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What is now Tanzania was a colony and part of Germany from the 1880s to 1919. Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya German East Africa (Deutsch-Ostafrika was a German Colony in East Africa, including what is now Burundi, Rwanda and Tanganyika Events and Trends Technology Development and commercial production of Electric lighting Development and commercial production of gasoline-powered Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Under the League of Nations, the area became a British Mandate from 1919 to 1961. The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 It served as a military outpost during World War II and provided financial help as well as munitions. Julius Nyerere became Minister of British-administered Tanganyika in 1960 and continued as Prime Minister when Tanganyika became independent in 1961. Julius Kambarage Nyerere ( April 13, 1922 - October 14, 1999) served as the first President of Tanzania and previously Tanganyika Tanganyika is the name of an East African territory lying between the largest of the African great lakes Lake Victoria, Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika List of the Heads of Government of Tanzania Political Affiliation CCM - Chama Cha Mapinduzi TANU - Tanganyika Tanganyika and neighbouring Zanzibar, which had become independent in 1963, merged to form the nation of Tanzania on April 26, 1964. Zanzibar ( is part of the East African republic of Tanzania. It consists of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. One-party rule came to an end in 1995 with the first democratic elections held in the country since the 1970s. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995

Contents

Prehistory

Tanzania is home to some of the oldest human settlements unearthed by archaeologists, including fossils of early humans found in and around Olduvai Gorge in northern Tanzania, an area often referred to as "The Cradle of Mankind". Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos The Olduvai Gorge or Oldupai Gorge is commonly referred to as "The Cradle of Mankind These fossils include Paranthropus bones thought to be over 2 million years old, and the oldest known footprints of the immediate ancestors of humans, the Laetoli footprints, estimated to be about 3. The robust australopithecines, members of the Extinct Hominin genus Paranthropus (Greek para "beside" Greek anthropos "human" Laetoli is a site in Tanzania, dated to the Plio-Pleistocene and famous for its Hominid footprints preserved in Volcanic ash (Site G 6 million years old. [1].

Reaching back about 10,000 years, Tanzania is believed to have been populated by hunter-gatherer communities, probably Khoisan speaking people. A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild Foraging and Hunting Khoisan (increasingly commonly spelled Khoesan or Khoe-San) is the name for two major Ethnic groups of Southern Africa. Between three and five thousand years ago, they were joined by Cushitic-speaking people who came from the north, into which the Khoisan peoples were slowly absorbed. The Cushitic languages are a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken in the Horn of Africa. Cushitic peoples introduced basic techniques of agriculture, food production, and later, cattle farming. [2]

About 2000 years ago, Bantu-speaking people began to arrive from western Africa in a series of migrations. The Bantu languages (technically Narrow Bantu languages) constitute a grouping belonging to the Niger-Congo family These groups brought and developed ironworking skills and new ideas of social and political organization. They absorbed many of the Cushitic peoples who had preceded them, as well as most of the remaining Khoisan-speaking inhabitants. The Cushitic languages are a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken in the Horn of Africa. Later, Nilotic pastoralists arrived, and continued to immigrate into the area through to the 18th century. Nilotic people or Nilotes, in its contemporary usage refers to some Ethnic groups mainly in Southern Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, and northern [2][3]

Persian and Arab traders

Beginning in the early first millennium CE, settlements were established in coastal towns by Persian and Arabian traders. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) The Arabs and Persians intermingled with indigenous Bantu-speakers, giving rise to both the Swahili language and culture, influenced by both Arabic and Islam. Swahili (called Kiswahili in the language itself is the First language of the Swahili people (Waswahili who inhabit several large stretches The Swahili are a people and culture found on the coast of East Africa, mainly the coastal regions and the islands of Kenya and Tanzania, and north Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Swahili influence was felt east to the islands of Comoros and Madagascar, as well as west into central Africa, the Great Lakes kingdoms, and Zimbabwe. Central Africa is a core Region of the African Continent often considered to include Burundi, the Central African Republic, Chad See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election Over the next few centuries, trading outposts were established all along the coast as well as on the islands of the Zanzibar archipelago and Kilwa. Between the 13th and 15th centuries, in a period known as the Shirazi Era, these settlements flourished, with trade in ivory, gold and other goods extending as far away as India and China. Ivory is formed from Dentine and constitutes the bulk of the Teeth and Tusks of animals such as the Elephant, Hippopotamus, Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National [2]In the early 1300s Ibn Battuta, a Berber traveler from North Africa, visited Kilwa and proclaimed it one of the best cities in the world. Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Al Lawati Al Tanji Ibn Battuta (أبو عبد الله محمد ابن عبد الله اللواتي الطنجي بن بطوطة (born February

