This article discusses the history of the territory of Slovakia. Samo (died 658 was a Frankish merchant from the "Senonian country" ( Senonago) probably modern Sens, France. The Principality of Nitra or Nitrian Principality (Nitrianske kniežatstvo Nitriansko Nitrava is the name for a Slavic polity centered around Nitra Great Moravia (see Name section was a Slavic state that existed in Central Europe from the 9th century to the early 10th century The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 Royal Hungary was the name of a territory of medieval Hungary (together with Kingdom of Croatia) where the Habsburgs were recognized as Kings of Hungary With the collapse of the Habsburg monarchy at the end of World War I, the independent country of Czechoslovakia ( Slovak: Česko-Slovensko Czech Whereas Czechs wished to create a Czechoslovak nation Slovaks sought a Federal republic in 1918 The Slovak Republic ( Slovak: Slovenská republika) was an independent national Slovak state which existed from 14 March 1939 The Slovak National Uprising ( Slovak: Slovenské národné povstanie, abbreviated SNP or 1944 Uprising was an armed Insurrection organized The division between Czechs and Slovaks in Czechoslovakia persisted as a key element in the reform movement of the 1960s and the Retrenchment of the Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million
Prehistory
Palaeolithic
Radiocarbon dating puts the oldest surviving archaeological artifacts from Slovakia - found near Nové Mesto nad Váhom - at 270,000 BCE, in the Early Paleolithic era. Radiocarbon dating is a Radiometric dating method that uses the naturally occurring Radioisotope Carbon-14 (14C to determine the age of Nové Mesto nad Váhom (Neustadt an der Waag or Neustadtl; Vágújhely is a Town in the Trenčín Region of Slovakia. The Lower Paleolithic (or Lower Palaeolithic) is the earliest subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. These ancient tools, made by the Clactonian technique, bear witness to the ancient habitation of Slovakia. The Clactonian is the name given by Archaeologists to an industry of European flint tool manufacture that dates to the early part of the Interglacial period
Other stone tools from the Middle Paleolithic era (200,000 - 80,000 BCE) come from the Prévôt cave near Bojnice and from other nearby sites. The Middle Paleolithic (or Middle Palaeolithic) is the second subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Bojnice (Bajmóc Weinitz is a small town in central Slovakia at the upper Nitra river near the city of Prievidza. The most important discovery from that era is a Neanderthal cranium (c. The Neanderthal (neɪˈændərtɑːl also with /niː-/ and /-θɔːl/ or Neandertal, is an extinct member of the Homo genus that is known from 200,000 BCE), discovered near Gánovce, a village in northern Slovakia. Gánovce (Gánóc Gansdorf is a village in the Poprad District of the Prešov Region in northern Slovakia, situated 3 km south-east from the town
Archaeologists have found prehistoric Homo sapiens skeletons in the region, as well as numerous objects and vestiges of the Gravettian culture, principally in the river valleys of Nitra, Hron, Ipeľ, Váh and as far as the city of Žilina, and near the foot of the Vihorlat, Inovec, and Tribeč mountains, as well as in the Myjava Mountains. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus The Gravettian was an industry of the European Upper Palaeolithic. The Nitra (- Slovak, German: Neutra, Hungarian: Nyitra) is a 197 km long River in western Slovakia. This article is about the River Hron For the Rector of Prag-Suchdol see Jan Hron Hron (Hron Gran Garam Granus is a 298 km long left tributary of the Danube Ipeľ or archaic Jupoľ ( Slovak, Hungarian: Ipoly, German: Eipel) is a 232 km long River in Slovakia Žilina ( Sillein Zsolna names in other languages) is a city in north-western Slovakia, around from the capital Bratislava. Vihorlat Mountains (Vihorlatské vrchy Vyhorliat) or colloquially Vihorlat is a volcanic mountain range in eastern Slovakia and western Tribeč is a crystalline Mountain range in western Slovakia, in the Inner Western Carpathians within the Fatra-Tatra Area, roughly between Myjava (Miawa Miava is a town in Trenčín Region, Slovakia. Geography It is located in the Myjava Hills at the foothills of the The most well-known finds include the oldest female statue made of mammoth-bone (22 800 BCE), the famous Venus of Moravany. A mammoth is any Species of the Extinct Genus Mammuthus. These Proboscideans are members of the elephant family and Venus figurines is an Umbrella term for a number of prehistoric Statuettes of women sharing common attributes (many depicted as apparently Obese The statue was found in the 1940s in Moravany nad Váhom near Piešťany. Moravany nad Váhom (Hungarian Moraván) is a Village and Municipality in Piešťany District in the Trnava Region of western Piešťany ( Pistyan Pöstyén Pieszczany is a town in Slovakia. Numerous necklaces made of shells from Cypraca thermophile gastropods of the Tertiary period have come from the sites of Zákovská, Podkovice, Hubina, and Radošinare. The class Gastropoda or the gastropods, also previously known as gasteropods, or univalves, and more commonly known as Snails The chuprichondira geological time interval covers roughly the time span between the demise of the non- avian Dinosaurs and beginning of the most recent Ice Age, approximately These findings provide the most ancient evidence of commercial exchanges carried out between the Mediterranean and Central Europe. Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and
Neolithic
Discovery of tools and pottery in several archaeological digs and burial places scattered across Slovakia, surprisingly including northern regions at relatively high altitudes, gives evidence of human habitation in the Neolithic period. Pottery is the Ceramic ware made by potters It also refers to a group of materials that includes Earthenware, Stoneware The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos The pottery found in Želiezovce, Gemer, and the Bukové hory massif is characterized by remarkable modeling and delicate linear decoration. Želiezovce (Zelis (rare Zseliz is a Town in Slovakia in the Nitra Region, in the Levice District, near the Hron river The article is about the historical region for the village in Slovakia, see Gemer (village. It also reveals the first attempts at coloring. This deliberate adornment shows a developed aesthetic sense of the Neolithic craftsmen.
Important archaeological discoveries have been made in several formerly-inhabited caves. For example, humans inhabited the famous Domica cave, almost 6000 meters long, to a depth of 700 meters. Domica is the biggest cave in the Slovak Karst in southern Slovakia, Rožňava District. This cave offers one of the biggest Neolithic deposits in Europe. The tribes who created the pottery from the Massif Bukové hory inhabited Domica continuously for more than 800 years.
The transition to the Neolithic era in Central Europe featured the development of agriculture and the clearing of pastures, the first smelting of metals at the local level, the "Retz" style pottery and also fluted pottery. During the "fluted-pottery" era, people built several fortified sites. Some vestiges of these remain today, especially in high-altitude areas. Pits surround the most well-known of these sites at Nitriansky Hrádok. Starting in the Neolithic era, the geographic location of present-day Slovakia hosted a dense trade-network for goods such as shells, amber, jewels and weapons. Amber is Fossil tree Resin, which is appreciated for its color and beauty As a result, it became an important hub in the system of European trade routes.
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age in Slovakia went through three stages of development, stretching from 2000 to 800 BCE. The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for The 20th century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 2000 BC to 1901 BC Major cultural, economic, and political development can be attributed to the significant growth in production of copper, especially in central Slovakia (for example in Špania Dolina) and north-west Slovakia. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Špania Dolina is a village and municipality in central Slovakia, near the city of Banská Bystrica. Copper became a stable source of prosperity for the local population. After the disappearance of the Čakany and Velatice cultures, the Lusatian people expanded building of strong and complex fortifications, with the large permanent buildings and administrative centers. The Lusatian culture existed in the later Bronze Age and early Iron Age ( 1300 BC - 500 BC) in eastern Germany, most of Poland Excavations of Lusatian hill-forts document the substantial development of trade and agriculture at that period. A hill fort is a fortified refuge or defended settlement
The richness and the diversity of tombs increased considerably. The inhabitants of the area manufactured arms, shields, jewelry, dishes, and statues. The arrival of tribes from Thrace disrupted the people of the Calenderberg culture, who lived in the hamlets located on the plain (Sereď), and also in the hill forts located on the summits (Smolenice, Molpír). Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe Sereď (until 1954 "Sered" Szered is a Town in southern Slovakia near Trnava. Smolenice (German Smolenitz, Hungarian Szomolány) is a Village and Municipality of Trnava District in the Trnava Region The local power of the "Princes" of the Hallstatt culture disappeared in Slovakia during the last period of the Iron Age after strife between the Scytho-Thracian people and the Celtic tribes, who advanced from the south towards the north, following the Slovak rivers. The Hallstatt culture was the predominant This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man. The Scythians or Scyths (Σκύθες Σκύθοι were an Iranian speaking people of horse-riding Nomadic pastoralists who dominated the Pontic Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts
Iron Age and the Roman era
The victory of the Celts marked the beginning of the late Iron Age in the region. This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man. Two major Celtic tribes living in Slovakia were Cotini and Boii. Cotini was a Celtic tribe most probably living in today's Slovakia, or (according to occasional opinions in Moravia and southern Poland. Boii ( Latin plural singular Boius; Greek) is the Roman name of an ancient Celtic tribe, attested at various Cotini were probably identical or made significant part of so-called Púchov culture. The Púchov culture was an Archaeological culture named after site of Púchov -Skalka in Slovakia. The Celts built large oppida in Bratislava and Liptov (the Havránok shrine). An enclosed oppidum was a type of large late Iron Age settlement or Oppidum surrounded by an encircling bank and ditch ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading Liptov is an informal designation of region in Slovakiam part of the former Kingdom of Hungary Liptó county. Havránok is an important archaeological site in northern Slovakia. Silver coins with the names of Celtic kings, the so-called Biatecs, represent the first known use of writing in Slovakia. Biatec was the name of a person presumably a king who appeared on the Celtic Coins minted by the Boii in Bratislava (the capital of Slovakia Celtic dominance disappeared with the Germanic incursions, the victory of Dacia over the Boii near the Neusiedler See, and the expansion of the Roman Empire. The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic Dacia, in ancient geography was the land of the Dacians. It was named by the ancient Hellenes ( Greeks) " Getae " Lake Neusiedl (Neusiedlersee Fertő tó is the second largest Steppe lake in Central Europe, straddling the Austrian Hungarian border The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial
The Roman epoch began in Slovakia in 6 CE, inaugurated by the arrival of Roman legions on this territory that led to a war against the Marcomanni and Quadi tribes. For other uses see Legion The Roman Legion (from Latin legio "military levy Conscription," Marcomanni were a Germanic tribe, probably related to the Buri, Suebi or Suevi Quadi were a smaller Germanic tribe, about which little definitive information is known The Kingdom of Vannius, a barbarian kingdom founded by the Quadi, existed in western and central Slovakia from 20 to 50 AD. Vannius was the king of the germanic tribe Quadi. He lived in the 1st century "Barbarian" is a pejorative term for an uncivilized person either in a general reference to a member of a nation or Ethnos perceived The Romans and their armies occupied only a thin strip of the right bank of the Danube and a very small part of south-western Slovakia (Celemantia, Gerulata, Devín Castle). Celemantia (or Kelemantia; the modern name of the site is Leányvár) was a Roman Castellum and settlement on the territory of the present-day Gerulata was a Roman Military camp located near today's Rusovce, a borough of Bratislava, Slovakia. Devín Castle ( Slovak: hrad Devín or Devínsky hrad, Hungarian: dévényi vár, German: Burg Theben) is a castle Only in 174 CE did the emperor Marcus Aurelius penetrate deeper into the river valleys of Váh, Nitra and Hron. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (often referred to as "the wise" ( April 26, 121 – March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor On the banks of the Hron he wrote his philosophical work Meditations. Meditations (Τὰ εἰς ἑαυτόν Ta eis heauton, literally "thoughts/writings addressed to himself" is the title of a series of personal writings In 179 CE, a Roman legion engraved on the rock of the Trenčín Castle the ancient name of Trenčín (Laugaritio), marking the furthest northern point of their presence in this part of Europe. The Trenčín Castle is a castle above the town of Trenčín in western Slovakia. Trenčín ( also known under alternative names) is a city in western Slovakia of the central Váh River valley near the Czech
The great invasions of the 4-7th centuries
