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The Coat of Arms of Normandy
The Coat of Arms of Normandy

Normandy was a province in the North-West of France under the Ancien Régime. A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Ancien Régime, a French term rendered in English as “Old Rule” “Old Kingdom” or simply “Old Regime” refers primarily to the aristocratic Initially populated by Celtic and Belgian tribes in the East, and Ligures and Iberians in the West, it was conquered in 56 AD by the Romans and integrated into the province of Gallia Lugdunensis by Augustus. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST internal designation HT-7U is an experimental Superconducting Tokamak Magnetic fusion energy The Ligures (singular Ligus or Ligur; English: Ligurians, Greek:) were an ancient people who gave their name to Liguria The Iberians were a set of peoples that Greek and Roman sources (among others Hecataeus of Miletus, Avienus, Herodot and Strabo This article refers to the cardinal direction for other uses see West (disambiguation. Year 56 was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Gallia Lugdunensis was a province of the Roman Empire in what is now the modern country of France, part of the Celtic nation of Gaul Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was In the 4th century, Gratian divided the province into the civitates which constitute the historical borders. For other figures with this name see Gratian (disambiguation. In the history of the Roman empire, civitas (pl civitates mainly referred to the condition of Roman Citizenship It was also used to describe a type of settlement After the fall of Rome in the 5th century, the Franks became the dominant ethnic group in the area, built several monasteries, and replaced the barbarism of the region with the civilization of the Carolingian Empire. The Decline of the Roman Empire, leading to the Fall of the Roman Empire, or the Fall of Rome, was the end of the Western Roman Empire. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. A Civilization is a society in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements Carolingian Empire is a historiographical term sometimes used to refer to the realm of the Franks under the Carolingian dynasty. Towards the end of the 8th century, Viking raids devastated the region, prompting the establishment of the Duchy of Normandy in 911. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas The Duchy of Normandy stems from various Danish, Hiberno-Norse, Orkney Viking and Anglo-Danish ( from the Danelaw) invasions of Events By Place Europe Autumn — Charles the Simple agrees to the Treaty of St After 150 years of expansion, the borders of Normandy reached relative stability. These old borders roughly correspond to the present borders of Basse-Normandie, Haute-Normandie and the Channel Islands. Basse-Normandie ('Lower Normandy' is an administrative region of France. Haute-Normandie ( Upper Normandy) is one of the 26 regions of France. The Channel Islands ( Norman: Îles d'la Manche, French: Îles Anglo-Normandes or Îles de la Manche) are a group of Islands Mainland Normandy was integrated into the Kingdom of France in 1204. The region was badly damaged during the Hundred Years War and the Wars of Religion, the Normans having more converts to Protestantism than other peoples of France. The Hundred Years' War (Guerre de Cent Ans was a prolonged conflict lasting from 1337 to 1453 between two royal houses for the French throne vacant with the extinction of the senior The French Wars of Religion (1562 to 1598 between French Catholics and Protestants ( Huguenots involved both civil infighting Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. In the 20th century, D-Day, the 1944 Allied invasion of Northern Europe, started in Normandy. D-Day may also refer to Decimal Day in the United Kingdom. D-Day is a term often used in Military parlance to denote Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose Northern Europe is a term for the northern part of Europe. The United Nations defines Northern Europe as (Finland In 1956, mainland Normandy was separated into two régions, Basse-Normandie and Haute-Normandie, although proposals to unify the regions are under consideration. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. France is divided into 26 regions or régions (in French of which 21 are in continental Metropolitan France, one is the island of Corsica,

The historical limits of Normandy
The historical limits of Normandy

Contents

Prehistory and antiquity

Normandy before the Roman conquest

Archeological finds, such as cave paintings prove that humans were present in the region as far back as prehistoric times, especially in Eure and Calvados. Cave paintings are Paintings on Cave walls and ceilings and the term is used especially for those dating to Prehistoric times Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus Stone Age Paleolithic See also Paleolithic, Recent African Origin, Early Homo sapiens, Early human migrations "Paleolithic" Eure is a department in the north of France named after the Eure River. The French department of Calvados forms part of the region of Basse-Normandie in Normandy. The Gouy and Orival cave paintings also testify to humans in Seine-Maritime. Seine-Maritime is a French department in Normandy. Before 1955 it was known as Seine-Inférieure. Several megaliths can be found throughout Normandy, most of them built in a uniform style.

