names, roughly in historical order, made contributions that affected the history of gardens, whether as botanist explorers, designers, garden-makers, or writers. Further information on them will be found under their individual entries.

• Theophrastus
• Lucullus
• Tiberius
• Pliny the Elder
• Pliny the Younger
• John Tradescant the elder and his son of the same name
• Carolus Clusius
• Andre le Nôtre
• Thomas Hill
• John Evelyn
• George London
• Henry Wise
• William Kent
• Lancelot "Capability" Brown
• Humphry Repton
• Andrew Jackson Downing
• Frederick Law Olmsted
• George Loddiges
• Giovanni Baptista Ferrari
• John Loudon
• Hotsukimaru
• Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell
• Peter Joseph Lenné
• Joseph Paxton
• Thomas Jefferson
• William Robinson (gardener)
• Gertrude Jekyll
• Constance Villiers-Stuart
• Lawrence Johnston
• Edwin Lutyens
• Vita Sackville-West
• Russell Page
• Luis Barragan
• Gustav Ammann
• Lawrence Halprin
• Roberto Burle Marx
• Sylvia Crowe
• Gerard Ciołek (1909-1966)
• Ihei Masatake
• Ihei Sannojo

Notable historic gardens

The Italian garden at Powerscourt Estate in County Wicklow, Ireland. Theophrastus ( Greek:; 371 – c 287 BC a Greek native of Eressos in Lesbos, was the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic For his grandfather and namesake see Lucius Licinius Lucullus. Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (or Tiberius I) born Tiberius Claudius Nero (November 16 42 BC – March 16 AD 37) was the second Roman Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, born Gaius Caecilius or Gaius Caecilius Cilo (61/63 - ca John Tradescant the elder (c 1570s – 15&ndash16 April 1638 father of John Tradescant the younger, was an English naturalist gardener collector and traveller probably John Tradescant the Younger ( August 4 1608 – April 22 1662) son of John Tradescant the elder, was a botanist and gardener Charles de l'Écluse L'Escluse, or Carolus Clusius ( Arras, February 19, 1526 – Leiden April 4, 1609 André Le Nôtre ( March 12, 1613 &ndash September 15 1700) was a Landscape architect and the gardener of King Louis XIV Thomas Hill may refer to People In the arts: * Thomas Hill (actor, American actor * Thomas Hill (author John Evelyn ( 31 October 1620 – 27 February 1706) was an English writer gardener and diarist George London may be George London (bass-baritone (1920&ndash1985 Canadian operatic bass-baritone George London (landscape architect (1681&ndash1714 Henry Wise (bapt 4 September 1653 &ndash 1738 was an English Gardener, designer and nurseryman William Kent (born in Bridlington, Yorkshire, c 1685 &ndash 12 April 1748) was an eminent English Architect, Landscape Humphry Repton ( 21 April 1752 &ndash 24 March 1818) was the last great English landscape designer of the eighteenth century Andrew Jackson Downing ( October 30, 1815 &ndash July 28, 1852) was an American Landscape designer and Writer, a prominent Frederick Law Olmsted ( April 25, 1822 &ndash August 28, 1903) was an American landscape designer and father of American The Loddiges family (not uncommonly mis-spelt Loddige) managed one of the most notable of the eighteenth and nineteenth century plant nurseries that traded in Giovanni Baptista (also Battista) Ferrari (1584 Siena - 1 February 1655 Siena was an Italian Jesuit and professor John Loudon is the name of John Loudon (1866-1955 Dutch politician and statesman John Claudius Loudon (1783–1843 Scottish botanist Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell ( 13 September, 1750 &ndash 24 February, 1823) was a German landscape gardener from Weilburg Peter Joseph Lenné ( 29 September 1789 — 23 January 1866) was a Prussian gardener and landscape architect from Bonn Sir Joseph Paxton ( 3 August 1803 &ndash 8 June 1865) was an English Gardener and Architect, best known Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence William Robinson (5 July 1838 &ndash 17 May 1935 was an Irish practical Gardener and Journalist whose ideas about wild gardening spurred the movement Gertrude Jekyll ( November 29, 1843 – December 8, 1932) (surname pronounced /ˈdʒiˌkəl/) was an influential British garden CM Villiers-Stuart (1877-1966 was an English author and water-colour painter Major Lawrence Waterbury Johnston (1871–1958 was a British soldier and Garden creator Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens, OM, KCIE, PRA, FRIBA, LLD ( 29 March 1869 – 1 January 1944 Victoria Mary Sackville-West The Hon Lady Nicolson, CH ( March 9, 1892 &ndash June 2, 1962) best known as Vita Sackville-West This article is about the UK landscape designer there is also Russell Page the Australian dancer Luis Barragán Morfin ( Guadalajara, March 9 1902 - Mexico City, November 22 1988) is considered the most important Gustav Ammann (1885 - 1955 was a well-known Swiss landscape architect who worked in the modernist style Lawrence Halprin (born July 1, 1916 in New York City) is a prolific and accomplished American landscape architect and educator Roberto Burle Marx ( August 4, 1909, São Paulo - June 4, 1994, Rio de Janeiro Dame Sylvia Crowe, DBE (1901 &ndash 1997 was a British Landscape architect and Garden designer Born in Sussex and trained under Madeline Gerard Ciołek ( 24 September 1909 &ndash February 15 1966) was a Polish Architect, as well as a historian of parks and gardens Powerscourt Estate (Eastát Chúirt an Phaoraigh located near Enniskerry, County Wicklow, Ireland, is a large Country estate which is County Wicklow (Contae Chill Mhantáin is a county on the east coast of Ireland, immediately south of Dublin. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world

