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Portugal is a European nation whose origins go back to the Early Middle Ages. The Prehistory of the Iberian peninsula begins with the arrival of the first Hominins c In Latin poetry Oestreminis ("Extreme West" was a name given to the territory of what is today modern Portugal, comparable to Finis terrae, the Ophiussa, also spelled Ophiusa, is the ancient name given by the ancient Greeks to what is now Portuguese territory The Gallaeci, Callaeci, or Callaici were a Pre- Roman Celtic single or various tribes living in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were an Indo-European people living in the western Iberian Peninsula long before it became the Roman The Celtici were a Celtic tribe of the Iberian peninsula, akin either to the Lusitanians and Gallaecians or the Celtiberians, living The Cynetes or Conii were a one of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, living in today's Algarve and Low Alentejo regions of southern The Roman conquest of Hispania was a historical period that began with the Roman landing at Empúries in 218 BC and ended with the Roman conquest of the Iberian The Second Punic War (referred to as "The War Against Hannibal" by the Romans lasted from 218 to 201 BC and involved combatants in the western The Lusitanian War, called the Purinos Polemos (meaning Fiery War) was a war of resistance fought between the advancing legions of the Roman Republic Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar This article concerns the Roman province For the ship see RMS Lusitania. Gallaecia or Callaecia was the name of a Roman province that comprised The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East The Visigothic kingdom was a Western European power from the fifth to eighth century one of the Successor states to the Western Roman Empire, originally The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian political entity to be established in the Iberian peninsula after the collapse of the Visigothic Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. Condado de Portucale was the first County founded in Portugal. The County of Coimbra (Condado de Coimbra was a political entity instituted as a military unit of defense in the borders of the Kingdom of Galicia in the Iberian Peninsula The Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal was formed in 1065 after the County of Portugal declared Independence following Condado Portucalense was the second County founded in Portugal. The Kingdom of Portugal was Portugal 's general designation under the monarchy. The history of Portugal, in most of the 12th and 13th centuries is chiefly that of its origin as a separate state in the process of the Christian The Consolidation of the Monarchy in Portugal ( 1279 - 1415) 1279 Until the Early 14th Century The chief problems now confronting the monarchy For additional context see History of Portugal and Portuguese Empire. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta This article is a comprehensive list of all the actual possessions of the Portuguese Empire Iberian Union is a modern day term that refers to the historical political unit that governed all of the Iberian peninsula south of the Pyrenees from 1580–1640 The History of Portugal from the beginning of Maria I's reign in 1777 to the end of the Liberal Wars in 1834 spans a complex historic period in which several The Portuguese First Republic (Primeira República spans a complex 16 year period in the history of Portugal, between the end of the Constitutional Monarchy The Ditadura Nacional ( Portuguese for National Dictatorship was the name of the Portuguese regime initiated by the election of President Óscar Carmona Estado Novo ( Portuguese for " New State " pron (ɨʃ'tadu 'novu also known as the Second Republic) is the name of the Portuguese The Portuguese Third Republic is a period in the History of Portugal corresponding to the current democratic regime installed after the Carnation Revolution Euro 2004 Euro 2004 was won by Greece The final match was played by Greece and Portugal. This article covers the economic history of Portugal. Portugal was once one of the largest and most powerful political and economic powers in the world The Military history of Portugal is as long as the history of the country, either before the emergence of the socio-political reality of an independent Portuguese state The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta The Portuguese language developed in the Western Iberian Peninsula from Latin brought there by Roman soldiers and colonists starting in the 3rd century Medieval music Liturgical repertoire In the early days of the Catholic Church several local liturgies developed such as the Gallican in France the Sarum in England This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal Pre-Roman Western Iberia (Before the 3rd century BC Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered In the 15th and 16th centuries, it ascended to the status of a world power during Europe's "Age of Discovery" as it built up a vast empire including possessions in South America, Africa, and Asia. For additional context see History of Portugal and Portuguese Empire. Power in international relations is defined in several different ways The Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century during which Europeans explored The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta In the next two centuries, Portugal gradually lost much of its wealth and status as the Dutch, English and French took an increasing share of the spice and slave trades (the economic basis of its empire), by surrounding or conquering the widely scattered Portuguese trading posts and territories, leaving it with ever fewer resources to defend its overseas interests. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Spice trade is a commercial activity of ancient origin which involves the merchandising of Spices and Herbs. The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history
Signs of military decline began with two disastrous battles: the Battle of Alcácer Quibir in Morocco in 1578 and Spain's abortive attempt to conquer England in 1588 (Portugal contributed ships to the Spanish invasion fleet). The Battle of Alcácer Quibir (variant spellings are legion Alcácer-Quivir Al Quasr al-kibr Alcazarquivir Alcassar and so on meaning grand palace in Arabic The Spanish Armada ( Spanish: Grande y Felicísima Armada, "Great and Most Fortunate Navy" or Armada Invencible, "Invincible The country was further weakened by the destruction of much of its capital city in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars and the loss of its largest colony, Brazil, in 1822. The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, also known as the Great Lisbon Earthquake, took place on November 1 1755 at around 940 in the morning The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld From the middle of the 19th century to the late 1950s, nearly two million Portuguese left Europe to live in Brazil and the United States. The Portuguese people (os Portugueses literally the Portuguese) are the Ethnic group or Nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west [1] In 1910, there was a revolution that deposed the monarchy; however, the subsequent republic was unable to solve the country's problems. Amid corruption, repression of the Church, and the near bankruptcy of the state, a military coup in 1926 installed a dictatorship that remained until another coup in 1974. The new government instituted sweeping democratic reforms and granted independence to all of Portugal's African colonies in 1975. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system
Portugal is a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the European Free Trade Area (EFTA). The North Atlantic Treaty It entered the European Community (now the European Union) in 1986. The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in
Etymology of the name "Portugal"
Portugal's name derives from the Roman name Portus Cale. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Portus Cale ( Latin for Port of Cale) was the old name of an ancient town and port in current day Portugal. Cale was the name of an early settlement located at the mouth of the Douro River, which flows into the Atlantic Ocean in the north of what is now Portugal. The Douro or Duero ( Latin: Durius, Spanish: Duero, Portuguese: Douro, pron. Around 200 BC, the Romans took the Iberian Peninsula from the Carthaginians during the Second Punic War, and in the process conquered Cale and renamed it Portus Cale (Port of Cale). Events By place Seleucid Empire Antiochus III's forces continue their invasion of Coele Syria and Palestine. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers The Second Punic War (referred to as "The War Against Hannibal" by the Romans lasted from 218 to 201 BC and involved combatants in the western During the Middle Ages, the region around Portus Cale became known by the Suevi and Visigoths as Portucale. The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Portucale can mean different things Portus Cale, old Roman name of an ancient town and port in current day Portugal in the area of today's Grande Porto (north of The name Portucale evolved into Portugale during the 7th and 8th centuries, and by the 9th century, that term was used extensively to refer to the region between the rivers Douro and Minho, the Minho flowing along what would become the northern border between Portugal and Spain. Rio Minho redirects here For the river of that name in Jamaica see Rio Minho (Jamaica The Minho ( pron. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. By the 11th and 12th century, Portugale was already referred to as Portugal
The etymology of the name Cale is mysterious, as is the identity of the town's founders. Some historians have argued that Greeks were the first to settle Cale and that the name derives from the Greek word kallis, 'beautiful', referring to the beauty of the Douro valley. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Still others have claimed that Cale originated in the language of the Gallaeci people indigenous to the surrounding region (see below). The Gallaeci, Callaeci, or Callaici were a Pre- Roman Celtic single or various tribes living in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula Others argue that Cale[2] is a Celtic name like many others found is the region. The word cale or cala, would mean 'port', an 'inlet' or 'harbour,' and implied the existence of an older celtic harbour. [3]. Others argue it is the stem of Gallaecia. Another theory claims it derives from Caladunum. [4]
In any case, the Portu part of the name Portucale became Porto (English: Oporto) the modern name for the city located on the site of the ancient city of Cale at the mouth of the Douro River. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States And Port became the name in English of the wine from the Douro Valley region around Porto. Port wine (also known as Vinho do Porto, Oporto, Porto, and often simply Port) is a Portuguese, Fortified The name Cale is today reflected in Gaia (Vila Nova de Gaia), a city on the left bank of the river. Vila Nova de Gaia, or simply Gaia, ( pron 'vilɐ 'nɔvɐ dɨ 'gajɐ is a city in Portugal.
Early history
The region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Neanderthals and then by Homo sapiens. The Prehistory of the Iberian peninsula begins with the arrival of the first Hominins c The Neanderthal (neɪˈændərtɑːl also with /niː-/ and /-θɔːl/ or Neandertal, is an extinct member of the Homo genus that is known from Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus
Early in the first millennium BC, several waves of Celts invaded Portugal from central Europe and intermarried with the local populations, forming different ethnic groups, with many tribes. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and This is a list of the Pre- Roman peoples of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania - modern Andorra, Portugal and Spain Chief among these tribes were the Calaicians or Gallaeci of northern Portugal, the Lusitanians of central Portugal, the Celtici of Alentejo, and the Cynetes or Conii of the Algarve. Gallaecia or Callaecia was the name of a Roman province that comprised The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were an Indo-European people living in the western Iberian Peninsula long before it became the Roman The Celtici were a Celtic tribe of the Iberian peninsula, akin either to the Lusitanians and Gallaecians or the Celtiberians, living The Cynetes or Conii were a one of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, living in today's Algarve and Low Alentejo regions of southern Among the lesser tribes or sub-divisions were the Bracari, Coelerni, Equaesi, Grovii, Interamici, Leuni, Luanqui, Limici, Narbasi, Nemetati, Paesuri, Quaquerni, Seurbi, Tamagani, Tapoli, Turduli, Turduli Veteres, Turdulorum Oppida, Turodi, and Zoelae). The Bracari were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, akin to the Calaicians or Gallaeci, living in the northwest of modern Portugal, in The Coelerni were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia in Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula) part of Calaician or Gallaeci people, The Equaesi were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, between the provinces of Minho and Trás-os-Montes The Grovii were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Minho, around the Minho river The Interamici were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Trás-os-Montes, near the The Leuni were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Minho, between the rivers The Luanqvi were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Trás-os-Montes, between the The Limici were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the swamps of the river Lima, in the border region between Minho ( Portugal The Narbasi were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the province of Minho (north of modern Portugal) and nearby areas of modern The Nemetati were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal between the Cávado and Ave Rivers in The Paesuri were an ancient Celtiberian tribe of Lusitania, akin to the Lusitanians, to whom they were a dependent tribe living between the rivers The Quaquerni were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, province of Minho, in the mountains at the mouths The Seurbi were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Minho, between the rivers The Tamagani were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Trás-os-Montes, from the area The Tapoli were an ancient Celtiberian tribe of Lusitania, akin to the Lusitanians, to whom they were a dependent tribe living just north of the river The Turduli were an ancient Celtiberian tribe of Lusitania, akin to the Lusitanians, living in the south of modern Portugal,in the east of the The Turduli Veteres, or Ancient Turduli were an ancient Celtiberian tribe of Lusitania, akin to the Lusitanians and Calaicians The Turdulorum Oppida (Latin - Oppidums of the Turduli) or Turduli living in the Portuguese region of Estremadura (coastal central Portugal The Turodi were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Trás-os-Montes and border areas The Zoelae were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Trás-os-Montes, between the
There were in the southern part the country, some small, semipermanent commercial coastal settlements founded by Phoenicians-Carthaginians (such as Tavira, in the Algarve). Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers Tavira or Tabira is another name for Durango Spain. Tavira ( pron
Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia
The first Roman invasion of the Iberian Peninsula occurred in 219 BC. Within 200 years, almost the entire peninsula had been annexed to the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Carthaginians, Rome's adversary in the Punic Wars, were expelled from their coastal colonies. Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BC and were probably the largest wars yet of the ancient
The Roman conquest of what is now part of modern day Portugal took several decades: it started from the south, where the Romans found friendly natives, the Conii. The Cynetes or Conii were a one of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, living in today's Algarve and Low Alentejo regions of southern It suffered a severe setback in 194 BC, when a rebellion began in the north. The Lusitanians and other native tribes, under the leadership of Viriathus, wrested control of all of Portugal. Viriathus (known as Viriato in Portuguese and Spanish) ( ? - 139 BC was the most important leader of the Lusitanian people that resisted Rome sent numerous legions and its best generals to Lusitania to quell the rebellion, but to no avail — the Lusitanians gained more and more territory. The Roman leaders decided to change their strategy. They bribed Viriathus's ambassador to kill his own leader. Viriathus was assassinated, and the resistance was soon over.