More is known about Celtic Normandy due to the archeological sources being more numerous and easier to date. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts As early as the 19th century, local scholars studied archeological sites (especially those of Haute-Normandie) and recorded their discoveries. They discovered objects such as the Gallic gilded helmet of d’Amfreville-la-Mi-Voie, made in the 4th century BC, and the iron helmet currently in the Museum of Louviers. A helmet is a form of Protective gear worn on the head to protect it from injuries a variation of the hat Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 They also examined the cemetery at Pîtres with its urns for cremated remains. A cemetery is a place in which dead bodies and cremated remains are buried. Pîtres ( Medieval Pistres) is a commune in the department of Eure in the region of Haute-Normandie in northern An urn is a Vase, ordinarily covered and without handles that usually has a narrowed neck above a footed Pedestal. Cremation is the act of reducing a Corpse by burning, generally in a crematorium furnace or crematory fire The artifacts found at these sites indicate Gallic presence in Normandy as far back as the times of the Hallstatt or Tène cultures. The Hallstatt culture was the predominant The La Tène culture was a European Iron Age culture named after the archaeological site Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic

Belgian Celts, known as Gauls, invaded Normandy in successive waves from the 4th century BC to the 3rd century BC. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Much of our knowledge about this group comes from Julius Caesar’s de Bello Gallico. Commentarii de Bello Gallico is Julius Caesar 's third-person account of his nine years of war in Gaul. Caesar identified several different groups among the Belgian Celts, who occupied separate regions and lived in enclosed agrarian towns. A town is a type of settlement ranging from a few to several thousand (occasionally hundreds of thousands inhabitants although it may be applied loosely even to huge metropolitan In 57 BC the Gauls united under Vercingetorix in an attempt to resist the onslaught of Caesar’s army. Vercingetorix (werkiŋˈɡetoriks in Latin) born around 82 BC died 46 BC was chieftain of the Arverni, originating from the Arvernian city of An army (from Latin Armata "act of arming" via Old French armée) in the broadest sense is the land-based Armed forces After their defeat at Alesia, the people of Normandy continued to fight until 51 BC, the year Caesar completed his conquest of Gaul. The Battle of Alesia or Siege of Alesia took place in September 52 BC around the Gallic Oppidum of Alesia, a major town centre and In 52 B. C. , a Gual Queen by the name of Phillipa Eades, ruled a small part of Gual. Shortly after her taking the crown, the Roman Empire took over her kingdom. The Roman army destroyed Queen Phillip's army, towns, and villiages. She was taken to the Roman Emporour of the time and was repeatidly tortured and assalted. The Emporoure made Phillipa his sexual slave and she died shortly after becoming enslave. There is a monument in the once part of Gual were she ruled in honor of Queen Phillipa.

A list of Gallic tribes in Normandy and their administrative centers:

Roman Normandy

Jupiter Stator, Roman bronze from the Gallo-Roman religious centre of Gisacum, near Évreux
Jupiter Stator, Roman bronze from the Gallo-Roman religious centre of Gisacum, near Évreux
Roman theatre in Lillebonne
Roman theatre in Lillebonne
The bronze head of a Roman god, found in Lillebonne, in the Museum of Antiquities in Seine-Maritime
The bronze head of a Roman god, found in Lillebonne, in the Museum of Antiquities in Seine-Maritime

