The history of education is both long and short. In 1994, Dieter Lenzen, president of the Freie Universität Berlin, said "education began either millions of years ago or at the end of 1770". The Free University of Berlin ( FU Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin is the second largest of the four Universities in Berlin. Year 1770 ( MDCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Friday This quote by Lenzen includes the idea that education as a science cannot be separated from the educational traditions that existed before.

Education was the natural response of early civilizations to the struggle of surviving and thriving as a culture. Adults trained the young of their society in the knowledge and skills they would need to master and eventually pass on. The evolution of culture, and human beings as a species depended on this practice of transmitting knowledge. In pre-literate societies this was achieved orally and through imitation. Story-telling continued from one generation to the next. Oral language developed into written symbols and letters. The depth and breadth of knowledge that could be preserved and passed soon increased exponentially.

When cultures began to extend their knowledge beyond the basic skills of communicating, trading, gathering food, religious practices, etc, formal education, and schooling, eventually followed.

Contents 1 Israel 2 India 3 China 4 Islamic world 5 Japan 6 Europe 7 United States of America 8 New Zealand 9 Recent world-wide trends 10 Notes 11 Related Links

Israel

Education is defined as, "teaching and learning specific skills, and also something less tangible, but more profound: the imparting of knowledge, positive judgement and well-developed wisdom. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency Education has as one of its fundamental aspects the imparting of culture from generation to generation (see socialization)", then first formal education can be attributed to the nation of Israel c. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. 1300 BCE, that is c. 3300 before present, with adoption of the Torah which means "teaching", "instruction", "scribe", or "law" in Hebrew. term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to In Education, a teacher is one who helps Students or pupils often in a School, as well as in a Family, religious or A scribe (or scrivener) is a person who writes books or documents by hand as a profession Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society Three positive Torah commandments, numbered ten, eleven and seventeen command provision of education in general society:
Number 10 - To read the Shema` twice daily, as it is written "and thou shalt talk of them . The Ten Commandments, or Decalogue, are a list of religious and moral imperatives that according to Judeo-Christian tradition were authored by God and given Shema Yisrael (or Sh'ma Yisroel or just Shema) ( Hebrew: שמע ישראל "Hear Israel" are the first two words of a section of . . when thou liest down, and when thou risest up" (Deuteronomy 6,7).
Number 11 - To learn Torah and to teach it, as it is written "thou shalt teach them diligently unto thy children" (Deuteronomy 6,7). In the fields of Neuropsychology, Personal development and Education, Learning is one of the most important Mental function of humans In Education, a teacher is one who helps Students or pupils often in a School, as well as in a Family, religious or CHILD syndrome (or congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects) is a genetic disorder
Number 17 - For every man to write a Torah scroll for himself, as it is written "write ye this song for you" (Deuteronomy 31,19). A scroll is a roll of Papyrus, Parchment, or Paper which has been written drawn or painted upon for the purpose of transmitting information or using as A song is a Musical composition. Songs contain vocal parts that are performed 'sung' and generally feature Words ( Lyrics) commonly followed
Thus the father was obligated as the sole teacher of his children in Jewish history (Deut. The father is defined as the Male Parent of an offspring The Adjective "paternal" refers to father parallel to "maternal" for Jewish history is the History of the Jewish people, faith, and culture. xi. 19).

In other contemporary ancient civilisations such as Dynastic Egypt, Babylon and later Ancient Greece and the Roman Republic the provision of education was restricted to the wealthy elite, or to professional scribal guilds. "Ancient" redirects here For other uses see Ancient_(disambiguation. The History of Ancient Egypt spans the period from the early predynastic settlements of the northern Nile Valley to the Roman conquest in 30 Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the Elite (also spelled Élite) is taken originally from the Latin, eligere, "to elect" A guild is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade The earliest guilds were formed as confraternities of workers