In 1498 Vasco da Gama became the first European to reach the East African coast, and by 1525 the Portuguese had subdued the entire coast. Dom Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira ('vaʃku dɐ 'gɐmɐ ( Sines or Vidigueira, Alentejo, Portugal, ca Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Portuguese control lasted until the early 18th century, when Arabs from Oman established a foothold in the region. Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman ( Arabic: سلطنة عُمان) is an Arab Country in Southwest Asia on the southeast Assisted by Omani Arabs, the indigenous coastal dwellers succeeded in driving the Portuguese from the area north of the Ruvuma River by the early 18th century. Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman ( Arabic: سلطنة عُمان) is an Arab Country in Southwest Asia on the southeast Ruvuma River, formerly also known as the Rovuma River, is a river in East Africa, forming during the greater part of its course the Border between The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Claiming the coastal strip, Omani Sultan Seyyid Said moved his capital to Zanzibar City in 1840. Sayyid Said bin Sultan Al-Said ( سعيد بن سلطان,) ( 5 June 1797 - October 19, 1856) was Sultan of Muscat Zanzibar City is the capital and largest city on the Tanzanian island of Zanzibar. He focused on the island and developed trade routes that stretched as far as Lake Tanganyika and Central Africa. Lake Tanganyika is a large Lake in central Africa (3° 20' to 8° 48' South and from 29° 5' to 31° 15' East Central Africa is a core Region of the African Continent often considered to include Burundi, the Central African Republic, Chad During this time, Zanzibar became the center for the Arab slave trade. The Arab Slave trade was the practice of Slavery in West Asia, North Africa, East Africa, and certain parts of Europe (such Due to the Arab and Persian domination at this later time, many Europeans misconstrued the nature of Swahili civilization as a product of Arab colonization. However, this misunderstanding has begun to dissipate over the past 40 years as Swahili civilization is becoming recognized as principally African in origin.

Tanganyika (1815–1886)

Tanganyika as a geographical and political entity did not take shape before the period of High Imperialism; its name only came into use after German East Africa was transferred to the United Kingdom as a mandate by the League of Nations in 1920. German East Africa (Deutsch-Ostafrika was a German Colony in East Africa, including what is now Burundi, Rwanda and Tanganyika The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 What is referred to here, therefore, is the history of the region that was to become Tanzania. A part of the Great Lakes region, namely the western shore of Lake Victoria consisted of many small kingdoms, most notably Karagwe and Buzinza, which were domainted by their more powerful neighbours Rwanda, Burundi, and Buganda. The Great Lakes of Africa are a series of Lakes in and around the geographic Great Rift Valley formed by the action of the tectonic East African Lake Victoria or Victoria Nyanza (also known as Ukerewe and Nalubaale) is one of the Great Lakes of Africa. Karagwe is one of the 6 districts of the Kagera Region of Tanzania. The Republic of Rwanda (ruːˈændə or /rəˈwɑːndə/ in English ɾwanda or in Kinyarwanda is a small Landlocked country in the Burundi (buˈɾundi officially the Republic of Burundi, is a small country in the Great Lakes region of Eastern Africa bordered by Rwanda Buganda is the kingdom of the Baganda people the largest of the traditional kingdoms in present-day Uganda.

European exploration of the interior began in the mid-19th century. In 1848 the German missionary Johannes Rebmann became the first European to see Mount Kilimanjaro. Johannes Rebmann (January 16 1820 – October 4 1876was a German Missionary and Explorer credited with feats including being the first European along with his British explorers Richard Burton and John Speke crossed the interior to Lake Tanganyika in 1857. Richard Burton, CBE (10 November 1925 &ndash 5 August 1984 was a Welsh multiple award-winning Actor. John Hannington Speke ( May 4 1827 &ndash September 15 1864) was an officer in the British Indian army who made three voyages of exploration Lake Tanganyika is a large Lake in central Africa (3° 20' to 8° 48' South and from 29° 5' to 31° 15' East In January 1866 the Scottish explorer and missionary David Livingstone, who crusaded against the slave trade, went to Zanzibar, from where he set out to seek the source of the Nile, and established his last mission at Ujiji on the shores of Lake Tanganyika. Dr David Livingstone (19 March 1813 &ndash 1 May 1873 was a British Congregationalist pioneer medical Missionary with the London Missionary Society Zanzibar ( is part of the East African republic of Tanzania. It consists of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River Ujiji is the oldest town in western Tanzania almost due west from Zanzibar. Lake Tanganyika is a large Lake in central Africa (3° 20' to 8° 48' South and from 29° 5' to 31° 15' East After having lost contact with the outside world for years, he was "found" there on November 10, 1871. Henry Morton Stanley, who had been sent in a publicity stunt to find him by the New York Herald newspaper greeted him with the now famous words "Dr Livingstone, I presume?" In 1877 the first of a series of Belgian expeditions arrived on Zanzibar. Sir Henry Morton Stanley, GCB, born John Rowlands ( January 28 1841 &ndash May 10 1904) was a British journalist The New York Herald was a large distribution Newspaper based in New York City that existed between May 6, 1835 and 1924 In the course of these expeditions, in 1879 a station was founded in Kigoma on the eastern bank of Lake Tanganyika, soon to be followed by the station of Mpala on the opposite western bank. Kigoma is a town and lake port in western Tanzania, on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika and close to the border with Burundi. Both stations were founded in the name of the Comite D'Etudes Du Haut Congo, a predecessor organization of the Congo Free State. The Congo Free State was a Corporate state privately controlled by Leopold II King of the Belgians through a dummy non-governmental organization the German colonial interests were first advanced in 1884. Karl Peters, who formed the Society for German Colonization, concluded a series of treaties by which tribal chiefs in the interior accepted German "protection. Karl Peters ( September 27, 1856 - September 10, 1918) German traveler in Africa one of the founders of German East Africa The Society for German Colonization ( Gesellschaft für Deutsche Kolonisation) was founded on March 28, 1884, by Dr " Prince Otto von Bismarck's government backed Peters in the subsequent establishment of the German East Africa Company. Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen Duke of Lauenburg Prince of Bismarck ( April 1, 1815 July 30, 1898) The German East Africa Company ( Deutsch-Ostafrikanische Gesellschaft) was an organisation founded by Karl Peters (with imperial backing from Otto