In 27 BC, Emperor Augustus reorganized the Gallic territories by adding Calètes and Véliocasses to the province of Gallia Lugdunensis, which had its capital at Lyon. In Roman mythology, Jupiter was the king of the gods and the god of Sky and Thunder. This article covers the culture of Romanized areas of Gaul. For the political history of the brief "Gallic Empire" of the 3rd century see Gallic Empire Gisacum was a Gallo-Roman religious sanctuary near the settlement of Mediolanum Aulercorum ( Évreux) in the territory of the Eburovices in Évreux is a commune in Haute-Normandie in northern France in the Eure department, of which it is the capital The Roman theatre is a theatre building built by the Romans for watching theatrical performances. Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus Lillebonne is a town and commune of France in the département of Seine-Maritime, 3 Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was Gallia Lugdunensis was a province of the Roman Empire in what is now the modern country of France, part of the Celtic nation of Gaul ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. The Romanization of Normandy was achieved by the usual methods: Roman roads and a policy of urbanization. In Linguistics, romanization (or latinization, also spelled romanisation or latinisation) is the representation of a Word or The Roman Roads were essential for the growth of the Roman Empire, by enabling the Romans to move armies and trade goods and to communicate news Urbanizationn (also spelled urbanisation) is the physical growth of Urban areas into rural or natural land as a result of population in-migration to an existing

Classicists have knowledge of many Gallo-Roman villas in Normandy, thanks in large part to finds made during construction of the A29 autoroute in Seine-Maritime. "Classical literature" redirects here For literature in Classical languages outside the Graeco-Roman sphere see Ancient literature. This article covers the culture of Romanized areas of Gaul. For the political history of the brief "Gallic Empire" of the 3rd century see Gallic Empire A villa was originally an Upper-class Country house, though since its origins in Roman times the idea and function of a villa has evolved considerably The A29 is a motorway in Normandy, northern France. The road is also European Route 44 These country houses were often laid out according to two major plans. One design features a tall and slender structure with an open façade facing south; the second design is similar to Italian villas, with an organized layout around a square courtyard. A facade or façade (fəˈsɑːd is generally one side of the exterior of a Building, especially the front but also sometimes the sides and rear The latter can be seen at the villa of Sainte-Marguerite-sur-Mer. Sainte-Marguerite-sur-Mer is a Town and commune of the Seine-Maritime department of northern France. The villas were built using local materials: flint, chalk, limestone, brick, and cob. Flint (or flintstone) is a hard sedimentary Cryptocrystalline form of the Mineral Quartz, categorized as a variety of Chert Chalk (ʧɔːk is a soft white porous Sedimentary rock, a form of Limestone composed of the Mineral Calcite. Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 A brick is a block of Ceramic material used in Masonry construction laid using mortar. Cob is a Building material consisting of Clay, Sand, Straw, water and earth, similar to Adobe. The technique of half-timbering came from this period and Celtic huts. Timber framing (Fachwerk or Half-timbering, is the method of creating framed structures of heavy timber jointed together with pegged Mortise and tenon joints The heating systems of these villas relied on the Roman hypocaust. A hypocaust (Latin hypocaustum) is an ancient Roman system of Central heating.

Agriculture in the region provided wheat and linen, according to Pliny the Elder. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Linen is a Textile made from the Fibers of the Flax plant Linum usitatissimum. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author Pliny also noted the presence of fana (small temples with a centered, usually square plan) in great numbers. Fanum At the temples Romans prayed and made Ritual Worship Offerings of a small gift or Animal sacrifices to their Roman In antiquity the temples of Évreux made the town an important pilgrimage site, with a forum, Roman baths, a basilica, and a Gallic theatre. Évreux is a commune in Haute-Normandie in northern France in the Eure department, of which it is the capital In Religion and Spirituality, a pilgrimage is a long journey or Search of great Moral significance The Forum was the public space in the middle of a Roman city It had a great social importance and was often the scene of diverse activities including political discussions This page is on buildings used for Roman bathing For the activity in general see Ancient Roman bathing. The Latin word basilica (derived from Greek, Basiliké Stoà, Royal Stoa) was originally used to describe a Roman Évreux is also notable for the mother goddess statues found in tombs and houses. A mother goddess is a Goddess, often portrayed as the Earth Mother who serves as a general Fertility deity the bountiful embodiment of the Earth.

