The history of Vietnam began 2,700 years ago. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The Hồng Bàng Dynasty, also known as the Lạc Dynasty, is a Dynasty that supposedly ruled in Vietnam (then known as Văn Lang) for over 2000 An Dương Vương ( Hán Việt: 安[[wikt 陽|陽]] 王; literally "Peaceful Sun King" is the ruling title of Thục Phán ( 蜀[[wikt Nanyue ( was an ancient kingdom that consisted of parts of the modern Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and much of modern northern The Triệu Dynasty (Nhà Triệu is the name given in Vietnam to the lineage of kings of the kingdom of Nam Việt (Nanyue which ruled over parts of The Second Chinese domination of Vietnam saw China strengthen its control over the region Triệu Thị Trinh ( Hán Việt: 趙[[wikt 氏|氏]] 貞) also known as Triệu Ẩu ( 趙[[wikt 嫗|嫗]] or Bà Triệu Lý Nam Đế ( 李[[wikt 南|南]] 帝, Lý The Southern Emperor) was originally Lý Bí or Lý Bôn ( 李[[wikt 賁|賁]] Triệu Việt Vương ( Hán tự: 趙[[wikt 越|越]] 王; ? The Third Chinese domination of Vietnam saw two Chinese imperial dynasties rule over the Chinese controlled region of Chiaozhou ( 交州, Vietnamese Giao Châu an Phùng Hưng ( Hán tự: 馮[[wikt 興|興]] 761-802 was a military leader who briefly reigned over Vietnam during the 8th century The Khúc family (Họ Khúc was a session of leaders who challenged Tang rule over Vietnam. Dương Đình Nghệ ( Hán tự: 楊廷藝 ?-937 some sources record Dương Diên Nghệ, 楊延藝 was the administrator of Giao Chỉ in around 931 The Ngô Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Ngô Hán tự: 吳[[wikt 朝|朝]] 939-967 was a dynasty in Vietnam. The 12 Lords Rebellion (Loạn 12 Sứ Quân was a period of chaos and civil war in the History of Vietnam, from 966 to 968 AD during the Ngô Dynasty, due to a conflict The Đinh Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Đinh; Han-Viet: Đinh Triều, 丁[[wikt 朝|朝]] was the imperial dynasty of Vietnam The Anterior Lê Dynasty or Prior Lê Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Tiền Lê; IPA: /ɲa˨˩ tiən˨˩ le/ was a dynasty that ruled Vietnam The Lý Dynasty ( Vietnamese: nhà Lý, IPA: /ɲa˨˩ li˦˥/ pronounced like Lee) sometimes known as the Posterior Lý Dynasty ( The Trần Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Trần, Hán Việt: Trần Triều, 陳朝 was a Vietnamese dynasty that ruled Vietnam (at that The Hồ Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Hồ; Hán Việt: Hồ Triều) in Vietnam was a short-lived seven-year reign of two emperors The fourth Chinese domination was a period of the History of Vietnam, from 1407 to 1427, upon which the country was ruled by the Ming Dynasty The Posterior Trần Dynasty (Nhà Hậu Trần period of 1407 till 1413 in the history of Vietnam is characterized by two revolts centered around Trần Quỹ ( The Later Lê Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Hậu Lê; Hán Việt: 後黎朝 sometimes referred to as the Lê Dynasty (the earlier Lê Dynasty The Mạc Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Mạc; Hán Việt: 莫[[wikt 朝|朝]] ruled the northern provinces of Vietnam from 1527 The Trịnh Lords (Chúa Trịnh Chu nom: 主[[wikt 鄭|鄭]] 1545-1787 were a series of rulers of Vietnam who controlled the powers of government while leaving The Nguyễn Lords ( Vietnamese: Chúa Nguyễn; 1558 - 1775 were a series of rulers of Southern Vietnam (then called Đàng Trong) The name of Tây Sơn ( 西[[wikt 山|山]] is used in many ways referring back to the period of Peasant rebellions and decentralized dynasties established between The Nguyễn Dynasty (Nhà Nguyễn Hán Việt: Nguyễn triều 阮朝 was the last ruling family of Vietnam. First French interventions See also France-Vietnam relations France-Vietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit The Empire of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Đế quốc Việt Nam, or (Việt Nam Đế quốc) was a short-lived Puppet state of Imperial Japan The Indochina Wars ( Vietnamese: Chiến tranh Đông Dương) refers to Wars of national liberation and attempts of the Vietnamese communists to assert regional The Partition of Vietnam was the establishment of the 17th parallel as the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone in 1954 splitting Vietnam into halves after the The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN or less commonly Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa was a Country on the northern half of Vietnam The State of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Quốc gia Việt Nam) was a former state in Vietnam replacing the former Republic of Cochinchina (1946-1949 "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia The Republic of South Vietnam (Cộng Hòa Miền Nam Việt Nam was the provisional government of South Vietnam following the final military defeat of the Army of the Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The kingdom of Champa ( Chăm Pa in Vietnamese or Chiêm Thành in Hán Việt records was an Indianized kingdom and controlled what Below is a list of Vietnamese monarchs. Some declared themselves kings ( vua / vương) or emperors ( hoàng đế) Until French colonization in the mid-19th century Vietnam's economy was uniformly agrarian subsistence and village-oriented Successive dynasties based in China ruled Vietnam directly for most of the period from 111 BC until 938 when Vietnam regained its independence. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising [1] Vietnam remained a tributary state to its larger neighbor China for much of its history but repelled invasions by the Chinese including three invasions by the Mongols between 1255 and 1285. The term tributary state refers to one of the two main ways in which a pre-modern state might be subordinate to a more powerful neighbour [2] King Trần Nhân Tông later diplomatically submitted Vietnam to a tributary of the Yuan to avoid further conflicts. Trần Nhân Tông (1258–1308 陳[[wikt 仁|仁]] 宗) given name Trần Khâm ( 陳[[wikt 昑|昑]] was the third emperor of the Trần The independent period temporarily ended in the middle to late 19th century, when the country was colonized by France (see French Indochina). This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. First French interventions See also France-Vietnam relations France-Vietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit During World War II, Imperial Japan expelled the French to occupy Vietnam, though they retained French administrators during their occupation. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku After the war, France attempted to re-establish its colonial rule but ultimately failed. The Geneva Accords partitioned the country in two with a promise of democratic election to reunite the country. The Geneva Conference ( May 8 – July 21, 1954) was a conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore Peace in
However, rather than peaceful reunification, partition led to the Vietnam War, a civil war and a major part of the Cold War. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the During this time, the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union supported the North while the United States supported the South. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN or less commonly Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa was a Country on the northern half of Vietnam The United States of America —commonly referred to as the "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia After millions of Vietnamese deaths and the American withdrawal from Vietnam in March 1973, the war ended with the fall of Saigon to the North in April 1975. The Fall of Saigon (in Vietnamese: Sự kiện 30 tháng 4 - April 30 Incident; Giải phóng miền Nam - The liberation of the south The reunified Vietnam suffered further internal repression and was isolated internationally due to the continuing Cold War and the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia. In 1986, the Communist Party of Vietnam changed its economic policy and began reforms of the private sector similar to those in China. The Communist Party of Vietnam ( Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam) is the currently ruling as well as the only legal Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Since the mid-1980s, Vietnam has enjoyed substantial economic growth and some reduction in political repression, though reports of corruption have also risen.
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Early kingdoms
Evidence of the earliest established society other than the Đông Sơn culture in Northern Vietnam was found in Cổ Loa, the ancient city situated near present-day Hà Nội. The Đông Sơn culture was a prehistoric Iron Age culture that was centered at the Red River Valley of northern Vietnam. Cổ Loa Citadel ( is a Citadel built near Phong Khe, about 20km to the west of today’s Hanoi, during the end of the Hồng Bàng Dynasty Hanoi ( Vietnamese: Hà Nội Hán Tự: 河[[wikt 内|内]], estimated population 3398889 (2007, is the Capital of Vietnam According to Vietnamese myths the first Vietnamese peoples descended from the Dragon Lord Lạc Long Quân and the Immortal Fairy Âu Cơ. Lạc Long Quân ( Han tu: 雒[[wikt 龍|龍]] 君; literally "Dragon Lord of Lạc" sometimes spelled 駱[[wikt 龍|龍]] 君 Âu Cơ ( Han tu: 嫗[[wikt 姬|姬]] according to the Creation myth of the Vietnamese people, was an immortal mountain Fairy Lạc Long Quân and Âu Cơ had 100 sons before they decided to part ways. 50 of the children went with their mother to the mountains, and the other 50 went with their father to the sea. The eldest son became the first in a line of earliest Vietnamese kings, collectively known as the Hùng kings (Hùng Vương or the Hồng Bàng Dynasty). Hùng Vương ( Hán tự: 雄[[wikt 王|王]] was the first King of Văn Lang or Lạc Việt (as Vietnam was known at The Hồng Bàng Dynasty, also known as the Lạc Dynasty, is a Dynasty that supposedly ruled in Vietnam (then known as Văn Lang) for over 2000 The Hùng kings called the country, which was then located on the Red River delta in present-day northern Vietnam, Văn Lang. There are also other rivers named Red River. The Red River, also known as the Hong - Red Song Cai, Song Ca For the district in Lang Son Province, see Van Lang Lang Son Văn Lang ( Hán tự: 文[[wikt 郎|郎]] was the first The people of Văn Lang were referred to as the Lạc Việt. For the district in Lang Son Province, see Van Lang Lang Son Văn Lang ( Hán tự: 文[[wikt 郎|郎]] was the first The Kam-Tai languages, or Be-Kam-Tai, are a proposed primary branch of the Tai-Kadai language family, and include all major languages of that family
Văn Lang was thought to be a matriarchal society, similar to many other matriarchal societies common in Southeast Asia and in the Pacific islands at the time. For the district in Lang Son Province, see Van Lang Lang Son Văn Lang ( Hán tự: 文[[wikt 郎|郎]] was the first For the district in Lang Son Province, see Van Lang Lang Son Văn Lang ( Hán tự: 文[[wikt 郎|郎]] was the first Various archaeological sites in northern Vietnam, such as Đông Sơn have yielded metal weapons and tools from this age. Most famous of these artifacts are the large bronze drums, probably made for ceremonial purposes, with sophisticated engravings on the surface, depicting life scenes with warriors, boats, houses, birds and animals in concentric circles around a radiating sun at the center.
Many legends from this period offer a glimpse into the life of the people. Dong Son drums (also called Heger Type I drums) are Bronze Drums fabricated by the Dong Son culture, in the Red River Delta of northern For the district in Lang Son Province, see Van Lang Lang Son Văn Lang ( Hán tự: 文[[wikt 郎|郎]] was the first The Legend of the Rice Cakes (Sự Tích Bánh Dày Bánh Chưng) is about a prince who won a culinary contest; he then wins the throne because his creations, the rice cakes, reflect his deep understanding of the land's vital economy: rice farming. The Legend of Giong (Thánh Gióng), about a youth going to war to save the country, wearing an iron armor, riding an armored horse, and wielding an iron staff, showed that metalworking was sophisticated. Metalworking is craft and practice of working with Metals to create individual parts assemblies or large scale structures The Legend of the Magic Crossbow (Sự Tích Nỏ Thần), about a crossbow that can deliver thousands of arrows, showed extensive use of archery in warfare.
By the 3rd century BC, another Viet group, the Âu Việt, emigrated from present-day southern China to the Red River delta and mixed with the indigenous Van Lang population. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National In 258 BC, a new kingdom, Âu Lạc, emerged as the union of the Âu Việt and the Lạc Việt, with Thục Phán proclaiming himself "King An Dương Vương". Events By place Roman Republic The Romans are able to regain the initiative in Sicily against Carthage by retaking Âu Lạc ( is the name of a kingdom considered as an ancestor to the Vietnamese people, existing from 258 BC or 257 BC to 207 BC, with The Kam-Tai languages, or Be-Kam-Tai, are a proposed primary branch of the Tai-Kadai language family, and include all major languages of that family An Dương Vương ( Hán Việt: 安[[wikt 陽|陽]] 王; literally "Peaceful Sun King" is the ruling title of Thục Phán ( 蜀[[wikt At his capital Cổ Loa, he built many concentric layers of walls around the city for defensive purpose. Cổ Loa Citadel ( is a Citadel built near Phong Khe, about 20km to the west of today’s Hanoi, during the end of the Hồng Bàng Dynasty These walls, together with skilled Âu Lạc archers, kept the capital safe from invaders for a while. However, it also gave rise to the first story of espionage in Vietnamese history, which resulted in the downfall of king An Dương Vương.
In 207 BC, an ambitious Chinese warlord named Triệu Đà (Chinese: Zhao Tuo) defeated king An Dương Vương by having his son Trọng Thủy (Chinese: Zhong Shi) act as a spy after marrying An Dương Vương's daughter. Life Zhao was born in approximately 230 BC in Zhending (真定 Vietnamese Chân Định in what is today the Hebei province of northern China, Triệu Đà annexed the kingdom of Âu Lạc into his domain in present-day Guangdong, southern China, then proclaimed himself king of a new independent kingdom, Nam Việt (Chinese: Nan Yue). Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the Nanyue ( was an ancient kingdom that consisted of parts of the modern Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and much of modern northern Trọng Thủy, the supposed crown prince, felt deeply remorseful and drowned himself in Cổ Loa because his wife was killed in the war.
Some Vietnamese consider Triệu's rule a period of Chinese domination, since Triệu Đà was a former Qin general. The Triệu Dynasty (Nhà Triệu is the name given in Vietnam to the lineage of kings of the kingdom of Nam Việt (Nanyue which ruled over parts of Not to be confused with the Qing Dynasty, the last dynasty of China Others consider it an era of Việt independence as the Triệu family in Nam Việt were assimilated to local culture. They ruled independently of what then constituted China (Han Dynasty). The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. At one point, Triệu Đà even declared himself Emperor, equal to the Chinese Han Emperor in the north.
Period of Chinese domination (111 BC–938 AD)
In 111 BC, Chinese troops invaded Nanyue and established new territories, dividing Vietnam into Giao Chỉ (Chinese: 交趾 pinyin: Jiaozhi, now the Red river delta); Cửu Chân from modern-day Thanh Hoa to Ha Tinh; and Nhật Nam, from modern-day Quang Binh to Hue. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Nanyue ( was an ancient kingdom that consisted of parts of the modern Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and much of modern northern Tonkin (Đông Kinh in Vietnamese) also spelled Tongkin, Tonquin or Tongking, is the northernmost part of Vietnam, south of See also History of Vietnam Annam ( 安[[wiktionary 南|南]] pinyin Ānnán or Jiaozhi ( 交趾; pinyin Jiāozhǐ Vietnamese Giao Hà Tĩnh is a city in Vietnam. It is the capital of the Hà Tĩnh Province, in Vietnam's north central coast. For the district in Ha Giang Province, see Quang Binh (district. Hue is one of the main properties of a Color described with names such as " Red " " Yellow " etc While the Chinese were governors and top officials, the original Vietnamese nobles (Lạc Hầu, Lạc Tướng) still managed some highlands.