At the Berlin Conference of 1885, the fact that Kigoma had been established and supplied from Zanzibar and Bagamoyo led to the inclusion of East Africa into the territory of the Conventional Basin of the Congo, to Belgium's advantage. See also Congress of Berlin (1878 and Berlin Conference of 1954 (Cold War Zanzibar ( is part of the East African republic of Tanzania. It consists of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the The town of Bagamoyo, Tanzania, was founded at the end of the 18th century East Africa is the Easternmost Region of the African Continent. At the table in Berlin, contrary to widespread perception, Africa was not partitioned; rather, rules were established among the colonial powers and prospective colonial powers as how to proceed in the establishment of colonies and protectorates. While the Belgian interest soon concentrated on the Congo River, the British and Germans focused on Eastern Africa and in 1886 partitioned continental East Africa between themselves; the Sultanate of Zanzibar, now reduced to the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba, remained independent, for the moment. The Congo River (for a time known as the Zaire River) is the largest River in Western Central Africa. East Africa is the Easternmost Region of the African Continent. The Congo Free State was eventually to give up its claim on Kigoma (its oldest station in Central Africa) and on any territory to the east of Lake Tanganyika, to Germany. The Congo Free State was a Corporate state privately controlled by Leopold II King of the Belgians through a dummy non-governmental organization the Kigoma is a town and lake port in western Tanzania, on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika and close to the border with Burundi. Lake Tanganyika is a large Lake in central Africa (3° 20' to 8° 48' South and from 29° 5' to 31° 15' East Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

In 1886 and 1890, Anglo-German agreements were negotiated that delineated the British and German spheres of influence in the interior of East Africa and along the coastal strip previously claimed by the Sultan of Zanzibar. The post of Sultan of Zanzibar was created on 19 October 1856 after the death of Sa'id ibn Sultan, who had ruled Oman and Zanzibar as the Sultan of In 1891, the German government took over direct administration of the territory from the German East Africa Company and appointed a governor with headquarters at Dar es Salaam. Dar es Salaam (دار السلام "Abode of Peace" Dār as-Salām) formerly Mzizima, is the largest city in Tanzania.

German East Africa and the Maji Maji Rebellion

All resistance to the Germans in the interior ceased and they could now set out to organize German East Africa. The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as German East Africa (Deutsch-Ostafrika was a German Colony in East Africa, including what is now Burundi, Rwanda and Tanganyika They continued brutally to exercise their authority with disregard and contempt for existing local structures and traditions. While the German colonial administration brought cash crops, railroads, and roads to Tanganyika, European rule provoked African resistance. Tanganyika is the name of an East African territory lying between the largest of the African great lakes Lake Victoria, Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika Between 1891 and 1894, the Hehe — lead by Chief Mkwawa — resisted German expansion, but were eventually defeated. Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Hehe ani gever (Swahili collective Wahehe) are an ethnic and linguistic group based in Iringa Region in south-central Tanzania. Paramount Chief Mkwavinyika Munyigumba Mwamuyinga (1855 &ndash 19 July 1898 1) more commonly known as Chief Mkwawa, was After a period of guerrilla warfare, Mkwawa was cornered and committed suicide in 1898. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