China

• Gardens of Suzhou
• Summer Palace

England

• Chatsworth
• Fountains Abbey
• Hidcote Manor Garden
• Lost Gardens of Heligan
• Sissinghurst Castle
• Stourhead
• Stowe House

France

• Chateau Fontainebleau
• Marly-le-Roi
• Chateau Villandry
• Ermenonville
• Giverny
• Versailles
• Vaux-le-Vicomte

India

• Shalimar Gardens (Jammu and Kashmir)
• Vrindavan Garden (Mysore)
• Mughal Garden (Rashtrapati Bhavan,Delhi)

Iraq

• Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Ireland

• Historic Cork Gardens
• Powerscourt Gardens

Italy

• Bomarzo
• Hadrian's Villa
• Villa d'Este

Japan

• Daisen-in

Netherlands

• Het Loo

Pakistan

• Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)

Poland

• Arkadia
• Baranów Sandomierski
• Krasiczyn
• Łazienki Park, Warsaw
• Muskauer Park
• Nieborów
• Saxon Garden, Warsaw
• Wilanów

Russia

• Kuskovo
• Pavlovsk
• Peterhof
• Summer Garden

Spain

• Alhambra

Ukraine

• Sofiówka, Ukraine

United States

• Central Park, New York City
• Dumbarton Oaks

References

• J. Suzhou ( ancient name 吳) is a City on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and on the shores of Lake Taihu in the province of Jiangsu The Summer Palace or Yi he yuan ( is a palace in Beijing, China. Chatsworth House is a large Country house at Chatsworth, Derbyshire, England 3½ miles north east of Bakewell. Fountains Abbey in North Yorkshire, England, is a Ruined Cistercian Monastery, founded in 1132 Hidcote Manor Garden is a Landscape garden located on the outskirts of the village of Hidcote Bartrim, near Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire The Lost Gardens of Heligan, near Mevagissey in Cornwall, are one of the most popular Botanical gardens in the UK. The garden at Sissinghurst Castle in the Weald of Kent, near Cranbrook, Goudhurst and Tenterden, is owned and maintained by the National Stourhead is a 2650 Acre (11 km² estate at the source of the River Stour near Mere, Wiltshire, England Stowe House is a Grade I listed Country house located in Stowe Buckinghamshire The Palace of Fontainebleau, located 345 miles from the centre of Paris, is one of the largest French royal Châteaux The palace as it is today is the work of many The Château de Marly was located in what has become Marly-le-Roi, the commune that existed at the edge of the royal park The Château de Villandry is located in Villandry, in the département of Indre-et-Loire, France. Ermenonville is a town and commune 45 kilometers North-East of Paris, in the Oise département of France. Giverny (ʒivɛʀˈni is a commune of the Eure department in northern France. The Palace of Versailles, or simply Versailles, is a royal Château in Versailles, in France 's Île-de-France region The Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte is a classical French Chateau located in Maincy, near Melun, 55 km southeast of Paris in the Seine-et-Marne ( Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर Urdu: جموں و کشمیر is the northernmost state of India. Mysore (maɪˈsɔɚ in English; renamed to Mysuru|ಮೈಸೂರು) (ಮೈಸೂರು is the second largest city in the state of Karnataka, India Rashtrapati Bhavan ( Sanskrit for President House / Presidential Palace is the Official residence of the President of India, located in New Delhi Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population Historic Cork Gardens of County Cork, Ireland. Annes Grove Gardens Started by Richard Grove Annesley in the grounds of a house near Powerscourt