The State of Israel (Hebrew: מדינת ישראל, Medinat Yisrael) was established in 1948 after thousands of years of Jewish dispersal. The Israeli Declaration of Independence (הכרזת העצמאות Hakhrazat HaAtzma'ut or מגילת העצמאות Megilat HaAtzma'ut) made on 14 May The Zionist enterprise, with its goal of creating a Jewish national home in Eretz Yisrael, was set in motion by Theodor Herzl in 1897, at the First Zionist Congress in Basle, Switzerland. History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the For other uses see Israel (disambiguation The Land of Israel ( Hebrew: אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל Eretz Yisrael) is Theodor Herzl (בנימין זאב הרצל ( Binyamin Ze'ev Herzl) (May 2 1860&ndashJuly 3 1904 was an Austrian Jewish journalist who founded modern First Zionist Congress ( Hebrew: הקונגרס הציוני הראשון is the name given to the Congress held in Basel (Basle, Switzerland "Basilia" redirects here For the Fly Genus, see Basilia (fly. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation
Historical background
Jewish History in Israel before the formation of the Zionist movement
Evidence of a Jewish presence in Israel dates back 3,400 years, to the formation of the religion. Jewish history is the History of the Jewish people, faith, and culture. For other uses see Israel (disambiguation The Land of Israel ( Hebrew: אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל Eretz Yisrael) is The History of the Jews in the Land of Israel begins with the ancient Israelites (also known as Hebrews) who settled in the Land of Israel. The History of Palestine is the account of events in the greater geographic area in the Southern Levant known as Palestine, which includes not just the West Bank The name "Jews" derives from their origin in Judah. Judea is a term used for the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel. Over the course of this long history, the Jews have several times been dispersed and then returned from exile, buttressed by the power and influence of their holy book, The Tanakh (the Old Testament). See also Old testament, Septuagint, Targum, Peshitta The Tanakh (תַּנַ"ךְ (taˈnax or; also Tenakh or Tenak is In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon.
The Jewish-Roman wars led to the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus in the year 70 AD and the subsequent exile of the Jews. The Siege of Jerusalem in the year 70 AD It was a decisive event in the First Jewish-Roman War, followed by the fall of Masada in 73 Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Titus ( December 30 39 &ndash September 13 81) was a Roman Emperor who Year 70 was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. A second Jewish revolt in 135 led to the renaming of Jerusalem to Aelia Capitolina and Judah became known as Palaestina. Aelia Capitolina ( Latin in full Colonia Aelia Capitolina) was a city built by the emperor Hadrian in the year 131, and occupied The names "Palestine" (in English) and "Filastin" (in Arabic) derive from this Latin name. The Crusaders called the kingdoms they established there "Outremer". Outremer, French ( outre-mer) for " Overseas " was the general name given to the Crusader states established after the With the destruction of the Ottoman Empire in the 20th century, the British restored the use of the name "Palestine".
Jews continued to see the Land of Israel as their spiritual home and Promised Land. The Promised Land ( הארץ המובטחת, translit: ha-Aretz ha-Muvtachat) is another name for the Land of Israel, the region which according While their numbers were smaller, they were able to maintain a constant presence in the country.
During the Crusades Jews in Israel were massacred, burnt alive or sold into slavery. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents [2] The murder of Jews began during the Crusaders' travels across Europe and continued in the Holy Land. The Holy Land ( Arabic: الأرض المقدسة al-Arḍ ul-Muqaddasah;Ancient Aramaic: ארעא קדישא Ar'a Qaddisha; Hebrew: ארץ_הקודש [3] After the Arab reconquest in the thirteenth century, Sultan Baybars ravaged the land to ensure it could not sustain a large population and would not be attractive to invaders. Baibars, or al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari ( Arabic ar الملك الظاهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري It remained poor under the Ottomans, who took over in the 16th century and ruled it until the 20th century. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish
Between the 13th and 19th centuries, Jewish immigration was generally spurred by religious persecution. Religious persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group of individuals as a response to their religious beliefs of affiliations. The expulsion of Jews from England (1290) France (1391), Austria (1421) and Spain (the Alhambra decree 1492) led to waves of Jews moving to Israel. This article describes the Edict of Expulsion, given by Edward I of England in 1290, that expelled all Jews from England for The Alhambra Decree (also known as the Edict of Expulsion) was an edict issued on 31 March, 1492 by the joint Catholic Monarchs of
By the mid-19th century, the Land of Israel was a part of the Ottoman Empire and a province of Syria, populated mostly by Muslim and Christian Arabs, as well as Jews, Greeks, Druze, Bedouins and other minorities. For other uses see Israel (disambiguation The Land of Israel ( Hebrew: אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל Eretz Yisrael) is The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire were Administrative divisions of the State organisation of the Ottoman Empire based on military administration but The Druze ( Arabic: درزي derzī or durzī, plural دروز durūz) are a religious community found primarily in Syria, Lebanon By 1844, Jews constituted the largest population group (and by 1890 an absolute majority) in Jerusalem (although as a whole, the Jewish population made up far less than 10% of the total). [4][5]
1897-1917: The Zionist Revolution
During the 19th century the spread of Enlightenment ideals across Europe led to the emancipation of Jews across the continent. Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization Although the Zionist movement was created by Theodor Herzl in 1897 the history of Zionism can be seen as beginning Aliyah ( refers to Jewish Immigration to the Land of Israel (and since its establishment in 1948 the State of Israel) The May Laws were anti-Jewish regulations enacted on May 15 (May 3 O It also led to a counter-reaction of Europeans who sought to prevent Jews from being granted citizenship and who saw them as an alien, non-European community. Opponents of Jewish civil rights called themselves antisemites and became increasingly well organized as the century wore on. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility In Tzarist Russia, the government actively encouraged pogroms in an effort to divert popular resentment at the government and to drive out the Jewish population. A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses
Among the millions of Jews who fled Russia, a small section headed for Palestine. Mikveh Israel was founded in 1870 by Alliance Israelite Universelle, followed by Petah Tikva (1878), Rishon LeZion (1882), and other agricultural communities founded by the members of Bilu and Hovevei Zion. Mikveh Israel (מקוה ישראל "Hope of Israel" was the first Jewish Agricultural school in Palestine. Alliance Israélite Universelle is an international Jewish organization based in France. Petah Tikva (פֶּתַח תִּקְוָה "Opening of Hope" known as Em HaMoshavot ("Mother of the Moshavot " is a city in the Rishon LeZion (רִאשׁוֹן לְצִיּוֹן lit First to Zion is the fourth-largest city in Israel, located along the central Israeli Bilu (ביל"ו Acronym based on a verse from the Book of Isaiah (25 "בית יעקב לכו ונלכה" " B eit Hovevei Zion is also a popular Israeli musical group Hovevei Zion (חובבי ציון also known as Hibbat Zion (חיבת ציון
Growing antisemitism, pogroms and the birth of new nations across Europe led to an increase in the number of Jews who considered the possibility of re-establishing themselves as an independent nation. Left-wing antisemitism and the desire to preserve their identity led some socialist Jews to seek solutions within their own community.