Widespread discontent re-emerged, and in 1902 a movement against forced labour for a cotton scheme rejected by the local population started along the Rufiji River. The Rufiji River lies entirely within the African nation of Tanzania. The tension reached a breaking point in July 1905 when the Matumbi of Nandete led by Kinjikitile Ngwale revolted against the local administrators (akida) and suddenly the revolt grew wider from Dar Es Salaam to the Uluguru Mountains, the Kilombero Valley, the Mahenge and Makonde Plateaux, the Ruvuma in the southernmost part and Kilwa, Songea, Masasi, and from Kilosa to Iringa down to the eastern shores of Lake Nyasa. The Matumbi are an ethnic and linguistic group based in Lindi Region in southern Tanzania, on the banks of the Ruvuma River. The Akida were administrators of groups of villages in Tanganyika under German East African rule Dar es Salaam (دار السلام "Abode of Peace" Dār as-Salām) formerly Mzizima, is the largest city in Tanzania. Kilombero is the name of a river and a district in Morogoro Region, south-western Tanzania. Mahenge is a Limestone Plateau area in the Ulanga District, Morogoro Region, Tanzania, Africa. The Makonde are an ethnic group in southeast Tanzania and northern Mozambique. Ruvuma is a region in Tanzania. It is named after the Ruvuma River which forms most of its southern boundary with Mozambique. Songea is the capital of the Ruvuma Region in southeastern Tanzania. Masasi is one of the 5 districts of the Mtwara Region of Tanzania. Kilosa is one of the 6 districts of the Morogoro Region of Tanzania. This article is about the city of Iringa For the Iringa Region of Tanzania see Iringa Region. Lake Malawi (also known as Lake Nyasa, Lake Nyassa, Lake Niassa, and Lago Niassa in Mozambique) is the most southerly Lake The resistance culminated in the Maji Maji Rebellion of 1905–1907. The Maji Maji Rebellion, sometimes called the Maji Maji War, was a violent African resistance to colonial rule in the German colony of Tanganyika an uprising by several Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The rebellion, which temporarily united a number of southern tribes and ended only after an estimated 120,000 Africans had died from fighting or starvation, is considered by most Tanzanians to have been one of the first stirrings of nationalism, although many historians dispute this conclusion. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Research has shown that traditional hostilities played a large part in the rebellion.

Germans had occupied the area since 1897 and totally altered many aspects of everyday life. They were actively supported by the missionaries who tried to destroy all signs of indigenous beliefs, notably by razing the 'mahoka' huts where the local population worshiped their ancestors' spirits and by ridiculing their rites, dances and other ceremonies. A missionary is a member of a Religion who works to convert those who do not share the missionary's faith someone who proselytizes. This would not be forgotten or forgiven; the first battle which broke out at Uwereka in September 1905 under the Governorship of Count Gustav Adolf von Götzen turned instantly into an all-out war with indiscriminate murders and massacres perpetrated by all sides against farmers, settlers, missionaries, planters, villages, indigenous people and peasants. Count Gustav Adolf von Götzen ( 12 May 1866 – 2 December 1910) was a German explorer and Governor of German East Known as the Maji Maji war with the main brunt borne by the Ngoni people, this was a merciless rebellion and by far the bloodiest in Tanganyika. The Maji Maji Rebellion, sometimes called the Maji Maji War, was a violent African resistance to colonial rule in the German colony of Tanganyika an uprising by several The Ngoni people are an ethnic group living in Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia, in east-central Africa. Tanganyika is the name of an East African territory lying between the largest of the African great lakes Lake Victoria, Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika

War with Germany in East Africa

Battle of Tanga, fought between the British and Germans during World War I
Battle of Tanga, fought between the British and Germans during World War I

During World War I, an invasion attempt by the British was thwarted by German General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck at the Battle of Tanga, who then mounted a drawn out guerrilla warfare campaign against the British. The Battle of Tanga (sometimes nicknamed the " Battle of the Bees " was the blundered attempt by the British Indian Army to capture German East World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck ( March 20, 1870 - March 9, 1964) was a German General, the commander of the German The Battle of Tanga (sometimes nicknamed the " Battle of the Bees " was the blundered attempt by the British Indian Army to capture German East Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc

At the outbreak of the First World War the German authorities regarded the position of their premier Colony with considerable equanimity although it was inevitably cut off from outside communication. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. It had been organized against any attack that could be made without those extensive preparations. For the first year of hostilities the Germans were strong enough to carry the war into their neighbours' territories and repeatedly attacked the railway and other points in British East Africa. British East Africa was an area of East Africa controlled by the British in the late 19th century which became a Protectorate covering roughly the area of present-day However, British rule had begun with the occupation of the island of Mafia by the Royal Navy in 1914. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service)