Rome installed a colonial regime. During this period, Lusitania grew in prosperity and many of modern day Portugal's cities and towns were founded. In 27 BC, Lusitania gained the status of Roman province. In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa Later, a northern province of Lusitania was formed, known as Gallaecia, with capital in Bracara (today's Braga). Gallaecia or Callaecia was the name of a Roman province that comprised Braga (ˈBrag-uh a city and municipality in northwestern Portugal, is the capital of the district of Braga, the oldest archdiocese
Germanic kingdoms
In the early 5th century, Germanic tribes, not all of them truly barbarian, invaded the peninsula, namely the Suevi, the Vandals (Silingi and Hasdingi) and their allies, the Sarmatian Alans. The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic "Barbarian" is a pejorative term for an uncivilized person either in a general reference to a member of a nation or Ethnos perceived The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" The Silings or Silingi (Latin Silingae, Greek Σιλίγγαι - Silingai) were an East Germanic tribe probably part of the larger The Hasdingi were the southern tribes of the Vandals, an East Germanic tribe. The Sarmatians, Sarmatae or Sauromatae ( Old Iranian Sarumatah 'archer' Σαρμάτες The Alans or Alani (occasionally but more rarely termed Alauni or Halani) were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people Only the kingdom of the Suevi (Quadi and Marcomanni) endured after the arrival of another wave of Germanic invaders, the Visigoths, who conquered all of the Iberian Peninsula and expelled or partially integrated the Vandals and the Alans. The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" Quadi were a smaller Germanic tribe, about which little definitive information is known Marcomanni were a Germanic tribe, probably related to the Buri, Suebi or Suevi The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East The Visigoths eventually conquered the Suevi kingdom and its capital city Bracara in 584–585. Braga (ˈBrag-uh a city and municipality in northwestern Portugal, is the capital of the district of Braga, the oldest archdiocese
The Germanic tribe of the Buri also accompanied the Suevi in their invasion of the Iberian Peninsula and colonization of Gallaecia (modern northern Portugal and Galicia). The Buri first appear in history as a Germanic tribe mentioned in the Germania of Tacitus, where they initially "close the back" of the Marcomanni The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Gallaecia or Callaecia was the name of a Roman province that comprised Galicia (occasionally Galiza) is an autonomous community in northwest Spain. The Buri settled in the region between the rivers Cávado and Homem, in the area known as thereafter as Terras de Boiro or Terras de Bouro (Lands of the Buri)[5]. Cávado is a subregion that is integrated in the Portuguese region of Norte.
Other minor influences from this period include some 5th century vestigies of Alan settlement, which were found in Alenquer, Coimbra and even Lisbon. The Alans or Alani (occasionally but more rarely termed Alauni or Halani) were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people Coimbra (kuˈĩbɾɐ is a city and a municipality in Portugal, former capital of the country during the first dynasty period and home to the University of Coimbra Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. [6]
Moorish rule and the Reconquista
In 711, the Islamic Moors (mainly Berber with some Arab) from North Africa invaded the Iberian Peninsula, destroying the Visigothic Kingdom. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Many of the ousted Gothic nobles took refuge in the unconquered north Asturian highlands. The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian political entity to be established in the Iberian peninsula after the collapse of the Visigothic From there they aimed to reconquer their lands from the Moors: this war of reconquest is known in Portuguese as the Reconquista. The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period
In 868, Count Vímara Peres reconquered and governed the region between the Minho and Douro rivers. Vímara Peres Count of Portugal ( Galicia, circa 820 &mdash Guimarães, 873 was a Christian Warlord of the 9th century in west Iberia The county was then known as Portucale (i. e. , Portugal).
While it had its origins as a dependency of the Kingdom of León, Portugal occasionally gained de facto independence during weak Leonese reigns. Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula.
Portugal gained its first de jure independence (as the Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal) in 1065 under the rule of Garcia II. The Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal was formed in 1065 after the County of Portugal declared Independence following Because of feudal power struggles, Portuguese and Galician nobles rebelled. In 1072, the country rejoined León and Castile under Garcia II's brother Alphonso VI of Castile. Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. Alfonso VI (before June 1040 &ndash June 29 / July 1, 1109) nicknamed the Brave, was King of León from 1065 to 1109 and King of
Affirmation of Portugal
In 1095, Portugal separated almost completely from the Kingdom of Galicia. Its territories consisting largely of mountain, moorland and forest were bounded on the north by the Minho, on the south by the Mondego. The Rio Mondego ( pron mõ'ðeɣu English language: Mondego River is the longest river located exclusively in Portuguese territory.
At the end of the 11th century, the Burgundian knight Henry became count of Portugal and defended his independence, merging the County of Portucale and the County of Coimbra. Henry of Burgundy Count of Portugal (1066&ndash1112 was Count of Portugal from 1093 to his death Coimbra (kuˈĩbɾɐ is a city and a municipality in Portugal, former capital of the country during the first dynasty period and home to the University of Coimbra Henry declared independence for Portugal while a civil war raged between León and Castile.
Henry died without achieving his aims. His son, Afonso Henriques, took control of the country. Afonso I ( English Alphonzo or Alphonse) more commonly known as Afonso Henriques (ɐˈfõsu ẽˈʁikɨʃ or also Affonso (Archaic The city of Braga, the unofficial Catholic centre of the Iberian Peninsula, faced new competition from other regions. The lords of the cities of Coimbra and Porto (then Portucale) with the Braga's clergy demanded the independence of the renewed county. Braga (ˈBrag-uh a city and municipality in northwestern Portugal, is the capital of the district of Braga, the oldest archdiocese
Portugal traces its national origin to 24 June 1128 with the Battle of São Mamede. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place The Battle of São Mamede ( Batalha de São Mamede in Portuguese; ˈsɐ̃ũ mɐˈmɛð(ɨ took place on June 24 1128 near Guimarães and is considered Afonso proclaimed himself first Prince of Portugal and in 1139 the first King of Portugal. By 1143, with the assistance of a representative of the Holy See at the conference of Zamora, Portugal was formally recognized as independent, with the prince recognized as Dux Portucalensis. The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic In 1179, Afonso I was declared, by the Pope, as king. Afonso I ( English Alphonzo or Alphonse) more commonly known as Afonso Henriques (ɐˈfõsu ẽˈʁikɨʃ or also Affonso (Archaic History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and After the Battle of São Mamede, the first capital of Portugal was Guimarães from which the first king ruled. The Battle of São Mamede ( Batalha de São Mamede in Portuguese; ˈsɐ̃ũ mɐˈmɛð(ɨ took place on June 24 1128 near Guimarães and is considered Guimarães (gimɐˈɾɐ̃j̃ʃ is a city and municipality in northwestern Portugal in the province of Minho and in the district of Braga Later, when Portugal was already officially independent, he ruled from Coimbra. Coimbra (kuˈĩbɾɐ is a city and a municipality in Portugal, former capital of the country during the first dynasty period and home to the University of Coimbra
From 1249 to 1250, the Algarve, the southernmost region, was finally re-conquered by Portugal from the Moors. The Consolidation of the Monarchy in Portugal ( 1279 - 1415) 1279 Until the Early 14th Century The chief problems now confronting the monarchy The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent In 1255, the capital shifted to Lisbon. Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal.
Portugal's land-based boundaries have been notably stable in history. The border with Spain has remained almost unchanged since the 13th century. The Treaty of Windsor (1386) created an alliance between Portugal and England that remains in effect to this day. The Treaty of Windsor is the oldest diplomatic alliance in the world The Kingdom of England was a State (927-1707 located in Western Europe dating from the ninth or tenth century to the early eighteenth century when it was legally Since early times, fishing and overseas commerce have been the main economic activities. Henry the Navigator's interest in exploration together with some technological developments in navigation made Portugal's expansion possible and led to great advances in geographic, mathematical, scientific knowledge and technology, more specifically naval technology. The Infante Henrique Duke of Viseu ( Porto, March 4, 1394 – Sagres, November 13, 1460) pron
Period of discoveries and Empire
During the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal was a major European power, ranking with England, France and Spain in terms of economic, political, and cultural influence. Though not predominant in European affairs, Portugal did have an extensive colonial trading empire throughout the world backed by a powerful thalassocracy. The term thalassocracy (from the θάλασσα meaning sea and κρατείν meaning "to rule" giving θαλασσοκρατία "rule of the sea"
July 25, 1415 marked the beginning of the Portuguese Empire, when the Portuguese Armada departed to the rich trade Islamic centre of Ceuta in North Africa with King John I and his sons Prince Duarte (future king), Prince Pedro, Prince Henry the Navigator and Prince Afonso, and legendary Portuguese hero Nuno Álvares Pereira. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Ceuta is an autonomous city of Spain located on the Mediterranean, on the North African side of the Strait of Gibraltar, which North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Edward ( Portuguese: Duarte duˈaɾt(ɨ Viseu, 31 October 1391 &ndash Tomar, 13 September 1438 The Infante Henrique Duke of Viseu ( Porto, March 4, 1394 – Sagres, November 13, 1460) pron Dom Nuno Álvares Pereira, O Carm ( pron 'nunu 'aɫvɐɾɨʃ pɨ'ɾɐjɾɐ ( July 24 On August 21, the city was conquered by Portugal, and the long-lived Portuguese Empire was founded. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan. Further steps were taken which expanded the Empire even more.
In 1418 two of the captains of Prince Henry the Navigator, João Gonçalves Zarco and Tristão Vaz Teixeira, were driven by a storm to an island which they called Porto Santo ("Holy Port") in gratitude for their rescue from the shipwreck. The Infante Henrique Duke of Viseu ( Porto, March 4, 1394 – Sagres, November 13, 1460) pron João Gonçalves Zarco, later João Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara de Lobos or simply João Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara (c Tristão Vaz Teixeira (c 1395 &ndash 1480 was a Portuguese navigator and explorer who together with João Gonçalves Zarco and Bartolomeu Perestrelo Porto Santo Island ( pron 'poɾtu 'sɐ̃tu is a Portuguese island 50 km northeast of Madeira Island in the North Atlantic Ocean In 1419, João Gonçalves Zarco disembarked on Madeira Island. João Gonçalves Zarco, later João Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara de Lobos or simply João Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara (c History See also History of Madeira Pre-Portuguese times Pliny mentions certain Purple Islands the position of which with reference to the Between 1427 and 1431, most of the Azorean islands were discovered. The Azores ( Açores ɐˈsoɾɨʃ or) is a Portuguese Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, about 1500 km (950 mi) from
In 1434, Gil Eanes turned the Cape Bojador, south of Morocco. Gil Eanes ( Eannes) pron. ʒiɫ i'ɐnɨʃ was a 15th century Portuguese navigator and explorer. Cape Bojador or Cape Boujdour ( رأس بوجادور, pronounced Ra's Boujador in Arabic is a headland on the northern Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa The trip marked the beginning of the Portuguese exploration of Africa. Before the turn, very little information was known in Europe about what lay around the cape. At the end of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th, those who tried to venture there became lost, which gave birth to legends of sea monsters. Sea monsters are sea-dwelling mythical or legendary creatures, often believed to be of immense size Some setbacks occurred: in 1436 the Canaries were recognized as Castilian by the Pope; earlier they were recognized as Portuguese. The Canary Islands ( English pronunciation kəˈnæriː ˈaɪləndz Spanish: Islas Canarias, ˈizlas kaˈnarjas are a Spanish Also, in 1438 in a military expedition to Tangier, the Portuguese were defeated. Tangier or Tangiers ]] ( Tanja طنجة in Berber and Arabic, Tánger in Spanish
However, the Portuguese did not give up their exploratory efforts. In 1448, on a small island known as Arguim off the coast of Mauritania, an important castle was built, working as a feitoria (a trading post) for commerce with inland Africa, some years before the first African gold was brought to Portugal, circumventing the Arab caravans that crossed the Sahara. Arguin (Arguim is an Island off the western coast of Mauritania in the Bay of Arguin, at 20° 36' N Mauritania (موريتانيا Mūrītāniyā officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country A trading post is a place where the trading of goods takes place Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Some time later, the caravels explored the Gulf of Guinea which lead to the discovery of several uninhabited islands: Cape Verde, Fernão Poo, São Tomé, Príncipe and Annobón. This article is about the Caravel boat type For the carvel type of boat building see Carvel (boat building. The Republic of Cape Verde ( Portuguese: Cabo Verde, 'kabu 'veɾdɨ is a Republic located on an Archipelago in the Macaronesia Bioko (spelled also Bioco) is an island off the west coast of Africa in the Gulf of Guinea, part of Equatorial Guinea. São Tomé Island, at 854 km² (330 sq mi is the largest island of São Tomé and Príncipe and is home to about 133600 or 96% of the nation's population Príncipe is the smaller of the two major islands of São Tomé and Príncipe lying off the west coast of Africa Annobón (or Annabon or Anabon; from Ano bom Portuguese for Good Year) also known as Pagalu or Pigalu, is an Finally, in 1471, the Portuguese captured Tangier, after years of attempts. Eleven years later, the fortress of São Jorge da Mina in the Gulf was built. In 1483, Diogo Cão reached the Congo River. Diogo Cão (in old Portuguese Cam) (diˈoɣuˈkɐ̃ũ was a Portuguese explorer and one of the most remarkable Navigators of the The Congo River (for a time known as the Zaire River) is the largest River in Western Central Africa.