The institution known as the "be rav" or "bet rabban" (house of the teacher), or as the "be safra" or "bet sefer" (house of the book), is said to have been originated by Ezra' (459 BCE) and his Great Assembly, who provided a public school in Jerusalem to secure the education of fatherless boys of the age of sixteen years and upward. Institutions are structures and mechanisms of Social order and Cooperation governing the Behavior of a Set of Individuals A Book is a set or collection of written printed illustrated or blank sheets made of Paper, Parchment, or other material usually fastened together Ezra ( was a Jewish Priestly Scribe who led about 5000 Israelite exiles living in Babylon to their home city of Jerusalem According to Jewish tradition, the Great Assembly (כְּנֶסֶת הַגְּדוֹלָה or Anshei Knesset HaGedolah (אַנְשֵׁי כְּנֶסֶת הַגְּדוֹלָה The term public school has two distinct (and virtually opposite meanings depending on the location of usage in the United States, Australia and Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the However, the school system did not develop until Joshua ben Gamla (64 CE) the high priest caused public schools to be opened in every town and hamlet for all children above six or seven years of age (Babylonian Talmud, Bava Batra 21a). The term public school has two distinct (and virtually opposite meanings depending on the location of usage in the United States, Australia and Yehoshua ben Gamla (or Jesus son of Gamalas was a Jewish high priest who officiated in about 64 C A town is a type of settlement ranging from a few to several thousand (occasionally hundreds of thousands inhabitants although it may be applied loosely even to huge metropolitan Hamlet is a Tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1599 and 1601

The expense was borne by the community, and strict discipline was observed. In common usage an expense or expenditure is an outflow of Money to another person or group to pay for an item or service or for a category of costs In biological terms a community is a group of interacting Organisms sharing an environment. In its most general sense discipline refers to systematic instruction given to a Disciple. However, Rav ordered Samuel ben Shilat to deal tenderly with the pupils, to refrain from corporal punishment, or at most to use a shoe-strap in correcting pupils for inattention. For the Talmudic sage commonly known as Rav see Abba Arika. Rav ( Heb The pupil is the hole that is located in the center of the iris of the eye and that controls the amount of light that enters the Eye. Corporal punishment is the deliberate infliction of pain intended to Punish a person or change his/her behavior A stupid pupil was made monitor until able to grasp the art of learning. Raba fixed the number of pupils at twenty-five for one teacher; if the number was between twenty-five and forty an assistant teacher ("resh dukana") was necessary; and for over forty, two teachers were required. Assistant teachers are additional teachers assisting a primary teacher often in the same class room

Only married men were engaged as teachers, but there is a difference of opinion regarding the qualification of the "melammed" (teacher). NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** An opinion is a Person 's Ideas and thoughts towards something which it is either impossible to verify the truth of or the truth of which is thought unimportant to Raba preferred one who taught his pupils much, even though somewhat carelessly. Rav Dimi of Nehardea, preferred one who taught his pupils little, but correctly, as an error in reading once adopted is hard to correct (ib. The word error has different meanings and usages relative to how it is conceptually applied ). It is, of course, assumed that both qualifications were rarely found in one person.
Current research suggests that if class size is reduced from substantially more than 20 students per class to below 20 students, the related student achievement somewhat increases. For disadvantaged and minority students, the effects are somewhat larger.

The standard education texts were the Mishna and later the Talmud and Gemora, all hand-written until invention of printing. The Mishnah or Mishna (he משנה "repetition" from the verb shanah he שנה or "to study and review" is a major work of Rabbinic Judaism The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history An invention is a new form composition of matter device or Process. Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press However significant, emphasis was placed on developing good memory skills in addition to comprehension by practice of oral repetition.