The forces at the disposal of the German Command may never be accurately known. Lieutenant-General Jan Smuts at one time estimated them at 2,000 Germans and 16,000 Askaris, with 60 guns and 80 machine guns, but this should prove to be below the mark. Field Marshal Jan Christiaan Smuts, OM, CH, PC, ED, KC, FRS (24 May 1870 &ndash 11 September 1950 was a prominent Askari is an Arabic, Turkish, Somali, Persian, and Swahili word meaning "soldier" (عسكري ‘askarī The white adult male population in 1913 numbered over 3,500 (exclusive of garrison), a large proportion of these would be available for military duties. The native population of over 7,000,000 formed a reservoir of man-power from which a force might be drawn limited only by the supply of officers and equipment. There is no reason to doubt that the Germans made the best of this material during the long interval of nearly eighteen months which separated the outbreak of war from the invasion in force of their territory.

In his final despatch of May 1919, General Jacob van Deventer placed the German forces at the commencement of 1916 at 2,700 whites and 12,000 blacks. Lieutenant-General Sir Jacob van Deventer KCB CMG DTD (1874-1922 was a South African military commander Lord Cranford, in his foreword to Captain Angus Buchanan's book on the war, writes, "At his strongest von Lettow probably mustered 25,000 to 30,000 rifles, all fighting troops", with 70 machine guns and 40 guns. Angus Buchanan VC MC (11 August 1894 &ndash 1 March 1944 was a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck ( March 20, 1870 - March 9, 1964) was a German General, the commander of the German After eighteen months of continuous fighting, General van Deventer estimated the enemy's forces at 8,000 to 9,000 men.

Cut-off from Germany by the Royal Navy Von Lettow made a virtue of necessity and conducted a masterly guerilla campaign, living off the land and moving swiftly to repeatedly surprise the British. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) The British, who deployed large numbers of Indian Army troops under Smuts, faced difficult logistic problems supplying their pursuing army deep in the interior, which they attempted to overcome by the formation of a large Carrier Corps of native porters. The Indian Army (Bharatiya Thalsena भारतीय थाल्सेना is one of the armed forces of India and has the responsibility for land-based The Carrier Corps was a military organisation created in Kenya in World War I to provide military labour to support the British campaign against the German

Another point bearing on the war and duly emphasized by General Smuts in his lecture before the Royal Geographic Society (January 1918), was the extraordinary strength of the German frontier. History Founding members of the Society include Sir John Barrow, Sir John Franklin and Francis Beaufort. The coastline offered few suitable points for landing and was backed by an unhealthy swamp belt. On the west the line of lakes and mountains proved so impenetrable that the Belgian forces from the Congo had, in the first instance, to be moved through Uganda. The Belgian Congo ( Dutch: Belgisch Kongo French: Congo Belge German: Belgisch Kongo was the formal title of present-day Democratic Republic On the south the Ruvuma River was only fordable on its upper reaches. Ruvuma River, formerly also known as the Rovuma River, is a river in East Africa, forming during the greater part of its course the Border between And the northern frontier was the most difficult of all. Only one practicable pass about five miles (8 km) wide offered between the Pare Mountains and Kilimanjaro, and here the German forces, amid swamps and forests, had been digging themselves in for eighteen months. The Pare Mountains are a Mountain range in north eastern Tanzania, north west of the Usambara Mountains.

The Honorable H. Burton, speaking in London in August 1918 said, "Nothing struck our commanders in the East African field so much as the thorough, methodical and determined training of the German native levies previous to the war. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. "

The force which evacuated the Colony in December 1917, was estimated at the time at 320 white and 2,500 black troops; 1,618 Germans were killed or captured in the last six months of 1917, 155 whites and 1,168 Askaris surrendered at the close of hostilities.

A skillful and remarkably successful guerrilla campaign waged by the German commander Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck kept the war in Tanganyika going for the entire length of the First World War. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck ( March 20, 1870 - March 9, 1964) was a German General, the commander of the German A scorched earth policy and the requisition of buildings meant a complete collapse of the Government's education system, though some mission schools managed to retain a semblance of instruction. A scorched earth policy is a military strategy or operational method (possibly more often referred to as a tactic but this is not entirely correct as there is a difference between See also Evangelism, Christianization A Christian mission has been widely defined since the Lausanne Congress of 1974 as that which Unlike the Belgian, British, French and Portuguese colonial masters in central Africa, Germany had developed an educational program for her Africans that involved elementary, secondary and vocational schools. “Instructor qualifications, curricula, textbooks, teaching materials, all met standards unmatched anywhere in tropical Africa. ”[4] In 1924, ten years after the beginning of the First World War and six years into British rule, the visiting American Phelps-Stokes Commission reported: In regards to schools, the Germans have accomplished marvels. Some time must elapse before education attains the standard it had reached under the Germans. [5]But by 1920, the Education Department consisted of 1 officer and 2 clerks with a budget equal to 1% of the country's revenue - less than the amount appropriated for the maintenance of Government House.