In 1897, the First Zionist Congress proclaimed the decision "to establish a home for the Jewish people in Eretz-Israel secured under public law. First Zionist Congress ( Hebrew: הקונגרס הציוני הראשון is the name given to the Congress held in Basel (Basle, Switzerland "[6] The movement made little political progress before the First World War and was regarded with suspicion by the Ottoman rulers of the Holy Land.
Zionism attracted religious Jews, secular nationalists and left-wing socialists. Labor Zionism ( Labour Zionism, ציונות סוציאליסטית tsionut sotsialistit) can be described as the major stream of the Left wing of the Socialists aimed to reclaim the land by working on it and formed collectives. A kibbutz ( Hebrew: קיבוץ קִבּוּץ lit "gathering clustering" plural kibbutzim) is a collective community in This was accompanied by Revival of the Hebrew language. The revival of the Hebrew language was a process that took place in Europe and Israel at the end of the 19th century and
British desire to gain Jewish support in the fight against Germany, and support for Zionism from Prime-Minister Lloyd-George[7] led to foreign minister, Lord Balfour making the Balfour Declaration of 1917. Arthur James Balfour 1st Earl of Balfour, KG, OM, PC (25 July 1848 - 19 March 1930 was a British Conservative politician and Balfour Declaration of 1917 (dated November 2 1917) was a Classified formal statement of Policy by the British government stating This stated that the British Government "view[ed] with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people". Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. . . "it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine".
The British invasion force, led by General Allenby, included a force of Jewish volunteers (mostly Zionists), known as the Jewish Legion. Field Marshal Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby 1st Viscount Allenby GCB GCMG GCVO ( April 23 1861 - May 14 1936 This article is about the British Army battalions known as the Jewish Legion or Zion Mule Corps, which fought in World War I against the [8]
1917-1945: British Mandate: The Jewish National Home
After World War I, the League of Nations formally assigned the Palestine mandate to the United Kingdom, endorsing the terms of the Balfour Declaration and additionally requiring the British to set up the Jewish Agency that would administer Jewish affairs in Palestine. Aliyah ( refers to Jewish Immigration to the Land of Israel (and since its establishment in 1948 the State of Israel) For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Ever since the Jews were exiled from the Land of Israel, during all generations many Jews aspired to return to their ancestral homeland History of Zionism The Return to Zion (שיבת ציון Shivat Tzion, or שבי ציון, Shavei Tzion, lit The First Aliyah (also The Farmers' Aliyah) was the first modern widespread wave of Zionist Aliyah. The Second Aliyah was arguably the most important and influential Aliyah. Prior to and during the period of World War I, the area of Palestine was controlled by the Ottoman Empire. The third Aliyah refers to the third wave of the Jewish immigration to Israel from Europe who came inspired by Zionist motives between the years 1919 The Fourth Aliyah refers to the fourth wave of the Jewish immigration to Israel from Europe and Asia whom came based on Zionist motives between The Fifth Aliyah refers to the fifth wave of the Jewish immigration to Israel from Europe and Asia between the years 1929 and 1939 Aliyah Bet (Hebrew 'עלייה ב meaning " Aliyah 'B'" ( bet being the second letter of the Hebrew alphabet was the code name given to Illegal immigration Berihah, or "Brichah" ( was the organized effort that helped Jews escape post- Holocaust Europe to Palestine. Operation Magic Carpet is a widely-known nickname for Operation On Wings of Eagles, an operation between June 1949 and September 1950 that brought From 1950 to 1952, Operation Ezra and Nehemiah airlifted 120-130000 Iraqi Jews to Israel via Iran and Cyprus. Antisemitism in the Arab world|Islam and Antisemitism The Jewish exodus from Arab lands refers to the 20th century expulsion or mass departure of Jews primarily of Sephardi The Polish 1968 political crisis (also known in Polish as 'March 1968' or 'March events' Marzec 1968 or wydarzenia marcowe) describes the major Student and intellectual In the 1970s a big immigration wave of Soviet Union Jews came to Israel. The Jewish Aliyah from Ethiopia began during the mid-1970s during which the majority of the Jewish Ethiopians immigrated to Israel. The big immigration wave of Jews from the Commonwealth of Independent States to Israel during the 1990s actually started during the late 1980s with the opening of Following the 1994 AMIA bombing in Buenos Aires, and in the wake of the 1999–2002 Argentine political and economic crisis, many Argentine Jews emigrated to Jewish history is the History of the Jewish people, faith, and culture. The Jewish diaspora ( Hebrew: Tefutzah, "scattered" or Galut גלות "exile" Yiddish: tfutses) the presence The History of the Jews in the Land of Israel begins with the ancient Israelites (also known as Hebrews) who settled in the Land of Israel. Yishuv (ישוב literally "settlement" or Ha-Yishuv (the Yishuv הישוב or the full term הישוב היהודי בארץ ישראל Hayishuv Hayehudi Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization Although the Zionist movement was created by Theodor Herzl in 1897 the history of Zionism can be seen as beginning Timeline of Jewish history This is a partial timeline of Zionism in the modern era since the end of the 18th century The revival of the Hebrew language was a process that took place in Europe and Israel at the end of the 19th century and Religious Zionism, or the Religious Zionist Movement (a branch of which is also called Mizrachi) is an ideology that combines Zionism and religious The relationship between Haredim and Zionism has always been a difficult one Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism, an international political movement and ideology that supports a Homeland for the Jewish People in the land known The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement The Jewish Agency for Israel (Hebrew הסוכנות היהודית לארץ ישראל HaSochnut HaYehudit L'Eretz Yisra'el) also known as the Sochnut or JAFI An additional treaty was signed with the USA (which did not join the League of Nations) in which the USA endorsed the terms of the mandate. [9]
Following the Jaffa riots, the British mandatory authorities enacted a system of immigration quotas to ensure that Jewish immigration did not disrupt Palestine's economy. The Jaffa riots refers to the riots and killings that took place in the British Mandate of Palestine between 1 and 7 May 1921 An exception was made for Jews with over 1000 Pounds in cash (a large sum in those days), or professionals with over 500 Pounds, who would be allowed in despite the quotas. A decision was made to remove Transjordan from the mandate and allow an independent state to be created there. The Emirate of Transjordan ( Arabic: ar إمارة شرق الأردن) was a former Ottoman territory incorporated into the British Mandate of Palestine [10]
Jewish immigration grew slowly in the 1920s. However, the increased persecution of European Jews by the European Fascist powers (such as the Third Reich) resulted in a marked increase in Jewish immigration, aggravating the already heightened communal tensions. The Nuremberg Laws ( German: Nürnberger Gesetze) of 1935 were denaturalization laws passed in Nazi Germany.