In 40 AD, a successful revolt against harsh rule by Han Governor Tô Định (蘇定 pinyin: Sū Dìng), led by the two noble women Trung Trac and her sister Trung Nhi, recaptured 65 states (include modern Guangxi), and Trung Trac became the Queen (Trưng Nữ Vương). Year 40 was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. In 42 AD, Emperor Guangwu of Han sent his famous general Mã Viện (Chinese: Ma Yuan) to quell the revolt. Family background Liu Xiu was the sixth generation descendant of Emperor Jing of the Former (or Western Han For other uses see Ma Yuan. Ma Yuan ( Traditional Chinese: 馬[[wikt 援|援]] Pinyin: Mǎ Yuán Vietnamese After a torturous campaign, Ma Yuan defeated the Trung Queen, who committed suicide. To this day, the Trung Sisters are revered in Vietnam as the national symbol of Vietnamese women. Learning a lesson from the Trung revolt, the Han and other successful Chinese dynasties took measures to eliminate the power of the Vietnamese nobles. The Vietnamese elites would be coerced to assimilate into Chinese culture and politics. However, in 225 AD, another woman, Trieu Thi Trinh, popularly known as Lady Trieu (Bà Triệu), led another revolt which lasted until 248 AD. Triệu Thị Trinh ( Hán Việt: 趙[[wikt 氏|氏]] 貞) also known as Triệu Ẩu ( 趙[[wikt 嫗|嫗]] or Bà Triệu
During the Tang dynasty, Vietnam was called Annam (Giao Châu), until early 10th century AD. See also History of Vietnam Annam ( 安[[wiktionary 南|南]] pinyin Ānnán or Jiaozhi ( 交趾; pinyin Jiāozhǐ Vietnamese Giao Giao Chỉ (with its capital around modern Bac Ninh province) became a flourishing trading outpost receiving goods from the southern seas. Bắc Ninh is a city in Vietnam. It is the capital of the Bắc Ninh Province. "History of Later Han" (Hậu Hán Thư, Hou Hanshu) recorded that in 166 AD the first envoy from the Roman Empire to China arrived by this route, and merchants were soon to follow. The Book of the Later Han ( is one of the official Chinese Historical works which was compiled by Fan Ye in the 5th century, using The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The 3rd-century "Tales of Wei" (Ngụy Lục, Weilue) mentioned a "water route" (the Red River) from Jiaozhi into what is now southern Yunnan. From there, goods were taken overland to the rest of China via the regions of modern Kunming and Chengdu. Kunming ( kʊn'mɪŋ UN/LOCODE: CNKMG is a Prefecture-level city and capital of Yunnan province in Southwestern China. ( located in southwest People's Republic of China, is the capital of Sichuan province and a Sub-provincial city.
At the same time, in present-day central Vietnam, there was a successful revolt of Cham nations. The Cham people ( Vietnamese: người Chăm or người Chàm) are an ethnic group in Southeast Asia. Chinese dynasties called it Lin-Yi (Lin village). It later became a powerful kingdom, Champa, stretching from Quảng Bình to Phan Thiet (Bình Thuận). The kingdom of Champa ( Chăm Pa in Vietnamese or Chiêm Thành in Hán Việt records was an Indianized kingdom and controlled what For the district in Ha Giang Province, see Quang Binh (district. Bình Thuận ( Han Tu: 平[[wikt 順|順]] is a province of Vietnam.
In the period between the beginning of the Chinese Age of Fragmentation to the end of the Tang Dynasty, several revolts against Chinese rule took place, such as those of Lý Bôn and his general and heir Triệu Quang Phục; and those of Mai Thúc Loan and Phùng Hưng. Six Dynasties ( Chinese: 六朝 Pinyin: Liù Cháo is a collective noun for six Chinese dynasties during the periods of the Three Kingdoms ( The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Lý Nam Đế ( 李[[wikt 南|南]] 帝, Lý The Southern Emperor) was originally Lý Bí or Lý Bôn ( 李[[wikt 賁|賁]] Triệu Việt Vương ( Hán tự: 趙[[wikt 越|越]] 王; ? Phùng Hưng ( Hán tự: 馮[[wikt 興|興]] 761-802 was a military leader who briefly reigned over Vietnam during the 8th century All of them ultimately failed, yet most notable were Lý Bôn and Triệu Quang Phục, whose Anterior Lý Dynasty ruled for almost half a century (544 AD to 602 AD) before the Chinese Sui Dynasty reconquered their kingdom Vạn Xuân. The Sui Dynasty ( 581 - 618 AD and in the undertaking of other construction projects including the reconstruction of the Great Wall.
Early independence (938 AD–1009 AD)
Early in the 10th century, as China became politically fragmented, successive lords from the Khúc family, followed by Dương Đình Nghệ, ruled Giao Châu autonomously under the Tang title of Tiết Độ Sứ (Virtuous Lord), but stopping short of proclaiming themselves kings. The Khúc family (Họ Khúc was a session of leaders who challenged Tang rule over Vietnam. Dương Đình Nghệ ( Hán tự: 楊廷藝 ?-937 some sources record Dương Diên Nghệ, 楊延藝 was the administrator of Giao Chỉ in around 931 The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by
In 938, the kingdom of Southern Han sent troops to conquer autonomous Giao Châu. Events By Place Asia The Liao Dynasty takes over Peking; they name Nanjing as their South Palace Southern Han ( Vietnamese: Nam Hán was a kingdom that existed during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period ( 907 - 960) Ngô Quyền, Dương Đình Nghệ's son-in-law, defeated the Southern Han fleet at the Battle of Bach Dang River (938). Ngô Quyền ( Hán tự: 吳[[wikt 權|權]] March 12, 897 - 944) (r At the Battle of Bạch Đằng River in 938 the Vietnamese forces led by Ngô Quyền, defeated the Chinese invaders and put an end to Chinese imperial He then proclaimed himself King Ngô and effectively began the age of independence for Vietnam.
Ngô Quyền's untimely death after a short reign resulted in a power struggle for the throne, the country's first major civil war, The upheavals of Twelve warlords (Loạn Thập Nhị Sứ Quân). The 12 Lords Rebellion (Loạn 12 Sứ Quân was a period of chaos and civil war in the History of Vietnam, from 966 to 968 AD during the Ngô Dynasty, due to a conflict The war lasted from 945 AD to 967 AD when the clan led by Đinh Bộ Lĩnh defeated the other warlords, unifying the country. Đinh Bộ Lĩnh ( Hán tự: 丁[[wikt 部|部]] 領; 923–979 r Dinh founded the Đinh Dynasty and proclaimed himself First Emperor (Tiên Hoàng) of Đại Cồ Việt (Great Viet Land), with its capital in Hoa Lư (modern day Ninh Bình). The Đinh Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Đinh; Han-Viet: Đinh Triều, 丁[[wikt 朝|朝]] was the imperial dynasty of Vietnam Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Hoa Lu (Hoa Lư is a district (''huyện'' of Ninh Binh Province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. However, the Chinese Song Dynasty only officially recognized him as Prince of Jiaozhi (Giao Chỉ Quận Vương). The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Emperor Đinh introduced strict penal codes to prevent chaos from happening again. He tried to form alliances by granting the title of Queen to five women from the five most influential families.
In 979 AD, Emperor Đinh Bộ Lĩnh and his crown prince Đinh Liễn were assassinated, leaving his lone surviving son, the 6-year-old Đinh Toàn, to assume the throne. Taking advantage of the situation, the Chinese Song Dynasty invaded Đại Cồ Việt. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Facing such a grave threat to national independence, the court's Commander of the Ten Armies (Thập Đạo Tướng Quân) Lê Hoàn took the throne , founding the Former Lê Dynasty. Lê Hoàn (941–1005 Hán tự: 黎[[wikt 桓|桓]] Posthumous name Lê Đại Hành, was a king of Vietnam under the Anterior Lê Dynasty The Anterior Lê Dynasty or Prior Lê Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Tiền Lê; IPA: /ɲa˨˩ tiən˨˩ le/ was a dynasty that ruled Vietnam A capable military tactician, Lê Hoan realized the risks of engaging the mighty Chinese troops head on; thus he tricked the invading army into Chi Lăng Pass, then ambushed and killed their commander, quickly ending the threat to his young nation in 981 AD. The Song Dynasty withdrew their troops yet would not recognize Lê Hoàn as Prince of Jiaozhi until 12 years later; nevertheless, he is referred to in his realm as Đại Hành Emperor (Đại Hành Hoàng Đế). Emperor Lê Hoàn was also the first Vietnamese monarch who began the southward expansion process against the kingdom of Champa. The kingdom of Champa ( Chăm Pa in Vietnamese or Chiêm Thành in Hán Việt records was an Indianized kingdom and controlled what
Emperor Lê Hoàn's death in 1005 AD resulted in infighting for the throne amongst his sons. The eventual winner, Lê Long Đĩnh, became the most notorious tyrant in Vietnamese history. He devised sadistic punishments of prisoners for his own entertainment and indulged in sexual activities. Toward the end of his short life (he died at 24), Lê Long Đĩnh became so ill that he had to lie down when meeting with his officials in court.
Independent period of Đại Việt (1010 AD–1527 AD)
When the king Lê Long Đĩnh died in 1009 AD, a Palace Guard Commander named Lý Công Uẩn was nominated by the court to take over the throne, and founded the Lý dynasty. Lý Thái Tổ ( Hán tự: 李[[wikt 太|太]] 祖, birth name Lý Công Uẩn 李[[wikt 公|公]] ruled Vietnam as emperor for 19 years The Lý Dynasty ( Vietnamese: nhà Lý, IPA: /ɲa˨˩ li˦˥/ pronounced like Lee) sometimes known as the Posterior Lý Dynasty ( This event is regarded as the beginning of a golden era in Vietnamese history, with great following dynasties. The way Lý Công Uẩn ascended to the throne was rather uncommon in Vietnamese history. As a high-ranking military commander residing in the capital, he had all opportunities to seize power during the tumultuous years after Emperor Lê Hoàn's death, yet preferring not to do so out of his sense of duty. He was in a way being "elected" by the court after some debate before a consensus was reached.
Lý Công Uẩn, posthumously referred as Lý Thái Tổ, changed the country's name to Đại Việt, "Great Viet". Lý Thái Tổ ( Hán tự: 李[[wikt 太|太]] 祖, birth name Lý Công Uẩn 李[[wikt 公|公]] ruled Vietnam as emperor for 19 years The history of Vietnam begins around 2700 years ago Successive dynasties based in China ruled Vietnam directly for most of the period from 111 BC until 938 The Lý Dynasty is credited for laying down a concrete foundation, with strategic vision, for the nation of Vietnam. Leaving Hoa Lư, a natural fortification surrounded by mountains and rivers, Lý Công Uẩn moved his court to the new capital in present-day Hanoi and called it Thăng Long (Ascending Dragon). Hanoi ( Vietnamese: Hà Nội Hán Tự: 河[[wikt 内|内]], estimated population 3398889 (2007, is the Capital of Vietnam Hanoi ( Vietnamese: Hà Nội Hán Tự: 河[[wikt 内|内]], estimated population 3398889 (2007, is the Capital of Vietnam Lý Công Uẩn thus departed from the militarily defensive mentality of his predecessors and envisioned a strong economy as the key to national survival. Successive Lý kings continued to accomplish far-reaching feats: building a dike system to protect the rice producing area; founding Quốc Tử Giám, the first noble university; holding regular examinations to select capable commoners for government positions once every three years; organizing a new system of taxation; establishing humane treatment of prisoners. Văn Miếu ( 文[[wikt 廟|廟]] or Temple of Literature, known as "pagode des Corbeaux" during the period of French colonisation is a Temple of Confucius Women were holding important roles in Lý society as the court ladies were in charge of tax collection. The Lý Dynasty also promoted Buddhism, yet maintained a pluralistic attitude toward the three main philosophical systems of the time: Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Confucianism ( is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the fifth century B Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions During the Lý Dynasty, the Chinese Song Dynasty officially recognized the Đại Việt monarch as King of Giao Chỉ (Giao Chỉ Quận Vương). The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Tonkin (Đông Kinh in Vietnamese) also spelled Tongkin, Tonquin or Tongking, is the northernmost part of Vietnam, south of
The Lý Dynasty had two major wars with Song China, and a few conquests against neighboring Champa in the south. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The kingdom of Champa ( Chăm Pa in Vietnamese or Chiêm Thành in Hán Việt records was an Indianized kingdom and controlled what Most notable Song-Lý battle took place on Chinese land in 1075 AD. Upon learning that a Song invasion was imminent, the Lý army and navy (about 100,000 men) under the command of Lý Thường Kiệt, Tông Đản used amphibious operations to preemptively destroy three Song military installations at Yong Zhou, Qin Zhou, and Lian Zhou in present-day Guangdong and Guangxi, and killed 100,000 Chinese. Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the Guangxi (or Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region;) is a Zhuang autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. The Song Dynasty took revenge and invaded Dai Viet in 1076 CE yet Song troops were held back at the Battle of Như Nguyệt River (commonly Cầu river), now in Bắc Ninh province (about 40 km from the current capital, Hanoi). As neither side could win, the Lý Dynasty proposed a truce, which the Song Dynasty accepted.
Toward the end of the Lý Dynasty, a powerful court minister named Trần Thủ Độ forced king Lý Huệ Tông to become a Buddhist monk and Lý Chiêu Hoàng, Huệ Tông's young daughter, to become queen. Trần Thủ Độ then arranged the marriage of Chiêu Hoàng to his nephew Trần Cảnh and eventually had the throne transferred to Trần Cảnh, thus begun the Trần Dynasty. Trần Thái Tông (1218-1277 陳[[wikt 太|太]] 宗) was a Vietnamese king under the Trần Dynasty. Trần Thái Tông (1218-1277 陳[[wikt 太|太]] 宗) was a Vietnamese king under the Trần Dynasty. The Trần Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Trần, Hán Việt: Trần Triều, 陳朝 was a Vietnamese dynasty that ruled Vietnam (at that Trần Thủ Độ viciously purged members of the Lý nobility; some Lý princes escaped to Korea, being thought to be the first political exiles in Vietnamese history (see Lý Long Tường). Lý Long Tường ( Hán tự: 李[[wikt 隆|隆]] 祥; 1174-? was a prince of the Lý Dynasty of Đại Việt (the name of Vietnam
Although Trần Thủ Độ had purged members of Lý nobility, most Trần kings ruled the country in similar manner to the Lý kings. Noted Trần Dynasty accomplishments include the creation of a system of population records based at the village level, the compilation of a formal 30-volume history of Đại Việt (Đại Việt Sử Ký) by Lê Văn Hưu, and the rising in status of the Nôm script, a system of writing for Vietnamese language. Chữ Nôm ( IPA: /cɨ3ˀ5 nom33/ chữ Nôm in Unicode: 字[[wikt 喃|喃]]/ 𡨸 喃/ 𡦂 喃 chữ Nôm in Unicode The Trần Dynasty also adopted a unique way to train new kings: as a king aged, he would relinquish the throne to his crown prince, yet holding a title of August Higher Emperor (Thái Thượng Hoàng), acting as a mentor to the new Emperor.