In 1484, Portugal officially rejected Christopher Columbus's idea of reaching India from the west, because it was seen as unreasonable. Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Some historians have claimed that the Portuguese had already performed fairly accurate calculations concerning the size of the world and therefore knew that sailing west to reach the Indies would require a far longer journey than navigating to the east. However, this continues to be debated. Thus began a long-lasting dispute which eventually resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Tordesillas with Spain in 1494. The Treaty of Tordesillas ( Portuguese: Tratado de Tordesilhas, Spanish: Tratado de Tordesillas) signed at Tordesillas (now in The treaty divided the (largely undiscovered) world equally between the Spanish and the Portuguese, along a north-south meridian line 370 leagues (1770 km/1100 miles) west of the Cape Verde islands, with all lands to the east belonging to Portugal and all lands to the west to Spain. The Prime Meridian is the meridian (line of Longitude) at which longitude is defined to be 0° The Republic of Cape Verde ( Portuguese: Cabo Verde, 'kabu 'veɾdɨ is a Republic located on an Archipelago in the Macaronesia
A remarkable achievement was the turning of the Cape of Good Hope by Bartolomeu Dias in 1487; the richness of India was now accessible, hence the name of the cape. The Cape of Good Hope ( Afrikaans: Kaap die Goeie Hoop, Kaap de Goede Hoop Cabo da Boa Esperança Persian Language: دماغه امید نیک Bartolomeu Dias (baɾtuluˈmeu ˈdiɐʃ Anglicized Bartholomew Diaz) (c India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country In 1489, the King of Bemobi gave his realms to the Portuguese king and became Christian. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Between 1491 and 1494, Pêro de Barcelos and João Fernandes Lavrador explored North America. Pêro de Barcelos ( 15th century / 16th century) sometimes Pedro de Barcelos, was a Portuguese explorer of North America, João Fernandes (ʒuˈɐ̃ũ fɨɾˈnɐ̃ðɨʃ (John Joam (sometimes called João Fernandes Lavrador) was a Portuguese Explorer of the 15th century At the same time, Pêro da Covilhã reached Ethiopia by land. Pedro or Pêro da Covilhã (ˈpeɾu dɐ kuviˈʎɐ̃ (c 1460 &ndash after 1526 was a Portuguese Diplomat and Explorer. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Vasco da Gama sailed for India, and arrived at Calicut on May 20, 1498, returning in glory to Portugal the next year. Dom Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira ('vaʃku dɐ 'gɐmɐ ( Sines or Vidigueira, Alentejo, Portugal, ca WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> For the district with the same name see Kozhikode District. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held The Monastery of Jerónimos was built, dedicated to the discovery of the route to India. See also Monasterio de Jerónimos, Madrid, Spain The Hieronymites Monastery ( Mosteiro dos Jerónimos, pron In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral sighted the Brazilian coast; ten years later, Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Goa, in India. Pedro Álvares Cabral (about 1467/1468/1469 &ndash about 1520 ˈpeðɾʊ ˈaɫvɐɾɨʃ kɐˈβɾaɫ in Portuguese, ˈawvaɾiʃ caˈbɾaw in Brazilian) was Dom Afonso de Albuquerque (or Afonso d'Albuquerque - disused (ɐˈfõsu dɨ aɫbuˈkɛɾk(ɨ (1453 Alhandra - Goa, December 16 1515 was a Portuguese Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population.
With this, the Portuguese became the first civilization to fully start the process we know today as globalization. Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones
João da Nova discovered Ascension in 1501 and Saint Helena in 1502; Tristão da Cunha was the first to sight the archipelago still known by his name 1506. João da Nova (ʒuˈɐ̃w̃ dɐ ˈnɔvɐ or Juan de Nova (born c Ascension Island is an island in the South Atlantic Ocean, around from the coast of Africa Saint Helena (pronounced saint he-LEE-na) named after St Helena of Constantinople, is an island of volcanic origin and a British overseas territory Tristão da Cunha (sometimes spelled Tristão d'Acunha) (tɾiʃˈtɐ̃ũ dɐ ˈkuɲɐ (c In East Africa, small Islamic states along the coast of Mozambique, Kilwa, Brava and Mombasa were destroyed or became subjects or allies of Portugal. Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa Kilwa is one of the 6 districts of the Lindi Region of Tanzania. Mombasa is the second largest City in Kenya, lying on the Indian Ocean.
The two million Portuguese people ruled a vast empire with many millions of inhabitants in the Americas, Africa, the Middle East and Asia. From 1514, the Portuguese had reached China and Japan. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. In the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea, one of Cabral's ships discovered Madagascar (1501), which was partly explored by Tristão da Cunha (1507); Mauritius was discovered in 1507, Socotra occupied in 1506, and in the same year Lourenço de Almeida visited Ceylon. The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface The Arabian Sea ( Arabic: بحر العرب transliterated: Baḥr al-'Arab Sanskrit: सिन्धु सागर transliterated: Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern Tristão da Cunha (sometimes spelled Tristão d'Acunha) (tɾiʃˈtɐ̃ũ dɐ ˈkuɲɐ (c Mauritius (pronounced məˈrɪʃəs L’île Maurice /il mɔ'ʁis/ Mauritian Creole: Maurice) officially the Republic of Mauritius, République Socotra or Soqotra ( Arabic سقطرى; Suquṭra) is a small Archipelago of four islands and islets in the Indian Ocean Lourenço de Almeida (died 1508 son of Francisco de Almeida, acting under him distinguished himself in the Indian Ocean, and made Ceylon (present Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island
In the Red Sea, Massawa was the most northerly point frequented by the Portuguese until 1541, when a fleet under Estevão da Gama penetrated as far as Suez. The Red Sea is a Salt water Inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. Massawa, formerly known as Mitsiwa ( Ge'ez ምጽዋ miṣṣiwa, Arabic مصوع maṣṣawaʿ Estêvão Da Gama can mean two different men Estêvão da Gama, father of Vasco da Gama. Suez (السويس) is a Seaport town (population ca 497000 in north-eastern Egypt, located on the north coast of the Gulf of Suez, near the southern Hormuz, in the Persian Gulf, was seized by Afonso de Albuquerque in 1515, who also entered into diplomatic relations with Persia. The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the Dom Afonso de Albuquerque (or Afonso d'Albuquerque - disused (ɐˈfõsu dɨ aɫbuˈkɛɾk(ɨ (1453 Alhandra - Goa, December 16 1515 was a Portuguese For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. In 1521, a force under Antonio Correia conquered Bahrain ushering in a period of almost eighty years of Portuguese rule of the Gulf archipelago[7] (for further information see Bahrain as a Portuguese dominion). António Correia was a Portuguese commander who in 1521 conquered Bahrain, beginning eighty years of Portuguese rule in the Gulf state. The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf Bahrain is a borderless Island country in the Persian Gulf. Although Bahrain became an independent country in 1971 the history of these islands starts
On the Asiatic mainland the first trading-stations were established by Pedro Álvares Cabral at Cochin and Calicut (1501); more important, however, were the conquest of Goa (1510) and Malacca (1511) by Afonso de Albuquerque, and the acquisition of Diu (1535) by Martim Afonso de Sousa. Pedro Álvares Cabral (about 1467/1468/1469 &ndash about 1520 ˈpeðɾʊ ˈaɫvɐɾɨʃ kɐˈβɾaɫ in Portuguese, ˈawvaɾiʃ caˈbɾaw in Brazilian) was WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Goa Velha or Adlem Gõi or Pornne Gõi is a Census town in North Goa district Dom Afonso de Albuquerque (or Afonso d'Albuquerque - disused (ɐˈfõsu dɨ aɫbuˈkɛɾk(ɨ (1453 Alhandra - Goa, December 16 1515 was a Portuguese WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Diu is a city in Diu district in the union territory of Daman and Diu, India. Martim Afonso de Sousa ( 1500 - 1571) was a Portuguese Fidalgo and explorer. East of Malacca, Albuquerque sent Duarte Fernandes as envoy to Siam (now Thailand) in 1511, and dispatched to the Moluccas two expeditions (1512, 1514), which founded the Portuguese dominion in the Malay Archipelago. Duarte Fernandes ( 16th century) Portuguese diplomat was the first European to establish diplomatic relations with Thailand in 1511 under the The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj The Malay Archipelago is a name given to the Archipelago located between mainland Southeastern Asia ( Indochina) and Australia. Fernão Pires de Andrade visited Canton in 1517 and opened up trade with China, where in 1557 the Portuguese were permitted to occupy Macau. Captain Fernão Pires de Andrade (also spelled as Fernão Peres de Andrade; died September 1523 was a Portuguese merchant pharmacist and official diplomat under For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. Japan, accidentally reached by three Portuguese traders in 1542, soon attracted large numbers of merchants and missionaries. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. In 1522, one of the ships in the expedition that Ferdinand Magellan organized in the Spanish service completed the first voyage around the world. Ferdinand Magellan (Fernão de Magalhães fɨɾˈnɐ̃ũ dɨ mɐgɐˈʎɐ̃ĩʃ Fernando de Magallanes (Spring 1480 &ndash April 27 1521 Mactan Island, Cebu
By the end of the 15th century, Portugal expelled some local Jews, along with those refugees that came from Castile and Aragon after 1492. Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. In addition, many Jews were forcibly converted to Catholicism and remained as Conversos. Conversos ( Spanish and Portuguese for "a convert" from Latin conversus, "converted turned around" and its feminine form Many Jews remained secretly Jewish, in danger of persecution by the Portuguese Inquisition. Crypto-Judaism is the secret adherence to Judaism while publicly professing to be of another faith people who practice crypto-Judaism are referred to as "crypto-Jews" The Portuguese Inquisition was formally established in Portugal in 1536 at the request of the King of Portugal, João III. In 1506, 3000 "New Christians" were massacred in Lisbon. [8] Many of the merchant Jews who fled reached such prominence in commerce that for centuries a "Portuguese" abroad was presumed a Jew of Portuguese descent.
In 1578, a very young king Sebastian died in battle without an heir (the body was not found), leading to a dynastic crisis. Sebastian I King of Portugal "the Desired" (in Portuguese, Sebastião I, sɨbɐʃˈtiɐ̃ũ o Desejado; born in Lisbon The late king's elderly grand-uncle, Cardinal Henry, became king, but died two years later. For the Count of Portugal see Henry Count of Portugal; for the Prince see Henry the Navigator Henry Cardinal-King of Portugal or Portugal was worried about the maintenance of its independence and sought help to find a new king. Philip II of Spain was on his mother's side the grandson of King Manuel I, and on that basis claimed the Portuguese throne. Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 Manuel I (mɐnuˈɛɫ Archaic Portuguese: Manoel I, English: Emmanuel I) the Fortunate ( Port He was opposed by António, Prior of Crato, the illegitimate son of one of the younger sons of Manuel II. António Prior of Crato (ɐ̃ˈtɔniu Lisbon, 1531 – Paris, August 26, 1595; sometimes rarely called The Determined, The As a result, following Henry's death Spain invaded Portugal and the Spanish king became Philip I of Portugal in 1580; the Spanish and Portuguese Empires came under a single rule. The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries This did not, however, end resistance to Spanish rule. The Prior of Crato held out in the Azores until 1583, and continued to actively seek to recover the throne until his death in 1595. The Azores ( Açores ɐˈsoɾɨʃ or) is a Portuguese Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, about 1500 km (950 mi) from Impostors claimed to be King Sebastian in 1584, 1585, 1595 and 1598. An impostor or imposter is a person who pretends to be somebody else often to try to gain financial or social advantages through Social engineering, but just as often Sebastian I King of Portugal "the Desired" (in Portuguese, Sebastião I, sɨbɐʃˈtiɐ̃ũ o Desejado; born in Lisbon "Sebastianism", the myth that the young king will return to Portugal on a foggy day, has prevailed until modern times. Sebastianism is part of the Portuguese mythology and culture It means waiting for a Hero that will save Portugal and lead it to the Fifth Empire and known as Eu nacional
Decline of the Empire
After the 16th century, Portugal gradually saw its wealth decreasing. Even if Portugal was officially an autonomous state, the country was under the rule of the Spanish monarchy from 1580 to 1640, and Portuguese colonies were attacked by Spain's opponents, especially the Dutch and English who aspired to dominate both the Atlantic slave trade and the spice trade with the Far East. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Iberian Union is a modern day term that refers to the historical political unit that governed all of the Iberian peninsula south of the Pyrenees from 1580–1640 Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland For a short time the Dutch even managed to dominate Portugal's possessions in Brazil but this was reversed, beginning with a major Spanish-Portuguese military operation in 1625.
At home, life was calm and serene with the first two Spanish kings; they maintained Portugal's status, gave excellent positions to Portuguese nobles in the Spanish courts, and Portugal maintained an independent law, currency and government. It was even proposed to move the Spanish capital to Lisbon. Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. Later, Philip IV tried to make Portugal a Spanish province, and Portuguese nobles lost power. Philip IV (es ''Felipe IV'' pt ''Filipe III'' ( 8 April, 1605 &ndash 17 September, 1665) was King of Spain between 1621 and Because of this, as well as the general strain on the finances of the Spanish throne as a result of the Thirty Years War, on December 1, 1640, the Duke of Braganza, one of the great native noblemen and a descendant of King Manuel I, was proclaimed king as John IV, and a war of independence against Spain was launched. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Marriages and descendants John married Luisa de Guzman, daughter of Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzman, 8th Duke of Medina-Sidonia. Ceuta governors did not accept the new king; they maintained their allegiance to Spain. Although Portugal had substantially attained its independence in 1640, the Spanish continued to try to reassert their control for the next twenty-eight years, only accepting Portuguese independence in 1668.
In the 17th century the Portuguese emigrated in large numbers to Brazil. By 1709, John V prohibited emigration, since Portugal had lost a sizable fraction of its population. Ancestry Marriages and descendants John married Mary Anne of Austria, daughter of Leopold I Holy Roman Emperor in 1708 Brazil was elevated to a vice-kingdom.