Growing Jewish migration led to increasing Arab fury at the incursion on Palestine, resulting in large-scale rebellion (1936-1939 Arab uprising). The 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine was an uprising during the British mandate by Arabs in Palestine which lasted from 1936 to 1939
Concerned that sympathy for the Palestinian Arabs would damage Anglo-Arab/Muslim relations, Britain responded by creating a Royal Commission chaired by Lord Peel. The Peel Commission recommended the partition of Palestine into two separate autonomous regions for Jews and Arabs, with Britain maintaining overall control over the territory. The Peel Commission of 1936-1937 formally known as the Palestine Royal Commission, was a British Royal Commission of Inquiry set out to propose changes to the Mandate for However, the increasing probability of major war in Europe prompted Britain to focus on Arab goodwill. The result was the 1939 White Paper which restricted Jewish immigration to 75,000 over the next five years (further levels requiring Arab consent) and the promise to establish an independent Palestine under Arab majority rule within the next ten years. The White Paper of 1939, also known as the MacDonald White Paper after Malcolm MacDonald, the British Colonial Secretary who presided over [11]
1945-1948: Jewish uprising against British rule
After the end of World War II, The British Labour Party won the elections in Britain with a manifesto which included a promise to create a Jewish state in Palestine and rescind the 1939 White Paper. The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the The White Paper of 1939, also known as the MacDonald White Paper after Malcolm MacDonald, the British Colonial Secretary who presided over However the Labour Foreign Minister, Ernest Bevin, decided to persist with existing policy, due to the continued importance of cordial Anglo-Arab relations to British strategic concerns throughout the region. Ernest Bevin ( 9 March 1881 - 14 April 1951) was a British labour leader politician and statesman best known for his time as
Following the near-extermination of European Jews by the Nazis, the American Jewish community expressed increasingly vocal support of the Zionist movement. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as President Harry Truman, mindful of the large Jewish population in the U. S. and anxious to establish a more secure American presence in the region, encouraged Britain in October 1946 to implement a liberal immigration policy to replace constrictions imposed by the 1939 White Paper. Truman was also a keen supporter of the establishment of a Jewish state in Canaan/Palestine.
In response to Truman's overtures, the British decided to allow an Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry to investigate possible solutions to the problem of re-locating Jewish refugees. The committee recommended that 100,000 Jews be immediately allowed entry to Palestine and the British government reneged on its promise to Truman, rejecting further Jewish immigration. [12]
In 1946 widespread publicity surrounding the Kielce Pogrom in Poland resulted in a massive wave of Jews seeking to escape Europe (such pogroms were still taking place in Eastern Europe). The Kielce pogrom refers to the events that occurred on July 4 1946 in the Polish town of Kielce. Berihah, or "Brichah" ( was the organized effort that helped Jews escape post- Holocaust Europe to Palestine. [13] In Palestine, Jewish militias (the Haganah, Etzel and Lehi) decided to form a unified Jewish resistance movement against the British. Haganah ( Hebrew: "The Defense" ההגנה was a Jewish Paramilitary organization in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine Irgun (ארגון shorthand for HaIrgun HaTzva'i HaLe'umi BeEretz Yisra'el, he הארגון הצבאי הלאומי בארץ ישראל "National Military Organization This article is about Jewish resistance in Mandatory Palestine Meanwhile illegal immigration activity grew leading to British counter measures against the Jewish community.
In June 1946 the British arrested thousands of Jews, including the leadership of the Jewish Agency, holding them without trial. Operation Agatha (Saturday June 29, 1946) sometimes called Black Shabbat or Black Saturday because it began on the Jewish sabbath Jewish terrorist groups responded in July 1946 by bombing the British Military Headquarters in Palestine at the King David Hotel bombing, killing 92 (most of them civilians). The King David Hotel bombing was a deadly bomb strike by the Irgun, a Militant Zionist group on the headquarters of the British Mandatory [14]
In the days following the attack, Tel-Aviv was placed under curfew and over 120,000 were interrogated by CID. Tel Aviv-Yafo (תֵּל ־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ تل أبيب Tal ʾAbīb) (usually Tel Aviv) is the second-largest city in Israel [15] The British government took the decision to imprison illegal Jewish immigrants to Palestine, holding them indefinitely and without trial on Cyprus. Cyprus internment camps were operated by the British for Internment of Jewish immigrants who attempted to immigrate to the Mandatory Palestine during the The prisoners were mostly holocaust survivors, including children and orphans. There are many famous Holocaust survivors who survived the Nazi Genocides in Europe and went on to achievements of great fame and notability The camps were funded by taxation of the Jewish community in Palestine. Prisoners subsequently began to be released and allowed to move to Palestine at a rate of 750 a month.