Crises in the third century and the Roman loss of Normandy

In the late 3rd century, barbarian raids devastated Normandy. Traces of fire and hastily buried treasures bear evidence to the degree of insecurity in Northern Gaul. Coastal settlements risked raids by Saxon pirates. The Saxons or Saxon people were a Confederation of Old Germanic tribes. Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering The situation was so severe that an entire legion was garrisoned at Constantia (in the pagus Constantinus), the administrative center of the Unelli tribe. Coutances is a commune of Normandy, France, in the Manche département, of which it is a Sous-préfecture The Cotentin Peninsula, also known as the Cherbourg Peninsula, is a Peninsula in Normandy, forming part of the north-western coast of France The Unelli or Veneli (Οὐένελοι were one of the Armoric or maritime states of Gallia. As a result of Diocletian’s reforms, Normandy was detached from Brittany, while remaining within Gallia Lugdunensis. Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus ( ca. December 22 244 The modern historian Timothy Barnes takes December 22 as his birthdate Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into Christianity began to enter the area during this period: Saint Mellonius was supposedly ordained Bishop of Rouen in the mid-3rd century. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Saint Mellonius was a legendary early 4th century Bishop of Rotomagus (now Rouen) in the Roman province of Secunda Provincia Lugdunensis (now In 406, Germanic tribes began invading from the West, while the Saxons subjugated the Norman coast. Events By Place Western Roman Empire Roman legions in Britain mutiny against Honorius and select The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The Roman Emperor withdrew from most of Normandy and gave it back its ancient name: Armorica. Armorica or Aremorica is the name given in ancient times to the part of Gaul that includes the Brittany Peninsula and the territory between the Rural villages were abandoned and the remaining Romans confined themselves to within urban fortifications. Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for Toponymy suggests that the various barbarian groups had installed themselves and formed alliances and federations shortly before the end of the Western Roman Empire in 476. Toponymy refers to the scientific study of place-names ( toponyms) their origins meanings use and Typology. A military alliance is an agreement between two or more military factions related to Wartime planning commitments or contingencies such agreements can be both A federation ( Latin: foedus, covenant is a union comprising a number of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central ("federal" The Western Roman Empire refers to the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 285 the other half of the Roman Empire was the Eastern Events By place Western Roman Empire September 4 — Romulus Augustus, the last Emperor of the Western Roman Empire

Middle Ages

Early Middle Ages

Mont-Saint-Michel
Mont-Saint-Michel

As early as 486, the area between the Somme and the Loire came under the control of the Frankish lord Clovis. Mont Saint-Michel ( English: St Michael's Mount) is a rocky Tidal island in Normandy, France. For the processor see Intel 80486. Events By Place Europe Roman rule in Gaul ends with the defeat at Soissons The Somme is a department of France, located in the north of the country and named after the Somme river. Loire ( Arpitan: Lêre, Occitan: Léger) is an administrative department in the east-central part of France occupying the The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group Frankish colonization did not occur on a massive scale, and is evidenced chiefly by cemeteries in Envermeu, Londinieres, Herouvillette, and Douvrend. Envermeu is a Village and commune of the Seine-Maritime department of northern France. Hérouvillette is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northern France. Douvrend is a village and commune of France, in the département of Seine-Maritime. The place names were chiefly Frankish at this time. The Franks also cut administration and military presence at the local levels. Eventually the eastern region of Normandy became a residence for Merovingian royalty. The Merovingians (also Merovings) were a Salian Frankish dynasty that came to rule the Franks in a region (known as Francia in Latin