In the second and third centuries CE the Huns began to leave the Central Asian steppes. The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south They crossed the Danube in 377 CE and occupied Pannonia, which they used for 75 years as their base for launching looting-raids into Western Europe. In 451, under the command of Attila, they crossed the Rhine and laid Gaul to waste; then crossed even the Pyrenees, devastating the countryside of Catalonia. The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western The Pyrenees (Pirineos French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. However, Attila's death in 453 brought about the disappearance of the Hun tribe. In 568 a proto-Mongol tribe, the Avars, conducted their own invasion into the Middle Danube region. The Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan. The Avars occupied the lowlands of the Pannonian Plain, established an empire dominating the Carpathian Basin and they made several raids against the Byzantine Empire whose emperors sent gifts regularly to them in order to avoid their attacks. The Pannonian Plain is a large Plain in Central Europe that remained when the Pliocene Pannonian Sea dried out The Pannonian Basin or Carpathian Basin is a large basin in Central Europe. [1] In 623, the Slavic population living in the western parts of Pannonia seceded from their empire. Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, [2] In 626, the Avars and the Persians jointly besieged but failed to capture Constantinople; following this failure, the Avars' prestige and power declined and they lost the control over their former territories outside the Carpathian Basin. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS [1]
The Slavs
Early history
 | The following text needs to be harmonized with text in the article Slavic peoples. (See e. g. Wikipedia:Summary style. ) |
The majority of mainstream historians suggest that the settlement of Central and Western Europe by the Slavs only began in the sixth century CE. The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. However, certain elements attest to the fact that by the beginning of the sixth century, a Slav population had begun to occupy vast territories extending from the Vistula, the Dniestr and the Danube, including present-day Slovakia, Pannonia and Carantania. The Dniester (Дністер translit Dnister; Nistru is a river in Eastern Europe. The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, Carantania, also known as Carentania (Karantanija Karantanien in old Slovene Onomastics Korotan) was a Slavic Principality
Based on their interpretation of recent archeological and literal sources, a minority of historians and linguists has developed an alternative theory holding that Slav tribes emerged on this territory thousands of years BCE, evolving from sedentary indigenous peoples in the midst of Celtic and Germanic tribal movements. The best known proponent has been the Russian Slavic and Hungarian linguist Oleg Nikolayevitch Trubatchov, the main editor of the monumental Ethymological Dictionary of Slavic languages, who wrote a detailed book on this theory. Also, Greek and Roman texts provide possible evidence of an older Slavic presence in the area. For example they content that the first reference to the Slavs — Vénèdes — appears in a work by Herodotus of Halicarnassus dated 400 BCE. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash Halicarnassus (Άλικαρνᾱσσός &mdash Halikarnassós or Ἁλικαρνασσός &mdash Alikarnassós Halikarnas modern The designation Vénètes or Vénedès occurred widely: it still occurs today in places of contact between Western Europeans and Slavs situated on the territory of present-day Austria. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich
Mention of the Slav presence also comes in the writings of Pliny the Elder (79 CE) and of Tacitus Cornelius (55-116 CE). Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca 56 &ndash ca 117 was a senator and a Historian of the Roman Empire. The first designation of the Slavs in the Latin form Souveni appears in the writings of Claudius Ptolemaeus in 160 CE. Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca The Slavs of the middle Danube before the 8th century, who lived on the present-day territories of Slovakia, of north and west Hungary, Moravia, Pannonia, Austria and Slovenia, used this name in the form Sloveni (*Slověne). Slovaks and Slovenes, who come from the ethnic group Sloveni, continue to use the name. Slovenes or Slovenians ( Slovene Slovenci, dual Slovenca, singular Slovenec, feminine Slovenke, dual Slovenki
Recent research has discovered evidence of the co-existence of the Slavs and the Celtic tribes in the region of Liptov in northern Slovakia, near the area of Liptovská Mara. Liptov is an informal designation of region in Slovakiam part of the former Kingdom of Hungary Liptó county. Investigators discovered six Celto-Slav colonies and the site of a castle with a sanctuary in its center, used for Celtic and Slav rites. Stone fortifications surrounded the castle. Slav tribes also coexisted with the Germanic Quadi, according to the latest findings of the Czech archeologist J. Quadi were a smaller Germanic tribe, about which little definitive information is known Czechs (Češi ˈt͡ʃɛʃɪ archaic Čechové) are a western Slavic people of Central Europe, living predominantly in the Czech Republic Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Poulík.
The two competing theories are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Contemporary scholarship in general has moved away from the idea of monolithic nations and the Urheimat debates of the 19th and early 20th centuries, and its focus of interest is that of a process of ethnogenesis, regarding competing Urheimat scenarios as false dichotomies.
The empire of King Samo
The remnants of the Slavic population settled in the Middle Danube and they were unified by King Samo, after a successful Slavic insurrection against the Avar Khaganate in 623. Samo (died 658 was a Frankish merchant from the "Senonian country" ( Senonago) probably modern Sens, France. Samo (died 658 was a Frankish merchant from the "Senonian country" ( Senonago) probably modern Sens, France. The Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan. In 631, Samo defeated the Frankish army of King Dagobert I at the Battle of Wogastisburg. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group Dagobert I (c 603 &ndash 19 January 639) was the king of Austrasia (623&ndash634 king of all the Franks (629&ndash634 and king of According to the contemporary Chronicle of Fredegar, the battle of Wogastisburg was a battle between Slavs ( Sclav cognomento Winidi) under Samo's Empire, the first known political formation of Slavs, disappeared after the death of its founder in 665.
The rising of Slavic polities
In the 670s, the new population of the "griffin and tendril" archaeological culture appeared in the Carpathian Basin (identified as Onogurs), and shortly afterwards the Avars could expand their territories even also over the Vienna Basin. The Principality of Nitra or Nitrian Principality (Nitrianske kniežatstvo Nitriansko Nitrava is the name for a Slavic polity centered around Nitra Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos The Onogurs were a horde of Equestrian nomads that wandered the Eurasian plains in the 5th – 8th centuries. The Viennese Basin (German Wiener Becken, Czech Vídeňská pánev, Slovak Viedenská kotlina, Slovenian Dunajska kotlina) is a Sedimentary [1] However, archaeological findings from the same period (such as an exquisite noble tomb in Blatnica) also indicate formation of a Slavic upper class on the territory that later became the nucleus of Great Moravia. Blatnica (1927-1946 Turčianska Blatnica) is a Village and Municipality in the Turiec region of Slovakia. [3]
The Avar supremacy over southern Slovakia lasted until 803 - the year when Charlemagne, helped by the Slavs living north of the Danube (in the nucleus of the future Principality of Nitra),[4] defeated the Avars, who eventually became assimilated into the local Slavic populations. Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his The Principality of Nitra or Nitrian Principality (Nitrianske kniežatstvo Nitriansko Nitrava is the name for a Slavic polity centered around Nitra
All our information, based on written sources, on the Principality of Nitra was recorded in two entries in The Conversion of the Bavarians and the Carantanians around 870. [5] [6] During the first decades of the 9th century, the Slavic people living in the north-western parts of the Carpathian Basin were under the rule of a tribal leader (styled prince by later historians) whose seat was in Nitra. The Pannonian Basin or Carpathian Basin is a large basin in Central Europe. A traditional tribal chief is the leader of a Tribe, or the head of a tribal form of self-government If you were looking for a chemical see Nitre or Nitro. Nitra ( Neutra ( Nyitra / Nyitria) is a city in western [1] An extensive network of settlements developed around the town in the 9th century. [7]
In the early 9th century, the polity was situated on the north-western territories of present-day Slovakia[1], or its territories even extended not only over the whole territory of today Slovakia (except the Záhorie), but also over the adjacent north-eastern lands of present-day Hungary and western Carpathian Ruthenia. Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Záhorie (Erdőhát is a region in western Slovakia bordered by the Little Carpathians in the east and the Morava River in the west Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Carpathian Ruthenia, aka Transcarpathian Ruthenia, Rusinko Subcarpathian Rus, Subcarpathia ( Rusyn and Ukrainian
Around 828, Archbishop Adalram of Salzburg consecrated a church for Pribina (alternately Prince Pribina) in Nitrava. Many other buildings in Nitra, the Váh river valley, Orava and Spiš are also dated to Pribina's period. Orava is the traditional name of a region situated in northern Slovakia (as Orava) and partially also in southern Poland (as Orawa) Spiš (- Slovak; Latin: Scepusium, Zips Szepesség Spisz is a region in north-eastern Slovakia, with a very small area in south-eastern In 833, Mojmír I, Duke of the Moravians expelled Pribina. Pribina went to count Ratbod, who administered the Eastern March of the Carolingian Empire, where Pribina became the head of the Balaton Principality. The Balaton Principality (also called Pannonia, Lower Pannonia, Pannonian Principality, Transdanubian Principality or Slavic Pannonian State [8][7] Excavations revealed that at least three Nitra castles (Pobedim, Čingov, and Ostrá skala) were destroyed around the time Pribina was expelled. Pobedim is a Village and Municipality in Nové Mesto nad Váhom District in the Trenčín Region of western Slovakia. [3]
The era of Great Moravia
Great Moravia arose around 830 when Moimír I unified the Slavic tribes settled north of the Danube and extended the Moravian supremacy over them. [5] When Mojmír I endeavoured to secede from the supremacy of the king of East Francia in 846, King Louis the German deposed him and assisted Moimír's nephew, Rastislav (846–870) in acquiring the throne. East ( ern) Francia ( Regnum Francorum orientalium) known variously as Francia Orientalis or the Kingdom of the East Franks, was the Louis (also Ludwig or Lewis) the German (also known as Louis II or Louis the Bavarian) (806 &ndash August 28, 876 Rastic or Rastiz (in modern Slovak Rastislav) (died after 870 was the second ruler of Great Moravia between 846 and 870 [7] The new monarch pursued an independent policy: after stopping a Frankish attack in 855, he also sought to weaken influence of Frankish priests preaching in his realm. Rastislav asked the Byzantine Emperor Michael III to send teachers who would interpret Christianity in the Slavic vernacular. Michael III the Drunkard (Μιχαήλ Γ΄ ο Μέθυσος Mikhaēl III ho Methysos) ( January 19, 840 &ndash September 23–24 867 Upon Rastislav's request, two brothers, Byzantine officials and missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius came in 863. Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born Cyril developed the first Slavic alphabet and translated the Gospel into the Old Church Slavonic language. Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic Alphabet. to make sure old Cyrillic letters are displayed properly (For example instead of just Ѣ write Ѣ Rastislav was also preoccupied with the security and administration of his state. Numerous fortified castles built throughout the country are dated to his reign and some of them (e. g. , Dowina, sometimes identified with Devín Castle)[9][10] are also mentioned in connection with Rastislav by Frankish chronicles. Devín Castle ( Slovak: hrad Devín or Devínsky hrad, Hungarian: dévényi vár, German: Burg Theben) is a castle [11] [7]
During Rastislav's reign, the Principality of Nitra was given to his nephew Svatopluk as an appanage. [10] The rebellious prince allied himself with the Franks and overthrew his uncle in 870. Similarly to his predecessor, Svatopluk I (871–894) assumed the title of the king (rex). During his reign, the Great Moravian Empire reached its greatest territorial extent, when not only present-day Moravia and Slovakia but also present-day northern and central Hungary, Lower Austria, Bohemia, Silesia, Lusatia, southern Poland and northern Serbia belonged to the empire, but the exact borders of his domains are still disputed by modern authors. [3][12] Svatopluk also withstood attacks of the nomadic Magyar tribes[4] and the Bulgarian Empire, although sometimes it was he who hired the Magyars when waging war against East Francia. Nomadic people, (from the νομάδες nomádes, "those who let pasture herds" also known as nomads, are communities of people that Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. The First Bulgarian Empire (Първo Българско царство Părvo Bălgarsko Tsarstvo) was a Medieval Bulgarian state founded in AD 632 [2]
In 880, Pope John VIII set up an independent ecclesiastical province in Great Moravia with Archbishop Methodius as its head. John VIII was Pope from December 13, 872 to December 16, 882. Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born He also named the German cleric Wiching the Bishop of Nitra. If you were looking for a chemical see Nitre or Nitro. Nitra ( Neutra ( Nyitra / Nyitria) is a city in western
After the death of King Svatopluk in 894, his sons Mojmír II (894-906?) and Svatopluk II succeeded him as the King of Great Moravia and the Prince of Nitra respectively. Mojmír II (?-(?906 was the last king of the Great Moravian Empire (894-?906 Svatopluk II (? - ca 906 ruled the Principality of Nitra from 894 to 906 and strove to control all of Great Moravia. [10] However, they started to quarrel for domination of the whole empire. Weakened by an internal conflict as well as by constant warfare with Eastern Francia, Great Moravia lost most of its peripheral territories.