Mongol invasions
During the Trần Dynasty, Đại Việt repelled three invasions (in 1257 AD, 1284 AD, and 1288 AD) by the Mongols under Kublai Khan, who had occupied China and founded the Yuan dynasty (see Mongol invasions of Vietnam). Early years Kublai Khan studied Chinese culture and became enamoured of it The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai The key to Đại Việt's successes was to avoid the Mongols' strength in open field battles and city sieges (the Trần court abandoned the capital and the cities), then countered them decisively at their weak points, which were battles in swampy areas (such as Chương Dương, Hàm Tử, Vạn Kiếp) and on rivers (such as Vân Đồn and Bạch Đằng). The Mongols also suffered from tropical diseases and loss of supplies to Trần army's raids. The Yuan-Trần war reached its climax when retreating Yuan fleet was decimated at the Battle of Bach Dang (1288). For other articles of the same title see Battle of Bạch Đằng. The military architect behind Dai Viet's victories was Commander Trần Quốc Tuấn, more popularly known as Trần Hưng Đạo. Trần Hưng Đạo (1228&ndash1300 陳[[wikt 興|興]] 道) was the Vietnamese military Grand Commander of Thang Long during the Trần
Champa
It was also during this period that the Trần kings waged many wars against the southern kingdom of Champa, continuing the Viets' long history of southern expansion (known as Nam Tiến) that had begun shortly after gaining independence from China. The kingdom of Champa ( Chăm Pa in Vietnamese or Chiêm Thành in Hán Việt records was an Indianized kingdom and controlled what Often, they encountered strong resistance from the Chams. Champa troops led by king Chế Bồng Nga (Cham: Po Binasuor or Che Bonguar) killed king Trần Duệ Tông in battle and even laid siege to Đại Việt's capital Thăng Long in 1377 AD and again in 1383 AD. Chế Bồng Nga, Che Bunga, or Binasuor ruled Champa from 1360 - 1390 CE ( Bunga is the Malay word for 'flower' and "Chế" is However, the Trần Dynasty was successful in gaining two Champa provinces, located around present-day Hue, through the peaceful means of the political marriage of Princess Huyền Trân to a Cham king. Hue is one of the main properties of a Color described with names such as " Red " " Yellow " etc Huyen Tran (Huyền Trân was a princess during the Trần Dynasty in the History of Vietnam.
Ming occupation and the rise of the Le dynasty
The Trần dynasty was in turn overthrown by one of its own court officials, Hồ Quý Ly. Hồ Quý Ly forced the last Trần king to resign and assumed the throne in 1400. He changed the country name to Đại Ngu and moved the capital to Tây Đô, Western Capital, now Thanh Hóa. The Hồ Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Hồ; Hán Việt: Hồ Triều) in Vietnam was a short-lived seven-year reign of two emperors Thăng Long was renamed Đông Đô, Eastern Capital. Although widely blamed for causing national disunity and losing the country later to the Chinese Ming Dynasty, Hồ Quý Ly's reign actually introduced a lot of progressive, ambitious reforms, including the addition of mathematics to the national examinations, the open critique of Confucian philosophy, the use of paper currency in place of coins, the investment in building large warships and cannons, and land reform. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Confucianism ( is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the fifth century B He ceded the throne to his son, Hồ Hán Thương, in 1401 and assumed the title Thái Thượng Hoàng, in similar manner to the Trần kings.
In 1407, under the pretext of helping to restore the Trần Dynasty, Chinese Ming troops invaded Đại Ngu and captured Hồ Quý Ly and Hồ Hán Thương. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led The Ho dynasty came to an end after mere 7 years in power. The Ming occupying force annexed Đại Ngu into the Ming Empire after claiming that there was no heir to Trần throne. Almost immediately, Trần loyalists started a resistance war. The resistance, under the leadership of Trần Quĩ, at first gained some advances, yet as Trần Quĩ executed 2 top commanders out of suspicion, a rift widened within his ranks and resulted in his defeat in 1413.
In 1418, a wealthy farmer, Lê Lợi, led the Lam son revolution against the Ming from his base of Lam Sơn (Thanh Hóa province). Lê Lợi ( Hán tự: 黎[[wikt 利|利]] 1384 or 1385? &ndash 1433 posthumously known with the Temple name Lê Thái Tổ ( 黎[[wikt Overcoming many early setbacks and with strategic advices from Nguyễn Trãi, Lê Lợi's movement finally gathered momentum, marched northward, and launched a siege at Đông Quan (now Hanoi), the capital of the Ming occupation. Nguyễn Trãi ( Hán tự: 阮[[wikt 廌|廌]] also known under his Style name Ức Trai 抑[[wikt 齋|齋]] (1380–1442 was a The Ming Emperor sent a reinforcement force, but Lê Lợi staged an ambush and killed the Ming commander, Liễu Thăng (Chinese: Liu Sheng), in Chi Lăng. Ming troops at Đông Quan surrendered. The Lam son revolution killed 300000 Ming soldiers. In 1428, Lê Lợi ascended to the throne and began the Hậu Lê dynasty (Posterior Lê). The Later Lê Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Hậu Lê; Hán Việt: 後黎朝 sometimes referred to as the Lê Dynasty (the earlier Lê Dynasty Lê Lợi renamed the country back to Đại Việt and moved the capital back to Thăng Long. The history of Vietnam begins around 2700 years ago Successive dynasties based in China ruled Vietnam directly for most of the period from 111 BC until 938 Hanoi ( Vietnamese: Hà Nội Hán Tự: 河[[wikt 内|内]], estimated population 3398889 (2007, is the Capital of Vietnam
The Lê Dynasty carried out land reforms to revitalize the economy after the war. Unlike the Lý and Trần kings, who were more influenced by Buddhism, the Lê kings leaned toward Confucianism. Confucianism ( is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the fifth century B A comprehensive set of laws, the Hồng Đức Code was introduced with some strong Confucian elements, yet also included some progressive rules, such as the rights of women. Art and architecture during the Lê Dynasty also became more influenced by Chinese styles than during the Lý and Trần Dynasty. The Lê Dynasty commissioned the drawing of national maps and had Ngô Sĩ Liên continue the task of writing Đại Việt's history up to the time of Lê Lợi. King Lê Thánh Tông opened hospitals and had officials distribute medicines to areas affected with epidemics. Lê Thánh Tông ( Hán tự: 黎[[wikt 聖|聖]] 宗; 1442&ndash1497 was emperor of Đại Việt from 1460 until his death
In 1471, Le troops led by king Lê Thánh Tông invaded Champa and captured its capital Vijaya. Lê Thánh Tông ( Hán tự: 黎[[wikt 聖|聖]] 宗; 1442&ndash1497 was emperor of Đại Việt from 1460 until his death The kingdom of Champa ( Chăm Pa in Vietnamese or Chiêm Thành in Hán Việt records was an Indianized kingdom and controlled what This event effectively ended Champa as a powerful kingdom, although some smaller surviving Cham kingdoms still lasted for a few centuries more. It initiated the dispersal of the Cham people across Southeast Asia. The Cham people ( Vietnamese: người Chăm or người Chàm) are an ethnic group in Southeast Asia. With the kingdom of Champa mostly destroyed and the Cham people exiled or suppressed, Vietnamese colonization of what is now central Vietnam proceeded without substantial resistance. However, despite becoming greatly outnumbered by Kinh (Việt) settlers and the integration of formerly Cham territory into the Vietnamese nation, the majority of Cham people nevertheless remained in Vietnam and now considered one of the key minorities in modern Vietnam. (The modern city of Huế, founded in 1600 lies close to where the Champa capital of Indrapura once stood). ( 化 in Chữ Nôm) is the capital city of Thừa Thiên - Huế province, Vietnam. In 1479, king Lê Thánh Tôn also campaigned against Laos and captured its capital Luang Phrabang. Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma Luang Prabang, or Louangphrabang (Lao ຫລວງພະບາງ, IPA /luaŋ pʰabaːŋ/ is a city located in north central Laos, on the
Divided period (1528–1802)
The Lê dynasty was overthrown by its general named Mạc Đăng Dung in 1527. Mạc Đăng Dung （ Hán tự: 莫[[wikt 登|登]] 庸 posthumous name Mạc Thái Tổ Hán tự: 莫太祖 1483？－1541 was a He killed the Lê emperor and proclaimed himself emperor, starting the Mạc Dynasty. The Mạc Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Mạc; Hán Việt: 莫[[wikt 朝|朝]] ruled the northern provinces of Vietnam from 1527 After defeating many revolutions for two years, Mạc Đăng Dung adopted the Trần Dynasty's practice and ceded the throne to his son, Mạc Đăng Doanh, and became Thái Thượng Hoàng.
Meanwhile, Nguyễn Kim, a former official in the Lê court, revolted against the Mạc and helped king Lê Trang Tông restore the Lê court in the Thanh Hóa area. Nguyễn Kim (also called Nguyễn Krai 1476–1545 ruled part of Vietnam from 1533 to 1545 Thus a civil war began between the Northern Court (Mạc) and the Southern Court (Restored Lê). Nguyễn Kim's side controlled the southern part of Đại Việt (from Thanhhoa to the south), leaving the north (including Đông Kinh-Hanoi) under Mạc control. When Nguyễn Kim was assassinated in 1545, military power fell into the hands of his son-in-law, Trịnh Kiểm. Trịnh Kiểm ruled part of Vietnam from 1545 - 1570Trịnh Kiểm is the founder of the famous Trịnh Lords who ruled Vietnam while a succession of figurehead In 1558, Nguyễn Kim's son, Nguyễn Hoàng, suspecting that Trịnh Kiểm might kill him as his brother to secure power, asked to be governor of the far south provinces (around present-day Quảng Bình to Bình Định). Nguyễn Hoàng 1525 - 1613; ruled the southern provinces of Vietnam from 1558 - 1613. For the district in Ha Giang Province, see Quang Binh (district. Binh Dinh (in Vietnamese Bình Định; Han Tu: 平[[wikt 定|定]] is a province of Vietnam. He governed the south effectively while Trịnh Kiểm, and then his son Trịnh Tùng, carried on the war against the Mạc. Nguyễn Hoàng sent money and soldiers north to help the war but gradually he became more and more independent.
The civil war between the Lê/Trịnh and Mạc dynasties ended in 1592, when the army of Trịnh Tùng conquered Hanoi and executed king Mạc Mậu Hợp. Trịnh Tùng (died c1623 ruled Vietnam from 1570 to 1623 (he is also known as Trịnh Tòng and also given the title Bình An Vương) Hanoi ( Vietnamese: Hà Nội Hán Tự: 河[[wikt 内|内]], estimated population 3398889 (2007, is the Capital of Vietnam Survivors of the Mạc royal family fled to the northern mountains in the province of Cao Bằng and continued to rule there until 1667 when Trịnh Tạc conquered this last Mạc territory. Cao Bằng is a province of northeastern Vietnam. Geography Cao Bằng Province is centered on the town of Cao Bằng Trịnh Tạc ( Hán tự: 鄭[[wikt 柞|柞]] ruled Vietnam from 1654 - 1682 Trinh Tac one of the most successful of the Trinh Lords who The Lê kings, ever since Nguyễn Kim's restoration, only acted as figureheads. After the fall of the Mạc Dynasty, all real power in the north belonged to the Trịnh Lords. The Trịnh Lords (Chúa Trịnh Chu nom: 主[[wikt 鄭|鄭]] 1545-1787 were a series of rulers of Vietnam who controlled the powers of government while leaving
In the year 1600, Nguyễn Hoàng also declared himself Lord (officially "Vương", popularly "Chúa") and refused to send more money or soldiers to help the Trịnh. He also moved his capital to a new place, Phú Xuân (modern-day Huế). ( 化 in Chữ Nôm) is the capital city of Thừa Thiên - Huế province, Vietnam. Nguyễn Hoàng died in 1613 after having ruled the south for 55 years. He was succeeded by his 6th son, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên, who likewise refused to acknowledge the power of the Trịnh, yet still pledged allegiance to the Lê king. Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên (1563 - 1635 ruled the southern provinces of Vietnam from 1613 - 1635
Trịnh Tráng succeeded Trịnh Tùng, his father, upon his death in 1623. Trịnh Tráng ruled Vietnam from 1623 &ndash 1654 Trinh Tung one of the famous Trinh Lords who ruled Vietnam Tráng ordered Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên to submit to his authority. The order was refused twice. In 1627, Trịnh Tráng sent 150000 troops southward in an unsuccessful military campaign.
The Trịnh-Nguyễn War lasted from 1627 until 1672. Father Alexander de Rhodes (A-Lịch-Sơn Đắc-Lộ ( 15 March 1591 - 5 November 1660) was a French Jesuit Missionary who The Trịnh army staged at least seven offensives, all of which failed to capture Phú Xuân. For a time, starting in 1651, the Nguyễn themselves went on the offensive and attacked parts of Trịnh territory. However, the Trịnh, under a new leader, Trịnh Tạc, forced the Nguyễn back by 1655. Trịnh Tạc ( Hán tự: 鄭[[wikt 柞|柞]] ruled Vietnam from 1654 - 1682 Trinh Tac one of the most successful of the Trinh Lords who After one last offensive in 1672, Trịnh Tạc agreed to a truce with the Nguyễn Lord Nguyễn Phúc Tần. Nguyễn Phúc Tần 1620 - 1687 ruled the southern provinces of Vietnam from 1648 - 1687 The country was effectively divided in two.
The Trịnh and the Nguyễn maintained a relative peace for the next 100 years, during which both sides made significant accomplishments. The Trịnh created centralized government offices in charge of state budget and producing currency, unified the weight units into a decimal system, established printing shops to reduce the need to import printed materials from China, opened a military academy, and compiled history books.