Basic education today is considered those skills that are necessary to function in society. Basic education refers to the whole range of educational activities taking place in various settings (formal non formal and informal that aim to meet basic learning needs A skill is the learned capacity or talent to carry out pre-determined results often with the minimum outlay of time energy or both. A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions Hence, in Ancient Israel, the child would be taught from the six broad subject areas into which the Mishna is divided, including: Zeraim ("Seeds"), dealing with agricultural laws and prayers
Moed ("Festival"), pertaining to the laws of the Shabbat and the Festivals
Nashim ("Women"), concerning marriage and divorce
Nezikin ("Damages"), dealing with civil and criminal law
Kodashim ("Holy things"), regarding sacrificial rites, the Temple, and the dietary laws
Tohorot ("Purities"), pertaining to the laws of purity and impurity, including the impurity of the dead, the laws of ritual purity for the priests (Kohanim), the laws of "family purity" (the menstrual laws). The history of Ancient Israel and Judah is known to us from classical sources including Judaism 's Tanakh or Hebrew Bible (known Seder Zeraim ( Hebrew: סדר זרעים, lit "Order of Seeds" is the first and shortest Seder ("Order" of the Mishnah, Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Prayer is the act of attempting to communicate with a Deity or spirit Moed ("Festivals" is the second Order of the Mishnah, the first written recording of the Oral Torah of the Jewish people (also the Tosefta and Talmud Shabbat or Shabbos ( Hebrew: שַׁבָּת, shabbāt, shabbes, "rest/inactivity" is the Weekly Sabbath A festival is an event usually and ordinarily staged by a local community which centers on some unique aspect of that community Nashim ("Women" or "Wives" is the third order of the Mishnah (also of the Tosefta and Talmud) containing the laws related to women NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the termination of a Marriage. For Jewish law on damages see Damages (Jewish law Nezikin ( Hebrew: נזיקין Damages) or Seder Nezikin In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment This page is about Kodashim a section of the mishnah See Kedoshim (parsha for the Torah portion by that name Sacrifice (from a Middle English verb meaning "to make sacred" from Old French, from Latin sacrificium: sacr, "sacred" A temple (from the Latin word Templum) is a structure reserved for religious or spiritual activities such as prayer and sacrifice or analogous rites This article is primarily about the human diet For a discussion of animal diets see List of feeding behaviours. Tohorot ( Hebrew: טהורת literally "Purities" is the sixth order of the Mishnah (also the Tosefta and Talmud) Impurities are Substances inside a confined amount of Liquid, Gas, or Solid, which differ from the Chemical composition of the material Death is the termination of the biological functions that define living Organisms It refers both to a specific A ritual is a set of actions often thought to have Symbolic value the performance of which is usually prescribed by a Religion or by the Traditions Family denotes a group of People affiliated by consanguinity affinity or co-residence The menstrual cycle is a recurring cycle of physiologic changes that occurs in reproductive-age Females Overt menstruation (where there is blood flow from the
To understand the subject areas the student was required to learn counting, basic chemistry, physics and astronomy, writing, geography, agriculture and animal biology, history, accounting and economy, social and cultural role differences, basic medicine and pharmacology, and many others. Counting is the mathematical action of repeatedly adding (or subtracting one usually to find out how many objects there are or to set aside a desired number of objects (starting Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Accountancy or accounting is the measurement statement or provision of assurance about financial information primarily used by Lenders managers, An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area Definition In the absence of agreement about its meaning the term "social" is used in many different senses referring among other things to attitudes Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Pharmacology (from Greek grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of how Drugs
This is broadly known as Kol Torah, or Cul'Tura in the Jewish communities of the pre-Revolutionary Russian Empire.

Education begun at the age of six or seven and continued throughout life, although full time basic education was completed before marriage at the age of about 18 years old. In general, this ensured almost universal literacy for most of Jewish history.

Although girls were not provided with formal education in the yeshivah, they were required to know a large part of the subject areas to prepare them to maintain the home after marriage, and to educate the children before the age of seven, today considered the harder of the periods of education. Yeshiva or yeshivah (jəʃi'və ( Hebrew: ישיבה "sitting (n
In Israel women did know how to read and write (despite popular belief to the contrary), and did participate in commerce independently, although not when married. This required them to be knowledgeable in all the laws of Nezikin not normally taught to girls.