Intensifying hostility between the Jewish independence movement and British forces resulted in increased concern over the wider implications of British policy in Palestine. Support for either side would undermine either Anglo-American or Anglo-Arab relations, both of which were vital to Britain's post-war international strategy. As a result Ernest Bevin announced the decision to refer the Palestine problem to the UN, which maintained overall responsibility for the region. Ernest Bevin ( 9 March 1881 - 14 April 1951) was a British labour leader politician and statesman best known for his time as
In September 1947 the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) reported in favour of partition in Palestine, a suggestion ratified by the UN General Assembly on November 29, 1947. The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine or United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 was a plan approved by the General Assembly on November 29 [16] The result would be the creation of two states, one Arab and one Jewish, with the city of Jerusalem to be under the direct administration of the United Nations. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the
The General Assembly resolution required Britain to allow unrestricted Jewish migration into a port on the coast, however Britain refused to implement the resolution and continued to incarcerate Jewish migrants in Cyprus.
1948: War of independence and statehood
- See also: Declaration of Independence (Israel), 1947-1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, and 1948 Arab-Israeli War
| 1948 Arab-Israeli War | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Arab-Israeli conflict | |||||||||
 David Ben Gurion (First Prime Minister of Israel) publicly pronouncing the Declaration of the State of Israel, May 14, 1948. The Israeli Declaration of Independence (הכרזת העצמאות Hakhrazat HaAtzma'ut or מגילת העצמאות Megilat HaAtzma'ut) made on 14 May The 1947-1948 Civil War in the Mandatory Palestine lasted from 30 November 1947 with the United Nations vote in favour of the termination of the British Mandate of Palestine Tel Aviv, Israel, beneath a large portrait of Theodore Herzl, founder of modern political Zionism |
|||||||||
|
|||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 IsraelHaganah Irgun  LehiPalmach Foreign Volunteers |
 Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Yemen[17], Holy War Army, Arab Liberation Army |
||||||||
| Commanders | |||||||||
| Yaakov Dori, Yigael Yadin |
John Bagot Glubb, Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, Hasan Salama, Fawzi Al-Qawuqji, Ahmed Ali al-Mwawi |
||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| Israel: 29,677 initially rising to 115,000 by March 1949 |
Egypt: 10,000 initially rising to 20,000 Iraq: 5,000 initially rising to 15–18,000 Syria: 2,500–5,000 Transjordan: 6,000–12,000 Lebanon: 1,000 initially rising to 2,000[18] Saudi Arabia: 800–1,200 Yemen: unknown Arab Liberation Army: 3,500-6,000 |
||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| 6,373 KIA (4,000 troops and about 2,400 civilians) | Unknown (between 10,000 and 15,000) | ||||||||
Concerned that implementation of partition would severely damage Anglo-Arab/Muslim relations, Britain resolved to withdraw without cooperating with the UN resolution (which required the British to slowly hand control over to the UN). Tel Aviv-Yafo (תֵּל ־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ تل أبيب Tal ʾAbīb) (usually Tel Aviv) is the second-largest city in Israel For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Theodor Herzl (בנימין זאב הרצל ( Binyamin Ze'ev Herzl) (May 2 1860&ndashJuly 3 1904 was an Austrian Jewish journalist who founded modern History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. A Strategy is a long term plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal, most often "winning The 1949 Armistice Agreements are a set of agreements signed during 1949 between Israel and its neighbors Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria The Gaza Strip (قطاع غزة, רצועת עזה Retzu'at 'Azza) is a coastal strip of land along the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt on the south-west For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Haganah ( Hebrew: "The Defense" ההגנה was a Jewish Paramilitary organization in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine Irgun (ארגון shorthand for HaIrgun HaTzva'i HaLe'umi BeEretz Yisra'el, he הארגון הצבאי הלאומי בארץ ישראל "National Military Organization Lehi ('lɛxi Hebrew acronym for Lohamei Herut Israel, "Fighters for the Freedom of Israel" לח"י - לוחמי חירות The Palmach ( Hebrew: פלמ"ח an acronym for Plugot Maḥatz (Hebrew פלוגות מחץ Strike Companies) was the regular fighting force Mahal (מח"ל an acronym for Mitnadvei Hutz LaAretz ( מ תנדבי ח וץ ל ארץ lit The Kingdom of Egypt ( المملكة المصرية) was the first modern Egyptian state, lasting from 1922 to 1953 Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية The Emirate of Transjordan ( Arabic: ar إمارة شرق الأردن) was a former Ottoman territory incorporated into the British Mandate of Palestine Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية The Kingdom of Iraq (المملكة العراقية was the sovereign state of Iraq after the end of British Mandate of Mesopotamia. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen ( Arabic: المملكة المتوكلية اليمنية al-Mutawakkilīyah al-Yamanīyah}}'' sometimes spelled Mutawakelite The Army of the Holy War or Holy War Army ( Jaysh al-Jihad al-Muqaddas) was a force of Palestinian irregulars in the 1947-48 Palestinian The Arab Liberation Army ( Jaysh al-Inqadh al-Arabi) was an army of volunteers from Arab countries led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji. Yaakov Dori (1899–1973 (יעקב דורי was the first Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF Yigael Yadin (יגאל ידין born Yigal Sukenik (Hebrew יגאל סוקניק on 21 March 1917, died 28 June 1984) was Lieutenant-General Sir John Bagot Glubb KCB, CMG, DSO, OBE, better known as Glubb Pasha (born 16 April Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni (عبد القادر الحسيني also spelled Abd al-Qader al-Husseini) (1907-1948 was a Palestinian nationalist and fighter who For the Palestinian militant who was killed in 1979 see Ali Hassan Salameh. Fawzi al-Qawuqji (1890 - Beirut 1977 فوزي القاوقجي was the field commander of the Arab Liberation Army during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and a rival Ahmed Abdullah Al-Mwawi (alternatively Mawawi (1897-1979? was Major-General of the Egyptian Army. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية The Emirate of Transjordan ( Arabic: ar إمارة شرق الأردن) was a former Ottoman territory incorporated into the British Mandate of Palestine Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen ( Arabic: المملكة المتوكلية اليمنية al-Mutawakkilīyah al-Yamanīyah}}'' sometimes spelled Mutawakelite The Arab Liberation Army ( Jaysh al-Inqadh al-Arabi) was an army of volunteers from Arab countries led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji. The date of departure was fixed for August 1948, yet final evacuation was completed by May 1948. After its evacuation Britain continued to hold Jews of "fighting age" on Cyprus until March 1949.