Meanwhile, the Nguyễn Lords continued the southward expansion by the conquest of the remaining Cham land. The Nguyễn Lords ( Vietnamese: Chúa Nguyễn; 1558 - 1775 were a series of rulers of Southern Vietnam (then called Đàng Trong) The Cham people ( Vietnamese: người Chăm or người Chàm) are an ethnic group in Southeast Asia. Việt settlers also arrived in the sparsely populated area known as "Water Chenla", which was the lower Mekong Delta portion of Chenla (present-day Cambodia). The Mekong Delta (đồng bằng sông Cửu Long “Nine Dragon river delta” is the region in southwestern Vietnam where the Mekong River approaches and empties Chenla ( Khmer: ចេនឡា known as Zhenla ( 真[[wikt 腊|腊]] in Chinese and Chân Lạp in Vietnamese, was an The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East Between the mid-17th century to mid-18th century, as Chenla was weakened by internal strife and Siamese invasions, the Nguyễn Lords used various means, political marriage, diplomatic pressure, political and military favors,. Chenla ( Khmer: ចេនឡា known as Zhenla ( 真[[wikt 腊|腊]] in Chinese and Chân Lạp in Vietnamese, was an . . to gain the area around present day Saigon and the Mekong Delta. The Nguyễn army at times also clashed with the Siamese army to establish influence over Chenla. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj
In 1771, the Tây Sơn revolution broke out in Quy nhơn, which was under the control of the Nguyễn Lord. Year 1771 ( MDCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The name of Tây Sơn ( 西[[wikt 山|山]] is used in many ways referring back to the period of Peasant rebellions and decentralized dynasties established between The leaders of this revolution were three brothers named Nguyễn Nhạc, Nguyễn Lữ, and Nguyễn Huệ (not related to the Nguyễn lords). Nguyễn Huệ (also referred to as Quang Trung Hoàng Đế or Emperor Quang Trung, born in Bình Định in 1753 – died in Phú Xuân in By 1776, the Tây Sơn had occupied all of the Nguyễn Lord's land and killed (almost) the entire royal family. Year 1776 ( MDCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The surviving prince Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (often called Nguyễn Ánh) fled to Siam, and obtained military support from the Siamese king. Emperor Gia Long ( Hán tự: 嘉[[wikt 隆|隆]] 1762 &ndash 1820) born Nguyễn Phúc Ánh ( Hán tự: 阮[[wikt The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Nguyễn Ánh came back with 50000 Siamese troops to regain power, but was defeated at the Battle of Rạch Gầm–Xoài Mút and almost killed. The Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút was fought between Tây-Sơn (Vietnamese and Siamese forces in present-day Tiền Giang Province on January 19, Nguyễn Ánh fled Vietnam, but he did not give up.
The Tây Sơn army commanded by Nguyễn Huệ marched north in 1786 to fight the Trịnh Lord, Trịnh Khải. The Trịnh army failed to defend and Trịnh Khải committed suicide. The Tây Sơn army captured the capital in less than two months. The last Lê emperor, Lê Chiêu Thống, fled to China and petitioned the Chinese Qing Emperor for help. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China The Qing emperor Qianlong supplied Lê Chiêu Thống with a massive army (about 200000 men) to regain his throne from the usurper. Emperor Qianlong (Chinese 乾隆 Qiánlóng, Wade-Giles' Ch'ien-Lung', Mongolian Tengeriig Tetgesen Khaan, born Hongli (弘历 September Nguyễn Huệ proclaimed himself Emperor Quang Trung and defeated Qing troops (with 100000 men) in a surprise 7 day campaign during the lunar new year (Tết). Nguyễn Huệ (also referred to as Quang Trung Hoàng Đế or Emperor Quang Trung, born in Bình Định in 1753 – died in Phú Xuân in This article is about the Vietnamese holiday For the 1968 military operation that began on that holiday see Tết Offensive. During his reign, Quang Trung envisioned many reforms but died by unknown reason on the way march south in 1792, at the age of 40. Year 1792 ( MDCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year
During the reign of Emperor Quang Trung, Đại Việt was actually divided into 3 political entities. The Tây Sơn leader, Nguyễn Nhạc, ruled the Central of the country from his capital Qui Nhơn. Qui Nhơn or Quy Nhơn is a coastal city in the Binh Dinh Province of central Vietnam. Emperor Quang Trung ruled the North from the capital Phú xuân Huế. ( 化 in Chữ Nôm) is the capital city of Thừa Thiên - Huế province, Vietnam. In the South, Nguyễn Ánh, assisted by many talented recruits from the South, captured Gia Định (present day Saigon) in 1788 and established a strong base for his force.
After Quang Trung's death, the Tây Sơn Dynasty became unstable as the remaining brothers fought against each other and against the people who were loyal to Nguyễn Huệ's infant son. The name of Tây Sơn ( 西[[wikt 山|山]] is used in many ways referring back to the period of Peasant rebellions and decentralized dynasties established between Nguyễn Huệ (also referred to as Quang Trung Hoàng Đế or Emperor Quang Trung, born in Bình Định in 1753 – died in Phú Xuân in Nguyễn Ánh, sailed north in 1799, capturing Tây Sơn's stronghold Qui Nhơn. Emperor Gia Long ( Hán tự: 嘉[[wikt 隆|隆]] 1762 &ndash 1820) born Nguyễn Phúc Ánh ( Hán tự: 阮[[wikt Qui Nhơn or Quy Nhơn is a coastal city in the Binh Dinh Province of central Vietnam. In 1801, his force took Phú Xuân, the Tây Sơn capital. Nguyễn Ánh finally won the war in 1802, when he sieged Thăng Long (Hanoi) and executed Nguyễn Huệ's son, Nguyễn Quang Toản, along with many Tây Sơn generals and officials. Year 1802 ( MDCCCII) was a Common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting on Wednesday of the The name of Tây Sơn ( 西[[wikt 山|山]] is used in many ways referring back to the period of Peasant rebellions and decentralized dynasties established between Nguyễn Ánh ascended the throne and called himself Emperor Gia Long. Emperor Gia Long ( Hán tự: 嘉[[wikt 隆|隆]] 1762 &ndash 1820) born Nguyễn Phúc Ánh ( Hán tự: 阮[[wikt Gia is for Gia Định, the old name of Saigon; Long is for Thăng Long, the old name of Hanoi. Hanoi ( Vietnamese: Hà Nội Hán Tự: 河[[wikt 内|内]], estimated population 3398889 (2007, is the Capital of Vietnam Hence Gia Long implied the unification of the country. The Nguyễn dynasty lasted until Bảo Đại's abdication in 1945. The Nguyễn Dynasty (Nhà Nguyễn Hán Việt: Nguyễn triều 阮朝 was the last ruling family of Vietnam. Bảo Đại ( Hán tự: vi-nom [[wikt保 保]][[wikt大 大]] Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy 22 October 1913 &ndash 30 July 1997 As China for centuries had referred to Đại Việt as Annam, Gia Long asked the Chinese Qing emperor to rename the country, from Annam to Nam Việt. To prevent any confusion of Gia Long's kingdom with Triệu Đà's ancient kingdom, the Chinese emperor reversed the order of the two words to Việt Nam. Life Zhao was born in approximately 230 BC in Zhending (真定 Vietnamese Chân Định in what is today the Hebei province of northern China, The name Vietnam is thus known to be used since Emperor Gia Long's reign (but recently historians have found that this name had existed in older books in which Vietnamese called their country Vietnam). Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Emperor Gia Long ( Hán tự: 嘉[[wikt 隆|隆]] 1762 &ndash 1820) born Nguyễn Phúc Ánh ( Hán tự: 阮[[wikt
The Period of Division with many tragedies and dramatic historical developments inspired many poets and gave rise to some Vietnamese masterpieces in verse such as the epic poem The Tale of Kieu (Truyện Kiều) by Nguyễn Du, Song of a Soldier's Wife (Chinh Phụ Ngâm) by Đặng Trần Côn (Chinese script version) and Đoàn Thị Điểm (Nôm version), and a collection of satirical, erotically charged poems by the female poet Hồ Xuân Hương. The Tale of Kiều is an epic Poem in Vietnamese written by the 18th century writer Nguyễn Du (1766–1820 widely regarded Nguyễn Du (1765&ndash1820 Pennames Tố Như and Thanh Hiên) is a celebrated Vietnamese poet who wrote in ''Chữ Nôm'', the Chữ Nôm ( IPA: /cɨ3ˀ5 nom33/ chữ Nôm in Unicode: 字[[wikt 喃|喃]]/ 𡨸 喃/ 𡦂 喃 chữ Nôm in Unicode Hồ Xuân Hương (1772-1822 ( Hán Tự: 胡[[wikt 春|春]] 香) was a Vietnamese poet born at the end of the Lê Dynasty who grew
19th century and French colonization
The West's involvement in Vietnam dates back to 166 BC with the arrival of merchants from the Roman Empire, 1292 with the visit of Marco Polo, and the early 1500s with the arrival of Portuguese and other European traders and missionaries. The Nguyễn Dynasty (Nhà Nguyễn Hán Việt: Nguyễn triều 阮朝 was the last ruling family of Vietnam. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Marco Polo ( September 15 1254 – January 9 1324 at earliest but no later than June 1325 was a Venetian trader and explorer Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Alexandre de Rhodes, a French Jesuit priest, improved on earlier work by Portuguese missionaries and developed the Vietnamese romanized alphabet Quốc Ngữ in Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanam et Latinum in 1651. Father Alexander de Rhodes (A-Lịch-Sơn Đắc-Lộ ( 15 March 1591 - 5 November 1660) was a French Jesuit Missionary who The Vietnamese alphabet has the following 29 letters in collating order Description The Vietnamese alphabet called Chữ Quốc Ngữ [3]
Between 1627 and 1775, two powerful families had partitioned the country: the Nguyễn Lords ruled the South and the Trịnh Lords ruled the North. The Nguyễn Lords ( Vietnamese: Chúa Nguyễn; 1558 - 1775 were a series of rulers of Southern Vietnam (then called Đàng Trong) The Trịnh Lords (Chúa Trịnh Chu nom: 主[[wikt 鄭|鄭]] 1545-1787 were a series of rulers of Vietnam who controlled the powers of government while leaving The Trịnh-Nguyễn War gave European traders the opportunities to support each side with weapons and technology: the Portuguese assisted the Nguyễn while the Dutch helped the Trịnh.
In 1784, during the conflict between Nguyễn Ánh, the surviving heir of the Nguyễn Lords, and the Tây Sơn Dynasty, a French Catholic Bishop, Pigneaux de Behaine, sailed to France to seek military backing for Nguyen Anh. Emperor Gia Long ( Hán tự: 嘉[[wikt 隆|隆]] 1762 &ndash 1820) born Nguyễn Phúc Ánh ( Hán tự: 阮[[wikt The name of Tây Sơn ( 西[[wikt 山|山]] is used in many ways referring back to the period of Peasant rebellions and decentralized dynasties established between Pierre Joseph Georges Pigneau (2 November 1741 Origny-en-Thiérache &ndash 9 October 1799 Qui Nhon) commonly known as Pigneau de Béhaine, also At Louis XVI's court, Pigneaux brokered the Little Treaty of Versailles, which promised French military aid in return for Vietnamese concessions. Louis XVI ( 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) Louis-Auguste de France, ruled as King of France and Navarre Little Treaty of Versailles or the Polish Minority Treaty was one of the Bilateral Minority Treaties signed between minor powers and the League of The French Revolution broke out and Pigneaux's plan failed to materialize. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Undaunted, Pigneaux went to the French territory of Pondicherry, India. Puducherry (formerly; புதுச்சேரி or பாண்டிச்சேரி పాండిచెర్రి പുതുശ്ശേരി Pondichéry is a India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country He secured two ships, a regiment of Indian troops, and a handful of volunteers and returned to Vietnam in 1788 . One of Pigneaux's volunteers, Jean-Marie Dayot, reorganized Nguyễn Ánh's navy along European lines and defeated the Tây Sơn at Qui Nhơn in 1792. Qui Nhơn or Quy Nhơn is a coastal city in the Binh Dinh Province of central Vietnam. A few years later, Nguyễn Ánh's forces captured Saigon, where Pigneaux died in 1799. Another volunteer, Victor Olivier de Puymanel would later build the Gia Định fort in central Saigon.
After Nguyễn Ánh established the Nguyễn Dynasty in 1802, he tolerated Catholicism and employed some Europeans in his court as advisors. However, he and his successors were conservative Confucians who resisted Westernization. The next Nguyễn emperors, Ming Mạng, Thiệu Trị, and Tự Đức brutally suppressed Catholicism and pursued a 'closed door' policy, perceiving the Westerners as a threat. Minh Mạng ( Hán tự: 明[[wikt 命|命]] 1791-1841 born Nguyễn Phúc Đảm 阮[[wikt 福|福]] 膽, also known as Nguyễn Thiệu Trị ( Hán tự: 紹[[wikt 治|治]] 6 june 1807 - 4 November 1847) Nguyễn Phúc Miên Tông was the third emperor Emperor Tự Đức ( Hán tự: 嗣[[wikt 德|德]] ( 22 September 1829 – 17 July 1883) Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Nhậm was Tens of thousands of Vietnamese and foreign-born Christians were persecuted and trade with the West slowed during this period. These acts were soon being used as excuses for France to invade Vietnam. Actually, the early Nguyễn Dynasty accomplished almost everything the previous great Vietnamese dynasties did (like building roads, digging canals, issuing a legal code, holding examinations, sponsoring care facilities for the sick, compiling maps and history books, exerting influence over Cambodia and Laos, etc), except those feats were not enough in the new age of science, technology, industrialization, and international trade and politics. The Nguyễn Dynasty (Nhà Nguyễn Hán Việt: Nguyễn triều 阮朝 was the last ruling family of Vietnam. The Nguyễn Dynasty is usually blamed for failing to modernize the country in time to prevent French colonization in the late 19th century.