The Christianization of the area continued with the construction of cathedrals in the principal cities and churches in minor localities. The historical phenomenon of Christianization (or Christianisation &mdash see spelling differences) the conversion of individuals to Christianity This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral A church building is a Building or Structure whose primary purpose is to facilitate the meeting of a church. This establishment of the parishes would continues for a long time. A parish is a Local church; it is an administrative unit typically found in episcopal or presbyterian churches The smaller parishes tended to be located in the plains around Caen while the rural parished took up more space. Caen (kɑ̃ is a commune in northwestern France. It is the Prefecture of the Calvados department and the capital of the Villagers would be buried around the local parish church up until the Carolingian era. The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the

The Norman Monarchy developed in the 6th century in the isolated western regions. The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. In the 7th century the Norman aristocrats founded several abbeys in the valley of the Seine: Fontenelle in 649, Jumièges about 654, Pavilly, Montivilliers. The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. An abbey (from Latin abbatia derived from Syriac abba "father" is a Christian Monastery or The Seine (sɛn in French) is a slow flowing major River and commercial waterway within the regions of Île-de-France and Haute-Normandie Fontenelle Abbey or the Abbey of St Wandrille is a Benedictine monastery in the commune of Saint-Wandrille-Rançon near Caudebec-en-Caux in Events By Place Europe Reccaswinth succeeds his father Chindaswinth as king of the Visigoths. Jumièges Abbey was a Benedictine monastery situated in the commune of Jumièges in the Seine-Maritime département, in Events By Place Europe Rhodes is invaded by an Arab force remains of the Colossus of Rhodes are sold off Pavilly is a village and commune of France, in the département of Seine-Maritime. Montivilliers is a commune and chief town of a canton in the Seine-Maritime département of the Haute-Normandie region These Norman abbeys rapidly adopted the Benedictine Rule. They came to possess great quantities of land throughout France, from which they drew considerable income. They therefore became involved in political and dynastic rivalries.

Scandinavian Invasions

Normandy takes its name from the Viking invaders who menaced large parts of Europe towards the end of the 1st millennium in two phases (790-930, then 980-1030). A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas The first millennium is a period of time that commenced on January 1, 1, and ended on December 31, 1000, of the Julian calendar. Events By Place Byzantine Empire A revolt against Empress Irene leads to Constantine VI being declared sole ruler of the Events By Place Europe With the establishment of the Althing, now the world's oldest Parliament, the Icelandic Commonwealth Events By Place Europe Otto II renounces his claim to Lorraine. They were called Northmanorum, which means ‘men of the North. ’ This name provides the etymological basis for the modern term ‘Norman. ’ After 911, this name replaced the term Neustria, which had formerly been used to describe Normandy. Events By Place Europe Autumn — Charles the Simple agrees to the Treaty of St The territory of Neustria or Neustrasia, meaning "new land" originated in 511 made up of the regions from Aquitaine to the English Channel, The rate of Scandinavian colonization can be seen in the toponymy of Norman locations and in the changes in popular family names. A family name or last name is a type of Surname and part of a person's name indicating the family to which the person belongs

The first Viking raids began between 790 and 800 on the coasts of western France. Events By Place Europe September 15 - Oldest known mention of Monkey. Several coastal areas were lost during the reign of Louis the Pious (814-840). Louis the Pious (778 &ndash 20 June 840) also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of Aquitaine from 781 and co-Emperor Events By Place Europe Charlemagne dies in Aachen, aged 67 or 72 (depending on source Louis the Pious Events By Place Europe After the death of Louis the Pious, his sons Lothar, Charles the Bald and Louis the German The incursions in 841 caused severe damage to Rouen and Jumièges. Events By Place Europe June 25 - Battle of Fontenay: Louis the German and Charles the Bald defeat Rouen (ʁwɑ̃ in French) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on the River Seine, and currently the capital Jumièges is a commune of the Seine-Maritime département, in Normandy, France. The Vikings attackers sought to capture the treasures stored at monasteries, easy prey considering the helplessness of the monks to defend themselves. This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective An expedition in 845 went up the Seine and reached Paris. Events March 28 — Paris is sacked by Viking raiders probably under Ragnar Lodbrok, who collect a huge ransom in exchange The Seine (sɛn in French) is a slow flowing major River and commercial waterway within the regions of Île-de-France and Haute-Normandie Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The raids were carried out primarily in the summer, the Vikings spending the winter in Scandinavia. Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well