In the meantime, the Magyar tribes, having suffered a catastrophic defeat from the similarly nomadic Pechenegs, left their territories east of the Carpathian Mountains, invaded the Carpathian Basin and started to occupy the territory gradually around 896. The Pechenegs or Patzinaks ( Turkish: Peçenekler, Hungarian: Besenyő, Greek: Patzinaki/Petsenegi or Πατζινάκοι/Πετσενέγοι/Πατζινακίται [12] Their armies' advance may have been promoted by continuous wars among the countries of the region whose rulers still hired them occasionally to intervene in their struggles. [13]
Both Mojmír II and Svatopluk II probably died in battles with the Magyars between 904 and 907 because their names are not mentioned in written sources after 906. In three battles (July 4-5 and August 9, 907) near Bratislava, the Magyars routed Bavarian armies. Battle of Pressburg or Battle of Bratislava refers to a battle fought at Brezalauspurc (today Bratislava in Slovakia) on July 4 907 during ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 Historians traditionally put this year as the date of the breakup of the Great Moravian Empire.
Great Moravia left behind a lasting legacy in Central and Eastern Europe. The Glagolitic script and its successor Cyrillic were disseminated to other Slavic countries, charting a new path in their cultural development. The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic Alphabet. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by The administrative system of Great Moravia may have influenced the development of the administration of the Kingdom of Hungary. The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946
Kingdom of Hungary
The rule of Magyar chieftains - 10th century
From the beginning of the 10th century, the Magyars (Hungarians), progressively imposed their authority on the Carpathian Basin. See also the History of Europe, the History of present-day nations and states, Pannonian basin before Hungary, and Hungary. Although some contemporary sources mention that Great Moravia disappeared without trace and its inhabitants left for the Bulgars, Croats and Magyars following the latters' victories, but archaeological researches and toponyms suggest the continuity of Slavic population in the valleys of the rivers of the Inner Western Carpathians. Toponymy refers to the scientific study of place-names ( toponyms) their origins meanings use and Typology. The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати [13] [13] [14] Toponyms may prove that the nomadic Magyars occupied the Western Pannonian Plain in present-day Slovakia, while the hills were inhabited by a mixed (Slav and Hungarian) population and people living in the valleys of the mountains spoke Slavic language. The Pannonian Plain is a large Plain in Central Europe that remained when the Pliocene Pannonian Sea dried out The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages [14]
Words borrowed by the Magyars from Slavic people also prove their coexistence, although it is sometimes difficult to decide whether a certain word was borrowed from a West Slavic or a South Slavic language. [7] The Magyars adapted numerous Slavic words, connected to various fields of life, from state organization to agriculture and social relations; around 9. 36% of the word roots of the modern Hungarian language originates from Slavic languages. Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. [15]
Some references even were made to Moravia in the course of the 10th century, and archaeological findings may also refer to the survival of some noble families of Great Moravia. On the other hand, the chroniclers of the early history of Hungary, recorded that the prominent noble families of the kingdom descended either from leaders of the Magyar tribes or from immigrants, and they did not connect any of them to Great Moravia. For example, the ancestors of the clan Hunt-Pázmán (Hont-Pázmány), whose Great Moravian origin has been advanced by modern scholars[16], were mentioned by Simon of Kéza to have arrived from the Duchy of Swabia (in the Holy Roman Empire) to the kingdom in the late 10th century. Hont-Pázmány was the name of a gens ("clan" in the Kingdom of Hungary. The following is a list of Dukes of Swabia in southwest Germany The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in [7] [17] [18]
The territory of the present-day Slovakia became progressively integrated into the developing state (the future Kingdom of Hungary) in the early 10th century. The Gesta Hungarorum ("Deeds of the Hungarians") mentions that Huba, head of one of the seven Magyar tribes, received possessions around Nitra and the Žitava River; while according to the Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum ("Deeds of the Huns and Hungarians") another tribal leader, Lél settled down around Hlohovec and following the Magyars' victory over the Moravians', he usually stayed around Nitra. Gesta Hungarorum may also refer to Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum, written by Simon of Kéza The Žitava River is a 993 km long river in southern Slovakia. The Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum ( Latin: "Deeds of the Huns and Hungarians" written mainly by Simon of Kéza around 1282-1285 is one of the Lehel or Lele or Lél (died 955) was a Magyar chieftain, one of the military leaders of prince Taksony of Hungary Hlohovec ( German: Freistadt(l an der Waag, Hungarian Galgóc) is a town in southwestern Slovakia, with a Population [7] Modern authors also claim that the north-western parts of the Carpathian Basin were occupied by one of the Magyar tribes. [7]
Between 899 and 970, the Magyars frequently conducted raids to the territories of present-day Italy, Germany, France and Spain and also to the lands of the Byzantine Empire. This is the History of Italy during the Middle Ages. Late Antiquity Gothic Wars and the Lombard conquest Italy was invaded by the Visigoths East ( ern) Francia ( Regnum Francorum orientalium) known variously as Francia Orientalis or the Kingdom of the East Franks, was the West Francia or the West Frankish Kingdom was a short-lived kingdom encompassing the lands of the western part of the Carolingian Empire that came under the undisputed Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar [19] Such activities continued westwards until the Battle of Augsburg on the Lech River in 955, when Otto, King of the Germans destroyed their troops; their raids against the Byzantine Empire finished only in 970. The Battle of Lechfeld ( 10 August 955) perhaps the defining event for holding off the incursions of the Magyars into Central Europe, was a decisive Otto I the Great ( 23 November 912 &ndash 7 May 973) son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke [19]
From 917, the Magyars made raids to several territories at the same time which may prove the decay of the uniform direction within their tribal federation. [20] The sources prove the existence of at least three and maximum five groups of tribes within the federation, and only one of them was lead directly by the Árpáds (the dynasty of the future kings of Hungary) who ruled over the western parts of the Carpathian Basin. The Árpáds or Arpads (Árpádok Arpadovići Арпадовићи ArpádovciArpatlar was the ruling Dynasty of the federation of the Magyar tribes [21]
Tercia pars regni or Principality of Nitra? - 11th century
The development of the future Kingdom of Hungary started during the reign of Grand Prince Géza (before 972-997) who expanded his rule over the territories of present-day Slovakia west of the River Hron. The Principality of Nitra or Nitrian Principality (Nitrianske kniežatstvo Nitriansko Nitrava is the name for a Slavic polity centered around Nitra Géza (c 945 &ndash 997 Grand Prince of the Magyars (before 972 - 997 This article is about the River Hron For the Rector of Prag-Suchdol see Jan Hron Hron (Hron Gran Garam Granus is a 298 km long left tributary of the Danube [22] Although, he was baptised in or after 972, he never became a convinced Christian – in contrast to his son, Stephen who followed him in 997. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Saint Stephen I ( Hungarian: I (Szent István) (967/969/975 Esztergom, Hungary – August 15, 1038, Esztergom-Szentkirály [22] Some authors claim that following his marriage with Giselle of Bavaria, Stephen received the "Duchy of Nitra" in appanage from his father. Giselle of Bavaria (also Gisela or Gizella) (c 985&ndash1033 or 1065 was the daughter of Henry II Duke of Bavaria and Gisela of Burgundy [23] When Géza died, a member of the Árpád dynasty, the pagan Koppány claimed the succession, but Stephen defeated him with the assistance of his wife's German retinue. Koppány was a Hungarian nobleman of the tenth century Brother of the ruling prince of Hungary Géza of the Árpád dynasty, Koppány ruled as Prince [22] A Slovak folksong mentions that Štefan kral (i. e. , King Stephen) could only overcome his pagan opponent with the assistance of Slovak warriors around Bíňa. Bíňa (Bény is a Municipality and village in the Nové Zámky District in the Nitra Region of south-west Slovakia. [19] Following his victory, Stephen received a crown from Pope Silvester II and he was crowned as the first King of Hungary in 1000 or 1001. Pope Sylvester II, or Silvester II (c 946&ndash May 12, 1003) born Gerbert d'Aurillac, was a prolific scholar teacher and Pope The King of Hungary (magyar király was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1000 (or 1001 to 1918
The Kingdom of Hungary integrated elements of the former Great Moravian state organization. [3][24] On the other hand, historians has not reached a consensus on this subject; e. g. , it is still being debated whether the formation of the basic unit of the administration (vármegye) in the kingdom followed foreign (Bulgarian, Moravian or German) patterns or it was an internal innovation. A comitatus (vármegye less frequently a comitat, or inaccurately a county; for the various names their origin and use see here) is the name of an [25]
King Stephen (1000/1001-1038) established at least eight counties ("vármegye") on the territories of present-day Slovakia: Abov, Borsod, Esztergom, Hont, Komárno, Nitra, Tekov and Zemplín were probably founded by him. Abaúj ( Latin: comitatus Abaujvariensis, Slovak: Abov, German: Neuburg or Abaujwar) is the name of a historic Borsod was the name of a historic administrative county ( Comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary in present-day north-eastern Hungary. Esztergom county (in Latin comitatus Stringoniensis, in Hungarian Esztergom (vármegye, in Slovak Ostrihomský komitát / Ostrihomská stolica / Ostrihomská Hont (- Slovak and Hungarian and German, in Latin: Honthum, in Hungarian also Honth) is the name of a historic administrative Komárom county (in Latin comitatus Comaromiensis, in Hungarian Komárom (vármegye, in Slovak Komárňanský komitát / Komárňanská stolica / Komárňanská For the region in Slovakia see Nitra region. Nyitra county ( in Slovak Nitriansky komitát / Nitrianska stolica Bars ( Latin: comitatus Barsiensis, Hungarian: Bars, Slovak: Tekov, German: Barsch) is the name of Zemplén ( Hungarian: Zemplén, Slovak: Zemplín, German: Semplin, Latin: Zemplinum [25] The scarcely habitated northern and north-eastern territories of today Slovakia became the kings' private forests. [25] King Stephen also set up several dioceses in his kingdom; in the 11th century, present-day Slovakia's territories were divided between the Archdiocese of Esztergom (established around 1000) and its suffragan, the Diocese of Eger (founded between 1006-1009). [25]
Around 1015, Duke Boleslaw I of Poland occupied some territories of present-day Slovakia east of the River Morava, but King Stephen recovered these territories already in 1018. Morava may refer to; Place names Czech language Moravia (Morava eastern part of the territory of the Czech Republic Dolní Morava [26]
Following King Stephen's death, his kingdom got involved in internal conflicts among the claimants for his crown and Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor also intervened in the struggles. Henry III ( 29 October 1017 &ndash 5 October 1056) called the Black or the Pious, was a member of the Salian Dynasty [2] In 1042, the Emperor Henry occupied the parts of today Slovakia east of the River Hron and granted them to King Stephen's cousin, Béla, but following the withdrawal of the Emperor's armies, King Samuel Aba's troops reoccupied the territories. Béla I the Champion or the Bison ( Hungarian: I (Bajnok/Bölény Béla) (c Samuel Aba ( Hungarian: Aba Sámuel) (? &ndash after 5 July 1044 King of Hungary (1041-1044 Palatine of Hungary (c [26]
In 1048, King Andrew I of Hungary conceded one-third of the counties of his kingdom (Tercia pars regni) in appanage to his brother, Duke Béla. Andrew I the White or the Catholic (I (Fehér/Katolikus András/Endre (c The Tercia pars regni ( ie, one-third parts of the kingdom is the denomination for territories occasionally governed separately by members (dukes of the Árpád dynasty [22] The duke's domains were centered around Nitra and Bihar (today Biharea in Romania). Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania [7] During the following 60 years, the Tercia pars regni were governed separately by members of the Árpád dynasty (i. e. , by the Dukes Géza, Ladislaus, Lampert and Álmos). This article is about the seventh king of Hungary There was also a ruling prince of the Magyars Géza of Hungary (940/945&ndash997 father of St For other monarchs with similar names please see Ladislaus I (disambiguation. Lampert (c 1040 &ndash c 1095 was a member of the Árpád dynasty; Duke of one-third of the Kingdom of Hungary (Tercia pars regni (1064 &ndash c Álmos (in Croatian and Slovak Almoš) (died 1129 was a Hungarian prince the son of King Géza I of Hungary, brother of King Kálmán. [7] The dukes accepted the kings' supremacy, but some of them (Béla, Géza and Álmos) rebelled against the king in order to acquire the crown and allied themselves with the rulers of the neighbouring countries (e. g. , the Holy Roman Empire, Bohemia). The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the [2]