Fighting began before the British departure. Estimates for the number of fighters on each side vary between historians and in the early stages of the conflict most fighters were part-time volunteers. The number of men under arms was not static but grew as the conflict progressed.
There are no reliable figures for the Palestinian-Arab fighters, who probably numbered around 10,000. By May 1948 the number of Yishuv fighters was around 30,000. [19] According to Morris 'By April-May the Haganah was conducting brigade-size offensives, [. . . ] by mid-May it had thoroughly beaten the Palestinian militias and their foreign auxiliaries. '[20]
On May 14, 1948, the last British forces left Haifa, and the Jewish Agency, led by David Ben-Gurion, declared the creation of the State of Israel, in accordance with the 1947 UN Partition Plan. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine or United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 was a plan approved by the General Assembly on November 29 U. S. President Harry S. Truman immediately recognized the new state, followed hours later by Soviet premier Joseph Stalin. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Arab League members Egypt, TransJordan, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq declared war and announced their rejection of the UN partition decision. They claimed the right of self-determination for the Arabs of Palestine over the whole of Palestine and charged that a quarter of a million Arabs had fled Palestine due to 'Zionist aggression'. [21] Saudi-Arabia and Yemen also sent forces to participate in the invasion.
On the northern front, the Syrian army was blocked in Deganya. Degania Alef (דגניה א' was the first Kibbutz established by Jews in the areas of the Land of Israel then under Ottoman rule The Jordanian 'Arab Legion', commanded by British officers, refrained from invading Israeli territory and focused on occupying the West Bank and East Jerusalem. The Arab Legion ( al-Jaysh al-Arabī) was the regular army of Transjordan and then Jordan in the early part of the 20th Century The Iraqis held an area adjacent to the modern West-Bank but did little else. On the Southern front, Haganah forces managed to block the invading Egyptian armies in the Ashdod area, and Irgun forces halted the Egyptians advancing on Jerusalem, at Ramat Rachel. Haganah ( Hebrew: "The Defense" ההגנה was a Jewish Paramilitary organization in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine Ashdod (אַשְׁדּוֹד اشدود إسدود Isdud) located in the South District of Israel, on the Mediterranean Sea coast Irgun (ארגון shorthand for HaIrgun HaTzva'i HaLe'umi BeEretz Yisra'el, he הארגון הצבאי הלאומי בארץ ישראל "National Military Organization Ramat Rachel (רמת רחל lit Rachel's Heights is a Kibbutz located south of Jerusalem in Israel.
On May 29, 1948 the British initiated United Nations Security Council Resolution 50 and declared an arms embargo on the region. United Nations Security Council Resolution 50, adopted on May 29, 1948, called upon all governments and authorities involved in the conflict However Soviet-controlled Czechoslovakia violated it. Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Between June 1947 and October 31, 1949 the Jewish agency (later to become the Israeli government seeking weapons for Operation Balak, made several This was critical in allowing the Jewish state to acquire military hardware to match that available to the invading Arab states.
In early June, the UN declared a month-long truce. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Large numbers of Jewish immigrants, many of them World War II veterans and Holocaust survivors began arriving, and many joined the newly-created Israel Defense Forces (IDF). The Israel Defense Forces ( IDF) (צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, lit [22] When the fighting resumed, Israel gained the upper hand.
In March 1949, after many months of battle, a permanent ceasefire went into effect and Israel's interim borders, later known as the Green Line, were established. The 1949 Armistice Agreements are a set of agreements signed during 1949 between Israel and its neighbors Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan The term Green Line is used to refer to the 1949 Armistice lines established between Israel and its neighbours ( Egypt, Jordan, Following the ceasefire declaration, Britain released over 2,000 Jewish prisoners it was holding on Cyprus and recognized the state of Israel. On May 11, 1949, when the war ended, Israel was admitted as a member of the United Nations. [23]
The war for Israel's Independence was the costliest in its history. Out of a Jewish population of 650,000, some 6,000 men and women were killed in the fighting, including 4,000 soldiers in the IDF. The exact number of Arab losses is unknown but the estimates ranged from 10,000 to 15,000 people.
According to United Nations figures, 711,000 Palestinians left Israeli-controlled territory in 1948 and 1949. [24] From his study of the Israeli archives, Benny Morris discovered that the main direct cause of this exodus was military attacks by the Haganah and the IDF. Benny Morris (born 1948 is an Israeli historian identified with the New Historians school a group of Historians who dispute the traditional Israeli He also confirmed former revelations that after the first truce, the IDF proceeded to massive expulsions of Arabs during operations Dani and Hiram. Operation Danny (or Operation Dani, Mivtza Dani in Hebrew) was an Israeli operation carried out between the first and second truce of the Operation Hiram, possibly also known as the Battle of Sa'sa', was a military operation conducted by the Israel Defence Force (IDF during the 1948 [25] These conclusions of Morris are now widely accepted among scholars. [26] Morris also concluded the exodus was «made by war, not by design», but there still remains a controversy whether or not there was an official or unofficial policy behind these expulsions and whether this policy was applied as early as April 1948[27] or even December 1947. [28]
As a result of the war of 1948 and the birth of Israel, several hundreds of thousands of Jews fled Arab lands, and most of them settled in Israel. [29]
At the end of the war, Egypt annexed the Gaza Strip and Transjordan annexed the "West Bank" and eastern Jerusalem, including the Old City. The Gaza Strip (قطاع غزة, רצועת עזה Retzu'at 'Azza) is a coastal strip of land along the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt on the south-west The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria The creation of an Arab Palestinian state with Jerusalem as its capital, alongside the state of Israel, was not pursued by the two Arab nations that seized territory west of the Jordan River following the end of the British mandate. The Arab refugees that left western Palestine for neighboring Arab countries were settled in refugee camps and denied full citizenship and rights by those countries.