Pombaline Era
In 1738, Sebastião de Melo, the talented son of a Lisbon squire, began a diplomatic career as the Portuguese Ambassador in London and later in Vienna. Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo 1st Count of Oeiras 1st Marquis of Pombal (in Portuguese, Marquês de Pombal, pron An ambassador is the highest ranking Diplomat who represents their country London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. The Queen consort of Portugal, Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa of Austria, was fond of Melo; and after his first wife died, she arranged the widowed de Melo's second marriage to the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun. A queen consort is the title given to the wife of a reigning king. Count Leopold Joseph von Daun (or Dhaun) ( September 24, 1705 &ndash February 5, 1766) later Prince of Thiano, King John V of Portugal, however, was not pleased and recalled Melo to Portugal in 1749. Ancestry Marriages and descendants John married Mary Anne of Austria, daughter of Leopold I Holy Roman Emperor in 1708 John V died the following year and his son, Joseph I of Portugal was crowned. In contrast to his father, Joseph I was fond of de Melo, and with the Queen Mother's approval, he appointed Melo as Minister of Foreign Affairs. Queen mother is a title or position reserved for a widowed Queen consort (a Queen dowager) whose son or daughter from that marriage is the reigning monarch A minister or a secretary is a Politician who holds significant public office in a national or regional Government. As the King's confidence in de Melo increased, the King entrusted him with more control of the state.
By 1755, Sebastião de Melo was made Prime Minister. Impressed by British economic success he had witnessed while Ambassador, he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal. An economic system is a System that involves the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services between He abolished slavery in Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies in India; reorganized the army and the navy; restructured the University of Coimbra, and ended discrimination against different Christian sects in Portugal. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The University of Coimbra (UC ( Portuguese: Universidade de Coimbra, pron A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth
But Sebastião de Melo's greatest reforms were economic and financial, with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity. He demarcated the region for production of Port to ensure the wine's quality, and his was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. Port wine (also known as Vinho do Porto, Oporto, Porto, and often simply Port) is a Portuguese, Fortified He ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class, along with a widespread review of the country's tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes, especially among the high nobility, who despised him as a social upstart.
Disaster fell upon Portugal in the morning of November 1, 1755, when Lisbon was struck by a violent earthquake with an estimated Richter scale magnitude of 9. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 1755 ( MDCCLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, also known as the Great Lisbon Earthquake, took place on November 1 1755 at around 940 in the morning The Richter magnitude scale, or more correctly local magnitude M L scale assigns a single number to quantify the amount of seismic energy released The city was razed to the ground by the earthquake and the subsequent tsunami and ensuing fires. Sebastião de Melo survived by a stroke of luck and then immediately embarked on rebuilding the city, with his famous quote: What now? We bury the dead and feed the living.
Despite the calamity, Lisbon suffered no epidemics and within less than one year was already being rebuilt. The new downtown of Lisbon was designed to resist subsequent earthquakes. Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. Architectural models were built for tests, and the effects of an earthquake were simulated by marching troops around the models. The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline Downtown of Lisbon still remain as one of Lisbon's tourist attractions: They represent the world's first quake-proof buildings. Sebastião de Melo also made an important contribution to the study of seismology by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country. Seismology (from Greek grc σεισμός seismos, "earthquake" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Earthquakes
Following the earthquake, Joseph I gave his Prime Minister even more power, and Sebastião de Melo became a powerful, progressive dictator. Ancestors Marriages and descendants Joseph married Marianne Victoria of Borbón, daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese of As his power grew, his enemies increased in number, and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent. In 1758 Joseph I was wounded in an attempted assassination. Ancestors Marriages and descendants Joseph married Marianne Victoria of Borbón, daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese of The Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro were implicated and executed after a quick trial. The Távora affair was a political scandal of the 18th century Portuguese court Aveiro (aˈvɐjɾu is a city of some 57000 people and a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 199 The Jesuits were expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Sebastião de Melo showed no mercy and prosecuted every person involved, even women and children. This was the final stroke that broke the power of the aristocracy and ensured the victory of the Minister against his enemies. Based upon his swift resolve, Joseph I made his loyal minister Count of Oeiras in 1759. Joseph I may refer to Joseph I Holy Roman Emperor (1678-1711 Joseph I of Portugal (1750-1777 Joseph Bonaparte Oeiras ( pron o'ɐjɾɐʃ is a civil parish and a municipality in western Lisbon Metropolitan Area.
Following the Távora affair, the new Count of Oeiras knew no opposition. Oeiras ( pron o'ɐjɾɐʃ is a civil parish and a municipality in western Lisbon Metropolitan Area. Made "Marquis of Pombal" in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1779. Ancestors Marriages and descendants Joseph married Marianne Victoria of Borbón, daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese of His successor, Queen Maria I of Portugal, disliked the Marquis (See Távora affair), and forbade him from coming within 20 miles of her, thus curtailing his influence. Maria I ( December 17, 1734 – March 20, 1816) was Queen of Portugal and the Algarves from 1777 until her death The Távora affair was a political scandal of the 18th century Portuguese court
Crises of the nineteenth century
In 1807 Portugal refused Napoleon Bonaparte's demand to accede to the Continental System of embargo against the United Kingdom; a French invasion under General Junot followed, and Lisbon was captured on 1 December 1807. The History of Portugal from the beginning of Maria I's reign in 1777 to the end of the Liberal Wars in 1834 spans a complex historic period in which several Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The Continental System was the Foreign policy of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland during the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Jean-Andoche Junot, 1st Duc d' Abrantès ( October 23, 1771 &ndash July 29, 1813) was a French General Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1807 ( MDCCCVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common British intervention in the Peninsular War restored Portuguese independence, the last French troops being expelled in 1812. The Peninsular War or Spanish War of Independence pitted an alliance of Spain, the United Kingdom, and Portugal against France The war cost Portugal the province of Olivença, now governed by Spain. Olivença can be The Portuguese name of the town of Olivenza, administered as part of the province of Badajoz ( Spain) Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, was the Portuguese capital between 1808 and 1821. Rio de Janeiro ("River of January" ˈhiw dʒi ʒʌˈnejɾu in Brazilian Portuguese, /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛroʊ/ in English is the second largest city of Brazil In 1820, constitutionalist insurrections took place at Oporto (August 24 and Lisbon (September 15). For the revolt in Brazil, see Constitutionalist Revolution. The term Constitutionalism is a word with a variety of meanings Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Lisbon regained its status as the capital of Portugal when Brazil declared its independence from Portugal in 1822.
The death of John VI in 1826 led to a crisis of royal succession. John VI (13 May 1767 &ndash 10 March 1826 ( Portuguese João, ʒʊˈɐ̃ũ the Clement ( Port His eldest son, Peter I of Brazil briefly became Peter IV of Portugal, but neither the Portuguese nor the Brazilians wanted a unified monarchy; consequently, Peter abdicated the Portuguese crown in favor of his seven-year-old daughter, Maria da Glória, on the condition that when of age she marry his brother, Miguel. Pedro I (ˈpedɾuin Brazilian Portuguese and in European Portuguese; English: Peter of Alcantara Francis Anthony John Charles Xavier of Paula Pedro I (ˈpedɾuin Brazilian Portuguese and in European Portuguese; English: Peter of Alcantara Francis Anthony John Charles Xavier of Paula Maria II ( April 4, 1819 &ndash November 15, 1853) was Queen of Portugal from 1826 to 1853 Miguel I ( Miguel Maria do Patrocínio João Carlos Francisco de Assis Xavier de Paula Pedro de Alcântara António Rafael Gabriel Joaquim José Gonzaga Evaristo de Bragança e Dissatisfaction at Peter's constitutional reforms led the "absolutist" faction of landowners and the church to proclaim Miguel as king in February 1828. This led to the Liberal Wars in which Pedro, eventually forced Miguel to abdicate and go into exile in 1834, and placed his daughter on throne as Queen Maria II. The Liberal Wars, also known as the Portuguese Civil War, the War of the Two Brothers, or Miguelite War, was a war between progressive constitutionalists Maria II ( April 4, 1819 &ndash November 15, 1853) was Queen of Portugal from 1826 to 1853
The First Republic
The First Republic has, over the course of a recent past, lost many historians to the New State. The Portuguese First Republic (Primeira República spans a complex 16 year period in the history of Portugal, between the end of the Constitutional Monarchy Estado Novo ( Portuguese for " New State " pron (ɨʃ'tadu 'novu also known as the Second Republic) is the name of the Portuguese As a result, it is difficult to attempt a global synthesis of the republican period in view of the important gaps that still persist in our knowledge of its political history. As far as the October 1910 Revolution is concerned, a number of valuable studies have been made[9], first among which ranks Vasco Pulido Valente’s polemical thesis. This historian posited the Jacobin and urban nature of the revolution carried out by the Portuguese Republican Party (PRP) and claimed that the PRP had turned the republican regime into a de facto dictatorship[10]. For the self-proclaimed successor of the PRP see the unofficial name Democratic Party (Portugal The Portuguese Republican Party ( Portuguese This vision clashes with an older interpretation of the First Republic as a progressive and increasingly democratic regime that presented a clear contrast to Salazar’s ensuing dictatorship[11]. António de Oliveira Salazar, GColIH, GCTE, GCSE, pron. ɐ̃'tɔniu dɨ oli'vɐiɾɐ sɐlɐ'zaɾ
The revolution immediately targeted the Catholic Church: churches were plundered, convents were attacked and religious (priests and nuns) were harassed. Scarcely had the provisional government been installed when it began devoting its entire attention to an anti-religious policy, in spite of a disastrous economic situation. On October 10 – five days after the inauguration of the Republic – the new government decreed that all convents, monasteries and all religious orders were to be suppressed. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated All religious were expelled and their goods confiscated. The Jesuits were forced to forfeit their Portuguese citizenship.
A series of anti-Catholic laws and decrees followed each other in rapid succession. On November 3, a law legalizing divorce was passed; then laws recognizing the legitimacy of children born outside wedlock, authorizing cremation, secularizing cemeteries, suppressing religious teaching in the schools and prohibiting the wearing of the cassock, were passed. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. In addition, the ringing of church bells and times of worship were subjected to certain restraints, and the public celebration of religious feasts was suppressed. The government even interfered with the seminaries, reserving the right to name the professors and determine the programs. This whole series of persecution laws culminated in the law of Separation of Church and State, which was passed on April 20, 1911. Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year
It appeared that the Freemasons’ victory was complete. Afonso Costa, the author of these laws, felt confident enough to declare at that time: "Thanks to this law of separation, in two generations Catholicism will be completely eliminated in Portugal. Afonso Augusto da Costa, GCTE, GCL (ɐˈfõsu ˈkɔʃtɐ Seia, March 6, 1871 &ndash Paris, May "
A republican constitution was approved in 1911, inaugurating a parliamentary regime with reduced presidential powers and two chambers of parliament[12]. The Republic provoked important fractures within Portuguese society, notably among the essentially monarchist rural population, in the trade unions, and in the Church. Even the PRP had to endure the secession of its more moderate elements, who formed conservative republican parties like the Evolutionist party and the Republican Union. In spite of these splits, the PRP, led by Afonso Costa, preserved its dominance, largely due to a brand of clientelist politics inherited from the monarchy[13]. Afonso Augusto da Costa, GCTE, GCL (ɐˈfõsu ˈkɔʃtɐ Seia, March 6, 1871 &ndash Paris, May In view of these tactics, a number of opposition forces were forced to resort to violence in order to enjoy the fruits of power. There are few recent studies of this period of the Republic’s existence, known as the ‘old’ Republic. Nevertheless, an essay by Vasco Pulido Valente should be consulted (1997a), as should the attempt to establish the political, social, and economic context made by M. Villaverde Cabral (1988).
The PRP viewed the outbreak of the First World War as a unique opportunity to achieve a number of goals: putting an end to the twin threats of a Spanish invasion of Portugal and of foreign occupation of the African colonies and, at the internal level, creating a national consensus around the regime and even around the party[14]. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All These domestic objectives were not met, since participation in the conflict was not the subject of a national consensus and since it did not therefore serve to mobilise the population. Quite the opposite occurred: existing lines of political and ideological fracture were deepened by Portugal’s intervention in the First World War[15]. The lack of consensus around Portugal’s intervention in turn made possible the appearance of two dictatorships, led by General Pimenta de Castro (January-May 1915) and Sidónio Pais (December 1917-December 1918). Joaquim Pereira Pimenta de Castro ( Pires, Monção, 5 November 1836 - Lisbon, 14 May 1918) pron Sidónio Bernardino Cardoso da Silva Pais (siˈdɔniu ˈpaiʃ Caminha, Caminha May 1, 1872 &ndash Lisbon, December 14, 1918
Sidonismo, also known as Dezembrismo (English "Decemberism"), aroused a strong interest among historians, largely as a result of the elements of modernity that it contained[16]. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States António José Telo has made clear the way in which this regime predated some of the political solutions invented by the totalitarian and fascist dictatorships of the 1920s and 1930s[17]. Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a concept used to describe Political systems where a State regulates nearly every aspect of public and private Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Sidónio Pais undertook the rescue of traditional values, notably the Pátria (English: "Homeland"), and attempted to rule in a charismatic fashion. A move was made to abolish traditional political parties and to alter the existing mode of national representation in parliament (which, it was claimed, exacerbated divisions within the Pátria) through the creation of a corporative Senate, the founding of a single party (the National Republican Party), and the attribution of a mobilising function to the Leader. A senate is a Deliberative body, often the Upper house or chamber of a Legislature or Parliament. The State carved out an economically interventionist role for itself while, at the same time, repressing working-class movements and leftist republicans. Sidónio Pais also attempted to restore public order and to overcome, finally, some of the rifts of the recent past, making the Republic more acceptable to monarchists and Catholics. Monarchism is the advocacy of the establishment preservation or restoration of a Monarchy as a Form of government in a nation
The vacuum of power created by Sidónio Pais’ murder[18] on 14 December 1918 led the country to a brief civil war. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state The monarchy’s restoration was proclaimed in the north of Portugal on 19 January 1919 and, four days later, a monarchist insurrection broke out in Lisbon. Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. A republican coalition government, led by José Relvas, coordinated the struggle against the monarchists by loyal army units and armed civilians. José Maria Mascarenhas Relvas ( Golegã, Golegã March 5, 1858 - Alpiarça, Casa dos Patudos October 31, 1929) After a series of clashes the monarchists were definitively chased from Oporto on 13 February 1919. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common This military victory allowed the PRP to return to government and to emerge triumphant from the elections held later that year, having won the usual absolute majority.