Under the orders of Napoleon III of France, French gunships under Rigault de Genouilly attacked the port of Đà Nẵng in 1858, causing significant damages, yet failed to gain any foothold. Napoléon III, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (full name Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808 9 January 1873 was the first President Pierre-Louis-Charles Rigault de Genouilly (born April 12 1807 in Rochefort, died May 4 1873 in Barcelona) was a nineteenth-century French admiral This article is about the city of Đà Nẵng For the Vietnam War era air base see Da Nang Air Base or Đà Nẵng International Airport. Year 1858 ( MDCCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common De Genouilly decided to sail south and captured the poorly defended city of Gia Định (present-day Saigon). From 1859 to 1867, French troops expanded their control over all 6 provinces on the Mekong delta and formed a French Colony known as Cochin China. Cochin China is also a type of domestic fowl. Cochinchina, from Cochin-China (see note below (known locally as Nam A few years later, French troops landed in northern Vietnam (which they called Tonkin) and captured Hà Nội twice in 1873 and 1882. Tonkin (Đông Kinh in Vietnamese) also spelled Tongkin, Tonquin or Tongking, is the northernmost part of Vietnam, south of Hanoi ( Vietnamese: Hà Nội Hán Tự: 河[[wikt 内|内]], estimated population 3398889 (2007, is the Capital of Vietnam The French managed to keep their grip on Tonkin although, twice, their top commanders, Francis Garnier and Henri Riviere were ambushed and killed. Marie Joseph François (Francis Garnier ( Vietnamese: Ngạc Nhi; 25 July 1835 - 21 December 1873) was a French Henri Laurent Rivière (1827–83 was a French naval officer and a writer chiefly remembered today for his role in advancing the French conquest of Tonkin (northern Vietnam in the 1880s France assumed control over the whole of Vietnam after the Franco-Chinese War (1884-1885). The Sino-French War ( Chinese:, French: Guerre franco-chinoise, Vietnamese: Chiến tranh Pháp-Thanh) was a limited conflict fought Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common French Indochina was formed in October 1887 from Annam (Trung Kỳ, central Vietnam), Tonkin (Bắc Kỳ, northern Vietnam), Cochin China (Nam Kỳ, southern Vietnam, and Cambodia, with Laos added in 1893. First French interventions See also France-Vietnam relations France-Vietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit Cochin China is also a type of domestic fowl. Cochinchina, from Cochin-China (see note below (known locally as Nam Within French Indochina, Cochin China had the status of a French Colony, Annam was a Protectorate where the Nguyen Dynasty still ruled in name, and Tonkin had a French Governor yet local governments were run by Vietnamese officials. In International law, a protectorate is a autonomous territory that is "protected" by a stronger state or entity hense the protector which engages to protect
After Gia Định fell to French troops, many Vietnamese resistance movements broke out in occupied areas, some led by former court officers, such as Trương Định, some by peasants, such as Nguyễn Trung Trực, who sunk the French gunship L'Esperance using guerilla tactics. In the north, most movements were led by former court officers and lasted quite long, with Phan Đình Phùng until 1895 and Hoàng Hoa Thám until 1911. Phan Đình Phùng (1847 &ndash January 21 1896 was a Vietnamese revolutionary who led rebel armies against French colonial Even the teenage Nguyễn Emperor Hàm Nghi left the Imperial Palace of Huế in 1885 and started the Cần Vương, or "Save the King", movement, trying to rally the people to resist the French. Emperor Hàm Nghi ( Hán tự: 咸[[wikt 宜|宜]] 帝) Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Lịch (22 July 1872 - 14 January 1943 at the "Purple Forbidden City" He was captured in 1888 and exiled to French Algeria. French rule of Algeria lasted from 1830 to 1962 under a variety of governmental systems Decades later, 2 more Nguyễn kings, Thành Thái and Duy Tân were also exiled to Africa for having anti-French tendencies. Emperor Thành Thái ( Hán tự: 成[[wikt 泰|泰]] 14 March, 1879 - 24 March, 1954) of the Vietnamese Emperor Duy Tân ( Hán tự: 維[[wikt 新|新]] Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh San (14 August 1899 - 25 December 1945 was a boy Emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty
In the early 20th century, Vietnamese patriots realized that they could not defeat France without modernization. Also, having been exposed to Western philosophy, they aimed to establish a republic upon independence, departing from the royalist sentiments of the Cần Vương movements. Japan served as a perfect example that modernization could help an Asian country to defeat a powerful European empire (Russia - see Russo-Japanese War). The Russo-Japanese War (日露戦争 Romaji: Nichi-Ro Sensō Русско-японская война Russko-Yaponskaya Voyna;, 10 February 1904 – 5 September Thus emerged two parallel movements of modernization:
The first was the Đông Du ("Go East") Movement started in 1905 by Phan Bội Châu. Phan Bội Châu ( December 26, 1867 – October 29, 1940) was a pioneer of Vietnamese twentieth century Nationalism Phan Bội Châu's plan was to send Vietnamse students to Japan to learn modern skills, so that in the future they could lead a successful armed revolt against the French. With Prince Cường Để, Phan Bội Châu started 2 organizations in Japan: Duy Tân Hội and Việt Nam Công Hiến Hội. Cường Để Due to French pressure, Japan later deported Phan Bội Châu to China.
Phan Chu Trinh, who favored a peaceful, non-violent struggle to gain independence, led the second movement Duy Tân ("Modernization"). Phan Chu Trinh Emperor Duy Tân ( Hán tự: 維[[wikt 新|新]] Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh San (14 August 1899 - 25 December 1945 was a boy Emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty He stressed the need to educate the masses, modernize the country, foster understanding and tolerance between the French and the Vietnamese, and a peaceful transition of power.
The early part of the 20th century also saw the growing in status of the Romanized Quốc Ngữ alphabet for the Vietnamese language. The Vietnamese alphabet has the following 29 letters in collating order Description The Vietnamese alphabet called Chữ Quốc Ngữ Vietnamese patriots realized the potential of Quốc Ngữ as a useful tool to quickly reduce illiteracy and to educate the masses. The traditional Chinese scripts or the Nôm script were seen as too cumbersome and too difficult to learn. Chữ Nôm ( IPA: /cɨ3ˀ5 nom33/ chữ Nôm in Unicode: 字[[wikt 喃|喃]]/ 𡨸 喃/ 𡦂 喃 chữ Nôm in Unicode The use of prose in literature also became popular with the appearance of many novels; most famous were those from the literary circle Tự Lực Văn Đoàn.
However, as the French suppressed both movements, and after witnessing revolutions in China and Russia, Vietnamse revolutionaries began to turn to radical paths. Phan Bội Châu created the Vietnam Quang Phục Hội in Guangzhou, planning armed resistance against the French. The Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội, sometimes known simply as Quang Phuc Hoi ( Vietnamese: Vietnam Restoration League) was a nationalist republican militant Guangzhou ( Jyutping: Gwong²zau¹; Yale: Gwóngjàu) is the Capital and a Sub-provincial city In 1925, French agents captured him in Shanghai and spirited him to Vietnam. Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million Due to his popularity, Phan Bội Châu was spared from execution and placed under house arrest until his death in 1940. In 1927, the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng, modeled after the Guomingtang in China, was founded. In 1930, the party launched the armed Yên Bái Uprising in Tonkin which resulted in its chairman, Nguyễn Thái Học and 12 other leaders captured and executed by the guillotine. Nguyễn Thái Học (1904-1930 was a Vietnamese revolutionary who was the founding leader of the Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang, the Vietnamese Nationalist Party
Marxism was also introduced into Vietnam with the emergence of three separate Communist parties (Indochinese Communist Party, Annamese Communist Party, Indochinese Communist Union) and later a Trotskyist movement led by Tạ Thu Thâu. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. Tạ Thu Thâu (1906–1945 was a Trotskyist, the leader of the Fourth International in Vietnam. The Comintern sent Nguyễn Ái Quốc to coordinate the unification of the parties into the Vietnamese Communist Party in 1930, in Hongkong, with Trần Phú as the first Secretary General. The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow For the city named after him see Ho Chi Minh City. Hồ Chí Minh (name The Communist Party of Vietnam ( Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam) is the currently ruling as well as the only legal Later, the party changed its name to Indochinese Communist Party as Comintern, under Stalin, did not favor nationalistic sentiments. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Nguyễn Ái Quốc was a leftist revolutionary living in France since 1911. He participated in founding the French Communist Party and in 1924 traveled to the Soviet Union to join the Communist International (Comintern). The French Communist Party ( French: Parti communiste français or PCF) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow Through the late 1920s, he acted as a Comintern agent to help build Communist movements in Southeast Asia. During the 1930s, the Vietnamese Communist Party was nearly wiped out under French suppression with the execution of top leaders such as Trần Phú, Lê Hồng Phong, and Nguyễn Văn Cừ.
In 1940, during World War II, Japan invaded Indochina yet kept the Vichy French colonial administration in place as a Japanese puppet. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Indochina, or the Indochinese Peninsula, is a region in Southeast Asia. Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 In 1941 Hồ Chí Minh, formerly known as Nguyễn Ái Quốc, arrived in northern Vietnam to form Việt Minh Front (short for Việt Nam Độc Lập Đồng Minh Hội). Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For the city named after him see Ho Chi Minh City. Hồ Chí Minh (name The Việt Minh (abbreviated from Việt Nam Ðộc Lập Ðồng Minh Hội, English "League for the Independence of Vietnam" was a National liberation Việt Minh Front was supposed to be an umbrella group for all parties fighting for Vietnam's independence, yet it was dominated by the Communist Party. Within Vietnam, Việt Minh had a very modest armed force, which worked with the American OSS to collect intelligence on the Japanese. The Office of Strategic Services ( OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. From China, other non-Communist Vietnamese parties also joined Việt Minh and established armed forces with backing from the Guomingtang.
First Indochina War (1945–1954)
In 1944-1945, millions of Vietnamese starved to death in the Japanese occupation of Vietnam. The First Indochina War (also known as the French Indochina War, the The Anti-French War, the Franco-Vietnamese War, the Franco-Vietminh War, [4]
In early 1945, due to a combination of Japanese exploitation and poor weather, a famine broke out in Tonkin killing between 1 and 2 million people. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The Vietnamese Famine of 1945 ( Vietnamese: Nạn đói Ất Dậu - Famine of the Ất Dậu Year) was a Famine that occurred in northern Tonkin (Đông Kinh in Vietnamese) also spelled Tongkin, Tonquin or Tongking, is the northernmost part of Vietnam, south of In March 1945, Japanese occupying forces ousted the French administration in Indochina. Emperor Bảo Đại of the Nguyễn Dynasty nominally declared Vietnam independent, but Japanese retained true control. Bảo Đại ( Hán tự: vi-nom [[wikt保 保]][[wikt大 大]] Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy 22 October 1913 &ndash 30 July 1997
In August 1945, the Japanese surrendered to the Allies, creating a power vacuum in Vietnam. In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose The Việt Minh launched the "August Revolution" across the country to seize government offices. On August 19, 1945, the Việt Minh under Hồ Chí Minh began the August General Uprising Khởi Nghĩa which was soon renamed the August Revolution Emperor Bảo Ðại abdicated on August 25, 1945, ending the Nguyễn Dynasty. Bảo Đại ( Hán tự: vi-nom [[wikt保 保]][[wikt大 大]] Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy 22 October 1913 &ndash 30 July 1997 Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar On September 2, 1945 Hồ Chí Minh declared Vietnam independent under the new name of Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) and held the position of Chairman (Chủ Tịch). Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar
In southern Vietnam, British forces landed in Saigon to disarm the Japanese in October and decided to restore order,which they did. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The British commander South east Asia, Lord Mountbatten, sent over 20,000 troops of the 20th Indian division under General Douglas Gracey to occupy Saigon. The first soldiers arrived on 6 September and increased to full strength over the following weeks. In addition they re-armed Japanese prisoners of war (known as Gremlin force) The British began to withdraw in December of 1945, but this was not completed until June of the following year. The last British soldiers were killed in Vietnam in June 1946. Altogether 40 British and Indian troops were killed and over a hundred were wounded. Vietnamese casualties were 600. They were followed by French troops trying to re-establish their rule. In the north, Chiang Kaishek's army entered Vietnam, also to disarm the Japanese, followed by the forces of the non-Communist Vietnamese parties, such as Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng and Việt Nam Cách Mạng Đồng Minh Hội. Chiang Kai-shek ( POJ: Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k Jyutping: zoeng2gaai3sek6 GCB ( October 31, 1887 &ndash In 1946, Vietnam had its first National Assembly election, which drafted the first constitution, yet its situation was very precarious: the French tried to regain power by force; some Cochin-Chinese politicians formed a seceding government of Cochin-China (Nam Kỳ Quốc); the non-Communist and Communist forces were killing each other. Cochin China is also a type of domestic fowl. Cochinchina, from Cochin-China (see note below (known locally as Nam Stalinists purged Trotskyists. Stalinism is the political regime named after Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1929–1953 Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. Religious sects and resistance groups formed their own militias. The Communists eventually suppressed all non-Communist parties but failed to secure a peace deal with France.
In 1947, full scale war broke out between Viet Minh and France. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Realizing that colonialism was coming to an end worldwide, France fashioned a semi-independent State of Vietnam, within the French Union, with Bảo Đại as Head of State. The State of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Quốc gia Việt Nam) was a former state in Vietnam replacing the former Republic of Cochinchina (1946-1949 The French Union (Union française was a political entity created by the French Fourth Republic to replace the old French colonial system the " French Empire Meanwhile, as the Communists under Mao Zedong took over China, Viet Minh began to receive military aid from China. Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led Beside supplying materials, Chinese cadres also pressured the Vietnamese Communist Party, then under First Secretary Trường Chinh, to emulate their brand of revolution, unleashing a purge of "bourgeois and feudal" elements from the Viet Minh ranks, carrying out a ruthless and bloody land reform campaign (Cải Cách Ruộng Đất), and denouncing "bourgeois and feudal" tendencies in arts and literature. Trường Chinh (pseudonym meaning “Long March” born Đặng Xuân Khu (1907-1988 was a Vietnamese communist political leader and theoretician Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed Many true patriots and devoted Communist revolutionaries in the Viet Minh suffered mistreatment or were even executed during these movements. Many others became disenchanted and left the Viet Minh. The United States became strongly opposed to Hồ Chí Minh. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For the city named after him see Ho Chi Minh City. Hồ Chí Minh (name In the 1950s the government of Bảo Ðại gained recognition by the United States and the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located
The Việt Minh force grew significantly with China's assistance and in 1954, under the command of General Võ Nguyên Giáp, launched a major siege against French bases in Điện Biên Phủ. For the 1992 film see Dien Bien Phu (film. For the 1954 battle see Battle of Dien Bien Phu. The Việt Minh force surprised Western military experts with their use of primitive means to move artillery pieces and supplies up the mountains surrounding Điện Biên Phủ, giving them a decisive advantage. On May 7 1954, French troops at Điện Biên Phủ, under Christian de Castries, surrendered to Viet Minh. Christian Marie Ferdinand de la Croix de Castries ( 11 August 1902 - 29 July 1991) was the French commander at the Battle of Dien On July 1954, the Geneva Accord was signed between France and Viet-Minh, paving the way for France to leave Vietnam. The Geneva Conference ( May 8 – July 21, 1954) was a conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore Peace in
Second Indochina War (1954–1975)
The Geneva Conference of 1954 ended France's colonial presence in Vietnam and temporarily partitioned the country into 2 states at the 17th parallel (pending unification on the basis of internationally supervised free elections). The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia The Geneva Conference ( May 8 – July 21, 1954) was a conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore Peace in Ngô Ðình Diệm, a former mandarin with a strong Catholic and Confucian background, was selected as Premier of Bảo Đại's State of Vietnam. While Diệm was trying to settle the differences between the various armed militias in the South, Bảo Ðại was persuaded to reduce his power. Diệm used a referendum in 1955 to depose Bảo Đại and declare himself as President of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia The Republic of Vietnam (RVN) was proclaimed in Saigon on October 22, 1955. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) The United States began to provide military and economic aid to the RVN, training RVN personnel, and sending U. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the S. advisors to assist in building the infrastructure for the new government.