British East Africa

The mandate to administer the former German colony was conferred on the United Kingdom under the terms of the Supreme Council of the League of Nations. The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 With the concurrence of the Supreme Council, the United Kingdom transferred the provinces of Ruanda-Urundi, in the northwest, to Belgium. Ruanda-Urundi was a Belgian Suzerainty from 1916 to 1924 a League of Nations Class B Mandate from 1924 to 1945 and then a UN trust territory These provinces contained three-sevenths of the population and more than half the cattle of the colony. The boundaries of the East Indies Station were enlarged in 1919 to include Zanzibar and what was the littoral of German East Africa. The East Indies Station was one of the geographical Area of operations into which the British Royal Navy divided its world-wide responsibilities Zanzibar ( is part of the East African republic of Tanzania. It consists of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the German East Africa (Deutsch-Ostafrika was a German Colony in East Africa, including what is now Burundi, Rwanda and Tanganyika Dar-es-Salaam remained the seat of Government of the colony and the first Administrator was Sir Horace Archer Byatt CMG. Dar es Salaam (دار السلام "Abode of Peace" Dār as-Salām) formerly Mzizima, is the largest city in Tanzania. The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George is a British order of chivalry founded on 28 April 1818 by George Prince Regent (later George The native troops went back quietly to their villages and the few Germans that remained were reported as settling down under the new administration.

In 1920, by the Tanganyika Order in Council, 1920, the Office of Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Territory was constituted. The colony was renamed Tanganyika Territory in 1920. Tanganyika is the name of an East African territory lying between the largest of the African great lakes Lake Victoria, Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika In 1921 the Belgians transferred the Kigoma district, which they had administered since the occupation, to British administration. Belgium has a population of about 10666866 citizens as of January 2008 The United Kingdom and Belgium signed an agreement regarding the border between Tanganyika and Ruanda-Urundi in 1924. Ruanda-Urundi was a Belgian Suzerainty from 1916 to 1924 a League of Nations Class B Mandate from 1924 to 1945 and then a UN trust territory The administration of the Territory continued to be carried out under the terms of the mandate until its transfer to the Trusteeship System under the Charter of the United Nations by the Trusteeship Agreement of December 13, 1946.

British policy was to rule indirectly through African leaders. In 1926, a Legislative Council was established, which was to advise the governor. A Legislative Council is the name given to the legislatures or one of the chambers of the legislature of many nations and colonies The British administration took measures to revive African institutions by encouraging limited local rule and authorized the formation in 1922 of political clubs such as the Tanganyika Territory African Civil Service Association. In 1926 some African members were unofficially admitted into the Legislative Council and in 1929 the Association became the Tanganyika African Association which would constitute the core of the nascent nationalist movement. For nationalist movements in general see Nationalism. The Nationalist Movement is a Mississippi -based White supremacist In 1945 the first Africans were effectively appointed to the Governor's Legislative Council.

In 1928 the railway line Tabora-Mwanga was opened to traffic, the line from Moshi to Arusha in 1929. Moshi is a Tanzanian town with a population of 144739 (2002 census This article refers to the city of Arusha For other uses see Arusha (disambiguation. In 1919 the population was estimated at 3,500,000. In 1931 a census established the population of Tanganyika at 5,022,640 natives, in addition to 32,398 Asians and 8,228 Europeans. Tanganyika is the name of an East African territory lying between the largest of the African great lakes Lake Victoria, Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika Under British rule, efforts were undertaken to fight the Tsetse fly (a carrier of sleeping sickness), and to fight malaria and bilharziasis; more hospitals were built. This page is about the insect For other meanings see Tsetse (disambiguation. Sleeping sickness or human African trypanosomiasis is a Parasitic Disease of people and animals caused by Protozoa of species Malaria is a vector -borne Infectious disease caused by Protozoan Parasites It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions including Schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis or snail fever) is a Parasitic disease caused by several species of fluke In 1926, the Colonial administration provided subsidies to schools run by missionaries, and at the same time established its authority to exercise supervision and to establish guidelines. Yet in 1935, the education budget for the entire country of Tanganyika amounted to only (US) $290,000, although it is unclear how much this represented at the time in terms of purchasing power parity. The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power.