The history of the Tercia pars regni ended in 1107, when King Coloman of Hungary occupied its territories taking advantage of the pilgrimage of Duke Álmos (his brother) to the Holy Land. Coloman I the Book-lover (I (Könyves Kálmán) also spelled Koloman (c [22] Although, Duke Álmos, when returned to the kingdom, tried to reoccupy his former duchy with the military assistance of Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, but he failed and was obliged to accept the status quo. Henry V ( 8 November 1086 &ndash 23 May 1125) was King of Germany (from 1098-1125) and Holy Roman Emperor Status quo is a Latin term meaning the present existing state of affairs or "the state in which"
Developing counties and towns - the 12-13th centuries
Following the occupation of his brother's duchy, King Coloman set up (or re-established) the third bishopric in present-day Slovakia, the Diocese of Nitra. [22] The royal administration of the territory was developing gradually during the 11-13th centuries: new counties were established with the partition of existing ones or central counties of the kingdom expanded their territory northward (Prešporok, Trenčín, Gemer and Nógrád counties), while the kings' private forests were organised into "forrest counties" around Zvolen and Šariš Castle. Pozsony county was a historic administrative County ( comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Trencsén county (in Latin comitatus Trentsiniensis/Trenchiniensis, in Hungarian Trencsén (vár megye, in Slovak Trenčiansky komitát/ Trenčianska stolica/ Gömör-Kishont ( Hungarian: Gömör és Kishont, Slovak: Gemer a Malohont, German: Gemer und Kleinhont) is the name of Nógrád (-Hungarian in Latin comitatus Neogradiensis, in German Neuburg or Neograd, in Slovak Novohrad) was the name of a historic Zvolen ( Hungarian: Zólyom Altsohl is a town in central Slovakia, situated on the confluence of Hron and Slatina rivers close to Šariš Castle (SlovakŠarišský hrad are the ruins of a castle situated at top of a hill 6-7 km north-west from Prešov, Slovakia in the traditional region [25] [7]
The colonisation of the northern parts of the kingdom continued during the period; Slavic, Hungarian, German and Walloon "guests" (hospes) arrived to the scarcely habitated lands and settled down there. Walloon ( Walon) is a Romance language spoken as a second language by some in Wallonia, Belgium. [7] The contemporary documents mention that settlers from Moravia and Bohemia arrived to the western parts of present-day Slovakia, while on the northern and eastern parts, Polish and Ruthenian "guests" settled down. Moravia (Morava; Morawy Moravie Moravia is a historical region in central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands. Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. The term Ruthenians (Русини Rusyny) is a culturally loaded term and has different meanings according to the context in which it is used [27] Royal privileges prove that several families of the developing local nobility (e. g. , the Zathureczky, Pominorszky and Viszocsányi families) were of Slavic origin. [27] German "guests" settled down in several future towns (e. g. , in Krupina, Starý Tekov and Banská Štiavnica) already by the first half of the 13th century. Krupina (Karpfen Korpona is a town in southern central Slovakia. Starý Tekov (Teckoff Óbars is a Village and Municipality in the Levice District in the Nitra Region of Slovakia. Banská Štiavnica ( Schemnitz Selmecbánya is a town in central Slovakia, in the middle of an immense Caldera created by the collapse of an ancient volcano [27] The settlers in the Spiš region were originally of Slavic (e. Spiš (- Slovak; Latin: Scepusium, Zips Szepesség Spisz is a region in north-eastern Slovakia, with a very small area in south-eastern g. , Polish) and Hungarian origin; from the 1240s, Walloon "guests" arrived to the region and German settlers joined them. [27]
The territory of present-day Slovakia was rich in raw materials like gold, silver, copper, iron and salt and therefore the mining industry developed gradually in the region. [7] The development of the mining industry and commerce enstrengthened the position of some settlements and they received privileges from the kings: the first town privileges were granted to Trnava (1238), Starý Tekov (1240) and Banská Štiavnica (1241 or 1242) in present-day Slovakia. 'City rights' redirects here See also Municipal charter. Town privileges were important features of European Towns during Trnava ( Nagyszombat Tyrnau Tyrnavia is a city in western Slovakia, 47 km to the north-east of Bratislava, on the Trnávka river [28][29][7] The inhabitants of the privileged towns were mainly of German origin, but Hungarian and Slavic citizens were also present in the towns. [7] The presence of Jews in several towns of today Slovakia (e. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ g. , in Bratislava, Pezinok) is also documented at least from the 13th century; the Jew's special status was confirmed by a charter of King Béla IV of Hungary in 1251, but decisions of local synods limited their activities (i. Pezinok (Bazin Bösing is a city in southwestern Slovakia. It is roughly 20 km northeast of Bratislava and has a population of 21334 (2005 Béla IV (IV Béla (1206 &ndash 3 May 1270 King of Hungary and Croatia (1214-1270 Duke of Styria (1254-1258 A synod (also known as a council) is a council of a church, usually a Christian church convened to decide an issue of doctrine administration or application e. , they could not hold offices and they could not own lands). [27] The Muslims, living in the region of Nitra, also had to face similar limitations and they disappeared (probably became Christian) by the end of the 13th century. Böszörmény, also Izmaleita (Hysmaelita or Szerecsen (Saracenus, is the denomination for the Muslims who lived in the Kingdom [27]
In 1241, the Mongols invaded and devastated the north-western parts of the kingdom, only some fortresses (e. The ruins of Spiš Castle ( Slovak:, Hungarian: Szepesi vár, German: Zipser Burg) in eastern Slovakia form one of The Mongol invasions of Europe, under the leadership of Subutai, centered on the destruction of East Slavic principalities such as Kiev and Vladimir g. , Trenčín, Nitra, Fiľakovo) could resist their attacks. Trenčín ( also known under alternative names) is a city in western Slovakia of the central Váh River valley near the Czech Fiľakovo (Fülek Fülleck is a town in the Banská Bystrica Region of south-central Slovakia. [7] Following the withdrawal of the Mongol troops (1242), several castles were built or enstrengthened (e. g. , Komárno, Beckov and Zvolen) on the order of King Béla IV[7] He also continued his policy of granting town privileges to several settlements, e. Komárno ( Komárom colloquially Révkomárom, Komorn Serbian: Коморан or Komoran) is a town in Slovakia at the Beckov (Beckó is a Village and Municipality in Nové Mesto nad Váhom District in the Trenčín Region of western Slovakia. g. , to Krupina (1244), Nitra (1248), Banská Bystrica (1255) and Gelnica (1270). Krupina (Karpfen Korpona is a town in southern central Slovakia. Banská Bystrica ( Hungarian:Besztercebánya ( previously known also by several alternative names) is a key City in central Slovakia located Gelnica (Göllnitz Gölnicbánya is a town in the Košice Region of Slovakia. [7] During his reign, new German immigrants settled down in Spiš (German: Zips) whose privileges were granted in 1271 by King Stephen V of Hungary. Carpathian Germans (Karpatendeutsche Felvidéki németek Slovak: Karpatskí Nemci) sometimes simply called Slovak Germans (German Slowakeideutsche The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Stephen V (V István Stjepan VI Štefan V (before October 18 1239 Buda, Hungary &ndash August 6 1272 Csepel Island, Hungary) King [7]
The last decades of the 13th century were characterized by discords within the royal family and among the several groups of the aristocracy. [2] The decay of the royal power and the rise of some powerful aristocrats gave rise to the transformation of the administrative system: the counties that had been the basic units of the royal administration ("royal counties") transformed gradually into autonomous administrative units of the local nobility ("noble counties"); however, the local nobility was not able to stop the rise of oligarchs. A comitatus (vármegye less frequently a comitat, or inaccurately a county; for the various names their origin and use see here) is the name of an A comitatus (vármegye less frequently a comitat, or inaccurately a county; for the various names their origin and use see here) is the name of an [7]
The period of the oligarchs - 1290-1321
Following the Mongol invasion of the kingdom, a competition started among the landowners: each of them endeavored to build a castle with or without the permission of the king. [17] The competition started a process of differentiation among the noble families, because the nobles who were able to build a castle could also expand their influence over the neighbouring landowners. [17] The conflicts among the members of the royal family also strengthened the power of the aristocrats (who sometimes received whole counties from the kings) and resulted in the formation of around eight huge territories ("provinces") in the kingdom, governed by powerful aristocrats in the 1290s. [7]
In present-day Slovakia, most of the castles were owned by two powerful aristocrats (Amade Aba and Matthew Csák) or their followers. Amade Aba (? &ndash 5 September, 1311, Kassa, today Košice in Slovakia) was a Hungarian oligarch in the Kingdom [7] Following the extension of the Árpád dynasty (1301), both of them pretended to follow one of the claimants for the throne, but, in practise, they governed their territories independently. [7] Amade Aba governed the eastern parts of present-day Slovakia from his seat in Gönc. Gönc is a small Town in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county Northern Hungary, 70 kilometers from county capital Miskolc. [7] He was killed by the citizens of Košice in 1311. Košice (; Hungarian: Kassa; (also known by other alternative names) is a city in eastern Slovakia. [7]
Matthew Csák was the de facto ruler of the western territories of present-day Slovakia, from his seat at Trenčín. Trenčín ( also known under alternative names) is a city in western Slovakia of the central Váh River valley near the Czech [7] He allied himself with the murdered Amade Aba's sons against Košice, but King Charles I of Hungary, who had managed to acquire the throne against his opponents, gave military assistance to the town and the royal armies defeated him at the Battle of Rozhanovce in 1312. Charles I of Hungary (Károly Róbert Karlo Robert Karol Róbert (1288 Naples, Italy &ndash 16 July 1342, Visegrád, [7] However, the north-western counties remained in his power until his death in 1321 when the royal armies occupied his former castles without resistance. [7]
Pozsony county was de facto ruled by the Dukes of Austria from 1301 to 1328 when King Charles I of Hungary reoccupied it. This is a list of Margraves Dukes Archdukes and Emperors of Austria. Charles I of Hungary (Károly Róbert Karlo Robert Karol Róbert (1288 Naples, Italy &ndash 16 July 1342, Visegrád, [2]
The Golden Age of the Kingdom - 14-15th centuries
King Charles I enstrengthened the central power in the kingdom following a 20-year-long period of struggles against his opponents and the oligarchs. [7] He concluded commercial agreements with Kings John of Bohemia and Casimir III of Poland in 1335 which increased the trade on the commercial routes leading from Košice to Kraków and from Žilina to Brno. John the Blind ( Luxembourgish: Jang de Blannen; German: Johann der Blinde von Luxemburg Casimir III the Great (Kazimierz Wielki April 30 1310 – November 5 1370 last King of Poland from the Piast dynasty (1333–1370 was the son of King Władysław Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland Žilina ( Sillein Zsolna names in other languages) is a city in north-western Slovakia, around from the capital Bratislava. Brno ( IPA:; Brünn is the second-largest City in the Czech Republic. [7]