After 851 they began to stay in the lower Seine valley for the winter. Events By Place Europe Vikings plunder London and Canterbury. In January 852 they burned the Abbey of Fontenelle. Fontenelle Abbey or the Abbey of St Wandrille is a Benedictine monastery in the commune of Saint-Wandrille-Rançon near Caudebec-en-Caux in The monks who were still alive fled to Boulogne-sur-Mer in 858 and to Chartres in 885. Boulogne-sur-Mer ( Bonen in Dutch is a City in Northern France. This article is about the year 858 AD. For the terrorist attack on Korean air see Korean_Air_Flight_858. Chartres is a town and commune and capital of the Eure-et-Loir department in north-central France It is located 96 km southwest of Paris Events By Place Europe The Vikings besiege Paris. Godfrith the Sea King is killed in Lobith. The relics of Saint Honorine of Graville were transported from Graville to Conflans, safer by virtue of its southerly location. Communes Conflans is the name or part of the name of ten communes of France: Conflans-en-Jarnisy in the Meurthe-et-Moselle The monks of Normandy also attempted to move their archives and monastic libraries to the South, but several were burned by the Vikings. An archive refers to a collection of historical records and also refers to the location in which these records are kept

The Carolingian kings in power at the time tended to have contradictory politics, which had severe consequences. The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the In 867, Charles the Bald signed the Treaty of Compiègne, by which he agreed to yield the Cotentin Peninsula to the Breton king Salomon, on condition that Salomon would take an oath of fidelity and fight as an ally against the Vikings. Events By Place Byzantine Empire September — Basil I becomes sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire. Charles the Bald ( 13 June 823 – 6 October 877) Holy Roman Emperor (875–877 as Charles II) and King of West Francia The Cotentin Peninsula, also known as the Cherbourg Peninsula, is a Peninsula in Normandy, forming part of the north-western coast of France Nevertheless, in 911 the Viking leader Rollo forced Charles the Simple to sign the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, under which Charles gave Rouen and the area of modern Haute-Normandie to Rollo, establishing the Duchy of Normandy. Events By Place Europe Autumn — Charles the Simple agrees to the Treaty of St Rollo, occasionally known as Rollo the Viking, (c 860 - c 932 was the founder and first ruler of the Viking principality in what soon became known as Charles III ( September 17, 879 – October 7, 929) called the Simple or the Straightforward (from the contemporary The Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte was signed in the autumn of 911 between Charles the Simple and Rollo, the leader of the Vikings for the purpose Haute-Normandie ( Upper Normandy) is one of the 26 regions of France. The Duchy of Normandy stems from various Danish, Hiberno-Norse, Orkney Viking and Anglo-Danish ( from the Danelaw) invasions of In exchange Rollo pledged vassalage to Charles in 940 and agreed to be baptized. Events By Place Asia Saadia Gaon compiles his Siddur (Jewish prayer book in Iraq. In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted Rollo vowed to guard the estuaries of the Seine from further Viking attacks. An estuary is a semi-enclosed Coastal body of Water with one or more Rivers or Streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open With a series of conquests, the territory of Normandy gradually expanded: l’Hiémois and Bessin were taken in 924, the Cotentin and the Avranchin followed in 933. The Bessin is an area in Normandy, France, corresponding to the territory of the Bajocasse tribe of Celts who also gave their name to the city For the automobile see Porsche 924. Events By Place Europe King Athelstan succeeds to the throne of Mercia The Avranchin is an area in Normandy France corresponding to the territory of the Abrincates, tribe of Celts who also gave their name to the city of Avranches Events By Place Europe Cotentin and Jersey are seized by William Longsword, Duke of Normandy. That year, King Raoul de Bourgogne of France was forced to give large parts of coastal Brittany to William I of Normandy, essentially all lands north of the Sélune River. Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into William I Longsword ( French: Guillaume Longue-Épée, Latin: Willermus Longa Spata, Scandinavian: Viljâlmr Langaspjôt Between 1009 and 1020 the Normans continued their westward expansion, taking all the land between the Sélune and Couesnon rivers, including Mont Saint-Michel. The Couesnon River (/kwenɔ̃/ is a River running from the département of Mayenne in north-western France, forming an Estuary Mont Saint-Michel ( English: St Michael's Mount) is a rocky Tidal island in Normandy, France. William the Conqueror completed these campaigns in 1050 by taking Passais. William I of England ( 1027 His reign which brought Norman culture to England had an enormous impact on the subsequent course of England in the Middle Ages Passais is a village and commune in the Orne département of northwestern France.