India

Main article: Education in India

India has a long history of organized education. Structure There are broadly four stages of school education in India namely primary upper primary secondary and higher secondary (or High school) The Gurukul system of education supported traditional Hindu residential schools of learning; typically the teacher's house or a monastery. A Gurukul ( Guru refers to "teacher" or "master" Kul refers to his domain from the Sanskrit word kula, meaning extended family Education was free, but students from well-to-do families paid "Gurudakshina," a voluntary contribution after the completion of their studies. At the Gurukuls, the teacher imparted knowledge of Religion, Scriptures, Philosophy, Literature, Warfare, Statecraft, Medicine Astrology and History (the Sanskrit word "Itihaas" means History). Hindu philosophy is divided into six Sanskrit ''{{IAST|āstika}}'') schools of thought or darshanas (literally "views" Sankhya Literature in Sanskrit begins with the Vedas, and continues with the Sanskrit Epics of Iron Age India; the golden age of Classical Ayurveda ( Devanāgarī: आयुर्वॆद the 'science of life' is a system of Traditional medicine native to India, and practiced in other Indian epic poetry is the Epic poetry written in the Indian subcontinent.

Takshashila was an early center of learning dating back to the 5th century BCE. For the Genus of metalmark butterflies, see Taxila (butterfly. ^[1] Some claim Taxila was an early university^{[2][3][4][5][6]} or centre of higher education,^[7] though others do not consider it a university in the modern sense. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Higher education is Education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, Community colleges Liberal arts colleges ^[8][9][10] Takshashila is described in some detail in later Jātaka tales, written in Sri Lanka around the 5th century CE. The Jātaka Tales ( Sanskrit जातक and Pali, Malay: jetaka Lao: satok refer to a voluminous body of Folklore -like literature Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island ^[11]

One of the oldest university in ancient India was the Nalanda university. Nālandā is the name of an ancient University in Bihar, India. Nalanda University, founded in Bihar, India around the 5th century BC conferred academic degree titles to its graduates, while also offering post-graduate courses. Nālandā is the name of an ancient University in Bihar, India. Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC. See also Postgraduate Training in Education Postgraduate education (synonymous in North America with graduate education, and sometimes described Nalanda was a Buddhist center of learning from 427 CE to 1197 CE partly under the Pala Empire. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices The Pala Empire was a dynasty in control of the northern and eastern Indian subcontinent, mainly the Bengal and Bihar regions from the 8th to ^[12][13] It has been called "one of the first great universities in recorded history. "^[13] Nālanda was identified by Alexander Cunningham with the village of Baragaon. ^[14]

Another Indian university whose ruins were only recently excavated was Ratnagiri University in Orissa. Orissa (ଓଡ଼ିଶା is a state located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal.

Vikramaśīla University was one of the two most important centers of Buddhist learning in India, along with Nālandā University during the Pala dynasty. University was one of the two most important centers of Buddhist learning in India along with University during the Pala dynasty. Nālandā is the name of an ancient University in Bihar, India. The Pala Empire was a dynasty in control of the northern and eastern Indian subcontinent, mainly the Bengal and Bihar regions from the 8th to Vikramaśīla was established by King Dharmapala (783 to 820) in response to a supposed decline in the quality of scholarship at Nālandā. Dharamapala (ধর্মপাল Dhôrmopal) (rule 770 AD - 810 AD was the second ruler of the Pala Empire of Bengal. Events Births Deaths April 30 — Hildegard, wife of Charlemagne July 12 — Bertrada Events By Place Asia Tahir, the son of a slave is rewarded with the governorship of Khurasan for supporting the Caliphate Atisha, the renowned pandita, is sometimes listed as a notable abbot. Early life Atisha is most commonly said to have been born in the year 980 in Vajrayogini village in Bikrampur, the northeastern region of Bengal (located in A number of noted individuals have been Buddhists. Historical Buddhist thinkers and founders of schools Individuals are grouped by nationality except in cases where the

Education was widespread in the 18th century, with a schools in most regions of the country. The subjects taught included Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Theology, Law, Astronomy, Metaphysics, Ethics, Medical Science and Religion.