The king confirmed the privileges of the 24 "Saxon" towns in Spiš, strengthened the special rights of Prešov and granted town privileges to Smolník. Carpathian Germans (Karpatendeutsche Felvidéki németek Slovak: Karpatskí Nemci) sometimes simply called Slovak Germans (German Slowakeideutsche Prešov ( known also by alternative names) is a City in eastern Slovakia. Smolník is a village and municipality in the Gelnica District in the Košice Region of eastern Slovakia [7] The towns of present-day Slovakia were still dominated by its German citizens. However, the Privilegium pro Slavis, dated to 1381, attests notably to nation-building in the wealthy towns: King Louis I gave the Slavs half of the seats in the municipal council of Žilina. Privilegium pro Slavis is a privilege granted to the Slovak inhabitants of Žilina by the King Louis I of Hungary during his visit of Žilina in 1381 For nation-building in the sense of enhancing the capacity of state institutions building state-society relations and also external interventions see State-building Louis I the Great (I (Nagy Lajos Ludwik Węgierski Serbian: Lajoš I/Лајош I Croatian: Ludovik I Czech: Ludvík I Many of the towns (e. g. , Banská Bystrica, Bratislava, Košice, Kremnica and Trnava) received the status of "free royal cities" (liberæ regiæ civitates) and they were entitled to send deputies to the assemblies of the Estates of the Kingdom from 1441. The Estates of the realm were the broad divisions of society usually distinguishing Nobility, Clergy, and Commoners recognized in the Middle Ages [30] [31]
In the first half of the 14th century, the population of the regions of the former "forrest counties" increased and their territories formed new counties (Orava, Liptov, Turiec, Zvolen) in the northern parts of present-day Slovakia. Árva ( Slovak: Orava, Polish: Orawa, German: Arwa) is the name of a historic administrative county ( comitatus Liptó ( Slovak: Liptov, Hungarian: Liptó, German: Liptau, Polish: Liptów, Latin: Turóc ( Hungarian, historically also spelled Túrócz) Turiec Thurotzium/ comitatus Thurociensis, Turz is the name of a historic administrative Zólyom county (in Latin comitatus Zoliensis, in Hungarian Zólyom (vármegye, in Slovak Zvolenský komitát/ Zvolenská stolica/ Zvolenská župa [25] In the region of Spiš, some elements of the population received special privileges: the 24 "Saxon" towns formed an autonomous community, independent of Spiš county, and the "nobles with ten lances" were organised into a special autonomous administrative unit ("seat"). Szepes ( Slovak: Spiš; Latin: Scepusium, Polish: Spisz, German: Zips) is the Hungarian name of the [7] In 1412, King Sigismund mortgaged 13 of the "Saxon" towns to King Władysław II of Poland and they de facto belonged to Poland until 1769. For other nobles of the same name please see Sigismund. Sigismund ( February 14, 1368 – December 9, Jogaila, later Władysław II Jagiełło (b about 1362 d 1 June 1434 was Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland. [31]
From the 1320s, most of the lands of present-day Slovakia were owned by the kings, but prelates and aristocratic families (e. A prelate is a high-ranking member of the Clergy who either is an Ordinary or ranks in precedence with ordinaries g. , the Drugeth, Szentgyörgyi and Szécsényi families) also hold properties on the territory. The Drugeth was a noble family (of French origin of the Kingdom of Hungary in the 14-17th centuries whose possessions were situated on the north-eastern parts of the kingdom The Szentgyörgyi, also Szentgyörgyi és Bazini, was a noble family of the Kingdom of Hungary in the 13-16th centuries The Szécsényi was a noble family of the Kingdom of Hungary in the 14-15th centuries [32] In December 1385, the future King Sigismund, who was Queen Mary's prince consort at that time, mortgaged the territories of today Slovakia west of the Váh River to his cousins, the Margraves Jobst and Prokop of Moravia; and the former held his territories till 1389, while the latter could maintain his rule over some of the territories until 1405. For the Habsburg consort of Louis II of Hungary, later Regent of the Netherlands see Mary of Austria (1505-1558 Mary of Hungary (c A prince consort, generally speaking is a common term for the husband of a Queen regnant, unless he himself also is a king in his own right Jobst (or Jost or Jodokus) of Moravia (Jošt Lucemburský Josse de Luxembourg) was born in 1351 as the eldest son of John Henry of [2] King Sigismund (1387-1437) granted vast territories to his followers (e. g. , to the members of the Cillei, Rozgonyi and Perényi families) during his reign; one of his principal advisers, the Polish Stibor of Stiboricz styled himself "Lord of the whole Váh" referring to his 10 castles around the river. Stibor of Stiboricz (Stiborici Stibor (cca 1348 &ndash February 1414 also Stibor, was an aristocrat of Polish origin in the Kingdom of Hungary. [17]
Following the death of King Albert (1439), civil war broke out among the followers of the claimants for the throne. Albert II of Habsburg ( August 10, 1397 &ndash October 27, 1439) was King of the Romans (ruler of Germany within the [2] The Dowager Queen Elisabeth hired Czech mercenaries lead by John Giskra who occupied several towns on the territory of today Slovakia (e. Czechs (Češi ˈt͡ʃɛʃɪ archaic Čechové) are a western Slavic people of Central Europe, living predominantly in the Czech Republic A mercenary is a person who takes part in an armed conflict who is not a national or a party to the conflict and is "motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by g. , Kremnica, Levoča and Bardejov) and maintained most of them until 1462 when he surrendered to King Matthias Corvinus. Levoča ( Lőcse Leutschau Lewocza is a town in the Spiš region of eastern Slovakia with a population of 14600 Bardejov ( Bartfeld Bártfa Bardejów is a town in North-Eastern Slovakia. Matthias Corvinus ( Matthias the Just; February 23 1443 &ndash April 6 1490) was King of Hungary and [2]
The Ottoman incursion
The catastrophic defeat of the Hungarian armies from Suleiman I ("the Magnificent") in the Battle of Mohács in 1526, and the conquest of Buda in 1541 by the Turks, brought about the reduction of the Kingdom of Hungary to the territory of what was called Royal Hungary, while the remaining former Hungarian territories became part either of the Ottoman Empire or of Transylvania. The St Martin's Cathedral (Katedrála sv Martina Kathedrale des Heiligen Martin Szent Márton-dóm or Koronázó templom is a Cathedral in Slovakia ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 Suleiman I (سليمان Sulaymān, Süleyman almost always Kanuni Sultan Süleyman) ( 6 November 1494 5/ 6 September 1566 The Battle of Mohács (mohácsi csata or mohácsi vész/Bane of Mohács; Schlacht bei Mohács Mohačka bitka Мохачка битка/Mohačka bitka Bitka pri Moháči Buda ( German: Ofen, Croatian: Budim, Slovak / Czech: Budín, Serbian: Будим or Royal Hungary was the name of a territory of medieval Hungary (together with Kingdom of Croatia) where the Habsburgs were recognized as Kings of Hungary The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian
The Ottoman Empire occupied the central part of the former Kingdom of Hungary (roughly corresponding to present-day Hungary), and set up a Turkish provinces there (see Ottoman Hungary). The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Ottoman Hungary refers to parts of the Ottoman Empire situated in what is today Hungary in the period from 1541 to 1699. Transylvania became a Turkish protectorate vassal and a base which gave birth to all the anti-Habsburg revolts led by the nobility of the Kingdom of Hungary during the period 1604 to 1711. The third part of the Kingdom, on present-day territory of Slovakia (except for the southern central regions), northwestern present-day Hungary, northern Croatia and Burgenland, resisted Turkish occupation and subsequently became a direct part of the Habsburg Monarchy under the name "Royal Hungary". Habsburg Monarchy (alternatively Habsburg Empire) refers to the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor Formally, the Austrian sovereign took over the function of king of "Royal Hungary". Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich After the conquest of Buda in 1541 by the Turks, the modern-day capital of Slovakia, Bratislava, then called Pressburg in German and Pozsony in Hungarian, became, for the period between 1536 to 1784/1848 the capital and the coronation city of "Royal Hungary". ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading From 1526 to 1830, nineteen Habsburg sovereigns went through coronation ceremonies as Kings and Queens of Hungary in St. Martin's Cathedral. The St Martin's Cathedral (Katedrála sv Martina Kathedrale des Heiligen Martin Szent Márton-dóm or Koronázó templom is a Cathedral in Slovakia
Due to the Turkish invasion, "Royal Hungary" and the southern regions under Turkish control, became, for almost two centuries, the principal battleground of the Turkish wars, and the region paid dearly for the defense of the Habsburg Monarchy } (and, moreover, of the rest of Europe ) against Turkish expansion. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The wars of the Ottoman Empire in Europe are also sometimes referred to as the Ottoman Wars or as Turkish Wars, particularly in older European The territory paid not only with the blood and the goods of its population, but also by losing practically all of its natural riches, especially gold and silver, which went to pay for the costly and difficult combats of an endemic war.
After the ousting of the Turks from Buda 1686 (which later became Budapest), it became again the capital of Hungary. Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, However, even during difficult historic periods, in spite of considerable human and material losses, and without having their own state, the Slovakian people succeeded in keeping their language and their culture. The survival of the Slovaks was aided by the fact that the greatest loss of life were in the areas populated more heavily by Hungarians. They began the era of Enlightenment full of hope and ready to assume their role in the national renaissance, ready to lead their struggle for the birth of their own state. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century
The Slovak national movement
During the 18th century a Slovak national movement emerged, partially inspired by the broader pan slavic movement with the aim of fostering a sense of national identity among the Slovak people. Pan-Slavism was a movement in the mid 19th century aimed at unity of all the Slavic peoples The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been [33][34][35] Advanced mainly by Slovak religious leaders, the movement grew during the 19th century. At the same time, the movement was divided along the confessional lines and various groups had different views on everything from quotidian strategy to linguistics. Moreover, the Hungarian control remained strict and the movement was constrained by the official policy of magyarization. Magyarization (also "Magyarisation" "Hungarisation" "Hungarization" "Hungarianization" "Hungarianisation" is a designator applied
The first codification of a Slovak literary language by Anton Bernolák in the 1780s was based on the dialect from western Slovakia. A literary language is a register of a Language that is used in Literary Writing. Anton Bernolák ( 1 October 1762 in Slanica (Szlanica a now inundated village near Námestovo) – 15 January 1813 It was supported by mainly Roman Catholic intellectuals, with the center in Trnava. Trnava ( Nagyszombat Tyrnau Tyrnavia is a city in western Slovakia, 47 km to the north-east of Bratislava, on the Trnávka river The Lutheran intellectuals continued to use a Slovakized form of the Czech language. Especially Ján Kollár and Pavel Jozef Šafárik were adherents of pan-Slavic concepts that stressed the unity of all Slavic peoples. Ján Kollár ( 29 July 1793 in Mošovce ( Mosóc) &ndash 24 January 1852 in Vienna) was a Slovak writer Pavel Jozef Šafárik ( Safáry / Schaffáry / Schafary / Saf(farik / Šafarík / Szafarzik, Czech Pavel Josef Šafařík They considered Czechs and Slovaks members of a single nation and they attempted to draw the languages closer together. Czechs (Češi ˈt͡ʃɛʃɪ archaic Čechové) are a western Slavic people of Central Europe, living predominantly in the Czech Republic } The Slovaks or Slovakians are a western Slavic People that primarily inhabit Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is
In the 1840s, the Protestants split as Ľudovít Štúr developed a literal language based on the dialect from central Slovakia. Ľudovít Štúr ( October 29, 1815 – January 12, 1856) known in his era as Ludevít Velislav Štúr, was the leader of the His followers stressed the separate identity of the Slovak nation and uniqueness of its language. Štúr's version was finally approved by both the Catholics and the Lutherans in 1847 and, after several reforms, it remains the official Slovak language. The Slovak language ( slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with Slovenščina) sometimes referred to as "Slovakian"
In the revolution of 1848-49 the Slovaks took the side of the Austrians in order to promote their separation from the Kingdom of Hungary within the Austrian monarchy. The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The Slovak National Council launched a military campaign and it managed to organize administration on the liberated territories. The Slovak National Council was a Slovak political body which was created in Vienna on September 15-16 1848 during the Revolutions of 1848 (there is a commemorative However, the Slovak troops were later disbanded by the court in Vienna. In 1850, with the division of the Kingdom of Hungary into five military districts or provinces, two of them had administrative centers in the territory of present day Slovakia: the Military District of Bratislava and the Military District of Košice. ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading Košice (; Hungarian: Kassa; (also known by other alternative names) is a city in eastern Slovakia. The Hungarian authorities abolished both provinces in 1860.