It was during this restoration of the ‘old’ Republic that an attempted reform was carried out in order to provide the regime with greater stability. In August 1919 a conservative President was elected – António José de Almeida (whose Evolutionist party had come together in wartime with the PRP to form a flawed, because incomplete, Sacred Union) – and his office was given the power to dissolve Parliament. António José de Almeida, GCTE, GCA, GCC, GCSE, (ɐ̃ˈtɔniu ʒuˈzɛ dɨ aɫˈmɐidɐ Penacova, São Pedro de Alva Relations with the Holy See, restored by Sidónio Pais, were preserved. The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic The President used his new power to resolve a crisis of government in May 1921, naming a Liberal government (the Liberal party being the result of the postwar fusion of Evolutionists and Unionists) to prepare the forthcoming elections. These were held on 10 July 1921 with victory going, as was usually the case, to the party in power. Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar However, Liberal government did not last long. On 19 October a military pronunciamento was carried out during which – and apparently against the wishes of the coup’s leaders – a number of prominent conservative figures, including Prime Minister António Granjo, were assassinated. Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. In Portugal, the post of Prime Minister ( Portuguese: primeiro-ministro, Pron. António Joaquim Granjo ( Chaves, 27 December 1881 - Lisbon, 19 October 1921) pron This event, known as the ‘night of blood’[19] left a deep wound among political elites and public opinion. There could be no greater demonstration of the essential fragility of the Republic’s institutions and proof that the regime was democratic in name only, since it did not even admit the possibility of the rotation in power characteristic of the elitist regimes of the nineteenth century.
A new round of elections on 29 January 1922 inaugurated a fresh period of stability: the PRP once again emerged from the contest with an absolute majority. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Discontent with this situation had not, however, disappeared. Numerous accusations of corruption, and the manifest failure to resolve pressing social concerns wore down the more visible PRP leaders while making the opposition’s attacks more deadly. At the same time, moreover, all political parties suffered from growing internal factionalism, especially the PRP itself. The party system was fractured and discredited[20]. This is clearly shown by the fact that regular PRP victories at the ballot box did not lead to stable government. Between 1910 and 1926 there were forty-five governments. The opposition of presidents to single-party governments, internal dissent within the PRP, the party’s almost non-existent internal discipline, and its desire to group together and lead all republican forces made any government’s task practically impossible. The complete list of Presidents of the Portuguese Republic consists of the 20 Heads of state in the history of Portugal since the October 5 1910 revolution Many different formulas were attempted, including single-party governments, coalitions, and presidential executives, but none succeeded. Force was clearly the sole means open to the opposition if the PRP wanted to enjoy the fruits of power[21].
By the mid-1920s the domestic and international scenes began to favour another authoritarian solution, wherein a strengthened executive might restore political and social order. Since the opposition’s constitutional route to power was blocked by the various means deployed by the PRP to protect itself, it turned to the army for support. The political awareness of the armed forces had grown during the war, and many of whose leaders had not forgiven the PRP for sending it to a war it did not want to fight. They seemed to represent, to conservative forces, the last bastion of ‘order’ against the ‘chaos’ that was taking over the country. Links were established between conservative figures and military officers, who added their own political and corporative demands to the already complex equation. The pronunciamento of 28 May 1926 enjoyed the support of most army units and even of most political parties. The 28th May 1926 coup d'état, sometimes called 28th May Revolution or during the period of Estado Novo As had been the case in December 1917, the population of Lisbon did not rise to defend the Republic, leaving it at the mercy of the army[22]. There are few global and up-to-date studies of this turbulent third phase of the Republic’s existence[23]. Nevertheless, much has been written about the crisis and fall of the regime and the 28 May movement[24]. The First Republic continues to be the subject of an intense debate. A recent historiographical balance sheet elaborated by Armando Malheiro da Silva (2000) is a good introduction into this debate. Three main interpretations can be identified. For some historians, the First Republic was a progressive and increasingly democratic regime. For others, it was essentially a prolongation of the liberal and elitist regimes of the nineteenth century. A third group, finally, chooses to highlight the regime’s revolutionary, Jacobin, and dictatorial nature.
New State (Estado Novo)
Political chaos, several strikes, harsh relations with the Church, and considerable economic problems aggravated by a disastrous military intervention in the First World War led to the military 28th May 1926 coup d'état, installing the "Second Republic" that would later become the Estado Novo in 1933, led by António de Oliveira Salazar, which transformed Portugal into a proto-Fascist Axis-leaning state, which later evolved into some mixture of single party corporative regime. Despite its old alliance with Britain Portugal did not form a part of the system of alliances which became enemies in World War I and thus kept its The 28th May 1926 coup d'état, sometimes called 28th May Revolution or during the period of Estado Novo Estado Novo ( Portuguese for " New State " pron (ɨʃ'tadu 'novu also known as the Second Republic) is the name of the Portuguese António de Oliveira Salazar, GColIH, GCTE, GCSE, pron. ɐ̃'tɔniu dɨ oli'vɐiɾɐ sɐlɐ'zaɾ The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries In 1961, the Portuguese army was involved in armed action in its colony in Goa against an Indian invasion (See Operation Vijay). The Invasion of Goa, also known as the Liberation of Goa or Portuguese-Indian War, codenamed Operation Vijay by the Government of India was the The operations resulted in a humiliating Portuguese defeat and the loss of the colonies in India. Independence movements also became active in Angola, Mozambique and Portuguese Guinea, and the Portuguese Colonial War started. Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa Portuguese Guinea was the name for what is today Guinea-Bissau from 1446 to September 10, 1974. The Portuguese Colonial War (Guerra Colonial also known as the Overseas War in Portugal (Guerra do Ultramar or in the former colonies as the Portugal, during this period, however, was never an outcast, and was a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the European Free Trade Area (EFTA). The North Atlantic Treaty
After the death of Salazar in 1970, his replacement by Marcelo Caetano offered a certain hope that the regime would open up, the primavera marcelista (Marcelist spring), however the colonial wars in Africa continued, political prisoners remained incarcerated, freedom of association was not restored, censorship was only slightly eased and the elections remained tightly controlled. Marcelo José das Neves Alves Caetano, GCTE, GCC, also spelled Marcello Caetano (mɐɾˈsɛlu kɐiˈtɐnu Lisbon, August 17 A political prisoner is someone held in Prison or otherwise detained perhaps under House arrest, for his or her involvement in political activity Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor An election is a Decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office The regime retained its characteristic traits: censorship, corporativeness, with a market economy dominated by a handful of economical groups, continuous surveillance and intimidation of all sectors of society through the use of a political police and techniques instilling fear, such as arbitrary imprisonment, systematic political persecution, and assassination.
The Third Republic
The "'Carnation Revolution" of 1974, an effectively bloodless left-wing military coup, installed the "Third Republic". Euro 2004 Euro 2004 was won by Greece The final match was played by Greece and Portugal. The Carnation Revolution (Revolução dos Cravos was an almost bloodless military-led pro-democratic Coup d'état, started on April 25, 1974, in Lisbon Broad democratic reforms were implemented. In 1975, Portugal granted independence to its Overseas Provinces (Províncias Ultramarinas in Portuguese) in Africa (Mozambique, Angola, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe). The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central The Republic of Guinea-Bissau (ˈgɪni bɨˈsaʊ República da Guiné-Bissau ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɐ giˈnɛ biˈsau is a country in Western Africa, and one of the smallest The Republic of Cape Verde ( Portuguese: Cabo Verde, 'kabu 'veɾdɨ is a Republic located on an Archipelago in the Macaronesia São Tomé and Príncipe, officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, is an Island nation in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial Nearly 1 million Portuguese or persons of Portuguese descent left these former colonies. The Portuguese people (os Portugueses literally the Portuguese) are the Ethnic group or Nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west [25] In that same year, Indonesia invaded and annexed the Portuguese province of Portuguese Timor (East Timor) in Asia before independence could be granted. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Portuguese Timor was the name of East Timor when it was under Portuguese control The Asian dependency of Macau, after an agreement in 1986, was returned to Chinese sovereignty in 1999. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Portugal applied international pressure to secure East Timor's independence from Indonesia, as East Timor was still legally a Portuguese dependency, and recognized as such by the United Nations. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security After a referendum in 1999, East Timor voted for independence and Portugal recognized its independence in 2002.
With the 1975–76 independence of its colonies (other than Macau which had no independence movement), the 560 year old Portuguese Empire had already effectively ended. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta With it, 15 years of war effort also came to an end. Also many Portuguese returned from the colonies, coming to comprise a sizeable sector of the population and starting an economic recovery, thus opening new paths for the country's future just as others closed. The following is a list of notable and historically significant people from Portugal. In 1986, Portugal entered the European Economic Community and joined the Euro in 1999. The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 The Portuguese empire finished de facto in 1999 when Macau was returned to China, and de jure in 2002 when East Timor was independent. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia.
Timeline
- Paleolithic
- Modern humans make way into the Iberian peninsula, coming from Southern France. This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal Pre-Roman Western Iberia (Before the 3rd century BC The term Paleolithic (or Palaeolithic) (from Greek παλαιός palaios, " Old " and λίθος Lithos, "stone" The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Southern France (or the South of France) colloquially known as Le Midi, is a loosely defined geographical area consisting of the regions of France that
- Extinction of the Neanderthal Man in its last refuge - Portugal. The Neanderthal (neɪˈændərtɑːl also with /niː-/ and /-θɔːl/ or Neandertal, is an extinct member of the Homo genus that is known from
- Pre-historic art in the Valley of Foz Côa. --> In the history of art prehistoric art is all art produced in preliterate cultures (prehistory beginning somewhere in very late geological history
- Mesolithic
- The European population, sheltered in Iberia due to the Ice Age, migrates and recolonizes all of Western Europe during the Allerød Oscillation. The Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age was a period in the development of human technology in between the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age and the Neolithic or New Stone Age The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra "Last glacial" redirects here For the period of maximum glacier extent during this time see Last Glacial Maximum The last glacial period Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' The Allerød period is a part of a temperature oscillation toward the end of the last Glaciation, during which temperatures in the northern Atlantic region rose from
- Neolithic
- Development of Agriculture in Iberia. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture
- Beginning of the Megalithic European culture.
- Bronze Age
- First wave of Indo-European migrations into Iberia, of the Urnfield culture (Proto-Celts). The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for The Urnfield culture (c 1300 BC - 750 BC) was a late Bronze Age culture of central Europe. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts
- Bronze culture of the Castro Villages in the Northwest of Iberia (modern Galicia and northern Portugal); Bronze culture of Portuguese Estremadura; Bronze culture of Portuguese Beira Alta; emergence of Tartessos in Andalusia. A hill fort is a fortified refuge or defended settlement Galicia (occasionally Galiza) is an autonomous community in northwest Spain. Estremadura ((ɨʃtɾɨmɐˈðuɾɐ is a historical Province of Portugal. Beira (ˈbɐjɾɐ is the name of a region and former province in central Portugal. Tartessos (also Tartessus) was a harbor city and its surrounding culture on the south coast of the Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area
- Iron Age
- Phoenician colonization and influence of Mediterranean Iberia. This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man. Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun
- Tartessian civilization in southern Iberia
- Emergence of towns and cities in the southern coastal areas of western Iberia. Tartessos (also Tartessus) was a harbor city and its surrounding culture on the south coast of the
- Second wave of Indo-European migration into Portuguese territory (Celts of the Hallstatt culture). Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The Hallstatt culture was the predominant
- Greek colonization and influence in eastern Iberia. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca
- First forms of writing in Portugal, the Southwest script, part of the Tartessian script. The southwest script or southwestern script, also known as Tartessian or South Lusitanian is a paleohispanic script that was the mean of written The Tartessian language, also known as southwestern or South Lusitanian is a paleohispanic language once spoken in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula
- A new wave of Celts (of the La Tène culture) establish themselves in Alentejo. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The La Tène culture was a European Iron Age culture named after the archaeological site Alentejo (ɐlẽˈtɛʒu is a south-central region of Portugal.
- The Lusitanians inhabit central Portugal, the Calaicians or Gallaeci northern Portugal, the Celtici are in Alentejo and the Conii are in the Algarve. The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were an Indo-European people living in the western Iberian Peninsula long before it became the Roman Gallaecia or Callaecia was the name of a Roman province that comprised Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Celtici were a Celtic tribe of the Iberian peninsula, akin either to the Lusitanians and Gallaecians or the Celtiberians, living Alentejo (ɐlẽˈtɛʒu is a south-central region of Portugal. The Cynetes or Conii were a one of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, living in today's Algarve and Low Alentejo regions of southern The Algarve ( pron aɫ'gaɾv(ɨ is the southernmost region of mainland Portugal.
- Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia
- 218 BC - Invasion of Iberia by the Roman Republic as part of the offensive against Carthage during the Second Punic War. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC This article concerns the Roman province For the ship see RMS Lusitania. Gallaecia or Callaecia was the name of a Roman province that comprised Events By place Carthage A Carthaginian army under Hannibal attacks Rome's Spanish allies The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers The Second Punic War (referred to as "The War Against Hannibal" by the Romans lasted from 218 to 201 BC and involved combatants in the western
- 200 BC-150 BC - Several Lusitanian rebellions against Roman conquest. Events By place Seleucid Empire Antiochus III's forces continue their invasion of Coele Syria and Palestine.
- 147 BC-139 BC - Lusitanian War against the Romans under the command of Viriathus. The Lusitanian War, called the Purinos Polemos (meaning Fiery War) was a war of resistance fought between the advancing legions of the Roman Republic Viriathus (known as Viriato in Portuguese and Spanish) ( ? - 139 BC was the most important leader of the Lusitanian people that resisted
- 137 BC - The Romans conquer Gallaecia.
- 114 BC - Praetor Gaius Marius is governor of Lusitania; the Lusitanians resist with a long guerrilla war. Praetor was a title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to men acting in one of two official capacities the commander of an Army, either before This article is about the Roman statesman who reorganized the army and was seven times Consul
- 83 BC-72 BC- Quintus Sertorius Hispanic revolt, where he is joined by the Lusitanians. Year 83 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Sulla returns to Italy from his campaigns Year 72 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Battle of Cabira — Lucius Lucullus Quintus Sertorius ( 123 BC - 72 BC) was a Roman statesman and general born in Nursia, in Sabine territory around 124 BC Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were an Indo-European people living in the western Iberian Peninsula long before it became the Roman
- 61 BC-60 BC - Julius Caesar is Propraetor governor of Lusitania and defeats rebellious Lusitanians and Gallaecians. Year 61 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome September 29 — Pompey the Great Year 60 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Gaius Julius Caesar suppressed an uprising and A Roman governor was an official either elected or appointed to be the chief administrator of Roman law throughout one or more of the many provinces constituting the The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were an Indo-European people living in the western Iberian Peninsula long before it became the Roman Gallaecia or Callaecia was the name of a Roman province that comprised
- 27 BC - The Roman Emperor Augustus creates the province of Lusitania (till then part of Hispania Ulterior), with capital in Emerita Augusta (currently Mérida). Year 27 BC was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was During the Roman Republic, Hispania Ulterior (English Further Spain) was a region of Hispania roughly located Mérida is the capital of the autonomous community of Extremadura, Spain. Originally Lusitania included the territories of Asturias and Gallaecia. The Principality of Asturias ( Spanish: Principado de Asturias, Asturian: Principáu d'Asturies or Asturies) is an
- 23 BC - The emperor Augustus establishes the Principate and the Pax Romana. Year 23 BC was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was The Principate is the first period of the Roman Empire, extending from the beginning of the reign of Caesar Augustus to the Crisis of the Third Century, Pax Romana ( Latin for " Roman Peace " was the long period of relative peace and minimal expansion by military force
- c. 250 - Braga becomes an Episcopal Diocese. Events By Place Roman Empire A group of Franks penetrate as far as Tarragona in Spain (approximate date Braga (ˈBrag-uh a city and municipality in northwestern Portugal, is the capital of the district of Braga, the oldest archdiocese In many rites of the Roman Catholic Church and in Anglican churches, a diocese is an administrative territorial unit administered by a Bishop.
- 366-383 - Damasus, son of Antonius and Laurentia, born in the Conventus Bracarensis of Gallaecia (near the modern city of Guimarães), is the reigning Pope under the name Damasus I. Events By Place Roman Empire January 2 — The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers invading the Roman Events By Place The British Isles Niall of the Nine Hostages becomes the first High King of Ireland Roman Gallaecia or Callaecia was the name of a Roman province that comprised Guimarães (gimɐˈɾɐ̃j̃ʃ is a city and municipality in northwestern Portugal in the province of Minho and in the district of Braga History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Pope
- 388 - Paternus becomes bishop of the Episcopal see of Braga. Events By Place Roman Empire The rebellion of Magnus Maximus is put down at the Battle of the Save, and Valentinian II Paternus was also a bishop of Vannes (Brittany (c 500 and a bishop of Zaragoza (Spain in 1040-1077 An episcopal see is the ecclesiastical domain of authority of a Bishop. Braga (ˈBrag-uh a city and municipality in northwestern Portugal, is the capital of the district of Braga, the oldest archdiocese
- Germanic Kingdoms
- 409
- Invasion of the NW of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Gallaecia) by the Germanic Suevi (Quadi and Marcomanni) under king Hermerico, accompanied by the Buri. Portugal is a European Nation whose origins go back to the Early Middle Ages. Events By Place Western Roman Empire Constantine III 's general Gerontius revolts in Hispania, and elevates The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" Quadi were a smaller Germanic tribe, about which little definitive information is known Marcomanni were a Germanic tribe, probably related to the Buri, Suebi or Suevi Hermeric (died 441 was the Suevic King of Galicia from perhaps as early as 406 and certainly no later than 419 until his retirement in 438 The Buri first appear in history as a Germanic tribe mentioned in the Germania of Tacitus, where they initially "close the back" of the Marcomanni
- Invasion of the Iberian peninsula by the Germanic Vandals (Silingi and Hasdingi) and the Sarmatian Alans. The Silings or Silingi (Latin Silingae, Greek Σιλίγγαι - Silingai) were an East Germanic tribe probably part of the larger The Hasdingi were the southern tribes of the Vandals, an East Germanic tribe. The Sarmatians, Sarmatae or Sauromatae ( Old Iranian Sarumatah 'archer' Σαρμάτες The Alans or Alani (occasionally but more rarely termed Alauni or Halani) were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people
- 415 - Invasion of the Iberian peninsula by the Germanic Visigoths lead by King Theodorid. For the area code see Area code 415 Events By Place Europe The Visigoths The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Theodoric I, sometimes called Theodorid and in Spanish, Portuguese and Italian Teodorico, was the King of the Visigoths
- 429 - The Vandals and the Alans move to North Africa. Events By Place Western Roman Empire Vandals under Geiseric cross from the Iberian Peninsula The Alans or Alani (occasionally but more rarely termed Alauni or Halani) were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan
- 468 - Lusídio, Roman governor of Lisbon, delivers the city to the Suevi. Events By Place Eastern Roman Empire The Vandal fleet overpowers the navy of Leo I. Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own"
- 470 - King Euric of the Visigoths conquers southern Gallaecia and Lusitania to the Suevi. Events By Place Europe Euric, king of the Visigoths, defeats an attempted invasion of Gaul by the Celtic Euric, also known as Evaric Erwig or Eurico in Spanish and Portuguese (c The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East
- 562 - Saint Martin of Dumes becomes Bishop of Braga. Events By Place Byzantine Empire Belisarius stands trial for corruption in Constantinople, possibly with Saint Martin of Dumio (c 520 &ndash 580 was an archbishop of Braga in Portugal, a monastic founder and an ecclesiastical author A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight
- 585 - Andeca, the last king of the Suevi, helds out for a year before surrendering in to the Visigothic King Leovigild. Events By Place Europe The Suebi kingdom on the Iberian peninsula is conquered by the Visigoths under King Andeca or Audeca was the last de facto Suevic King of Galicia (now western Portugal and Spain) from 584 until his deposition The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Liuvigild, Leuvigild, Leovigild, or Leogild was Visigothic King of Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula) from 569 With his surrender, this branch of the Suevi vanished into the Visigothic kingdom.
- 409
- Al'Garb Al'Andalus and the beginning of the Reconquista
- 711 – Islamic Umayyad Moors (mainly Berber with some Arab), under Tariq ibn-Ziyad, invade and eventually conquer the Iberian Peninsula (Visigothic King Roderic is killed while opposing the invasion), except from the northernmost part - the Asturias. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period Events By Place Europe April 30 — Ummayad troops led by Tariq ibn Ziyad land at Gibraltar, and begin For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Tariq Ibn Ziyad or Taric bin Zeyad (طارق بن زياد d 720 known in Spanish history and legend as Taric el Tuerto (Taric the one-eyed was The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Ruderic, Roderic, Roderik, Roderich, or Roderick ( Spanish and Portuguese: Rodrigo, Ludhriq, The Principality of Asturias ( Spanish: Principado de Asturias, Asturian: Principáu d'Asturies or Asturies) is an
- 718 - Pelayo establishes the Kingdom of Asturias. For the area code see Area code 718 Events By Place Europe Tervel 's reign as monarch of The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian political entity to be established in the Iberian peninsula after the collapse of the Visigothic This is considered to be the beginning of the Reconquista. The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period
- 722 - A powerful Moorish force sent to conquer Asturias once and for all is defeated by king Pelayo at the Battle of Covadonga. Events By Place Americas 3 January — K'inich Ahkal Mo' Naab III takes the throne of the Maya state of Palenque The Battle of Covadonga was the first major victory by a Christian military Force in Iberia following the Muslim Moors ' conquest of Today, this is regarded as the first significant Christian victory of the Reconquista. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period
- 755 - Abd ar-Rahman I of the Umayyad dynasty flees to Iberia to escape the Abbasids. Events By Place Europe Abd-ar-Rahman I lands in Spain, where the next year he will establish a new Umayyad dynasty Abd ar-Rahman I Arabic (عبد الرحمن الداخل (known as the "Falcon of Andalus" or "The Falcon of the Quraish " (born 731 ruled from 756 through
- 756 - The Umayyad Abd ar-Rahman I defeats Yusuf al-Fihri and becomes Commander of al-Andalus Muslims, proclaiming himself Emir of Cordoba. Events By Place Europe Pepin the Short defeats the Lombards of northern Italy, who have threatened Pope Stephen Abd ar-Rahman I Arabic (عبد الرحمن الداخل (known as the "Falcon of Andalus" or "The Falcon of the Quraish " (born 731 ruled from 756 through Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri was the Umayyad governor of Narbonne in Septimania and later governor of Al-Andalus from 747 to 756 ruling Emir ( Arabic: ar أمير;, female أميرة; emira;) ( Farsi and Urdu: امیر) ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba.
- 791 - Alfonso II becomes King of Asturias in Oviedo and conquers a number of Moorish strongholds and settles the lands south of the Douro River. Events By Place Europe The Avars invade Europe again but are defeated by Charlemagne. Alfonso II (759-842 called the Chaste, was the King of Asturias from 791 to his death the son of Fruela I and the Basque Munia The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian political entity to be established in the Iberian peninsula after the collapse of the Visigothic Oviedo ( Asturian: Uviéu is the capital city of the Principality of Asturias in northern Spain. The Douro or Duero ( Latin: Durius, Spanish: Duero, Portuguese: Douro, pron.
- 798 - In a raid on Muslim lands, Alfonso II of Asturias enters Lisbon but can not occupy it. Events By Place Europe Coenwulf of Mercia invades Kent, deposes and imprisons King Eadbert Praen, and makes his own Alfonso II (759-842 called the Chaste, was the King of Asturias from 791 to his death the son of Fruela I and the Basque Munia Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal.
- 800 - 10 year Rebellion againsts the Muslims breaks out in the fringes of Al-Andalus (Lisbon, Mérida, Toledo). Events By Place Europe September 15 - Oldest known mention of Monkey. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or Mérida is the capital of the autonomous community of Extremadura, Spain. Toledo Spain locationpng|thumb|right|200px|Location of Toledo in Spain Each rebellion is bloodily suppressed by the central Islamic authorities.
- 844 - Vikings raid the Galician estuaries, are defeated by Ramiro I of Asturias, attack Lisbon, Beja and the Algarve, and sack Seville. Events By Place Europe Rhodri ''Mawr'' ('the Great' becomes king of Gwynedd. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas Ramiro I (c790–850 became King of Asturias in 842 and reigned until his death Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. The Algarve ( pron aɫ'gaɾv(ɨ is the southernmost region of mainland Portugal. Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain.
- 866 - Alfonso III the Great, son of Ordonho I of Asturias, becomes King of Asturias. Events By Place Asia Fujiwara no Yoshifusa becomes regent of Japan, starting the Fujiwara regentship Alfonso III (c 848– 20 December 910 ? called the Great, was the king of Galicia and Asturias from 866 until his death Ordoño I ( أردون بن إذفنش ( Urdūn ibn Iḍfunš: Ordoño of the Beni Alfons) 831– 27 May 866) became The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian political entity to be established in the Iberian peninsula after the collapse of the Visigothic He initiates the repopulation of Porto, Coimbra, Viseu and Lamego. Coimbra (kuˈĩbɾɐ is a city and a municipality in Portugal, former capital of the country during the first dynasty period and home to the University of Coimbra Vişeu is also a River in northern Romania. Viseu (viˈzew is both a city (capital of the Lamego ( pron lɐ'megu is a city and a municipality in Portugal.
- First County of Portugal
- 868 - Establishment of the 1st County of Portugal, a fiefdom of the Kingdom of Asturias, by count Vímara Peres, after the reconquest from the Moors of the region between the Minho and Douro Rivers. Condado de Portucale was the first County founded in Portugal. Events By Place Asia 11 May — The Diamond Sutra, the oldest dated book is printed In the territory that is now Portugal, during the Reconquista of Iberia from the Moors, there were two distinct creations of Counties of Portugal The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian political entity to be established in the Iberian peninsula after the collapse of the Visigothic Vímara Peres Count of Portugal ( Galicia, circa 820 &mdash Guimarães, 873 was a Christian Warlord of the 9th century in west Iberia The Douro or Duero ( Latin: Durius, Spanish: Duero, Portuguese: Douro, pron.