Also in 1954, Vietminh forces took over North Vietnam according to the Geneva Accord. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) The Việt Minh (abbreviated from Việt Nam Ðộc Lập Ðồng Minh Hội, English "League for the Independence of Vietnam" was a National liberation Two millions North Vietnamese civilians emigrated to South Vietnam to avoid the imminent Communist regime. At the same time, Viet Minh armed forces from South Vietnam were also moving to North Vietnam, as dictated by the Geneva Accord. However, some high ranking Viet Minh cadres secretly remained in the South to follow the local situation closely. The most important figure among those was Lê Duẩn. Lê Duẩn (b April 7, 1907 - d July 10, 1986) was a Vietnamese communist leader
The Geneva Accord had promised elections to determine the government for a unified Vietnam. The Geneva Conference ( May 8 – July 21, 1954) was a conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore Peace in However, as only France and Viet Minh (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) had signed the document, the United States and Ngô Đình Diệm's government refused to abide by the agreement, fearing that Hồ Chí Minh would win the election due to his war popularity, and would establish Communism in the whole of Vietnam. Ngô Đình Diệm took some strong measures to secure South Vietnam from perceived internal threats. He eliminated all private militias from the Bình Xuyên Party and the Cao Đài and Hòa Hảo religious sects. Binh Xuyen was a powerful Vietnamese Criminal organization active from 1945 to 1975 Cao Đài ( Vietnamese:) is a relatively new syncretist, Monotheistic Religion, officially established in Tây Ninh, Hòa Hảo is a religious tradition based on Buddhism, founded in 1939 by Huynh Phu So, a native of the Mekong River Delta region of southern Vietnam He kept a tight lid on revolutionary parties emigrating from the North, causing one of their leaders and famous writer, Nguyễn Tường Tam to commit suicide while awaiting trial in jail. Diệm also acted aggressively to root out Communist agents still remaining in the South. He formed the Cần Lao Nhân Vị Party, mixing Personalist philosophy with labor rhetorics, modeling its organization after the Communist Party, although it was anti-Communist and pro-Catholicism. The Cần Lao Nhân Vị Cách Mạng Ðảng, or Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party, was a secret party formed to support the Ngo Dinh Diem regime in South Personalism is the school of thought that consists of three main principles and which can broadly be qualified as species of Humanism: Only persons are real (in Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described Another controversial policy was the Strategic Hamlet Program, which was effective in fencing the Communists out of the villages, yet became unpopular as it limited the villagers' freedom and altered their traditional way of life. The Strategic Hamlet Program was a plan by the governments of South Vietnam and the United States during the Vietnam War to combat the Communist insurgency
In 1960, at the Third Party Congress of the Vietnamese Communist Party (renamed Labor Party on the surface since 1951), Lê Duẩn arrived from the South and strongly proposed the use of revolutionary warfare to topple Diệm's regime, unifying the country, and build Marxist-Leninist socialism. The Communist Party of Vietnam ( Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam) is the currently ruling as well as the only legal Lê Duẩn (b April 7, 1907 - d July 10, 1986) was a Vietnamese communist leader Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc Marxism-Leninism is a Communist ideological stream that emerged as the mainstream tendency amongst the Communist parties in the 1920s as it was adopted Despite some elements in the Party opposing the use of force, Lê Duẩn won the seat of First Secretary of the Party. As Hồ Chí Minh was aging, Lê Duẩn virtually took the helm of war from him. The first step of his war plan was coordinating a rural uprising in the South (Đồng Khởi) and forming the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF) toward the end of 1960. The figurehead leader of the NLF was Nguyễn Hữu Thọ, a South Vietnamese lawyer, yet the true leadership was the Communist Party hierarchy in South Vietnam. Nguyễn Hữu Thọ ( July 10, 1910 - December 24, 1996) was acting President of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam from Arms, supplies, and troops came from North Vietnam into South Vietnam via a system of trails, named the Ho Chi Minh Trail, that branched into Laos and Cambodia before entering South Vietnam. The Ho Chi Minh trail was a logistical system that ran from the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam to the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam through Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East At first, most foreign aid for North Vietnam came from China, as Lê Duẩn stayed distant to the "revisionist" policy of the Soviet Union under Nikita Khrushchev. The term "revisionism" is also used to refer to other concepts Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (April 17 1894 – September 11 1971 served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 following However, under Leonid Brezhnev, the Soviet Union picked up the pace of aid and provided North Vietnam with heavy weapons, such as T-54 tanks, artillery, MIG fighter planes, surface-to-air missiles, etc. The T-54 and T-55 tank were a series of Main battle tanks designed by the Soviet Union. JSC "RSK "MiG" or Russian Aircraft Corporation MiG in full (formerly Mikoyan or Mikoyan-i-Gurevich Design Bureau, Микоян A surface to air missile ( SAM) or ground-to-air missile ( GTAM) is a Missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy Aircraft
Meanwhile, in South Vietnam, although Ngô Đình Diệm personally was respected for his Confucian and Catholic virtues, many of his government associates abused power and even tried to promote Catholicism over other religions. Confucianism ( is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the fifth century B Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". This perceived religious partiality sparked protests from the Buddhist community. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices The most famous case was of Venerable Thích Quảng Đức, who burned himself to death to protest. (tʰɪ̌t kwɐ̂ːŋ ɗɨ̌k born Lâm Văn Tức in 1897 – died June 11 1963 was a Vietnamese Mahayana Buddhist Although most Western media often wrongly reported that Thích Quảng Đức was protesting the war, and Communist propaganda tried to portray the Venerable as a patriotic fighter, his official letter to Diệm only aimed to convince the President to act impartially to all religions and to rule wisely for the sake of the countrỵ. To the Venerable, the act of self burning was not a political suicide mission but a tradition of utmost self sacrifice for the benefit of others. However, Diệm's government mishandled the issue, causing protests to spread widely. In the United States, the Kennedy administration became worried that the problems of Diệm's regime were undermining the US's anti-Communist effort in Southeast Asia. Thus, on November 1 1963, with secret blessing from the US, South Vietnamese generals led by Dương Văn Minh overthrew Ngô Đình Diệm and killed both him and his brother, Ngô Đình Nhu, who was also his official advisor. ( February 16 1916 &ndash August 6 2001) known popularly as “Big Minh” was a Vietnamese general and politician For his wife see Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu., (October 7 1910 - November 2, 1963) was the younger brother
Between 1963 and 1967, South Vietnam became extremely unstable as no government could keep power for long. The Communist-run NLF expanded their operation and scored some significant military victories. In 1965, the US, then under President Lyndon Johnson, decided to send troops to South Vietnam to secure the country and started to bomb North Vietnam, assuming that if South Vietnam fell to the Communists, other countries in the Southeast Asia would follow, in accordance with the Domino Theory. The domino theory was a Foreign policy theory promoted by the government of the United States, that speculated that if one land in a region came under the influence Other US allies, such as Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, Thailand, the Philippines, and Taiwan also sent troops to South Vietnam. Although the American-led troops succeeded in containing the advance of Communist forces, the presence of foreign troops, the widespread bombing over all of Vietnam, and the social vices that mushroomed around US bases upset the sense of national pride among many Vietnamese, North and South, causing many to become sympathetic to North Vietnam and the NLF.
In 1967, South Vietnam managed to have a National Assembly and Presidential election with Lt. General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu being elected to the Presidency, bringing the government to some level of stability. Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, ( April 5, 1923 &ndash September 29, 2001) was a former General and President of South Vietnam. However, in 1968, the NLF launched a massive and surprise Tết Offensive (known in South Vietnam as "Biến Cố Tết Mậu Thân" or in the North as "Cuộc Tổng Tấn Công và Nổi Dậy Tết Mậu Thân"), attacking almost all major cities in South Vietnam over the Vietnamese New Year (Tết). The Tet Offensive was a military campaign conducted between 30 January and 23 September 1968, by forces of the Vietcong, or National Front for This article is about the Vietnamese holiday For the 1968 military operation that began on that holiday see Tết Offensive. NLF and North Vietnamese forces even captured the city of Huế, after which many mass graves were found with victims being executed for having relations with the South Vietnamese government or the US (Thảm Sát Tết Mậu Thân). The Massacre at Huế ( Thảm sát tại Huế Tết Mậu Thân) is the name given to describe the Summary executions and Mass killings conducted by However, at the end, the NLF forces were pushed out of all cities in South Vietnam and nearly decimated. In subsequent major offensives in later years, North Vietnamese regulars with artillery and tanks took over the fighting. In the months following the Tet Offensive, an American unit massacred civilian villagers, suspected to be sheltering Viet Cong (NLF guerillas), in the hamlet of My Lai in Central Vietnam, causing an uproar in protest around the world. The My Lai Massacre ( approximately) (thảm sát Mỹ Lai was the Mass murder of 347 to 504 unarmed citizens of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam almost
In 1969, Hồ Chí Minh passed away and wished to be cremated. However, the Communist Party embalmed his body for public display and built the Ho Chi Minh's Mausoleum on Ba Đình Square in Hà Nội, in the style of Lenin's Mausoleum in Moscow. Ba Dinh (Ba Đình is an urban district (''quận'' of Hanoi, the capital city of Vietnam. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of
Although the Tết Offensive was a catastrophic military defeat for the Việt Cộng, it was a stunning political victory as it led many Americans to view the war as unwinnable. President Richard Nixon entered office with a pledge to end the war "with honor. " He normalized US relations with mainland China in 1972 (Sino-American relations) and entered into détente with the USSR. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Détente is a French term meaning a relaxing or easing the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Nixon thus forged a new strategy to deal with the Communist Bloc, taking advantage of the rift between China and the Soviet Union. A costly war in Vietnam begun to appear less effective for the cause of Communist containment. Nixon proposed "Vietnamization" of the war, with South Vietnamese troops taking charge of the fighting, yet still receiving American aid and, if necessary, air and naval support. The new strategy started to show some effects: in 1970, South Vietnamese troops (ARVN) successfully conducted raids against North Vietnamese bases in Cambodia (Cambodian Campaign); in 1971, ARVN made an incursion into Southern Laos to cut off the Ho Chi Minh Trail (Operation Lam Son 719), yet the operation failed as most high positions captured by ARVN paratroopers were overrun by North Vietnamese troops; in 1972, ARVN successfully held the town of An Lộc against massive attacks from North Vietnamese regulars and recaptured the town of Quảng Trị near the DMZ during the Easter Offensive. The Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN) was a military component of the armed forces of the Republic of Vietnam (commonly known as South Vietnam The Cambodian Campaign (also known as the Cambodian Incursion) was a series of military operations conducted in eastern Cambodia during the late spring and summer The Ho Chi Minh trail was a logistical system that ran from the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam to the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam through Operation Lam Son 719 (Chiến dịch Lam Sơn 719 or Chiến dịch đường 9 - Nam Lào was a limited-objective offensive campaign conducted in southeastern portion The Easter Offensive, officially the Nguyen Hue Offensive and also ( Chiến dịch Xuân hè 1972 in Vietnamese was a military campaign conducted by the
At the same time, Nixon was pressuring both Hanoi and Saigon to sign the Paris Peace Agreement of 1973, for American military forces to withdraw from Vietnam. The Paris Peace Accords (or Paris Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam) were signed on January 27, 1973 by the governments of the The pressure to Hanoi materialized with the Christmas Bombings in 1972. Operation Linebacker II was a US Seventh Air Force and US Navy Task Force 77 aerial bombardment campaign conducted against targets in the In South Vietnam, Nguyễn Văn Thiệu vocally opposed any accord with the Communists, but was threatened with withdrawal of American aid.
Despite the peace treaty, the North continued the war as had been envisioned by Lê Duẩn and the South still tried to recapture lost territories. In the U. S. , Nixon resigned after the Watergate scandal. The Watergate scandals were a series of Political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that resulted in the Indictment of several of Nixon's South Vietnam was seen as losing a strong backer. Under U. S. President Gerald Ford, the Democratic-controlled Congress became less willing to provide aid to South Vietnam. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President
In 1974, South Vietnam also fought and lost the Battle of Hoàng Sa against China over the control of the Paracel Islands in South China Sea. The Battle of the Paracel Islands was fought between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Vietnam ( South Vietnam) in the Paracel The Paracel Islands are a group of small Islands and Reefs in the South China Sea administered by the People's Republic of China The South China Sea is a Marginal sea south of China. It is a part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from Singapore to the Neither North Vietnam nor the U. S. interfered.
In early 1975, North Vietnamese military led by General Văn Tiến Dũng launched a massive attack against the Central Highland province of Buôn Mê Thuột. General Văn Tiến Dũng ( 2 May 1917 &ndash 17 March 2002) was a Vietnamese general in the People's Army of Vietnam Tây Nguyên, translated as Western Highlands and sometimes also called Central Highlands, is one of the regions of Vietnam. The Battle of Buôn Ma Thuột was part of North Vietnam's Campaign 275 to capture the Central Highlands following the victory at Phuoc Long on January South Vietnamese troops previously anticipated attack against the neighboring province of Pleiku, and were caught off guard. President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu ordered the moving of all troops from the Central Highland to the coastal areas, as with shrinking American aid, South Vietnamese forces could not afford to spread too thin. However, due to lack of experience and logistics for such a large troop movement in such a short time, the whole South Vietnamese Second Corp got bogged down on narrow mountain roads, flooded with thousands of civilian refugees, and was decimated by ambushes along the way. South Vietnamese First Corp near the DMZ was cut off, received conflicting orders from Saigon on whether to fight or to retreat, and eventually collapsed. The Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone was established as a dividing line between North and South Vietnam as a result of the First Indochina War. Many civilians tried to flee to Saigon via land, air, and sea routes, suffering massive casualties along the way. In early April 1975, South Vietnam set up a last ditch defense line at Xuân Lộc, under commander Lê Minh Đảo. North Vietnamese troops failed to penetrate the line and had to make a detour, which the South Vietnamese failed to stop due to lack of troops. President Nguyễn văn Thiệu resigned. The power eventually went to Dương Văn Minh.