Martin became the foremost center of the Slovak national movement with foundation of the nationwide cultural association Matica slovenská (1863), the Slovak National Museum, and the Slovak National Party (1871). Martin ( Turčiansky Svätý Martin until 1950 Turócszentmárton German: Turz-Sankt Martin, Latin: Sanctus Martinus / Martinopolis) This article is about the Slovak cultural and scientific institution founded in 1863 The Slovak National Museum (Slovenské národné múzeum is the most important institution focusing on Scientific research and cultural Education in the field The Slovak National Party ( SNS, Slovak Slovenská národná strana) was a Slovak conservative and nationalist political party in the The heyday of the movement came to the sudden end after 1867, when the Habsburg domains in central Europe underwent a constitutional transformation into the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (Ausgleich Kiegyezés established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The Slovak lands remained part of the Transleithania, dominated by the Hungarian political elite. Transleithania (Transleithanien was an unofficial term for the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary, the Dual monarchy created in 1867 and dissolved in 1918 Matica was dissolved by force in 1875 and other Slovak institutions (including schools) shared the same fate.
New signs of national and political life appeared only at the very end of the 19th century. Slovaks became aware that they needed to ally themselves with others in their struggle. One result of this awareness, the Congress of Oppressed Peoples of Hungary, held in Budapest in 1895, alarmed the government. In their struggle Slovaks received a great deal of help from the Czechs. In 1896, the concept of Czecho-Slovak Mutuality was established in Prague to strengthen Czecho-Slovak cooperation and support Slovakia. At the beginning of the 20th century, growing democratization of political and social life threatened to overwhelm the monarchy. The call for universal suffrage became the main rallying cry. Universal suffrage (also universal adult suffrage, general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to In Hungary, only 5 percent of inhabitants could vote. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Slovaks saw in the trend towards representative democracy a possibility of easing ethnic oppression and a break-through into renewed political activity.
The Slovak political camp, at the beginning of the century, split into different factions. The leaders of the Slovak National Party based in Martin, expected the international situation to change in the Slovaks' favor, and they put great store by Russia. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Roman Catholic faction of Slovak politicians led by Father Andrej Hlinka focused on small undertakings among the Slovak public and, shortly before the war, established a political party named the Slovak People's Party. Andrej Hlinka ( September 27, 1864 - August 16, 1938) was a Slovak politician and Catholic priest one of the most The Slovak People's Party ( Slovak: Slovenská ľudová strana, SĽS after 1925 Hlinka's Slovak People's Party / Hlinkova slovenská ľudová strana / HSĽS The liberal intelligentsia rallying around the journal Hlas ("Voice"), followed a similar political path, but attached more importance to Czecho-Slovak cooperation. For the coffee shop company often called Intelligentsia for short see Intelligentsia Coffee & Tea. An independent Social Democratic Party emerged in 1905.
The Slovaks achieved some results. The United States of Greater Austria (Vereinigte Staaten von Groß-Österreich was an idea created by a group of scholars surrounding the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand One of the greatest of these occurred with the election success in 1906, when, despite continued oppression, seven Slovaks managed to get seats in the Assembly. This success alarmed the government, and increased its oppressive measures. Magyarization achieved its climax with a new education act known as the Apponyi Act, named after education minister Count Albert Apponyi. Magyarization (also "Magyarisation" "Hungarisation" "Hungarization" "Hungarianization" "Hungarianisation" is a designator applied Count Albert Apponyi de Nagyappony ( May 29, 1846 &ndash February 7, 1933) was a distinguished Hungarian nobleman and politician from The new act stipulated four years of compulsory schooling with teaching only in Hungarian. The oppression claimed the lives of 15 Slovaks — killed during consecration of a new church at Černová near Ružomberok (see Černová tragedy). Ružomberok ( Rosenberg Rózsahegy Rużomberk is a town in northern Slovakia, in the historical Liptov region The Černová tragedy (or Černová massacre, Černovská tragédia Csernovai tragédia was a bloody massacre that happened in Černová (then officially Csernova The local inhabitants wanted the popular priest and patriotic politician Andrej Hlinka to consecrate their new church. But the Hungarian authorities decreed that their own nominee should perform the consecration. Gendarmes put down the public uproar with guns, killing a total of 15 Slovak protesters. All this added to Slovak estrangement from and resistance to Hungarian rule.
Before the outbreak of World War I, the idea of Slovak autonomy became part of Archduke Franz Ferdinand's plan of federalization of the monarchy, developed with help of the Slovak journalist and politician Milan Hodža. Franz Ferdinand ( December 18, 1863 &ndash June 28, 1914) was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Prince Imperial of Milan Hodža ( February 1, 1878, Sučany (Szucsány Austria-Hungary (present-day Slovakia) – June 27, 1944 This last realistic attempt to tie Slovakia to Austria-Hungary was abandoned because of the Archduke's assassination, which in turn triggered World War I.
Czechoslovakia
The formation of Czechoslovakia
After the outbreak of World War I the Slovak cause took firmer shape in resistance and in determination to leave the Dual Monarchy and to form an independent republic with the Czechs. The creation of Czechoslovakia in 1918 was the culmination of the long struggle of the Czechs against their Austrian rulers and of the Slovaks against Hungarisation The Czechoslovak Republic ( Československá republika) refers to the first Czechoslovak state that existed from 1918 to 1939 World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The decision originated amongst people of Slovak descent in foreign countries. Slovaks in the United States of America, an especially numerous group, formed a sizable organization. These, and other organizations in Russia and in neutral countries, backed the idea of a Czecho-Slovak republic. Slovaks strongly supported this move.
The most important Slovak representative at this time, Milan Rastislav Štefánik, a French citizen of Slovak origin, served as a French general and as leading representative of the Czecho-Slovak National Council based in Paris. Milan Rastislav Štefánik ( born July 21 1880 in Košariská - died May 4 1919 in Ivanka pri Dunaji was a Slovak Politician, Diplomat He made a decisive contribution to the success of the Czecho-Slovak cause. Political representatives at home, including representatives of all political persuasions, after some hesitation, gave their support to the activities of Masaryk, Beneš and Štefánik. Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (ˈtomaːʃ ˈɡarɪk ˈmasarɪk sometimes called Thomas Masaryk in English ( March 7, 1850 – September 14, Edvard Beneš ( pronounced) ( May 28 1884 Kožlany, Bohemia (then part of Austria-Hungary
During the war the Hungarian authorities increased harassment of Slovaks, which hindered the nationalist campaign among the inhabitants of the Slovak lands. Despite stringent censorship, news of moves abroad towards the establishment of a Czech-Slovak state got through to Slovakia and met with much satisfaction.
During World War I (1914 - 1918) Czechs, Slovaks, and other national groups of Austria-Hungary gained much support from Czechs and Slovaks living abroad in campaigning for an independent state. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All In the turbulent final year of the war, sporadic protest actions took place in Slovakia - politicians held a secret meeting at Liptovský Mikuláš on May 1, 1918. Liptovský Mikuláš ( until 1952 Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš, Liptau-Sankt-Nikolaus Liptószentmiklós is a Town in northern Slovakia, on the Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor.
At the end of the war Austria-Hungary dissolved. The Prague National Committee proclaimed an independent republic of Czechoslovakia on 28 October, and, two days later, the Slovak National Council at Martin acceded to the Prague proclamation. Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine Martin ( Turčiansky Svätý Martin until 1950 Turócszentmárton German: Turz-Sankt Martin, Latin: Sanctus Martinus / Martinopolis) The new republic included the Czech lands (Bohemia and Moravia), a small part of Silesia, and Slovakia; within these boundaries there remained areas inhabited by hundreds of thousands of Hungarians. Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the Moravia (Morava; Morawy Moravie Moravia is a historical region in central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands. Etymology One theory claims that the name Silesia is derived from the Silingi, who were most likely a Vandalic (East Germanic people The new state set up a parliamentary democratic government and established a capital in the Czech city of Prague. Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic.
Despite military skirmishes with the Hungarian troops and the incursion of Hungarian communists resulting in a formation of a short-lived Slovak Soviet Republic, the situation stabilized. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The Slovak Soviet Republic (in Slovak: Slovenská republika rád = literally "Slovak Republic of Councils" - the name originated before the Russian
Slovaks, whom the Czechs outnumbered, differed in many important ways from their Czech neighbors. Slovakia had a more agrarian and less developed economy than the Czech lands, and the majority of Slovaks practised Catholicism while the Czechs had less likelihood of adhering to established religions. The Slovak people had generally less education and less experience with self-government than the Czechs. These disparities, compounded by centralized governmental control from Prague, produced discontent among Slovaks with the structure of the new state.
Although Czechoslovakia, alone among the only east-central European countries, remained a parliamentary democracy from 1918 to 1938, it continued to face minority problems, the most important of which concerned the country's large German population. A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which A significant part of the new Slovak political establishment sought autonomy for Slovakia. The movement toward autonomy built up gradually from the 1920s until it culminated in independence in 1939.
In the period between the two world wars, the Czechoslovak government attempted to industrialize Slovakia. These efforts did not meet with success, partially due to the Great Depression, the worldwide economic slump of the 1930s. Slovak resentment over perceived economic and political domination by the Czechs led to increasing dissatisfaction with the republic and growing support for ideas of independence. Many Slovaks joined with Father Andrej Hlinka and Jozef Tiso in calls for equality between Czechs and Slovaks and for greater autonomy for Slovakia. Andrej Hlinka ( September 27, 1864 - August 16, 1938) was a Slovak politician and Catholic priest one of the most Monsignor Jozef Tiso Th D ( October 13, 1887 – April 18, 1947) was a Slovak Politician of the
Towards autonomy of Slovakia, 1938 - 1939
In September 1938, France, Italy, United Kingdom and Nazi Germany concluded the Munich Agreement, which forced Czechoslovakia to cede the predominantly German region known as the Sudetenland to Germany. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Munich Agreement (Mnichovská dohoda Mníchovská dohoda Münchner Abkommen Accords de Munich was an agreement regarding the Sudetenland, which were areas along borders Sudetenland ( Czech and Polish: Sudety) is the German name used in English in the first half of the 20th century for the western regions of In November, by the First Vienna Award, Italy and Germany compelled Czechoslovakia (later Slovakia) to cede primarily Hungarian-inhabited Southern Slovakia to Hungary. The First Vienna Award was the result of the First Vienna Arbitration ( November 2, 1938) which took place at Vienna 's Belvedere They did this in spite of pro-German official declarations of Czech and Slovak leaders made in October.