The current system of education, with its western style and content, was introduced & founded by the British during the British Raj, following recommendations by Lord Macaulay. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British Traditional structures were not recognized by the British government and have been on the decline since. Gandhi in his speech in London, on October 20, 1931, described the traditional educational system as a beautiful tree that was destroyed during the British rule. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January ^[15].

China

Unlike in many regions of the world, education in China began not with organised religions, but based upon the reading of classical Chinese texts, which developed during Western Zhou period. The Zhou Dynasty ( POJ: Chiu Tiau 1122 BC to 256 BC was preceded by the Shang Dynasty and followed by the Qin Dynasty in China. This system of education was further developed by the early Chinese state, which depended upon literate, educated officials for operation of the empire, and an imperial examination system was established in the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220) for evaluating and selecting officials. The Imperial examinations ( in Imperial China determined who among the population would be permitted to enter the state's Bureaucracy. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. This merit-based system gave rise to schools that taught the classics and continued in use for 2,000 years, until the end the Qing Dynasty, and was abolished in 1911 in favour of Western education methods. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China

Islamic world

Main articles: Madrasah and Bimaristan

According to the modern definition of a university as an institution of higher education and research which issues academic degrees at all levels (bachelor, master and doctorate), the medieval Madrasahs founded in the 9th century are the first examples of a university in the modern sense of the word. "Madrasa" and "Medrese" redirect here For the village in Azerbaijan see Mədrəsə. Bimaristan is a Middle Persian and modern Persian ( بیمارستان bīmārestān) word meaning Hospital, with Bimar- A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Higher education is Education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, Community colleges Liberal arts colleges Research is defined as Human activity based on Intellectual application in the investigation of Matter. A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of Higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing A bachelor's degree is usually an Undergraduate Academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three four or in some cases and A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement "Madrasa" and "Medrese" redirect here For the village in Azerbaijan see Mədrəsə. ^[16] The University of Al Karaouine in Fez, Morocco is thus recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest degree-granting university in the world with its founding in 859. The University of Al-Karaouine or Al-Qarawiyyin (جامعة القرويين (other transliterations of the name include Qarawiyin Kairouyine Kairaouine Qairawiyin Qaraouyine Fes or Fez ( Arabic: فاس, French Fès is the fourth largest City in Morocco, after Casablanca, Rabat Guinness World Records, known until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records (and in previous U ^[17] Also in the 9th century, Bimaristan medical schools were formed in the medieval Islamic world, where medical diplomas were issued to students of Islamic medicine who were qualified to be a practicing Doctor of Medicine. Bimaristan is a Middle Persian and modern Persian ( بیمارستان bīmārestān) word meaning Hospital, with Bimar- A diploma (from Greek δίπλωµα diploma, meaning "folded paper" is a Certificate or Deed issued by an educational institution Doctor of Medicine ( MD or MD, from the Latin Medicinæ Doctor meaning "Teacher of Medicine" is a doctoral ^[18][19] Al-Azhar University, founded in Cairo, Egypt in 975, was a Jami'ah ("university" in Arabic) which offered a variety of post-graduate degrees, had a Madrasah and theological seminary, and taught Islamic law, Islamic jurisprudence, Arabic grammar, Islamic astronomy, early Islamic philosophy and logic in Islamic philosophy. Al-Azhar University (pronounced "az-HAR" الأزهر الشريف, "the Noble Azhar" in Egypt, founded in 975 is the chief centre of Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. "Madrasa" and "Medrese" redirect here For the village in Azerbaijan see Mədrəsə. A seminary, theological college, or divinity school is a specialized and often live-in Higher education institution for the purpose of instructing students Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Arabic is a Semitic language See Arabic language for more information on the language in general Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar Logic ( Arabic: Mantiq) played an important role in Early Islamic philosophy. ^[19]