Dương Văn Minh led the coup against Diệm in 1963. By the mid 1970s, he had leaned toward the "Third Party" (Thành Phần Thứ Ba), South Vietnamese elites who favored dialogues and cooperation with the North. Communist infiltrators in the South tried to work out political deals to let Dương Văn Minh ascend to the Presidency, with the hope that he would prevent a last stand, destructive battle for Saigon. Although many South Vietnamese units were ready to defend Saigon, and in the Mekong Delta, the ARVN 4th Corp was still intact, Duong Van Minh ordered a surrender on April 30 1975, sparing Saigon from destruction. The Fall of Saigon (in Vietnamese: Sự kiện 30 tháng 4 - April 30 Incident; Giải phóng miền Nam - The liberation of the south Nevertheless, hundreds of thousands of South Vietnamese fled the country by all means: airplanes, helicopters, ships, fishing boats, barges, etc. Most were picked up by the U. S. Seventh Fleet in the South China Sea or landed in Thailand. The Seventh Fleet is the United States Navy's permanent forward projection force based in Yokosuka, Japan, with units positioned near South Korea The South China Sea is a Marginal sea south of China. It is a part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from Singapore to the The seaborne refugees came to be known as "boat people". Boat people is a term that usually refers to Illegal immigrants or Asylum seekers who emigrate en masse in boats that are sometimes old and crudely made rendering In a famous case, a South Vietnamese pilot, with his wife and children aboard a small Cessna plane, miraculously landed safely without a tailhook on the aircraft carrier USS Midway. The Cessna Aircraft Company is an airplane manufacturing corporation headquartered in Wichita, Kansas. A tailhook, also arresting hook or arrestor hook, is a device attached to the Empennage (rear of an Aircraft. An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with USS Midway may refer to, was the Oritani and then the Tyree before being chartered as a general auxiliary in 1942 renamed to Panay
In restrospect, during this period, North Vietnam was a Socialist state with a centralized command economy, an extensive security apparatus to carry out Dictatorship of the Proletariat, a powerful propaganda machine that effectively rallied the people for the Party's causes, a superb intelligence system that infiltrated South Vietnam (spies such as Phạm Xuân Ẩn climbed to high government positions), and a severe suppression of political opposition. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN or less commonly Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa was a Country on the northern half of Vietnam Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution A planned economy or directed economy is an Economic system in which the Government or Workers' councils manages the Economy. The " dictatorship of the proletariat " or workers' state is a term employed by Marxists that refers to what they see as a temporary state between the ° Phạm Xuân Ẩn (September 12th 1927- September 20th 2006 was a Vietnamese general with nickname "Hai Trung" or "Tran Van Trung" Even some decorated veterans and famed Communist cadres, such as Trần Đức Thảo, Nguyễn Hữu Đang, Trần Dần, Hoàng Minh Chính, were persecuted during the late 1950s Nhân Văn Giai Phẩm events and the 1960s Trial Against the Anti-Party Revisionists (Vụ Án Xét Lại Chống Đảng) for speaking their opinions. Trần Đức Thảo ( September 26, 1917 — April 24, 1993) was a Vietnamese Philosopher. Trần Dần (1926&ndash1997 was a Vietnamese Poet and Novelist noted for his Radical works Trần Ngọc Nghiêm, also known as Hoàng Minh Chính ( November 16 1922 – February 7 2008) was a Vietnamese Nevertheless, this iron grip, together with consistent support from the Soviet Union and China, gave North Vietnam a militaristic advantage over South Vietnam. North Vietnamese leadership also had a steely determination to fight, even when facing massive casualties and destruction at their end. The young North Vietnamese were idealistically and innocently patriotic, ready to commit utmost sacrifice for the "liberation of the South" and the "unification of the motherland".
South Vietnam, meanwhile, was a young state aspiring to be a democracy in Western style. It created democratic institutions such as popular elections for the National Assembly and the President, the freedom of the press, the right to protest, etc. Its economy was based on free enterprises. However, most of these institutions were rendered greatly ineffective by corrupt yet powerful politicians and high ranking military officers. Most of the technocrats that ran the government, the low ranking officers, and the soldiers were often apathetic to politics, unlike their heavily indoctrinated counterparts in the North. The political and military systems in the South were also vulnerable to Communist infiltration, while it was almost impossible to do the reverse to North Vietnam. During the existence of South Vietnam, nevertheless, South Vietnamese learned many American practices that became useful for the country even many decades later, such as in the fields of economics, business and public management, and infrastructure management. These skills would help the southern part of the country to become the "locomotive" of the national economy in many years to come.
Socialism after 1975
After April 30th, 1975, unlike the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, the Vietnamese Communists did not commit a "blood bath" or hastily perform any radical changes. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Khmer Rouge (ខ្មែរក្រហម Kmae Krɑhɑɑm was the Communist ruling political party of Cambodia &mdashwhich it renamed The social order in South Vietnam was relatively well maintained, the occupying force was disciplined, and most technocrats or low ranking government workers were allowed to retain their jobs. The Thống Nhất Railway was quickly restored by Thanh Niên Xung Phong (Young Volunteers Corp) to enable transportation between the North and South. Nevertheless, some North Vietnamese soldiers and cadres began to realize that they had been indoctrinated into thinking that the South Vietnamese people were utterly poor and exploited by the imperialists and foreign capitalists. Contradictory to what they were taught, they saw an abundance of food and consumer goods, fashionable clothes, plenty of books and music; things that were hard to get in the North.
Despite some early successes, the Vietnamese Communists made many serious long-term mistakes and caused an overall decline of the country over many years.
In 1976, Vietnam was officially unified and renamed Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRVN), with its capital in Hà Nội. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Hanoi ( Vietnamese: Hà Nội Hán Tự: 河[[wikt 内|内]], estimated population 3398889 (2007, is the Capital of Vietnam The Vietnamese Communist Party dropped its front name "Labor Party" and changed the title of First Secretary (used by China) to Secretary General (used by the Soviet Union), with Lê Duẩn remained Secretary General. See also General Secretary. A number of International organizations, Communist parties and other bodies use the title Secretary Lê Duẩn (b April 7, 1907 - d July 10, 1986) was a Vietnamese communist leader The National Liberation Front was dissolved. The Party emphasized development of heavy industry and collectivization of agriculture. Over the next few years, private enterprises were seized by the government and their owners often being sent to the New Economic Zone to clear land. The farmers were coerced into state-controlled cooperatives. Transportation of food and goods between provinces was deemed illegal except by the government. Within a short period of time, Vietnam was hit with severe shortage of food and basic necessities. The Mekong Delta, once a world-class rice-producing area, was threatened with famine. The Mekong Delta (đồng bằng sông Cửu Long “Nine Dragon river delta” is the region in southwestern Vietnam where the Mekong River approaches and empties
In foreign relations, the SRVN became increasingly aligned with the Soviet Union by joining the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), and signing a Friendship Pact, which was in fact a military alliance, with the Soviet Union. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Tension between the SRVN and People's Republic of China mounted as Vietnam moved closer to the Soviet Union (China's rival) and got into conflict with Cambodia (China's ally). Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The SRVN was also embargoed by the U. S. and its allies.
Many of those who held high positions in the old South Vietnamese government and military, together with influential people in the literary and religious circles, were sent to reeducation camps, which were actually hard labor prison camps. Reeducation camp (trại học tập cải tạo is the official name given to the Prison camps operated by the Government of Vietnam following The inhumane conditions and treatment in the camps caused many inmates to remain bitter against the Communist Party decades later.
The SRVN government implemented a Stalinist Dictatorship of the Proletariat in the South as they did in the North. Stalinism is the political regime named after Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1929–1953 The " dictatorship of the proletariat " or workers' state is a term employed by Marxists that refers to what they see as a temporary state between the The network of security apparatus (Công An) controlled every aspect of people's life. Censorship was strict and ultra-conservative, with most pre-1975 works in the fields of music, art, and literature being banned. All religions had to be re-organized into state-controlled churches. Any negative comments toward the Party, the government, Uncle Ho, or anything related to Communism might earn the person the tag of Phản Động (Reactionary), with consequences ranging from being harassed by police, expelled from school or workplace, to being sent to prison. For the city named after him see Ho Chi Minh City. Hồ Chí Minh (name Nevertheless, the Communist authority failed to suppress the Black Market, where food, consumer goods, and banned literature could be bought at high prices. The security apparatus also failed to stop a nationwide clandestine network of people planning to escape the country. In many cases, the security officers of some whole districts were bribed and even got involved in organizing the escape schemes.
These living conditions resulted in an exodus of over a million Vietnamese secretly fleeing the country either by sea or overland through Cambodia. The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East For the people fleeing by sea, their wooden boats were often not sea-worthy, packed with people like sardines, and lacked sufficient food and water. Many got caught or shot at by the Vietnamese coast guards, many perished at sea due to boats capsizing, storms, starvation, and thirst. Another major threat was the Thai pirates in the Gulf of Siam, who robbed, raped, and murdered the boat people viciously. The Gulf of Thailand (or Gulf of Siam) is a gulf that borders but is not part of the South China Sea ( Pacific Ocean) Boat people is a term that usually refers to Illegal immigrants or Asylum seekers who emigrate en masse in boats that are sometimes old and crudely made rendering In many cases, they massacred the whole boat. Often, they gang raped the women for days then sold them into prostitution. The people who crossed Cambodia faced equal dangers with mine fields, and the Khmer Rouge and Khmer Serei guerillas, who also robbed, raped, and killed the refugees. The Khmer Serei, or Free Khmer, were a Guerrilla force founded by nationalist and Norodom Sihanouk opponent Son Ngoc Thanh.
The Vietnamese refugees who survived reached UNHCR camps in Thailand, Malaysia, Hong Kong, the Philippines and Indonesia. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR (established December 14, 1950) is a The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Some famous camps were Bidong (Malaysia), Galang (Indonesia), Bataan (the Philippines), Songkla (Thailand). Bidong Island is a small island in Terengganu, Malaysia. It is situated off the coast of Terengganu in the South China Sea. Galang (Indonesian Pulau Galang) is a Island, 80 km2 located 350 m southeast of Batam, belonging to a group of three islands called Bataan is a province of the Philippines occupying the whole of Bataan Peninsula on Luzon. Songkhla (สงขลา is the one of the southern provinces ( changwat) of Thailand. While most refugees were resettled to other countries within five years, others languished in these camps for over a decade. In the 1990s, refugees who could not find asylum were deported back to Vietnam. Communities of Vietnamese refugees emerged in the US, Canada, Australia, France, West Germany, and the UK. The refugees often sent relief packages packed with necessities, such as medicines, fabrics, toothpaste and soap, dried food, etc. , to their relatives in Vietnam to help them survive. Very few would send money as it would be exchanged far below market rates by the Vietnamese government.
In late 1978, following repeated raids by the Pol Pot regime in Cambodia into Vietnamese territory, Vietnam sent troops to overthrow Pol Pot. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) The Khmer Rouge (ខ្មែរក្រហម Kmae Krɑhɑɑm was the Communist ruling political party of Cambodia &mdashwhich it renamed Saloth Sar ( May 19, 1925 – April 15, 1998) also known as Pol Pot, was leader of the Communist movement known as The pro-Vietnamese People's Republic of Kampuchea was created with Heng Samrin as Chairman. History The PRK was established in January 1979 in line with the broad revolutionary program set forth by the Kampuchean (or Khmer National United Front for National Salvation Heng Samrin (born 1934) is a Cambodian Communist politician Heng was born in Prey Veng province Cambodia Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge allied with non-Communist guerilla forces led by Norodom Sihanouk and Son Sann to fight against the Vietnamese forces and the new Phnom Penh regime. Names and titles Since his abdication Sihanouk's official Cambodian title (short version the most-widely used is Preah Karuna Preah Bat Sâmdech Preah Norodom Sihanouk Preahmâhaviraksat Son Sann (1911-2000 was a Cambodian politician born in Phnom Penh on October 5 1911 Phnom Penh ( Khmer: ភ្នំពេញ official Romanization Phnum Pénh; pʰnum pɯɲ is the Capital Some high ranking officials of the Heng Samrin regime in the early 1980s resisted Vietnamese control, resulting in a purge that removed Pen Sovan, Prime Minister and Secretary General of the Cambodian People's Revolutionary Party. Pen Sovan (born 1936) was the first Prime Minister of the Hanoi -backed People's Republic of Kampuchea. The war lasted until 1989 when Vietnam withdrew its troops and handed the administration of Cambodia to the United Nations. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, on a positive note, helped stop the genocide of millions of Cambodians by the Khmer Rouge (see Khmer Rouge and Cambodia under Pol Pot). Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group The Khmer Rouge (ខ្មែរក្រហម Kmae Krɑhɑɑm was the Communist ruling political party of Cambodia &mdashwhich it renamed The Khmer Rouge (ខ្មែរក្រហម Kmae Krɑhɑɑm was the Communist ruling political party of Cambodia &mdashwhich it renamed The Khmer Rouge from 1975 until 1979 when Cambodia was ruled by the government of Pol Pot and his Khmer Rouge party the official name of
In early 1979, China invaded Vietnam to "teach Vietnam a lesson" for persecuting ethnic Chinese and for invading Cambodia. The Sino-Vietnamese War was brief, but casualties were high on both sides. The Sino–Vietnamese War, also known as the Third Indochina War, was a brief but bloody border war fought in 1979 between the People's Republic of China (PRC
Vietnam's third Constitution, based on that of the USSR, was written in 1980 . The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Communist Party was stated by the Constitution to be the only party to represent the people and to lead the country.
In 1980, cosmonaut Phạm Tuân became the first Vietnamese and the first Asian to go into space, traveling on the Soviet Soyuz 37 to service the Salyut 6 space station. Phạm Tuân, Hero of the Soviet Union (born February 14, 1947) was the first Vietnamese Cosmonaut and by extension he was also the Crew Number in parentheses indicates number of spaceflights by each individual prior to and including this mission Salyut 6 (Салют-6 lit Salute 6) was a Soviet orbital space station, the eighth flown as part of the Salyut programme.
During the early 1980s, a number of overseas Vietnamese organizations were created with the aim of overthrowing the Vietnamese Communist government through armed struggle. Most groups attempted to infiltrate Vietnam but eventually were eliminated by Vietnamese security and armed forces. Most notable were the organizations of Hoàng Cơ Minh from the US, Võ Đại Tôn from Australia, and Lê Quốc Túy from France. Hoàng Cơ Minh (1935-1987 was the first Chairman of the Việt Tân (Vietnam Reform Party Hoàng Cơ Minh was killed during an ambush in Laos. Võ Đại Tôn was captured and imprisoned until his release, in the 1990s, due to diplomatic pressure. Lê Quốc Túy escaped to France after many of his comrades were arrested and executed. Lê Quốc Túy later died in France from poison.