On 14 March 1939, the Slovak Republic (Slovenská republika¹) declared its independence and became a nominally independent state in Central Europe under Nazi German control of foreign policy and, increasingly, also some aspects of domestic policy. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Slovak Republic ( Slovak: Slovenská republika) was an independent national Slovak state which existed from 14 March 1939 Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Jozef Tiso became Prime Minister and later President of the new state. Monsignor Jozef Tiso Th D ( October 13, 1887 – April 18, 1947) was a Slovak Politician of the
On 15 March, Nazi Germany invaded what remained of Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia after the Munich agreement. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the Moravia (Morava; Morawy Moravie Moravia is a historical region in central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands. Etymology One theory claims that the name Silesia is derived from the Silingi, who were most likely a Vandalic (East Germanic people The Germans established a protectorate over them which was known as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (Reichsprotektorat Böhmen und Mähren Protektorát Čechy a Morava was the majority ethnic-Czech Protectorate which On the same day, the Carpatho-Ukraine declared its independence as the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine. Carpatho-Ukraine (Карпатська Україна Karpats’ka Ukrayina) was an autonomous region within Czechoslovakia from late 1938 to March 15 But Hungary immediately invaded and annexed the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine. On March 23, Hungary then occupied some additional parts of Slovakia. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. This caused the brief Slovak-Hungarian War.
World War II
The nominally-independent Slovak Republic went through the early years of the war in relative peace. The Slovak Republic ( Slovak: Slovenská republika) was an independent national Slovak state which existed from 14 March 1939 The Slovak invasion of Poland (1939 occurred during Nazi Germany 's invasion of Poland. The Slovak National Uprising ( Slovak: Slovenské národné povstanie, abbreviated SNP or 1944 Uprising was an armed Insurrection organized The Slovak Republic ( Slovak: Slovenská republika) was an independent national Slovak state which existed from 14 March 1939 As an Axis ally, the country took part in the wars against Poland and the Soviet Union. The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries The Slovak invasion of Poland (1939 occurred during Nazi Germany 's invasion of Poland. Although its contribution was symbolic in the German war efforts, the number of troops involved (approx. 45,000 in the Soviet campaign) was rather significant in proportion to the population (2. 6 million in 1940).
Soon after independence, under the authoritarian government of Jozef Tiso initiated a series of measures aimed against the 90,000 Jews in the country. Monsignor Jozef Tiso Th D ( October 13, 1887 – April 18, 1947) was a Slovak Politician of the The Hlinka's Guard began to attack Jews, and the "Jewish Code" was passed in September 1941. Resembling the Nuremberg Laws, the Code required that Jews wear a yellow armband, and were banned from intermarriage and many jobs. Between March and October 1942, the state deported approximately 57,000 Jews to the German-occupied part of Poland, where almost all of them were killed. The deportation of the remaining 24,000 was stopped after the Papal Nuncio informed the Slovak president that the German authorities were killing the Jews deported from Slovakia. However, 12,600 more Jews were deported by the German forces occupying Slovakia after the Slovak National Uprising in 1944. The Slovak National Uprising ( Slovak: Slovenské národné povstanie, abbreviated SNP or 1944 Uprising was an armed Insurrection organized Around a half of them were killed in concentration camps. [36] Some 10,000 Slovak Jews survived hidden by local people and 6,000–7,000 got official protection from the Slovak authorities.
On 29 August 1944, 60,000 Slovak troops and 18,000 partisans, organized by various underground groups and the Czechoslovak government-in-exile, rose up against the Nazis. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The insurrection later became known as the Slovak National Uprising. The Slovak National Uprising ( Slovak: Slovenské národné povstanie, abbreviated SNP or 1944 Uprising was an armed Insurrection organized Slovakia was devastated by the fierce German counter-offensive and occupation, but the guerrilla warfare continued even after the end of organized resistance. Although ultimately quelled by the German forces, the uprising was an important historical reference point for the Slovak people. It allowed them to end the war as a nation which had contributed to the Allied victory.
Later in 1944 the Soviet attacks intensified. Hence the Red Army, helped by Romanian troops, gradually routed out the German army from Slovak territory. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya On 4 April 1945, Soviet troops marched into the capital city of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar
Czechoslovakia after World War II
The victorious Powers restored Czechoslovakia in 1945 in the wake of World War II, albeit without the province of Ruthenia, which Prague ceded to the Soviet Union. With the collapse of the Habsburg monarchy at the end of World War I, the independent country of Czechoslovakia ( Slovak: Česko-Slovensko Czech World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Ruthenia is a geographic and culturo-ethnic name applied to the parts of Eastern Europe populated by Eastern Slavic peoples, as well as to the past various The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Beneš decrees, adopted as a result of the events of the war, led to disenfranchisement and persecution of the Hungarian minority in southern Slovakia. The Beneš decrees is a current popular term (officially they are called Decrees of the President of the Republic - dekrety presidenta republiky) for a series of (The affected Hungarians regained Czechoslovak citizenship in 1948. ) The Czechs and Slovaks held elections in 1946. In Slovakia, the Democratic Party won the elections (62%), but the Czechoslovak Communist Party won in the Czech part of the republic, thus winning 38% of the total vote in Czechoslovakia, and eventually seized power in February 1948, making the country effectively a satellite state of the Soviet Union. The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, in Czech and in Slovak Komunistická strana Československa (KSČ was a political party in Czechoslovakia that existed between Power is a measure of a person's ability to control the environment around them including the behavior of other people Satellite state is a political term that refers to a country which is formally independent but under heavy influence or control by another country
Strict Communist control characterized the next four decades, interrupted only briefly in the so-called Prague Spring of 1968 after Alexander Dubček (a Slovak) became First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The Prague Spring ( Czech: Pražské jaro, Slovak: Pražská jar) was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during Alexander Dubček (November 27 1921 – November 7 1992 was a Slovak politician and briefly leader of Czechoslovakia (1968-1969 famous for his attempt to reform The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, in Czech and in Slovak Komunistická strana Československa (KSČ was a political party in Czechoslovakia that existed between Dubček proposed political, social, and economic reforms in his effort to make "socialism with a human face" a reality. The Prague Spring ( Czech: Pražské jaro, Slovak: Pražská jar) was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during Concern among other Warsaw Pact governments that Dubček had gone too far led to the invasion and occupation of Czechoslovakia on August 21, 1968, by Soviet, Hungarian, Bulgarian, East German, and Polish troops. The Warsaw Pact (see Nomenclature) was an organization of Communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Another Slovak, Gustáv Husák, replaced Dubček as Communist Party leader in April 1969. Gustáv Husák ( January 10, 1913 - November 18, 1991) was a Slovak politician president of Czechoslovakia and a long-term The word leadership can refer to Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading
The 1970s and 1980s became known as the period of "normalization", in which the apologists for the 1968 Soviet invasion prevented as best they could any opposition to their conservative régime. In the History of Czechoslovakia, normalization is a name commonly given to the period 1969 to about 1987 Political, social, and economic life stagnated. Because the reform movement had had its center in Prague, Slovakia experienced "normalization" less harshly than the Czech lands. Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. In fact, the Slovak Republic saw comparatively high economic growth in the 1970s and 1980s relative to the Czech Republic (and mostly ongoingly from 1994 till today). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
The 1970s also saw the development of a dissident movement, especially in the Czech Republic. On January 1, 1977, more than 250 human-rights activists signed a manifesto called Charter 77, which criticized the Czechoslovak government for failing to meet its human-rights obligations. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled Charter 77 ( Charta 77 in Czech and in Slovak) was an informal civic initiative in Czechoslovakia from 1977 to 1992 named after the document
On November 17, 1989, a series of public protests known as the "Velvet Revolution" began and led to the downfall of Communist Party rule in Czechoslovakia. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) The " Velvet Revolution " (sametová revoluce nežná revolúcia ( November 16 &ndash December 29 1989) refers to a non-violent A transition government formed in December 1989, and the first free elections in Czechoslovakia since 1948 took place in June 1990. In 1992, negotiations on the new federal constitution deadlocked over the issue of Slovak autonomy. In the latter half of 1992, agreement emerged to dissolve Czechoslovakia peacefully. On January 1, 1993, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic each simultaneously and peacefully proclaimed their existence. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Both states attained immediate recognition from the United States of America and from their European neighbors. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
In the days following the "Velvet Revolution," Charter 77 and other groups united to become the Civic Forum, an umbrella-group championing bureaucratic reform and civil liberties. This article is about the Civic Forum of the Czech Republic See also the Guinean Civic Forum-Social Democracy of Guinea-Bissau and the Civic Forum for thumb| |Broken Liberty Istanbul Archaeology Museum Civil liberties are freedoms that protect the Individual from the Government. Its leader, the playwright and former dissident Václav Havel won election as President of Czechoslovakia in December 1989. Václav Havel, GCB, CC, ( (born October 5, 1936) is a Czech Playwright Writer and Politician The Slovak counterpart of the Civic Forum, Public Against Violence, expressed the same ideals. The Public Against Violence ( Slovak: Verejnosť proti násiliu, VPN) was a political movement that was established in Bratislava, Slovakia
In the June 1990 elections, Civic Forum and Public Against Violence won landslide victories. Civic Forum and Public Against Violence found, however, that although they had successfully completed their primary objective — the overthrow of the communist régime — they proved less effective as governing parties. In the 1992 elections, a spectrum of new parties replaced both Civic Forum and Public Against Violence.
Czecho-Slovakia or Czechoslovakia (1918 - 1939; 1945 - 1992) | |||||||
Austria-Hungary (Bohemia, Moravia, a part of Silesia, northern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary (Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia) | Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (ČSSR) | Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (ČSFR) | Czech Republic | ||||
| Czecho-Slovak Republic (ČSR) incl. The term Czecho-Slovakia (in Czech and Slovak Česko-Slovensko) was the official short-form name of Czechoslovakia during several periods of Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the Moravia (Morava; Morawy Moravie Moravia is a historical region in central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands. Etymology One theory claims that the name Silesia is derived from the Silingi, who were most likely a Vandalic (East Germanic people The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Carpathian Ruthenia, aka Transcarpathian Ruthenia, Rusinko Subcarpathian Rus, Subcarpathia ( Rusyn and Ukrainian Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Deutsches Reich was the name for Germany from 1871 to 1945 in the German language. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The First Vienna Award was the result of the First Vienna Arbitration ( November 2, 1938) which took place at Vienna 's Belvedere Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) autonomous Slovakia and Transcarpathian Ukraine (1938-1939) | WWII Slovak Republic | ||||||
part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic | Zakarpats'ka oblast' of Ukraine | ||||||
1948-1989 | |||||||
Independent Slovakia
In elections held in June 1992, Václav Klaus's Civic Democratic Party won in the Czech lands on a platform of economic reform, and Vladimír Mečiar's Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (HZDS) emerged as the leading party in Slovakia, basing its appeal on the fairness of Slovak demands for autonomy. Carpathian Ruthenia, aka Transcarpathian Ruthenia, Rusinko Subcarpathian Rus, Subcarpathia ( Rusyn and Ukrainian Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (Reichsprotektorat Böhmen und Mähren Protektorát Čechy a Morava was the majority ethnic-Czech Protectorate which Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The Slovak Republic ( Slovak: Slovenská republika) was an independent national Slovak state which existed from 14 March 1939 Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The First Vienna Award was the result of the First Vienna Arbitration ( November 2, 1938) which took place at Vienna 's Belvedere Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Zakarpattia Oblast (Закарпатська область translit Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) This article is about artificial satellites For natural satellites also known as moons see Natural satellite. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 A government in exile is a political group that claims to be a country's legitimate government but for various reasons is unable to exercise its legal power and instead resides in a foreign Václav Klaus (ˈvaːtslaf ˈklaʊ̯s born 19 June 1941) is the second President of the Czech Republic (since 2003 reelected 2008 and a former Vladimír Mečiar (born July 26, 1942) is the leader of the People's Party - Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (ĽS-HZDS and a former Prime Minister The People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (Ľudová strana – Hnutie za demokratické Slovensko is a political party in Slovakia. Mečiar and Klaus negotiated the agreement to divide Czechoslovakia, and Mečiar's party — HZDS — ruled Slovakia for most of its first five years as an independent state, except for a 9-month period in 1994 after a vote of no-confidence, during which a reformist government under Prime Minister Jozef Moravčík operated. Jozef Moravčík (born on March 19 1945 in Očová) is a Slovak diplomat and Political figure.