- 878 - The region of Coimbra (today, Central Portugal) is incorporated in the Kingdom of Asturias by the Count Hermenegildo Guterres. Events By Place Europe May 21 — After a siege of eight months Syracuse is captured by the Muslims of Sicily. Coimbra (kuˈĩbɾɐ is a city and a municipality in Portugal, former capital of the country during the first dynasty period and home to the University of Coimbra
- 910 - Ordonho II becomes King of Galicia with the support of the Count of Portugal. Events By Place Africa The caliphate of Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah (of the Fatimid dynasty is established after he enters the Ordoño II ( أردون بن إذفنش ( Urdūn ibn Iḍfunš) (c Galicia (occasionally Galiza) is an autonomous community in northwest Spain.
- 913 - An expedition commanded by Ordonho II, then vassal king of Galicia, into Muslim territory takes Évora from the Muslims. Events By Place Africa The Shiite Fatimid state in modern day Tunisia launches a failed military campaign against Egypt Ordoño II ( أردون بن إذفنش ( Urdūn ibn Iḍfunš) (c Évora (ˈɛvuɾɐ is a city and a municipality in Portugal. The city proper has 41159 inhabitants and the municipality has a total area of 1307
- 925 - Ramiro II, son of Ordonho II of León, was the first to bear the title King of Portuguese Land. For the area code see Area code 925. For the hallmark 925 see Sterling silver. Ramiro II (c 900–951 son of Ordoño II, was King of León from 931 until his death
- 926 - The Umayyad Emir Abd al-Rahman III, faced with the threat of invasion by the Fatimids, proclaims himself Caliph of Córdova. Events By Place Asia Balhae is conquered by the Khitan. An historic meeting takes place between Later Tang Emir ( Arabic: ar أمير;, female أميرة; emira;) ( Farsi and Urdu: امیر) Abd-ar-Rahman III ( ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh; Arabic: عبد الرحمن الثالث January 11 889 – October The Caliphate of Córdoba (Arabic خلافة قرطبة ruled the Iberian peninsula ( Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of
- 938 - First document where the word Portugal is written in its present form. Events By Place Asia The Liao Dynasty takes over Peking; they name Nanjing as their South Palace
- 976 - Caliph Al-Hakam II dies, and Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir takes over in the name of his protégé Hisham II, becoming a military dictator usurping caliphal powers and launching a big number of offensive campaignes against the Christians. For the 976 telephone prefix see Premium-rate telephone number Events By Place Byzantine Empire January 10 — The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Al-Hakam II ( al-Ḥakam II ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III; Arabic: الحكم الثاني; January 13 915 - October 16 976 This article is about the Andalusian Muslim general and statesman Al-Mansur (938 - 1002 Hisham II (' ھشام) was the third Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty
- 1031 - The Moorish Caliphate of Córdoba falls. The Caliphate of Córdoba (Arabic خلافة قرطبة ruled the Iberian peninsula ( Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of Many Taifas (independent Moorish kingdoms) begin to spring up. A taifa (from طائفة ṭā'ifa, plural طوائف ṭawā'if) in the history of Iberia was an independent Muslim -ruled principality The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent
- 1056 - The Almoravides (al-Murabitun) Dynasty begins its rise to power. The Almoravids, was a Berber dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of North-Western Africa and the Iberian peninsula during
- 1063 - Ferdinand I of Castile-León divides his kingdom among his sons. Ferdinand I, called the Great (in his time El Magno) (1017&ndash León, 1065 son of Sancho III of Navarre and Mayor of Castile Castile and León (Castilla y León known formally as the Community of Castile and León is one of the seventeen autonomous communities of Spain. Galicia is allotted to his son Garcia. Galicia (occasionally Galiza) is an autonomous community in northwest Spain.
- 1065 - Independence of the Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal is proclaimed under the rule of Garcia II of Galicia. The Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal was formed in 1065 after the County of Portugal declared Independence following
- 1071 - Garcia II of Galicia becames the first to use the title King of Portugal, when he defeates, in the Battle of Pedroso (near Braga), Count Nuno Mendes, last count of Portugal of the Vímara Peres House. The Battle of Pedroso was fought in January 1071 near present day Pedroso ( Vila Nova de Gaia) Portugal. Vímara Peres Count of Portugal ( Galicia, circa 820 &mdash Guimarães, 873 was a Christian Warlord of the 9th century in west Iberia
- 1072 - Loss of independence of the Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal, forcibly reannexed by Garcia II's brother, king Alfonso VI of Castile. Alfonso VI (before June 1040 &ndash June 29 / July 1, 1109) nicknamed the Brave, was King of León from 1065 to 1109 and King of
- 1090 - Almoravid Yusuf ibn Tashfin came to Iberia and conquers all the Taifas. The Almoravids, was a Berber dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of North-Western Africa and the Iberian peninsula during Yusuf ibn Tashfin or Tashafin (reigned c 1061 - 1106 (يوسف بن تاشفين or يوسف بن تشفين was an ethnic Berber and Al-Murabitoon ruler A taifa (from طائفة ṭā'ifa, plural طوائف ṭawā'if) in the history of Iberia was an independent Muslim -ruled principality
- 1094 - Almoravid Sir ibn Abi Bakr takes Badajoz and Lisbon. Badajoz - (IPA, formerly written Badajos in English the capital of the Spanish province of Badajoz in the autonomous community Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal.
- 1095 - The Almoravides take Santarém. Santarém (sɐ̃tɐˈɾɐ̃j̃ is a Portuguese city and municipality
- Second County of Portugal
- 1095 - Establishment of the 2nd County of Portugal (Condado Portucalense), by Count Henry of Burgundy, who marries princess Teresa of León. Condado Portucalense was the second County founded in Portugal. Henry of Burgundy Count of Portugal (1066&ndash1112 was Count of Portugal from 1093 to his death Queen Theresa of Portugal Countess of Portugal, (Portuguese Rainha Dona Teresa Condessa de Portugal) (sometimes Infanta Teresa of León) (1080 &ndash
- 1112 – Afonso Henriques inherits the County of Portugal, a fiefdom of the Kingdom of León. Afonso I ( English Alphonzo or Alphonse) more commonly known as Afonso Henriques (ɐˈfõsu ẽˈʁikɨʃ or also Affonso (Archaic Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula.
- 1128 – Count Afonso Henriques defeats his mother, Teresa of León, that governs the county after her husband's death with the title of Regina (Queen), in the Battle of São Mamede and becomes sole ruler (Dux - Duke) after demands for independence from the county's people, church and nobles. Queen Theresa of Portugal Countess of Portugal, (Portuguese Rainha Dona Teresa Condessa de Portugal) (sometimes Infanta Teresa of León) (1080 &ndash The Battle of São Mamede ( Batalha de São Mamede in Portuguese; ˈsɐ̃ũ mɐˈmɛð(ɨ took place on June 24 1128 near Guimarães and is considered
- First Dynasty: Burgundy
- 1139 July 26 – Independence of Portugal from the Kingdom of León declared after the Battle of Ourique against the Almoravides lead by Ali ibn Yusuf: Duke Afonso Henriques becomes Afonso I, king of Portugal. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Portuguese This article is about the ducal house which ruled Portugal for the comital house which ruled in Castile and León see Anscarids. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus The history of Portugal, in most of the 12th and 13th centuries is chiefly that of its origin as a separate state in the process of the Christian Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. The Battle of Ourique (oˈɾik(ɨ took place in July 25 (St James day 1139, probably in the Countryside outside the town of Ourique, The Almoravids, was a Berber dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of North-Western Africa and the Iberian peninsula during Ali ibn Yusuf (علي بن يوسف (died in 1142 was a Al-Murabitoon ruler in North Africa and Al-Andalus who was an ethnic Berber, reigned Afonso I ( English Alphonzo or Alphonse) more commonly known as Afonso Henriques (ɐˈfõsu ẽˈʁikɨʃ or also Affonso (Archaic
- 1143 – Treaty of Zamora. The Treaty of Zamora ( 1143) recognized Portuguese independence from the Kingdom of León and Castile. Alfonso VII of Leon and Castille recognizes the Kingdom of Portugal with the assistance of the Holy See who recognizes Alphonso as the ruler of Portugal, but the church did not wanted a division in Hispania in an era of crusades against the Moors so it did not recognize him as king. Alfonso VII ( 1 March 1105 &ndash 21 August 1157) called the Emperor, became the King of Galicia in 1111 and King The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic
- 1179 – Pope Alexander III recognizes Afonso I as King, thus Portugal becomes officially a kingdom. Pope Alexander III (c 1100/1105 &ndash August 30, 1181) born Rolando (or Orlando) Bandinelli, was Pope from 1159 Afonso I ( English Alphonzo or Alphonse) more commonly known as Afonso Henriques (ɐˈfõsu ẽˈʁikɨʃ or also Affonso (Archaic
- 1095–1279 A Portuguese kingdom was established independent from León and extended southwards until it reached its present continental limits. The history of Portugal, in most of the 12th and 13th centuries is chiefly that of its origin as a separate state in the process of the Christian The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period
- 1279–1383 The monarchy was gradually consolidated in spite of resistance from the Church, the nobles and the rival kingdom of Castile. The Consolidation of the Monarchy in Portugal ( 1279 - 1415) 1279 Until the Early 14th Century The chief problems now confronting the monarchy The Crown of Castile, as a historic entity is usually considered to have begun in 1230 with the third and definitive union of the two kingdoms of León and Castile
- 1383-1385 – Civil war and political anarchy: 1383-1385 Crisis.
- Second Dynasty: Aviz
- 1385
- João I of Portugal acclaimed king by the Portuguese; Castilians do not accept this claim. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Portuguese The House of Aviz (in the current spelling Avis, pron ɐ'viʃ is a dynasty of kings of Portugal. The Crown of Castile, as a historic entity is usually considered to have begun in 1230 with the third and definitive union of the two kingdoms of León and Castile
- Battle of Aljubarrota: João I defeats the Castilians and secures the throne. The Battle of Aljubarrota (alʒuβɐˈʁɔtɐ took place on August 14 1385, between the forces commanded by King John I of Portugal and his general
- 1386 - Treaty of Windsor (between Portugal and England), an alliance between England and Portugal. The Treaty of Windsor is the oldest diplomatic alliance in the world England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland
- 1394 – Henry the Navigator, son of king João I of Portugal, is born. The Infante Henrique Duke of Viseu ( Porto, March 4, 1394 – Sagres, November 13, 1460) pron
- 1415–1499 - A period of crusades and discoveries. For additional context see History of Portugal and Portuguese Empire.
- 1494 - The Treaty of Tordesillas is signed between Portugal and Spain, divided the world outside of Europe in an exclusive duopoly between the two Iberian kingdoms. The Treaty of Tordesillas ( Portuguese: Tratado de Tordesilhas, Spanish: Tratado de Tordesillas) signed at Tordesillas (now in
- 1498 - Vasco da Gama discovers the sea-route to India. Dom Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira ('vaʃku dɐ 'gɐmɐ ( Sines or Vidigueira, Alentejo, Portugal, ca India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country
- 1500 - Pedro Álvares Cabral discovers Brasil
- 1499–1580 - The Portuguese Empire stretches from Brasil eastward to the Moluccas, reaching the zenith of its prosperity and entering a period of swift decline. Pedro Álvares Cabral (about 1467/1468/1469 &ndash about 1520 ˈpeðɾʊ ˈaɫvɐɾɨʃ kɐˈβɾaɫ in Portuguese, ˈawvaɾiʃ caˈbɾaw in Brazilian) was |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta The Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas, Moluccan Islands, the Spice Islands or simply Maluku) are an Archipelago
- 1580 - Dynastic crisis of the 16th century.
- 1385
- Third Dynasty: Habsburg (Spanish rule)
- 1581–1640 - Spanish kings ruled over Portugal in a personal union of the Crowns. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Portuguese The Portuguese House of Habsburg commonly known as Philippine Dynasty is the third dynasty of Kings of Portugal named after the three Spanish Portugal loses de facto independence to Spain.
- Fourth Dynasty: Bragança
- 1640 – The Duke of Braganza becomes king João IV of Portugal. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Portuguese Marriages and descendants John married Luisa de Guzman, daughter of Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzman, 8th Duke of Medina-Sidonia. Restoration of Portuguese Independence and end of Spanish control. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula.
- 1755 – The Lisbon earthquake destroys the city to the ground; an enormous tsunami wave washes away what remained standing. Year 1755 ( MDCCLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, also known as the Great Lisbon Earthquake, took place on November 1 1755 at around 940 in the morning A tsunami ((tsuːˈnɑːmi is a series of waves created when
- 1750-1777 - Sebastião de Melo, Marquis of Pombal rules Portugal as Prime Minister of King Joseph I of Portugal. Year 1750 ( MDCCL) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1777 ( MDCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo 1st Count of Oeiras 1st Marquis of Pombal (in Portuguese, Marquês de Pombal, pron Ancestors Marriages and descendants Joseph married Marianne Victoria of Borbón, daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese of
- 1807-1814 - Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, invades Portugal. Year 1807 ( MDCCCVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1814 ( MDCCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below The Portuguese Royal Family is transferred to the colony of Brasil. Here on this page you will find the family tree of the different monarchies of Portugal - one graph for each dynasty An Anglo-Portuguese Army, commanded by sir Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, resists French occupation during the Peninsular War. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Arthur Wellesley may refer to Dukes of Wellington and their relatives and heirs Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington ("the" Duke of The Dukedom of Wellington, derived from Wellington in Somerset, is an hereditary title and the senior rank in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The Peninsular War or Spanish War of Independence pitted an alliance of Spain, the United Kingdom, and Portugal against France
- 1820 - Portugal demandes the return of King João VI of Portugal to Lisbon. Year 1820 ( MDCCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year John VI (13 May 1767 &ndash 10 March 1826 ( Portuguese João, ʒʊˈɐ̃ũ the Clement ( Port Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal.