Throughout the 1980s, Vietnam received nearly $3 billion a year in economic and military aid from the Soviet Union (USSR) and conducted most of its trade with the USSR and other COMECON (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) countries. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Some cadres, realizing the economic suffering of the people, began to break rules and experimented with market-oriented enterprises. Some got punished for their feats, but years later would be hailed as visionary pioneers.
The changing names
For the most part of its history, the geographical boundary of present day Vietnam covered 3 ethnically distinct nations: a Viet nation, a Cham nation, and a part of the Khmer Empire. The Cham people ( Vietnamese: người Chăm or người Chàm) are an ethnic group in Southeast Asia. The Khmer Empire was the largest empire of South East Asia based in what is now Cambodia.
The Viet nation originated in the Red River Delta in present day north Vietnam and expanded over its history to the current boundary. The Red River Delta ( Đồng Bằng Sông Hồng) is the flat plain formed by the Red River and its distributaries joining in the Thai Binh River in northern It went through a lot of name changes, with Đại Việt being used the longest. Below is a summary of names:
| Period | Country Name | Time Frame | Boundary |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hồng Bàng Dynasty | Văn Lang | Before 258 BC | No accurate record on its boundary. The Hồng Bàng Dynasty, also known as the Lạc Dynasty, is a Dynasty that supposedly ruled in Vietnam (then known as Văn Lang) for over 2000 Some legends claim that its northern boundary might reach the Yangtze River. However, most modern history textbooks in Vietnam only claim the Red River Delta as the home of the Lạc Việt culture. The Red River Delta ( Đồng Bằng Sông Hồng) is the flat plain formed by the Red River and its distributaries joining in the Thai Binh River in northern |
| Thục Dynasty | Âu Lạc | 258 BC to 207 BC | Red River delta and its adjoining north and west mountain regions. An Dương Vương ( Hán Việt: 安[[wikt 陽|陽]] 王; literally "Peaceful Sun King" is the ruling title of Thục Phán ( 蜀[[wikt The Red River Delta ( Đồng Bằng Sông Hồng) is the flat plain formed by the Red River and its distributaries joining in the Thai Binh River in northern |
| Triệu Dynasty | Nam Việt | 207 BC to 111 BC | Âu Lạc, Guangdong, and Guangxi. The Triệu Dynasty (Nhà Triệu is the name given in Vietnam to the lineage of kings of the kingdom of Nam Việt (Nanyue which ruled over parts of Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the Guangxi (or Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region;) is a Zhuang autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. |
| Chinese Han Domination | Giao Chỉ (Jiao Zhi) | 111 BC - 544 AD | Present-day north and north-central of Vietnam
(southern border expanded down to the Ma River and Ca River delta). The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. Tonkin (Đông Kinh in Vietnamese) also spelled Tongkin, Tonquin or Tongking, is the northernmost part of Vietnam, south of Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Ma Riverpng|thumbnail|right|300px|Mã River]]The Ma River ( Vietnamese: Sông Mã, Lao: Nam Ma) is a River in Asia, originating Cả River ( Vietnamese: Sông Cả or better known as sông Lam /Lam River is a River in mainland Southeast Asia. |
| Subsequent Chinese Dynasties | Commonly called Giao Châu.
Vạn Xuân during half-century independence of Anterior Lý Dynasty. Officially named An Nam by Chinese Tang Dynasty since 679 CE. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by |
544 AD - 967 AD | Same as above. |
| Đinh and Anterior Lê Dynasty | Đại Cồ Việt | 967 AD - 1009 AD | Same as above. The Đinh Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Đinh; Han-Viet: Đinh Triều, 丁[[wikt 朝|朝]] was the imperial dynasty of Vietnam The Anterior Lê Dynasty or Prior Lê Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Tiền Lê; IPA: /ɲa˨˩ tiən˨˩ le/ was a dynasty that ruled Vietnam |
| Lý and Trần Dynasty | Đại Việt | 1010 AD - 1400 AD | Southern border expanded down to present-day Hue area. The Lý Dynasty ( Vietnamese: nhà Lý, IPA: /ɲa˨˩ li˦˥/ pronounced like Lee) sometimes known as the Posterior Lý Dynasty ( The Trần Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Trần, Hán Việt: Trần Triều, 陳朝 was a Vietnamese dynasty that ruled Vietnam (at that Hue is one of the main properties of a Color described with names such as " Red " " Yellow " etc |
| Hồ Dynasty | Đại Ngu | 1400 AD - 1407 AD | Same as above. The Hồ Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Hồ; Hán Việt: Hồ Triều) in Vietnam was a short-lived seven-year reign of two emperors |
| Lê, Mạc, Trịnh-Nguyễn Lords, Tây-Sơn Dynasty | Đại Việt | 1428 AD - 1802 AD | Gradually expanded to the boundary of present day Vietnam. The Later Lê Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Hậu Lê; Hán Việt: 後黎朝 sometimes referred to as the Lê Dynasty (the earlier Lê Dynasty The Mạc Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Mạc; Hán Việt: 莫[[wikt 朝|朝]] ruled the northern provinces of Vietnam from 1527 The Trịnh Lords (Chúa Trịnh Chu nom: 主[[wikt 鄭|鄭]] 1545-1787 were a series of rulers of Vietnam who controlled the powers of government while leaving The Nguyễn Lords ( Vietnamese: Chúa Nguyễn; 1558 - 1775 were a series of rulers of Southern Vietnam (then called Đàng Trong) The name of Tây Sơn ( 西[[wikt 山|山]] is used in many ways referring back to the period of Peasant rebellions and decentralized dynasties established between |
| Nguyễn Dynasty | Việt Nam | 1802 AD - 1887 AD | Present-day Vietnam plus some occupied territories in Laos and Cambodia. The Nguyễn Dynasty (Nhà Nguyễn Hán Việt: Nguyễn triều 阮朝 was the last ruling family of Vietnam. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East |
| French Colony | French Indochina, consisting of Cochinchina (southern Vietnam), Annam (central Vietnam), Tonkin (northern Vietnam), Cambodia, and Laos | 1887 AD - 1945 AD | Present-day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. First French interventions See also France-Vietnam relations France-Vietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit Cochin China is also a type of domestic fowl. Cochinchina, from Cochin-China (see note below (known locally as Nam Tonkin (Đông Kinh in Vietnamese) also spelled Tongkin, Tonquin or Tongking, is the northernmost part of Vietnam, south of The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East |
| Independence | Việt Nam (with variances such as Democratic Republic of Vietnam, State of Vietnam, Republic of Vietnam, Socialist Republic of Vietnam) | Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945-1976),
State of Vietnam (1949-1956), Republic of Vietnam (1956-1975 in South Vietnam), Socialist Republic of Vietnam (1976-present) |
Present-day Vietnam. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN or less commonly Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa was a Country on the northern half of Vietnam The State of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Quốc gia Việt Nam) was a former state in Vietnam replacing the former Republic of Cochinchina (1946-1949 "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially |
Almost all Vietnamese dynasties are named after the king's family name, unlike the Chinese dynasties, whose names are dictated by the dynasty founders and often used as the country's name.
It is still a matter of debate whether the Hồng Bàng Dynasty was real or just a symbolic dynasty to represent the Lạc Việt nation before recorded history. The Hồng Bàng Dynasty, also known as the Lạc Dynasty, is a Dynasty that supposedly ruled in Vietnam (then known as Văn Lang) for over 2000 The Thục, Triệu, Anterior Lý, Ngô, Đinh, Anterior Lê, Lý, Trần, Hồ, Lê, Mạc, Tây-Sơn, and Nguyễn are usually regarded by historians as formal dynasties. An Dương Vương ( Hán Việt: 安[[wikt 陽|陽]] 王; literally "Peaceful Sun King" is the ruling title of Thục Phán ( 蜀[[wikt The Triệu Dynasty (Nhà Triệu is the name given in Vietnam to the lineage of kings of the kingdom of Nam Việt (Nanyue which ruled over parts of The Ngô Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Ngô Hán tự: 吳[[wikt 朝|朝]] 939-967 was a dynasty in Vietnam. The Đinh Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Đinh; Han-Viet: Đinh Triều, 丁[[wikt 朝|朝]] was the imperial dynasty of Vietnam The Anterior Lê Dynasty or Prior Lê Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Tiền Lê; IPA: /ɲa˨˩ tiən˨˩ le/ was a dynasty that ruled Vietnam The Lý Dynasty ( Vietnamese: nhà Lý, IPA: /ɲa˨˩ li˦˥/ pronounced like Lee) sometimes known as the Posterior Lý Dynasty ( The Trần Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Trần, Hán Việt: Trần Triều, 陳朝 was a Vietnamese dynasty that ruled Vietnam (at that The Hồ Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Hồ; Hán Việt: Hồ Triều) in Vietnam was a short-lived seven-year reign of two emperors The Later Lê Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Hậu Lê; Hán Việt: 後黎朝 sometimes referred to as the Lê Dynasty (the earlier Lê Dynasty The Mạc Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Mạc; Hán Việt: 莫[[wikt 朝|朝]] ruled the northern provinces of Vietnam from 1527 The name of Tây Sơn ( 西[[wikt 山|山]] is used in many ways referring back to the period of Peasant rebellions and decentralized dynasties established between The Nguyễn Dynasty (Nhà Nguyễn Hán Việt: Nguyễn triều 阮朝 was the last ruling family of Vietnam. Nguyễn Hue's "Tây-Sơn Dynasty" is rather a name created by historians to avoid confusion with Nguyễn Anh's Nguyễn Dynasty.
- See also: List of Vietnamese dynasties
Further reading
- Hill, John E. Below is a list of Vietnamese monarchs. Some declared themselves kings ( vua / vương) or emperors ( hoàng đế) 2003. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. "Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu. " 2nd Draft Edition. [1]
- Hill, John E. 2004. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 AD. Events By Place Asia In the Chinese Kingdom of Wei, Wei Qi Wang succeeds Wei Ming Di. Events By Place Roman Empire Gallienus repels the invasion of the Goths in the Balkans. Draft annotated English translation. [2]
- Mesny, William. 1884. Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Tungking. Noronha & Co. , Hong Kong.
- Nguyễn Khắc Viện 1999 . Vietnam - A Long History. Hanoi, Thế Giới Publishers.
- Stevens, Keith. 1996. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) "A Jersey Adventurer in China: Gun Runner, Customs Officer, and Business Entrepreneur and General in the Chinese Imperial Army. 1842-1919. " Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Vol. 32 (1992). Published in 1996.
- Francis Fitzgerald. 1972. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam. Fire in the Lake The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam, written by Frances FitzGerald and published by both Back Bay Publishing and Little Little, Brown and Company.
- Hung, Hoang Duy. 2005. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A Common Quest for Vietnam's Future. Viet Long Publishing.
- The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2000. The State of The World's Refugees 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action - Chapter 4: Flight from Indochina (PDF). 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. [3]
- Lê Văn Hưu & Ngô Sĩ Liên. Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư. Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư ( Hán tự: 大越 史記全書 "A Complete History of Great Viet" is a 15th-century Vietnamese work
- Trần Trọng Kim. Việt Nam Sử Lược. Trung Tâm Học Liệu 1971.
- Phạm Văn Sơn. Việt Sử Toàn Thư.
- Taylor, Keith W. The Birth Of Vietnam.
- Trần Dân Tiên. Những Mẫu Chuyện Về Đời Hoạt Động Của Hồ Chủ Tịch.
- Văn Tiến Dũng. Đại Thắng Mùa Xuân.
- Bui Diem. In The Jaws Of History.
- Nguyen Tien Hung, Jerrold L. Schecter. The Palace File.
- Phạm Huấn. Cuộc Triệt Thoái Cao Nguyên 1975.
- Hành Trình Biển Đông Vol 1 and 2. Anthology of memoirs by Vietnamese boat people.
- Nguyễn Khắc Ngữ. Nguồn Gốc Dân Tộc Việt Nam. Nhóm Nghiên Cứu Sử Địa.
- Văn Phố Hoàng Đống. Niên Biểu Lịch Sử Việt Nam Thời Kỳ 1945-1975. Đại Nam 2003.
- Lê Duẩn. Đề Cương Cách Mạng Miền Nam.
- Nhat Tien, Duong Phuc, Vu Thanh Thuy. Pirates in the Gulf of Siam.
- Nguyễn Văn Huy, Tìm hiểu cộng đồng người Chăm tại Việt Nam.
References
- ^ Kenny, Henry J. (2002). Shadow of the Dragon: Vietnam's Continuing Struggle with China and the Implications for U. S. Foreign Policy, 21.
- ^ Neher, Clark D. ; Ross Marlay (1995). Democracy and Development in Southeast Asia: The Winds of Change, 162.
- ^ Davidson, Jeremy H. C. S. ; H. L. Shorto (1991). Austroasiatic Languages: Essays in Honour of H. L. Shorto, 95.
- ^ Japan's Role in the Vietnamese Starvation of 1944-45 by Bui Minh Dung Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 29, No. 3 (Jul., 1995), pp. 573-618 This article consists of 46 page(s). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534
See also
External links
- Vietnam History from ancient time
- Vietnam Chronology World History Database
- Viet Nam's Early History & Legends by C. Office The Prime Minister of Vietnam (Thủ tướng Việt Nam is the head of the executive branch of the Vietnamese government Until French colonization in the mid-19th century Vietnam's economy was uniformly agrarian subsistence and village-oriented N. Le (Asian Nation - The Landscape of Asian America)
- Tungking by William Mesny
- Pre-Colonial Vietnam by Ernest Bolt (University of Richmond)
- Human Rights in Vietnam 2006 (Human Rights Watch)
- French IndoChina Entry in a 1910 Catholic Encyclopedia about Indochina (New Advent). Human Rights Watch is a United States -based international Non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on Human rights.
- Virtual Vietnam Archive Exhaustive collection of Vietnam related documents (Texas Tech University)
- Geneva Accords of 1954 Text of the 1954 Accords by Vincent Ferraro (Mount Holyoke College)
- Việt-Học Thư-Quán - Institute of Vietnamese Studies - Viện Việt Học Many pdfs of Vietnamese history books
- Vietnam Dragons and Legends Vietnamese history and culture by Dang Tuan.
- Indochina - History links for French involvement in Indochina, casahistoria. net
- Vietnam - History links for US involvement in Indochina, casahistoria. net
- Early History of Vietnam - Origin of Vietnam name
- The American War: the U.S. in Vietnam - a Pinky Show online documentary video that includes a brief history of Vietnam
- Hoàng Văn Chí, Từ Thực Dân Đến Cộng Sản
- Hoàng Văn Hoan, Giọt Nước Trong Biển Cả
- Hoàng Văn Chí, Trăm Hoa Đua Nở Trên Đất Bắc
- Nguyễn Thanh Giang, Tưởng Niệm Con Đường Phan Chu Trinh
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