The first president of newly-independent Slovakia, Michal Kováč, promised to make Slovakia "the Switzerland of Eastern Europe". Michal Kováč (born 5 August, 1930, Ľubiša) was a Slovak politician in the early 1990s (member of the Movement for a Democratic Slovakia Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The first prime minister, Vladimír Mečiar, had served as the prime minister of the Slovak part of Czechoslovakia since 1992.
Rudolf Schuster won election as president in 1999. Rudolf Schuster (born January 4, 1934 in Košice, Czechoslovakia) was the 2nd President of Slovakia (1999-2004 Vladimír Mečiar's semi-authoritarian government allegedly breached democratic norms and the rule of law before its replacement after the parliamentary elections of 1998 by a coalition led by Mikuláš Dzurinda. The rule of law, in its most basic form is the principle that no one is above the law Mikuláš Dzurinda ( (born February 4, 1955 in Spišský Štvrtok, Czechoslovakia) is a Slovakian politician
The first Dzurinda government made numerous political and economic reforms that enabled Slovakia to enter the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), close virtually all chapters in European Union (EU) negotiations, and make itself a strong candidate for accession to North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The North Atlantic Treaty However, the popularity of the governing parties declined sharply, and several new parties that earned relatively high levels of support in public opinion-polls appeared on the political scene. Mečiar remained the leader (in opposition) of the HZDS, which continued to receive the support of 20% or more of the population during the first Dzurinda government.
In the September 2002 parliamentary election, a last-minute surge in support for Prime Minister Dzurinda's Slovak Democratic and Christian Union (SDKU) gave him a mandate for a second term. The Slovak Democratic and Christian Union – Democratic Party ( Slovak: Slovenská demokratická a kresťanská únia – Demokratická strana, SDKÚ-DS He formed a government with three other center-right parties: the Party of the Hungarian Coalition (SMK), the Christian Democrats (KDH) and the Alliance of the New Citizen (ANO). The Party of the Hungarian Coalition ( Hungarian: Magyar Koalíció Pártja, Slovak: Strana maďarskej koalície, officially registered under The Christian Democratic Movement (Kresťanskodemokratické hnutie (KDH is a Political party in Slovakia. The Alliance of the New Citizen ( Slovak: Aliancia Nového Občana, ANO is a liberal The coalition won a narrow (three-seat) majority in the parliament. The government strongly supports NATO and EU integration and has stated that it will continue the democratic and free market-oriented reforms begun by the first Dzurinda government. The new coalition has as its main priorities - gaining of NATO and EU invitations, attracting foreign investment, and reforming social services such as the health-care system. Vladimír Mečiar's Movement for a Democratic Slovakia, which received about 27% of the vote in 1998 (almost 900,000 votes) received only 19. 5% (about 560,000 votes) in 2002 and again went into opposition, unable to find coalition partners. The opposition comprises the HZDS, Smer (led by Róbert Fico), and the Communists, who obtained about 6% of the popular vote. The Direction – Social Democracy (Smer – sociálna demokracia party — before January 1 2005 called Direction (the Third Way ( Smer (tretia cesta The Communist Party of Slovakia ( Slovak: Komunistická strana Slovenska, KSS is a Communist party in Slovakia, formed in 1992
Initially, Slovakia experienced more difficulty than the Czech Republic in developing a modern market economy. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, A market economy is a realized Social system based on the Division of labour in which the prices of Goods and Services are determined in a Slovakia joined NATO on March 29, 2004 and the EU on May 1 2004. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Slovakia was, on October 10, 2005, for the first time elected to a two-year term on the UN Security Council (for 2006-2007).
The latest elections took place on 17 June, 2006, where leftist Smer won elections with 29. 14% (around 670 000 votes) of the popular vote and formed coalition with Slota's Slovak National Party and Mečiar's Movement for a Democratic Slovakia. The Slovak National Party ( Slovak: Slovenská národná strana, SNS is a neo-fascist political party in Slovakia Their opposition is comprised from the former ruling parties: the SDKÚ, the SMK and the KDH.
See also
- List of rulers of Slovakia
- History of the Slovak language
- History of Bratislava
- History of Czechoslovakia
- Kingdom of Hungary, History of Hungary, History of Austria, History of the Czech lands
References
- ^ a b c d e Kristó, Gyula (1993). This is a List of rulers of Slovakia. Notes A stands for the House of Arpád M stands for the House of Mojmír In the 10th This is a tabular history of the Slovak language. Early history;around 500: arrival of the Slavs on the territory of Slovakia;6th This page gives an overview of the history of Bratislava - the capital of Slovakia and the country's largest city With the collapse of the Habsburg monarchy at the end of World War I, the independent country of Czechoslovakia ( Slovak: Česko-Slovensko Czech Whereas Czechs wished to create a Czechoslovak nation Slovaks sought a Federal republic in 1918 The division between Czechs and Slovaks in Czechoslovakia persisted as a key element in the reform movement of the 1960s and the Retrenchment of the The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 See also the History of Europe, the History of present-day nations and states, Pannonian basin before Hungary, and Hungary. This is the history of Austria. See also the History of Europe and History of present-day nations and states. The history of the Czech lands includes the following periods Prehistory (700 000 BC &ndash 400 BC Celts (400 BC &ndash 8 BC &ndash Boii A Kárpát-medence és a magyarság régmultja (1301-ig) (The ancient history of the Carpathian Basin and the Hungarians - till 1301). Szeged: Szegedi Középkorász Műhely, 30-31. ISBN 963 04 2914 4.
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- ^ Nótári, Tamás (2005). Források Salzburg kora középkori történetéből (Sources of the History of Salzburg in the Early Middle Ages). Lectum Kiadó, 95. ISBN 963 86649 6 7.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Kristó, Gyula (editor) (1994). Korai Magyar Történeti Lexikon (9-14. század) (Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History - 9-14th centuries). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 498. ISBN 963 05 6722 9.
- ^ Bagnell Bury, John (1923). The Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Macmillan, 211. Macmillan Publishers Ltd, also known as The Macmillan Group, is a privately-held International Publishing company owned by Georg von Holtzbrinck
- ^ Poulik, Josef (1978). "The Origins of Christianity in Slavonic Countries North of the Middle Danube Basin". World Archaeology 10 (2): 158–171.
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- ^ (1978) Annales Fuldenses, sive, Annales regni Francorum orientalis ab Einhardo, Ruodolfo, Meginhardo Fuldensibus, Seligenstadi, Fuldae, Mogontiaci conscripti cum continuationibus Ratisbonensi et Altahensibus / post editionem G.H. Pertzii recognovit Friderious Kurze ; Accedunt Annales Fuldenses antiquissimi. Hannover: Imprensis Bibliopolii Hahniani. . "
- ^ a b Tóth, Sándor László (1998). Levediától a Kárpát-medencéig ("From Levedia to the Carpathian Basin"). Szeged: Szegedi Középkorász Műhely, 199. ISBN 963 482 175 8.
- ^ a b c Kristó, Gyula (1996). Magyar honfoglalás - honfoglaló magyarok ("The Hungarians' Occupation of their Country - The Hungarians occupying their Country"). Kossuth Könyvkiadó, 84-85. ISBN 963 09 3836 7.
- ^ a b Kniezsa, István (2000). Magyarország népei a XI. században. Lucidus Kiadó, 26. ISBN 963 85954 3 4.
- ^ Zoltán András: A magyar nyelv régi szláv jövevényszavai és a szláv nyelvtörténet
- ^ Lukačka, Ján (2002). Formovanie vyššej šľachty na západnom Slovensku. Bratislava: Mistrál.
- ^ a b c d Fügedi, Erik (1986). Ispánok, bárók, kiskirályok (Counts, barons and petty kings). Budapest: Magvető Könyvkiadó, 12, 24. ISBN 963 14 0582 6.
- ^ Benda, Gyula (2004). Anonymus: A magyarok cselekedetei – Kézai Simon: A magyarok cselekedetei (Anonymous: The Deeds of the Hungarians – Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of Hungarians). Budapest: Osiris, 120-122. ISBN 963 389 606 1.
- ^ a b c Bóna, István (2000). A magyarok és Európa a 9-10. században ("The Magyars and Europe during the 9-10th centuries"). Budapest: História - MTA Történettudományi Intézete, 29-65. ISBN 963 8312 67 X.
- ^ Kristó, Gyula (1995). A magyar állam megszületése ("The origin of the Hungarian state"). Szeged: Szegedi Középkorász Műhely, 304. ISBN 963 482 09880.
- ^ {{{title}}}, 308-309.
- ^ a b c d e f Kristó, Gyula (1996). Az Árpád-ház uralkodói The rulers of the Árpád dynasty. I. P. C Könyvek Kft. , 30. ISBN 963 7930 973.
- ^ Győrffy, György (1998). Az Árpád-kori Magyarország történeti földrajza The Historical Geography of Hungary in the age of the Árpáds. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 332. ISBN 963 05 7504 3.
- ^ Sedlák, Vincent (2005). "Onomastika a historiografia", in Karin Fábrová: Príspevky k slovenským dejinám. Prešov: Prešovská univerzita v Prešove.
- ^ a b c d e f Kristó, Gyula (1988). A vármegyék kialakulása Magyarországon ("The formation of counties in Hungary"). Budapest: Magvető Könyvkiadó, 21-100. ISBN 963 14 1189 3.
- ^ a b Makk, Ferenc (1993). Magyar külpolitika (896-1196) ("The Hungarian External Politics (896-1196)"). Szeged: Szegedi Középkorász Műhely, 48-49. ISBN 963 04 2913 6.
- ^ a b c d e f Kristó, Gyula (2003). Nem magyar népek a középkori Magyarországon (Non-Hungarian Peoples in the Medieval Hungary). Budapest: Lucidus Kiadó, 90-100. ISBN 963 9465 151.
- ^ Juck, Ľubomír (1984). Výsady miest a mestečiek na Slovensku (1238-1350). Bratislava: Veda.
- ^ Tibenský, Ján et al. (1971). Slovensko: Dejiny. Bratislava: Obzor.
- ^ Bán, Péter (1989). Magyar történelmi fogalomtár (A-K) (Encyclopedia of the Hungarian History - A-K). Budapest: Gondolat, 42. ISBN 963 282 203 X.
- ^ a b Bán, Péter (1989). Magyar történelmi fogalomtár (L-Zs) (Encyclopedia of the Hungarian History - L-Z). Budapest: Gondolat, 159. ISBN 963 282 204.
- ^ Engel, Pál (1998). Magyarország története - 1301-1526 (The History of Hungary - 1301-1526). Budapest: Osiris. ISBN 963 379 171 5.
- ^ http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/panslavism/panslavism.pdf Sándor Kostya: Pan-Slavism
- ^ Slovak National Revival (re-published from The Library of Congress Country Studies)
- ^ Jelena Milojkovic-Djuric: Panslavism and National Identity in the Balkans, 1830-1880 ISBN 0880332913
- ^ "Holocaust Encyclopedia," (accessed April 25, 2007).
External links
- History of Slovakia at the Slovak Ministry of Foreign Affairs website
- Detailed Slovak history timeline until 1714
- Overview from slovakia.org
- Brief description at the U.S. Department of State website
- History of the Slovak national movement
- Concise Jewish History of Slovakia
- History of Slovakia by Jozef Komornik
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