History of Israel
The new state established a 120-seat parliament, the Knesset, which first met in Tel Aviv but moved to Jerusalem after the 1949 ceasefire. For Beit Knesset a Jewish Place of worship, see Synagogue. The Knesset (כנסת lit Tel Aviv-Yafo (תֵּל ־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ تل أبيب Tal ʾAbīb) (usually Tel Aviv) is the second-largest city in Israel Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the In January 1949, Israel held its first elections. The first President of Israel was Chaim Weizmann. The President of the State of Israel (נשיא המדינה Nesi HaMedina, lit Chaim Azriel Weizmann ( Hebrew: חיים עזריאל ויצמן – November 27, 1874 &ndash November 9, 1952) was a Zionist David Ben-Gurion was elected prime minister.
From 1948 until 1977 all governments were led by Mapai and the Alignment, predecessors of the Labour Party. for the town in Mozambique see Mapai Mozambique Mapai (מפא"י an acronym for Mifleget Poalei Eretz Yisrael (מפלגת The Alignment (המערך HaMa'arakh) was an alliance of the major left-wing parties in Israel between the 1960s and 1990s Early on, a religious status quo agreement was reached between Ben-Gurion and the Rabbinate. One component of the agreement was the exemption of yeshiva students from military service.
Labour Party Rule 1948 - 1977
1948 - 1953: Ben Gurion and mass immigration
In the early years, Labour Zionists led by David Ben-Gurion dominated Israeli politics and the economy was run on primarily socialist lines. Labor Zionism ( Labour Zionism, ציונות סוציאליסטית tsionut sotsialistit) can be described as the major stream of the Left wing of the
In 1950 the Knesset passed the Law of Return which granted all Jews the right to immigrate to Israel. The Law of Return ( Hebrew: חוק השבות ḥok ha-shvūt) is Israeli legislation originating in 1950 that gives Jews those of Jewish ancestry
Over the next few years, virtually the entire Jewish populations of Iraq, Yemen, Libya, Lebanon, Syria and Egypt were driven out. Jews were not permitted to live in or enter Saudi-Arabia. About 500,000 Jews left Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia by the late sixties. The property these Jews abandoned (much of it in city centres) is a matter of dispute.
From 1948 to 1951, mass immigration brought some 700,000 Jews to Israel, doubling the population and leaving an indelible imprint on Israeli society. [30] Most immigrants to Israel in the early years were either Holocaust survivors or Jews fleeing Arab lands; the largest groups in the first 3 years (over 100,000 each) were from Iraq, Romania and Poland, although immigrants arrived from all over Europe and the Middle East. See also The Holocaust See also The Holocaust (responsibility The aftermath of the Holocaust had a profound effect on society in both Europe and the Antisemitism in the Arab world|Islam and Antisemitism The Jewish exodus from Arab lands refers to the 20th century expulsion or mass departure of Jews primarily of Sephardi Iraqi Jews are Jews born in Iraq or of Iraqi heritage The history of the Jews in Iraq is documented from the time of the Babylonian captivity c The history of Jews in Romania concerns the Jews of Romania and of Romanian origins from their first mention on what is nowadays Romanian territory The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over a Millennium. [31]
From 1948 to 1958, the population rose from 800,000 to two million. During this period, food, clothes and furniture were rationed in what became known as the Austerity Period (Tkufat haTsena). See also History of Israel Austerity in Israel: From 1949 to 1959, the state of Israel was to a varying extent under a regime of Immigrants were mostly refugees with no possessions and were housed in temporary camps known as ma'abarot. The Ma'abarot (מעברות were Refugee camps in Israel in the 1950s
By 1952, over 200,000 immigrants were living in temporary tents or pre-fabricated shacks built by the government. Most of the financial aid Israel received were private donations from Jews outside the country (mainly in the USA). The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee ( JDC) is an American Jewish Charitable organization with the declared mission to "serve the needs [32]
The need to solve the economic crisis led Ben-Gurion to sign a reparations agreement with West Germany. The Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany ( German: Luxemburger Abkommen, Hebrew: הסכם השילומים) was signed on West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( During the Knesset debate some 5,000 demonstrators gathered and riot police had to cordon the building. During the debate, the Herut leader Menachem Begin and Ben-Gurion called each other fascists and Begin branded Ben-Gurion a "hooligan. This article is about the political party For other uses see Herut (disambiguation. (מְנַחֵם בְּגִין Mieczysław Biegun Менахем Вольфович Бегин 16 August 1913 – 9 March 1992 was the sixth prime minister of the State of Israel "[33]
Dalia Ofer estimates that by 1952 about 400,000 Israelis were Jews who had been severely displaced by the Holocaust, and the Israeli government's demand for German reparations was in lieu of the expenses involved in resettling them. [34] Israel received several billion marks and in return Israel agreed to open diplomatic relations with Germany.
Foreign Relations
In its early years Israel sought to maintain a non-aligned position between the super-powers. The State of Israel joined the United Nations on May 11, 1949. The USSR had widespread support in Israel, however in 1952 an anti-semitic public trial was staged in Moscow of a group of Jewish doctors accused of trying to poison Stalin (the Doctors' plot). The Doctors' plot ( Russian language: дело врачей (doctors' affair врачи-вредители (doctors-saboteurs or врачи-убийцы That and the failure of Israel to get invited to the Bandung Conference (of non-aligned states), effectively ended Israeli non-alignment. The first large-scale Asian-African or Afro-Asian Conference — also known as the Bandung Conference — was a meeting of Asian and African states most of which
Israel's solution to the diplomatic isolation resulting from Arab boycotts was to establish good relations with the United States and the emerging states in Africa. [35] and Asia. On January 9, 1950, the Israeli government extended recognition to the People's Republic of China, but diplomatic relations were not established until 1992. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES
A second election was held in 1951, giving much the same result. Elections for the second Knesset were held in Israel on 30 July 1951
At the end of 1953, Ben Gurion retired to Kibbutz Sde Boker in the Negev. A kibbutz ( Hebrew: קיבוץ קִבּוּץ lit "gathering clustering" plural kibbutzim) is a collective community in Sde Boker (שְׂדֵה בּוֹקֵר lit Cowboy's Field) is a Kibbutz in the Negev desert of southern Israel. The Negev (נֶגֶב Tiberian vocalization: Néḡeḇ) is the Desert region of southern Israel.