The origins of the doctorate dates back to the ijazat attadris wa 'l-ifttd ("license to teach and issue legal opinions") in the medieval Islamic legal education system, which was equivalent to the Doctor of Laws qualification and was developed during the 9th century after the formation of the Madh'hab legal schools. A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. "Madrasa" and "Medrese" redirect here For the village in Azerbaijan see Mədrəsə. Doctor of Laws ( Latin: Legum Doctor, LLD) is a Doctorate -level Academic degree in Law. Madhhab or Mazhab ( Arabic مذهب mæðhæb pl مذاهب mæðæːhıb) is an Islamic school of thought, or To obtain a doctorate, a student "had to study in a guild school of law, usually four years for the basic undergraduate course" and at least ten years for a post-graduate course. A guild is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade The earliest guilds were formed as confraternities of workers A law school (also known as a school of law or college of law) is an institution specializing in Legal education. In some Educational systems undergraduate education is Post-secondary education up to the level of a Bachelor's degree. See also Postgraduate Training in Education Postgraduate education (synonymous in North America with graduate education, and sometimes described The "doctorate was obtained after an oral examination to determine the originality of the candidate's theses," and to test the student's "ability to defend them against all objections, in disputations set up for the purpose" which were scholarly exercises practiced throughout the student's "career as a graduate student of law. A test or an examination (or "exam" is an Assessment, often administered on paper or on the computer, intended to measure the test-takers' or A dissertation (also called thesis or disquisition) is a document that presents the author's Research and findings and is submitted in support of candidature For the iconographic subject see Christ among the Doctors In the scholastic system of education Legal education is the education of individuals who intend to become legal professionals or those who simply intend to use their law degree to some end either related to law " After students completed their post-graduate education, they were awarded doctorates giving them the status of faqih (meaning "master of law"), mufti (meaning "professor of legal opinions") and mudarris (meaning "teacher"), which were later translated into Latin as magister, professor and doctor respectively. A Faqih (plural Fuqaha') (فقيه pl فقهاء is an expert in Fiqh, or Islamic Jurisprudence. The Master of Laws is an advanced Academic degree, or research degree and is commonly abbreviated LL This article is about an Islamic scholar Mufti can also refer to civilian dress. A fatwā (فتوى plural fatāwā فتاوى in the Islamic faith is a religious opinion on Islamic law issued by an Magister (also magistar, from lat: magister = Teacher) is an Academic degree used in various systems of higher education The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies ^[16]

According to Sir John Bagot Glubb and Syed Farid Alatas, the first medical schools to issue academic degrees and diplomas were the Bimaristan teaching hospitals of the medieval Islamic world. Lieutenant-General Sir John Bagot Glubb KCB, CMG, DSO, OBE, better known as Glubb Pasha (born 16 April Medical education A medical school or faculty of medicine is a Tertiary educational institution—or part of such an institution—that teaches Medicine A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of Higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing A diploma (from Greek δίπλωµα diploma, meaning "folded paper" is a Certificate or Deed issued by an educational institution Bimaristan is a Middle Persian and modern Persian ( بیمارستان bīmārestān) word meaning Hospital, with Bimar- The first of these institutions was opened in Baghdad during the time of Harun al-Rashid. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Hārūn al-Rashīd (and Persian: هارون الرشيد) also spelled Harun ar-Rashid; English: Aaron the Upright, Aaron the They then appeared in Egypt from 872 and then in Islamic Spain, Persia and the Maghreb thereafter. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or See Also Persian Empire History of Iran and Greater Iran (also referred to as the " Iranian Cultural Continent The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset Physicians and surgeons at these hospital-universities gave lectures on Islamic medicine to medical students and then a medical diploma or degree was issued to students who were qualified to be practicing physicians. A lecture is an oral Presentation intended to present information or teach people about a particular subject for example by a University or College ^[20][19]