- 1822 - Brasil declares independence. Year 1822 (MDCCCXXII was a Common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Sunday of the Pedro, son of King João VI of Portugal, becomes Emperor Pedro I of Brazil. Pedro I (ˈpedɾuin Brazilian Portuguese and in European Portuguese; English: Peter of Alcantara Francis Anthony John Charles Xavier of Paula
- 1826 – Emperor Pedro I of Brazil also becomes King Pedro IV of Portugal. For the game see 1826 (board game. Year 1826 ( MDCCCXXVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display Pedro I (ˈpedɾuin Brazilian Portuguese and in European Portuguese; English: Peter of Alcantara Francis Anthony John Charles Xavier of Paula Pedro I (ˈpedɾuin Brazilian Portuguese and in European Portuguese; English: Peter of Alcantara Francis Anthony John Charles Xavier of Paula
- 1828 – Miguel, King Pedro IV of Portugal's brother, is proclaimed Absolute King Miguel I of Portugal, rival to Pedro IV. The year 1828 ( MDCCCXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Miguel I ( Miguel Maria do Patrocínio João Carlos Francisco de Assis Xavier de Paula Pedro de Alcântara António Rafael Gabriel Joaquim José Gonzaga Evaristo de Bragança e Beginning of the Portuguese Liberal Wars. The Liberal Wars, also known as the Portuguese Civil War, the War of the Two Brothers, or Miguelite War, was a war between progressive constitutionalists
- 1834 - End of the Portuguese Liberal Wars. Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Miguel I of Portugal is exiled to Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Portugal becomes a Constitutional Monarchy.
- 1890 - Emergence of a strong Portuguese Republicanism movement. Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Republicanism is the Ideology of governing a nation as a Republic, with an emphasis on Liberty, Rule of law, Popular sovereignty
- First Republic
- 1910 - The Republican Revolution, supported by popular uprising and virtually no resistance, is victorious and puts an end to the Portuguese Monarchy. Portugal is a European Nation whose origins go back to the Early Middle Ages. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or The last King of Portugal, Manuel II of Portugal, and the Portuguese Royal Family, embark for exile in England. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Portuguese Manuel II (mɐnuˈɛɫ Emanuel II the Patriot ( Port o Patriota) or the Missed King ( Port Here on this page you will find the family tree of the different monarchies of Portugal - one graph for each dynasty England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Republic is officially proclaimed in Lisbon. A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its
- 1916–1918 - Portugal contributes to the Great War on the Allies' side. Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose
- Second Republic: Authoritarian Estado Novo
- 1926 - The 28th May military coup d'état puts an end to the 1st Republic of Portugal. Portugal is a European Nation whose origins go back to the Early Middle Ages. Estado Novo ( Portuguese for " New State " pron (ɨʃ'tadu 'novu also known as the Second Republic) is the name of the Portuguese Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The 28th May 1926 coup d'état, sometimes called 28th May Revolution or during the period of Estado Novo Establishment of the Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship). The Ditadura Nacional ( Portuguese for National Dictatorship was the name of the Portuguese regime initiated by the election of President Óscar Carmona
- 1928 - António de Oliveira Salazar becomes Minister of Finance. Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. António de Oliveira Salazar, GColIH, GCTE, GCSE, pron. ɐ̃'tɔniu dɨ oli'vɐiɾɐ sɐlɐ'zaɾ General António Óscar de Fragoso Carmona is President of the Republic. The complete list of Presidents of the Portuguese Republic consists of the 20 Heads of state in the history of Portugal since the October 5 1910 revolution
- 1932 - António de Oliveira Salazar becomes Prime Minister. Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. António de Oliveira Salazar, GColIH, GCTE, GCSE, pron. ɐ̃'tɔniu dɨ oli'vɐiɾɐ sɐlɐ'zaɾ In Portugal, the post of Prime Minister ( Portuguese: primeiro-ministro, Pron.
- 1933
- A new Constitution is approved in a false referendum, defining Portugal as a Corporative, Single Party and Multi-continental country (in Europe, Africa, Asia and Oceania). Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The first Portuguese Constitution was drafted in 1822 Several Revolutions led to the constitutions of 1826, 1838 ( Liberal Wars) 1911 ( Historically corporatism (corporativismo refers to a political or Economic system in which power is held by civic assemblies that represent Economic A single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a type of Party system Government in which a single Political party This is a list of countries spanning more than one continent, sometimes referred to as transcontinental states.
- A Conservative Authoritarian regime entitled Estado Novo is installed. Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union Estado Novo ( Portuguese for " New State " pron (ɨʃ'tadu 'novu also known as the Second Republic) is the name of the Portuguese
- The Single Party União Nacional (National Union) is created. The National Union (União Nacional uniˈɐ̃w̃ nɐsjuˈnaɫ was the only legal Political party of the Portuguese ''Estado Novo'' (New State right-wing
- The Estatuto do Trabalho Nacional (Code of National Labour) is published, prohibiting all free trade unions.
- A Political Police, the PVDE (Polícia de Vigilância e de Defesa do Estado; State Defense and Vigilance Police) is created. Secret police (sometimes political police) are a Police agency which operates in Secrecy to maintain National security against internal Pide can mean several things Pita, a type of flatbread typical of Middle Eastern and Mediterranean cuisines
- Censorship, particularly of the Mass media, is systematic and generalized. Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press"
- 1936-1939 - During the Spanish Civil War, Portugal promptly supports Nationalist Spain under General Francisco Franco and sends military aid (the Battalion of the Viriatos) in their fight against the Spanish Republicans. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid The Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country
- 1939-1945 - During World War II Portugal remains neutral. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
- 1949 - Portugal is a founding member of NATO. Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The North Atlantic Treaty
- 1954 - The Dadra and Nagar Haveli enclave of Portuguese India, dependent of Daman, is occupied by India. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) For the Indian musical form see Dadra. Dadra and Nagar Haveli ( Gujarati: દાદરા અને નગર હવેલી Marathi Portuguese India (Índia Portuguesa or Estado da Índia) was the aggregate of Portugal 's colonial holdings in India. Daman and Diu ( Gujarati: દમણ અને દિવ Marathi: दमण आणि दीव Portuguese: Damão e Diu is a Union territory
- 1960 - Portugal is one of the founding member of the EFTA - European Free Trade Association. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The European Free Trade Association ( EFTA) is a European Trade bloc which was established on 3 May 1960 as an alternative for European states who were either
- 1961
- The Portuguese Colonial War starts in Angola, it will spread, in the years to come, to Mozambique and Portuguese Guinea (today Guinea-Bissau). Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Portuguese Colonial War (Guerra Colonial also known as the Overseas War in Portugal (Guerra do Ultramar or in the former colonies as the Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa Portuguese Guinea was the name for what is today Guinea-Bissau from 1446 to September 10, 1974. The Republic of Guinea-Bissau (ˈgɪni bɨˈsaʊ República da Guiné-Bissau ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɐ giˈnɛ biˈsau is a country in Western Africa, and one of the smallest
- The Indian army conquers Portuguese Goa and Daman and Diu, in Portuguese India. The Indian Army (Bharatiya Thalsena भारतीय थाल्सेना is one of the armed forces of India and has the responsibility for land-based Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. Daman and Diu ( Gujarati: દમણ અને દિવ Marathi: दमण आणि दीव Portuguese: Damão e Diu is a Union territory Portuguese India (Índia Portuguesa or Estado da Índia) was the aggregate of Portugal 's colonial holdings in India.
- 1968
- António de Oliveira Salazar leaves the Government due to health problems. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- Marcello das Neves Alves Caetano becomes Prime Minister. Marcelo José das Neves Alves Caetano, GCTE, GCC, also spelled Marcello Caetano (mɐɾˈsɛlu kɐiˈtɐnu Lisbon, August 17 In Portugal, the post of Prime Minister ( Portuguese: primeiro-ministro, Pron.
- 1970
- Death of António de Oliveira Salazar. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- Portugal invades Conakry, in the Republic of Guinea. Conakry or Konakry ( Malinké: Kɔnakiri) is the Capital and largest city of Guinea. Guinea, officially Republic of Guinea (pronounced /ˈgɪni/ République de Guinée is a country in West Africa, formerly known as French Guinea
- Third Republic: Democracy
- 1974 - The Carnation Revolution of the 25 April puts an end to five decades of authoritarian dictatorship. Portugal is a European Nation whose origins go back to the Early Middle Ages. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. The Carnation Revolution (Revolução dos Cravos was an almost bloodless military-led pro-democratic Coup d'état, started on April 25, 1974, in Lisbon Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
- 1975 - Independence is granted to all Portuguese colonies in Africa and promised to East Timor (which is violently annexed by Indonesia). Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia.
- 1986 - Portugal joins the European Economic Community (EEC later EU). Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in
- 1999
- Macau, the last overseas Portuguese colony, is returned to China. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National
- Indonesia ceases its occupation of East Timor. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia.
- 2002 - Portugal adopts the euro as currency. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e
Notes
- ^ Portugal Seeks Balance of Emigration, Immigration
- ^ [1]
- ^ Celtic Linguistics
- ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
- ^ Domingos Maria da Silva, Os Búrios, Terras de Bouro, Câmara Municipal de Terras de Bouro, 2006. (in Portuguese)
- ^ Milhazes, José. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Os antepassados caucasianos dos portugueses - Rádio e Televisão de Portugal in Portuguese. Rádio e Televisão de Portugal SA, commonly known as RTP and Rádio e Televisão de Portugal ( Portuguese for "Radio and Television of Portugal" Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal.
- ^ Juan Cole, Sacred Space and Holy War, IB Tauris, 2007 p37
- ^ Rebecca Weiner ,The Virtual Jewish History Tour Portugal
- ^ Wheeler, 1972
- ^ Pulido Valente, 1982
- ^ Oliveira Marques, 1991
- ^ Miranda, 2001
- ^ Lopes, 1994
- ^ Teixeira, 1996a
- ^ Ribeiro de Meneses, 2000
- ^ José Brandão, 1990; Ramalho, 1998; Ribeiro de Meneses, 1998, Armando Silva, 1999; Samara, 2003 and Santos, 2003
- ^ Teixeira, 2000, pp. 11-24
- ^ Medina, 1994
- ^ Brandão, 1991
- ^ Lopes, 1994; João Silva, 1997
- ^ Schwartzman, 1989; Pinto, 2000
- ^ Ferreira, 1992a
- ^ Marques, 1973; Telo, 1980 & 1984
- ^ Cruz, 1986; Cabral, 1993; Rosas, 1997; Martins, 1998; Pinto, 2000; Afonso, 2001
- ^ Portugal - Emigration, Eric Solsten, ed. Portugal: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1993.
See also
- Timeline of Portuguese history
- Viriathus
- Pre-Roman Western Iberia (Before the 3rd century BC)
- Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia (3rd century BC to 4th century AD)
- Germanic Kingdoms (5th to 8th century)
- Al' Garb Al'Andalus and the beginning of the Reconquista (8th to 9th century)
- First County of Portugal (9th to 11th century)
- Second County of Portugal (11th to 12th century)
- First Dynasty: Burgundy (12th to 14th century)
- Second Dynasty: Aviz (14th to 16th century)
- Third Dynasty: Habsburg (Spanish rule) (16th to 17th century)
- Fourth Dynasty: Bragança (17th to 20th century)
- First Republic (20th century)
- Second Republic: Authoritarian Estado Novo (20th century)
- Third Republic: Democracy (20th century to present)
- List of Portuguese monarchs
- List of Prime Ministers of Portugal
- Presidents of Portugal
- Monuments of Portugal
- History of Europe. This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal Pre-Roman Western Iberia (Before the 3rd century BC This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal Pre-Roman Western Iberia Paleolithic This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia 3rd century BC This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal Germanic Kingdoms 5th Century This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal Al'Garb Al'Andalus and the beginning of the Reconquista This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal First County of Portugal 9th century This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal Second County of Portugal 11th century This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal First Dynasty Burgundy 12th century This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal Second Dynasty Aviz 14th century 1385 This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal Third Dynasty Habsburg (Spanish rule 16th Century This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal Fourth Dynasty Bragança 17th Century This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal First Republic 1910 October 4 - Beginning This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal Second Republic Dictatorial Estado Novo 1926 This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal Third Republic Democracy 1974 April 25 Wikipedia talkFeatured lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Portuguese In Portugal, the post of Prime Minister ( Portuguese: primeiro-ministro, Pron. The complete list of Presidents of the Portuguese Republic consists of the 20 Heads of state in the history of Portugal since the October 5 1910 revolution Portugal is a country with a rich and diverse history Throughout the centuries many civilisations left a mark in the territory from the Greeks and the Celts through The history of Europe describes the passage of time from humans inhabiting the European continent to the present day
External links
Wikimedia Atlas of Portugal- Portugal Chronology World History Database
- History of Portugal: Primary documents
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