While many buildings were pillaged, burned, or destroyed by the Viking raids, it is likely that the picture given by ecclesiastical sources is unfairly negative: no city was completely destroyed. On the other hand many monasteries were pillaged and all the abbeys were destroyed. Nevertheless, the activities of Rollo and his successors had the effect of bringing about rapid recovery.

The Scandinavian colonisation was principally Danish, with a strong Norwegian element. Colonisation (also known as Colonization) occurs whenever any one or more species populates a new area The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional A few Swedes were present. The Viking colonisation was not a mass phenomenon. Nevertheless, in some areas the Scandinavians established themselves rather densely, particularly in Pays de Caux and the northern part of the Cotentin. The Pays de Caux is an area in Normandy occupying the greater part of the French département of Seine Maritime in Haute-Normandie Toponymic and linguistic evidence has been found to support this theory.

The merging of the Scandinavian and native elements contributed to the creation of one of the most powerful feudal states of Western Europe. Examples of feudalism are helpful to fully understand Feudalism and Feudal society. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' The naval ability of the Normans would allow them to conquer England, and participate in the Crusades. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents

Ducal Normandy (Xth-XIIIth centuries)

Main article: Duchy of Normandy

Before William the Conqueror

Historians have few sources of information for this period of Norman history: Dudo of Saint-Quentin, William of Jumièges, Orderic Vital, and Wace. The Duchy of Normandy stems from various Danish, Hiberno-Norse, Orkney Viking and Anglo-Danish ( from the Danelaw) invasions of Dudo, or Dudon was a Norman Historian, and dean of Saint-Quentin, where he was born about 965 William of Jumièges was a contemporary of the events of 1066 and one of our earliest writers on the subject of the Norman Conquest. Orderic Vitalis (1075&ndashc 1142 was an English chronicler who wrote one of the great contemporary Chronicles of 11th and 12th century Normandy and WACE (730 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Christian radio format Diplomatic messges are the primary source of information for the succession of dukes. Duke of Normandy is a Title held or claimed by various Norman, French, English and British rulers from the 10th century until the