In 1933, Sir Horace Hector Hearne was appointed as Puisne Judge, Tanganyika Territory, and acted as Chief Justice in 1935 and 1936. Sir Hector Horace Hearne ( 23 February 1892 &ndash 31 December 1962) was a Judge Puisne (from Old French puisne, modern puîné, later born inferior Lat He held the post until 1936/1937 when he went on to be a similar job in Ceylon. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island

After World War II, Tanganyika became a UN territory under British control. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Subsequent years witnessed Tanganyika moving gradually toward self-government and independence. In 1954, Julius Nyerere, the future leader of Tanzania, who was then a school teacher and one of only two Tanganyikans educated abroad at the university level, organized a political party -- the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU). Julius Kambarage Nyerere ( April 13, 1922 - October 14, 1999) served as the first President of Tanzania and previously Tanganyika The Tanganyika African National Union (TANU was the principal political party in the struggle for sovereignty in the East African state of Tanganyika (now Tanzania

Zanzibar

Main article: History of Zanzibar

An early Arab/Persian trading center, Zanzibar fell under Portuguese domination in the 16th and early 17th centuries but was retaken by Omani Arabs in the early 18th century. People have lived in Zanzibar for 20 000 years History proper starts when the islands became a base for traders voyaging between Arabia, Zanzibar ( is part of the East African republic of Tanzania. It consists of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the The height of Arab rule came during the reign of Sultan Seyyid Said, who moved his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar, established a ruling Arab elite, and encouraged the development of clove plantations, using the island's slave labor. Sayyid Said bin Sultan Al-Said ( سعيد بن سلطان,) ( 5 June 1797 - October 19, 1856) was Sultan of Muscat Muscat ( Arabic: مسقط) is the Capital and largest city of the Sultanate of Oman. This article is about the Spice; for other meanings see Clove (disambiguation. The archipelago was world-famous for its trade in spices and became known as the Spice Islands. This article covers the historical role of the Maluku Islands as a source of spices since early history when the islands where known as the Spice Islands It was also a major transit point in the Arab slave trade. The Arab Slave trade was the practice of Slavery in West Asia, North Africa, East Africa, and certain parts of Europe (such Zanzibar attracted ships from as far away as the United States, which established a consulate in 1837. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom's early interest in Zanzibar was motivated by both commerce and the determination to end the slave trade. The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history In 1822, the British signed the first of a series of treaties with Sultan Said to curb this trade, but not until 1876 was the sale of slaves finally prohibited. The Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty of 1890 made Zanzibar and Pemba a British protectorate, and the Caprivi Strip in Namibia became a German protectorate. The Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty (Helgoland-Sansibar-Vertrag was an 1890 agreement between the United Kingdom and the German Empire - hence also Anglo-German In International law, a protectorate is a autonomous territory that is "protected" by a stronger state or entity hense the protector which engages to protect Caprivi, sometimes called the Caprivi Strip (in German Caprivizipfel) or the Okavango Strip and formally known as Itenge, is a narrow protrusion Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa on the Atlantic coast British rule through a Sultan remained largely unchanged from the late 19th century until five years after World War II.

Independence and Union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar

In 1954, Julius Nyerere, a school teacher who was then one of only two Tanganyikans educated to university level, organized a political party--the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU). Julius Kambarage Nyerere ( April 13, 1922 - October 14, 1999) served as the first President of Tanzania and previously Tanganyika The Tanganyika African National Union (TANU was the principal political party in the struggle for sovereignty in the East African state of Tanganyika (now Tanzania In May 1961, Tanganika became an autonomous Commonwealth realm, and Nyerere became Prime Minister, under a new constitution. A Commonwealth realm is any one of 16 sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that each have Elizabeth II as their respective Monarch On December 9, 1961, a republican constitution was implemented, after which Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere was elected president. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city

Zanzibar received its independence from the United Kingdom on December 19, 1963, as a constitutional monarchy under the sultan. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is On January 12, 1964, the African majority revolted against the sultan and a new government was formed with the ASP leader, Abeid Karume, as President of Zanzibar and Chairman of the Revolutionary Council. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings During this period, several thousand Arabs (5,000-12,000 Zanzibaris of Arabic descent) and Indians were killed, thousands more detained or expelled, their property either confiscated or destroyed. The film Africa Addio documents the revolution, including a massacre of Arabs. Africa Addio is a 1966 Italian Documentary film about the end of the colonial era in Africa.

It was at this time that the Tanganyika army revolted and Britian was asked by [Julius Nyerere] to send in troops. Royal Marines; Commandos were sent by air from England via Nairobi and 40 Commando came ashore from the aircraft carrier HMS Bulwark. Several months were spent in Commandos touring the country disarming military outposts. When the successful operation ended, the Royal Marines left to be replaced by Canadian troops.

On April 26, 1964, Tanganyika united with Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. The country was renamed the United Republic of Tanzania on October 29 of that year. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II The name Tanzania is a portmanteau of Tanganyika and Zanzibar and previously had no significance. Under the terms of this union, the Zanzibar Government retains considerable local autonomy.