Estate (Eastát Chúirt an Phaoraigh located near Enniskerry, County Wicklow, Ireland, is a large Country estate which is Bomarzo is a town and Comune of the Province of Viterbo ( Lazio, central Italy) in the lower valley of the Tiber. The Hadrian's Villa ( Villa Adriana in Italian) is a large Roman Archaeological complex at Tivoli, Italy. The Villa d'Este is a Villa situated at Tivoli, near Rome. Listed as a UNESCO world heritage site, it is a masterpiece of Italian Daisen-in (大仙院 is a subtemple in the compound of Daitoku-ji. Palacehetloojpg|thumb|The palace as seen from the gardens]] The former royal residence Het Loo near Apeldoorn, Netherlands, was built starting in 1684 The Shalimar Gardens ( Urdu: شالیمار باغ) sometimes written Shalamar Gardens, is a Persian garden and it was built by the Mughal Arkadia may refer to Arcadia, a region of Greece also known as Arkadía Arkadia (shopping mall, a shopping mall in Warsaw Poland Baranów Sandomierski is a small town in southern Poland, in the Subcarpathian Voivodship, Tarnobrzeg County on the Vistula River with Krasiczyn is a Village in Przemyśl County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. The Muskau Park ( German common Muskauer Park, officially Fürst-Pückler-Park, Polish Park Mużakowski) is the biggest and one of the The Saxon Garden ( Polish: Ogród Saski) is a 155 Hectare public garden in Warsaw 's Downtown ( Śródmieście Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Wilanów Palace (Pałac w Wilanowie Pałac Wilanowski in Wilanów, Warsaw is together with its park and other buildings one of the most precious monuments of Kuskovo is an extensive estate, or manor, of the Counts Sheremetev originally situated several miles to the east of Moscow but now forming Pavlovsk (Па́вловск is a town situated in Russia, 30 km from and under jurisdiction of Saint Petersburg, just to the south of Tsarskoye Selo Peterhof (Петерго́ф Petergof, originally named nl Peterhof, the Dutch for "Peter's Court" is a municipal town within Petrodvortsovy The Summer Garden (Ле́тний сад Letniy Sad) occupies an island between the Fontanka, Moika, and the Swan Canal in Saint This article is about the Alhambra in Granada Spain For other meanings see Alhambra (disambiguation. Central Park is a large public Urban park in New York City, with about twenty-five million visitors annually Dumbarton Oaks is a 19th century Federal-style Mansion with famous gardens in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington D S. Berrall. The Garden: An Illustrated History
• Ciolek, Gerard. "Ogrody polskie" [Gardens of Poland]. Revised edition of the 1954 publication under the same title, updated and expanded by Janusz Bogdanowski. Warszawa: Arkady (1978).
• Carroll, Maureen. "Earthly Paradises: Ancient Gardens in History and Archaeology" (London, British Museum Press 2003)
• Engel, David. Creating a Chinese Garden, Timber Press, 1986.
• E. Hyams. A History of Gardens and Gardening (1971)
• Tom Turner. Tom Turner is an English landscape architect and garden historian teaching at the University of Greenwich in London. "Garden history: philosophy and design 2000 BC to 2000 AD" (Spon, London, 2005)

See also

• Garden design
• Landscape architecture
• Landscape Institute
• Museum of Garden History
• Australian Garden History Society

External links

• Gardening History Timeline
• Horticulture in ancient Egypt
• Gardens of Tuscany
• Gardens and Lanscape Design
• History of Horticulture