1954 - 1955: Sharett and the Lavon Affair
In January 1954 Moshe Sharett became Prime-Minister of Israel, however his government was brought down by the Lavon Affair, a crude plan to disrupt US-Egyptian relations, involving Egyptian Jews planting bombs at American sites in Egypt. The Lavon Affair refers to the scandal over a failed Israeli Covert operation in Egypt known as Operation Susannah, in which Israeli military Moshe Sharett (משה שרת born Moshe Shertok (Hebrew משה שרתוק on 15 October 1894, died 7 July 1965) was the second The Lavon Affair refers to the scandal over a failed Israeli Covert operation in Egypt known as Operation Susannah, in which Israeli military The plan failed when the eleven agents were arrested. Defence Minister Lavon was blamed despite his denial of responsibility. [36]
In the aftermath of the affair the government resigned and Ben-Gurion returned to the post of Prime-Minister winning the 1955 election. Elections for the third Knesset were held in Israel on 26 July 1955
1955 - 1963: Ben-Gurion II: Sinai Campaign & Eichmann Trial
In 1955, Czechoslovakia began supplying arms to Egypt, and France became Israel's principle arms supplier. The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, (أزمة السويس - العدوان الثلاثي Crise du canal de Suez מבצע קדש Kadesh [37]
Rudolph Kastner, a minor political functionary, was accused of collaborating with the Nazis and sued his accuser. Rudolf Rezső Israel Kastner (or Kasztner (1906 – March 12, 1957) was the de facto head of a small Jewish organization in Budapest Kastner lost the trial and was assassinated two years later. In 1958 the Supreme Court exonerated him. The Supreme Court ( Hebrew: בית המשפט העליון Beit haMishpat ha'Elyon) is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel.
The Egyptian government began recruiting former Nazi rocket scientists for a missile program using chemical warheads. [38] Some Nazi war crimminals found asylum in the Arab world, inlcuding Alois Brunner. Alois Brunner (born April 8 1912, reports of death contested is an Austrian Nazi War criminal. [39]
The Sinai Campaign came about as conflict between Egypt and Israel increased in 1956. The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, (أزمة السويس - العدوان الثلاثي Crise du canal de Suez מבצע קדש Kadesh Hundreds of Israeli were killed in Fedayeen attacks from (Egyptian occupied) Gaza into Israeli territory. Fedayeen (فدائيون fidā'ī, plural fidā'iyūn: meaning " Freedom fighter (s" or "self-sacrificer(s"Ֆէտայի is a term Gaza (غزة, עַזָּה ʕazzā is the largest city in the Gaza Strip and the Palestinian territories. Initially these attacks were mostly private initiatives, but under Nasser, the Government sponsored the attacks, and Israel responded with reprisal attacks against Gaza. Gamal Abdel Nasser (جمال عبد الناصر Gamāl ‘Abd an-Nāṣir; - January 15 1918 September 28 1970) was the second President Unit 101 was a Special forces unit of the Israeli Defence Force (IDF founded and commanded by Ariel Sharon on orders from Prime Minister
In 1956 Egypt blockaded the Gulf of Aqaba, and closed the Suez canal to Israeli shipping. The Gulf of Aqaba ( Arabic: خليج العقبة transliterated: Khalyj al-'Aqabah in Israel known as the Gulf of Eilat ( Hebrew The Suez Canal is a Canal in Egypt. Opened in 1869 it allows Water transportation between Europe and Asia without circumnavigation The canal was then nationalized, to the dismay of its British and French shareholders. In response, France and the United Kingdom entered into a secret agreement with Israel to take back the canal by force. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Protocols of Sèvres ( French, Protocoles de Sèvres) was a secret agreement reached between the governments of Israel, France and Great
In accordance with this agreement (which was not officially admitted until very much later), Israel invaded the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula in October 1956. The Gaza Strip (قطاع غزة, רצועת עזה Retzu'at 'Azza) is a coastal strip of land along the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt on the south-west The Sinai Peninsula or Sinai ( Coptic: sina; Egyptian Arabic: sina سينا Arabic, sina'a سيناء Israeli forces reached the canal in short order and then French and British forces stepped in on the pretext of restoring order. It is believed the French also agreed to build a nuclear plant for the Israelis and that by 1968 this was able to produce nuclear weapons. The Negev Nuclear Research Center is an Israeli nuclear installation located in the Negev Desert, about ten kilometers to the south of the city of Dimona Israel is widely believed to be the sixth country in the world to develop Nuclear weapons and to be one of four nuclear-armed countries not recognized
The Israeli, French and United Kingdom forces were victorious, but withdrew in March 1957 due to pressure from the United States and USSR. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The United Nations established the UN Emergency Force (UNEF) to keep peace in the area. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The first United Nations Emergency Force ( UNEF) was established by United Nations General Assembly to secure an end to the 1956 Suez Crisis with resolution In return for withdrawal Israel was guaranteed freedom of access to the Red Sea and the Suez Canal. In practice the Suez Canal remained closed to Israeli shipping.
In October 1957 a deranged man threw a handgrenade inside the Knesset wounding Ben-Gurion. [40]
Ben-Gurion was once again victorious in the 1959 elections. Elections for the fourth Knesset were held in Israel on 3 November 1959
In May 1960 the Mossad located Adolf Eichmann, one of the chief administrators of the Nazi Holocaust, in Argentina and kidnapped him to Israel. The Mossad ( HaMossad leModi'in v'leTafkidim Meyuhadim) (המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים - Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations In 1961 he was put on trial and after several months found guilty and sentenced to death. He was hanged in 1962 and is the only person ever sentenced to death by an Israeli court.