Recent history

To form a sole ruling party in both parts of the union, Nyerere merged TANU with the Zanzibar ruling party, the Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP) of Zanzibar to form the CCM (Chama cha Mapinduzi-CCM Revolutionary Party), on February 5, 1977. Julius Kambarage Nyerere ( April 13, 1922 - October 14, 1999) served as the first President of Tanzania and previously Tanganyika The Tanganyika African National Union (TANU was the principal political party in the struggle for sovereignty in the East African state of Tanganyika (now Tanzania The Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP was the union between the mostly Persian Shiraz Party and the mostly African Afro Party in the island of Zanzibar. The Chama Cha Mapinduzi ( Party of the Revolution in Swahili) is the ruling Political party of Tanzania. Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. The merger was reinforced by principles enunciated in the 1982 union constitution and reaffirmed in the constitution of 1984. Nyerere introduced African socialism, or Ujamaa, which emphasized justice and equality. African socialism is a belief in sharing economic resources in a "traditional" African way as distinct from classical Socialism. Ujamaa was the concept that formed the basis of Julius Nyerere 's social and economic development policies in Tanzania just after it gained independence from Britain

In 1979 Tanzania declared war on Uganda after Uganda invaded and tried to annex the northern Tanzanian province of Kagera. Kagera Region is located in the northwestern corner of Tanzania. Tanzania not only expelled Ugandan forces, but, enlisting the country's population of Ugandan exiles, also invaded Uganda itself. On April 11, 1979, Idi Amin was forced to quit the capital, Kampala. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Idi Amin Dada (mid 1920s &ndash 16 August 2003 commonly known as Idi Amin, was a Ugandan military dictator and the President of Uganda The Tanzanian army took the city with the help of the Ugandan and Rwandan guerrillas. Amin fled into exile. [1]

Nyerere handed over power to Ali Hassan Mwinyi in 1985, but retained control of the ruling party, Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM), as Chairman until 1990, when he handed that responsibility to Mwinyi. Ali Hassan Mwinyi (born May 8, 1925, Kivure Coast Region Tanzania) was the president of the United Republic of Tanzania from 1985 The Chama Cha Mapinduzi ( Party of the Revolution in Swahili) is the ruling Political party of Tanzania. In October 1995, one-party rule came to an end when Tanzania held its first ever multi-party election. However, CCM comfortably won the elections and its candidate Benjamin William Mkapa was subsequently sworn in as the new president of the United Republic of Tanzania on 23 November 1995. Benjamin William Mkapa (born November 12, 1938) is a former President of the United Republic of Tanzania (1995 - 2005 and former Chairman for Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Contested elections in late 2000 led to a massacre in Zanzibar in January 2001, with the government shooting into crowds of protestors, killing 35 and injuring 600[6]. In December 2005, Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete was elected the 4th president for a five-year term. President Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete (born October 7 1950) is a Tanzanian politician and current President of the United Republic of Tanzania

One of the deadly 1998 U.S. embassy bombings occurred in Dar Es Salaam; the other was in Nairobi, Kenya. In the 1998 US Embassy bombings ( August 7, 1998) hundreds of people were killed in simultaneous Car bomb explosions at the United States Dar es Salaam (دار السلام "Abode of Peace" Dār as-Salām) formerly Mzizima, is the largest city in Tanzania. Nairobi (naɪˈroʊbɪ is the capital and largest city of Kenya. In 2004, the undersea earthquake on the other side of the Indian Ocean caused tsunamis along Tanzania's coastline in which 11 people were killed. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was an undersea Earthquake that occurred at 005853 UTC on December 26 2004 with an Epicentre off the west coast of The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface A tsunami ((tsuːˈnɑːmi is a series of waves created when An oil tanker also temporarily ran aground in the Dar Es Salaam harbour, damaging an oil pipeline. History The technology of oil transportation has evolved alongside the oil industry Dar es Salaam (دار السلام "Abode of Peace" Dār as-Salām) formerly Mzizima, is the largest city in Tanzania. Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe.

In 2008, a power surge cut off power to Zanzibar, resulting in the 2008 Zanzibar Power blackout. The 2008 Zanzibar Power blackout was a extensive Power outage on Zanzibar, Tanzania.

References

Notes

  1. ^ Wong, Kate (August 01, 2005). Flat feet and doubts about makers of the Laetoli tracks. Scientific American. Retrieved on 2007-04-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.
  2. ^ a b c Absolute Tanzania: History
  3. ^ Phyllis Martin and Patrick O'Meara. Africa. 3rd edition. Indiana University Press, 1995.
  4. ^ Miller, p. 21
  5. ^ Miller, p. 21
  6. ^ Human Rights Watch report

Further reading

External links

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