Japan

Main article: History of education in Japan

The origins of education in Japan are closely related to religion. The history of Education in Japan dates back at least to the sixth century when Chinese learning was introduced at the Yamato court For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Schooling was conducted at temples for youngsters who wanted to study Buddhism to become priests. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities Later, children who were willing to study started to meet at places called, "Tera-koya" (literally meaning temple huts) and learned how to read and write Japanese. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities

Europe

Modern systems of education in Europe derive their origins from the schools of medieval period. Most schools during this era were founded upon religious principles with the sole purpose of training the clergy. Many of the earliest universities, such as the University of Paris, founded in 1150 had a Christian basis. The historic University of Paris (Université de Paris first appeared in the second half of the 13th century Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings In addition to this, a number of secular universities existed, such as the University of Bologna, founded in 1088. Secularity ( adjective form secular) is the state of being separate from Religion. The University of Bologna (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna UNIBO) is one of the oldest continually operating degree-granting universities in the world

The curriculum of the educational institutions of this period was frequently based around the trivium and quadrivium (the seven Artes Liberales or Liberal arts) and was conducted in the clerical language of Latin. In medieval universities, the trivium comprised the three subjects taught first Grammar, Logic, and Rhetoric. The quadrivium comprised the four subjects or arts taught in Medieval universities after the trivium. The term liberal arts refers to a particular type of educational Curriculum broadly defined as a Classical education. The term liberal arts refers to a particular type of educational Curriculum broadly defined as a Classical education. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.

In northern Europe this clerical education was largely superseded by forms of elementary schooling following the Reformation. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time In Scotland, for instance, the national Church of Scotland set out a programme for spiritual reform in January 1561 setting the principle of a school teacher for every parish church and free education for the poor. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The Church of Scotland (Eaglais na h-Alba known informally by its Scots language name The Kirk, is the National church of Scotland. This was provided for by an Act of the Parliament of Scotland, passed in 1633, which introduced a tax to pay for this programme. This article is about the pre-1707 parliament The article on the devolved legislative body established in 1999 is at Scottish Parliament. Although few countries of the period had such extensive systems of education, the period between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries saw education become significantly more widespread. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system In Central Europe, the seventeenth century scientist and educator Amos Comenius promulgated a reformed system of universal education that was widely used in Europe. Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar

This growth resulted in increased government interest in education. In the 1760s, for instance, Ivan Betskoy was adopted by the Russian Tsarina, Catherine II, as educational advisor. Events and Trends King George III ascends the British throne in 1760. Ivan Ivanovich Betskoi or Betskoy ( February 14, 1704 November 9, 1795) was a Russian school reformer who served as Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Catherine II, called Catherine the Great (Екатерина II Великая Yekaterina II Velikaya;) reigned as Empress of Russia for 34 years He proposed to educate young Russians of both sexes in state boarding schools, aimed at creating "a new race of men". Betskoy set forth a number of arguments for general education of children rather than specialized one: "in regenerating our subjects by an education founded on these principles, we will create. . . new citizens. " Some of his ideas were implemented in the Smolny Institute that he established for noble girls in Saint Petersburg. The Smolny Institute (Смольный институт Smol'niy institut) is a Palladian edifice in St Petersburg, which has played a major part in the Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River

Betskoy's work in Russia was soon followed by the Polish establishment in 1773 of a Commission of National Education (Polish: Komisja Edukacji Narodowej, Lithuanian: Nacionaline Edukacine Komisija). Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Commission of National Education (Komisja Edukacji Narodowej abbreviated KEN) was the central educational authority in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, created The commission functioned as the first government Ministry of Education in a European country.