The Strength of Norman Dukes before the XIth century

Rollo of Normandy was the chief- the “jarl”- of the Viking population. Rollo, occasionally known as Rollo the Viking, (c 860 - c 932 was the founder and first ruler of the Viking principality in what soon became known as After 911, he was the count of Rouen. Events By Place Europe Autumn — Charles the Simple agrees to the Treaty of St A count is a Nobleman in European countries The word count comes from French comte, itself from Latin Rouen (ʁwɑ̃ in French) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on the River Seine, and currently the capital His successors gained the title Duke of Normandy from Richard II. Duke of Normandy is a Title held or claimed by various Norman, French, English and British rulers from the 10th century until the Richard II (born 23 August 963, in Normandy, France &ndash 28 August 1027, in Normandy called the Good After the rise of the Capetian dynasty, they were forced to vacate the title, for there could be only one duke in Neustria, and the Robertians carried the title. For the Direct Capetians, who ruled France 987&ndash1328 see the House of Capet. The territory of Neustria or Neustrasia, meaning "new land" originated in 511 made up of the regions from Aquitaine to the English Channel, The Robertians, or Robertines, were a Frankish predecessor family of whatbecame the Capetians. These dukes increased the strength of Normandy, although they had to observe the superiority of the king of France. List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below The dukes of Normandy did not resist the general trend of monopolizing authority over their territory: the dukes struck their own money, rendered justice, and leveled taxes. Money is anything that is generally accepted as Payment for Goods and services and repayment of Debts. JUSTICE is a Human rights and law reform organisation based in the United Kingdom. They raised their own armies and named the bulk of prelates of their archdiocese. An army (from Latin Armata "act of arming" via Old French armée) in the broadest sense is the land-based Armed forces A prelate is a high-ranking member of the Clergy who either is an Ordinary or ranks in precedence with ordinaries In many rites of the Roman Catholic Church and in Anglican churches, a diocese is an administrative territorial unit administered by a Bishop. They were therefore practically independent of the French king, although they paid homage to each new monarch. List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below

The dukes maintained relations with foreign monarchs, especially the king of England: Emma, sister of Richard II married King Ethelred II of England. The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during Richard II (born 23 August 963, in Normandy, France &ndash 28 August 1027, in Normandy called the Good Ethelred II ( c. 968 – 23 April 1016 also known as Æthelred II, Aethelred II, Ethelred the Unready, Æthelred the Unready They appointed family members to positions as counts and viscounts, which came about around the year 1000. They held on to some territory in Scandinavia and the right to enter those lands by sea. Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well The Norman dukes also ensured that their vassal lords did not get too powerful, lest they become a threat to the ducal authority. The Norman dukes thus had more authority over their own domains than other territorial princes in Northern France. Their wealth thus enabled them to give large tracts of land to the abbeys and to ensure the loyalty of their vassals with gifts of fiefdoms. William’s conquest of England opened up more land to the dukes, allowing them to continue these practices whilst preserving sufficient land holdings to serve as their powerbase. William I of England ( 1027 His reign which brought Norman culture to England had an enormous impact on the subsequent course of England in the Middle Ages

The course of the 11th century did not have any strict organizations and was somewhat chaotic. The great lords made oaths of fidelity to the heir of the duchy, and were in return granted public and ecclesiastical authority. The justice system lacked a central governing body and written laws were uncommon.

The aristocracy was composed of a small group of Scandinavian men, while the majority of the Norman political leaders were of Frankish descent. At the start of the 11th century the region was attacked by the Bretons from the West, the Germans from the East, and the people of Anjou from the South. Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Anjou is a former County (c 880) Duchy ( 1360) and province centred on the city of Angers in the lower All of the aristocrats’ fidelity oaths to the Norman dukes were attributed to defending their important domains. As early as 1040, the term ‘baron’ indicated the elite knights and soldiers of the duke. Baron is a specific Title of nobility. The word baron comes from Old French baron, itself from Old High German and Latin (liber On the other hand, the term ‘vassal’ does not appear in the documents from 1057 onwards. A vassal (also called feodary or fedary) in the terminology that both preceded and accompanied the feudalism of Medieval Europe, It was also in the middle of the 11th century that fiefdoms came to exist. Under the system of Feudalism, a fiefdom, fief, feud, feoff, or fee, often consisted of inheritable lands or revenue-producing Richard the First designated fiefdoms to counts from the dynasty and the cities so as to prevent them from getting too powerful. Richard I of Normandy (born 28 August 933, in Fécamp Normandy, France died November 20, 996, in Fécamp

See also

The Dukes of normandy took their last name from whence they signed the Peace Treaty in 911 A. The History of Basse-Normandie concerns that part of Normandy termed Basse-Normandie (or "Lower Normandy" that was created in 1956, when D in Saint Clair sur Ept, hence the ST. Clair/Sinclair families origin of their last name.

External links

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