Meanwhile, there was an increasing academic interest in education and the first attempts to create what might be considered academic rationales for teaching methods. This led, in the 1770s, to the establishment of the first chair of pedagogy at the University of Halle in Germany. Events and trends For more events see 18th century United States Declaration of Independence ratified by the Continental Congress Pedagogy (ˈpɛdəgɒdʒi or paedagogy is the Art or Science of being a Teacher. The Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg (Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg also referred to as MLU, is a public University in the cities of Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Contributions to the study of education elsewhere in Europe included the work of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi in Switzerland and Joseph Lancaster in Britain. Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi' ( January 12, 1746 &ndash February 17, 1827) was a Swiss Pedagogue and educational reformer Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation For the Florida Supreme Court Justice see Joseph B Lancaster Joseph Lancaster ( 25 November 1778 &ndash 23 October The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927

Under the guidance of Wilhelm von Humboldt a new university was founded in Berlin in 1810 which became the model for many research universities. Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Karl Ferdinand Freiherr von Humboldt ( June 22, 1767 April 8, 1835) government functionary A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Herbart developed a system of pedagogy widely used in German-speaking areas. Johann Friedrich Herbart ( May 4, 1776 - August 11, 1841) was a German Philosopher, Psychologist, and founder

In the late nineteenth century, most of West, Central, and parts of East Europe began to provide elementary education in reading, writing, and arithmetic, partly because politicians believed that education was needed for orderly political behavior. As more people became literate, they realized that most secondary education was only open to those who could afford it. Having created primary education, the major nations had to give further attention to secondary education by the time of World War 1. ^[21]

In the twentieth century, new directions in education included, in Italy, Maria Montessori's Montessori schools; and in Germany, Rudolf Steiner's development of Waldorf education. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Maria Montessori ( August 31 1870 &ndash May 6 1952) was an Italian physician educator philosopher humanitarian and devout The Montessori method is an educational method for children based on theories of Child development originated by Italian educator Maria Montessori (1870-1952 Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Rudolf Steiner ( 25 February 1861 – 30 March 1925) was an Austrian philosopher literary scholar educator artist playwright Waldorf education (also known as Steiner or Steiner-Waldorf education is a Pedagogy based upon the Educational philosophy of Rudolf Steiner, the founder

United States of America

Main article: History of Education in the United States

New Zealand

Main article: History of Education in New Zealand

Education began with provision made by the provincial government, the missionary Christian churches and private education. The history of education in the United States, often called foundations of education is the study of educational policy formal institutions and informal learning from the 17th The ideas for education in New Zealand developed from mass education The first act of parliament for education was passed in 1877, and sought to establish a standard for primary education. It was compulsory for children to attend school until the age of 14 years.

Recent world-wide trends

Overall, illiteracy has greatly decreased in recent years. traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write or the ability to use Language to read, write, listen, In some countries this has been the result of deliberate government action. For example, in Cuba the illiteracy rate was for many years less than that in the USA. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Illiteracy and the percentage of populations without any schooling have decreased in the past several decades. For example, the percentage of population without any schooling decreased from 36% in 1960 to 25% in 2000.

Among developing countries, illiteracy and percentages without schooling in 2000 stood at about half the 1970 figures. Among developed countries, figures about illiteracy rates differ widely. Often it is said that they decreased from 6% to 1%. However, the National Adult Literacy Survey of 1993 showed that more than 20% of the adults in the USA were functionally illiterate. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) ^[22] These findings were confirmed in a 2003 follow-up study. ^[23] Illiteracy rates in less economically developed countries (LEDCs) surpassed those of more economically developed countries (MEDCs) by a factor of 10 in 1970, and by a factor of about 20 in 2000. Developing countries are countries that haven't reached Western-style standards of democratic government free market economy industrialization social programs and human rights guaranties The term developed country, or advanced country, is used to categorize countries with developed Economies in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors Illiteracy decreased greatly in LEDCs, and virtually disappeared in MEDCs. Percentages without any schooling showed similar patterns.

Percentages of the population with no schooling varied greatly among LEDCs in 2000, from less than 10% to over 65%. MEDCs had much less variation, ranging from less than 2% to 17%.

Notes

Related Links

• Australia and New Zealand History of Education Society

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