Testimonies by Holocaust survivors at the trial and the extensive publicity which surrounded it has led the trial to be considered a turning point in public awareness of the Holocaust. [41]
In 1961 a Herut non-confidence motion over the Lavon affair led to Ben-Gurion's resignation. Ben-Gurion declared that he would only accept office if Lavon was fired from the position of the head of Histadrut, Israel's labor union organization (due to his role in the Lavon Affair). Template talkInfobox Union for usage -->The Histadrut ("Federation" labour or HaHistadrut HaKlalit shel The Lavon Affair refers to the scandal over a failed Israeli Covert operation in Egypt known as Operation Susannah, in which Israeli military His demands were accepted and he won the 1961 election. Elections for the fifth Knesset were held in Israel on 15 August 1961
In 1962 the Mossad began assassinating German rocket scientists working in Egypt after one of them reported the missile program was designed to carry chemical warheads. The Mossad ( HaMossad leModi'in v'leTafkidim Meyuhadim) (המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים - Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations This action was condemned by Ben-Gurion and led to the Mossad director, Isser Harel's resignation. Isser Harel (איסר הראל born Isser Halperin on 1912 died 18 February 2003) was Spymaster of the intelligence and the [42]
In 1963 Ben-Gurion quit again over the Lavon scandal. His attempts to make his party Mapai support him over the issue failed, and Ben-Gurion left the party to form Rafi. for the town in Mozambique see Mapai Mozambique Mapai (מפא"י an acronym for Mifleget Poalei Eretz Yisrael (מפלגת Rafi (רפ"י an acronym for Reshimat Poalei Yisrael (רשימת פועלי ישראל lit Levi Eshkol became leader of Mapai and the new Prime-Minister. (לֵוִי אֶשְׁכּוֹל born Levi Školnik (לֵוִי שׁקוֹלנִיק on 25 October 1895, died 26 February 1969)
1963 - 1969: Levi Eshkol and the Six-Day War
- Main article: Six-Day War
In 1964, Egypt, Jordan and Syria developed a unified military command. Background Suez Crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt Israel completed work on a national water carrier, a huge engineering project designed to transfer Israel's allocation of the Jordan river's waters towards the south of the country in realization of Ben-Gurion's dream of mass Jewish settlement of the Negev desert. Origins The National Water Carrier of Israel (המוביל הארצי HaMovil HaArtzi) is the largest Water project in Israel. This article is about the Jordan River and its valley in western Asia The Negev (נֶגֶב Tiberian vocalization: Néḡeḇ) is the Desert region of southern Israel. The Arabs responded by trying to divert the headwaters of the Jordan and this led to growing conflict between Israel and Syria. [43]
In 1964, Israeli Rabbinical authorities accepted that the Bene Israel of India were indeed Jewish and most of the remaining Indian Jews migrated to Israel. The Bene Israel ( Hebrew: "Sons of Israel" are a group of Jews who migrated in the nineteenth century from west Maharashtra to the nearby Indian Jews are a religious minority of India. Judaism was one of the first non- Dharmic religions to arrive in India in recorded history The 2000 strong Jewish community of Cochin had already migrated in 1954. Cochin Jews, also called Malabar Jews ( Malabar Yehudan) are the ancient Jews and their descendants of the former
In the 1965 elections Levi Eshkol was victorious. (לֵוִי אֶשְׁכּוֹל born Levi Školnik (לֵוִי שׁקוֹלנִיק on 25 October 1895, died 26 February 1969) Elections for the sixth Knesset were held in Israel on 1 November 1965 (לֵוִי אֶשְׁכּוֹל born Levi Školnik (לֵוִי שׁקוֹלנִיק on 25 October 1895, died 26 February 1969)
Until 1966, Israel's principal arms supplier was France, however in 1966, following the withdrawal from Algeria, De Gaulle announced France would cease supplying Israel with arms (and refused to refund money paid for 50 warplanes[44] ). This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French
In 1966 security restrictions placed on Arab citizens of Israel were lifted and efforts began to integrate them into the country's life. Arab citizens of Israel refers to Arabs or Arabic -speaking people who are Citizens of Israel who are not Jewish. Black and white TV broadcasts began.
In 1967, the united Arab military command amassed troops along the Israeli borders, while Egypt closed the Straits of Tiran and Nasser insisted that the UNEF leave Sinai. The first United Nations Emergency Force ( UNEF) was established by United Nations General Assembly to secure an end to the 1956 Suez Crisis with resolution Syrian and Egyptian forces mobilized toward Israel's border, threatening escalation to a full war while Egyptian radio broadcasts talked of a coming genocide. [45].
Israel was forced to call up its civilian reserves, bringing much of the Israeli economy to a halt. The Israelis set up a national unity coalition including for the first time Menachem Begin's party, Herut in a coalition. (מְנַחֵם בְּגִין Mieczysław Biegun Менахем Вольфович Бегин 16 August 1913 – 9 March 1992 was the sixth prime minister of the State of Israel This article is about the political party For other uses see Herut (disambiguation.
During a radio broadcast by Prime-Minister Levi Eshkol, he stammered, causing widespread concern in Israel. To calm public fears Moshe Dayan (Chief of Staff during the Sinai war) was appointed defense minister. Moshe Dayan, DSO (משה דיין born 20 May 1915 died 16 October 1981 was an Israeli military leader and politician
On the morning before Dayan was sworn in June 5, 1967, the Israeli air force launched pre-emptive attacks destroying first the Egyptian air force and then later the same day destroying the air forces of Jordan and Syria. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Israel then defeated (almost successively) Egypt, Jordan and Syria. By June 11 the Arab forces were routed and all parties had accepted the cease-fire called for by UN Security Council Resolutions 235 and 236. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes.
Israel gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the Golan Heights, and the formerly Jordanian-controlled West Bank of the Jordan River, including East Jerusalem. Borders of Israel The Golan Heights ( الجولان al-Jawlān, הגולן ha-Golan) is a strategic Plateau and mountainous This article is about the Jordan River and its valley in western Asia East Jerusalem refers to the part of Jerusalem captured by Jordan in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and subsequently by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War. On November 22, 1967, the Security Council adopted Resolution 242, the "land for peace" formula, which called for the establishment of a just and lasting peace based on Israeli withdrawal from territories occupied in 1967 in return for the end of all states of belligerency, respect for the sovereignty of all states in the area, and the right to live in peace within secure, recognized boundaries. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 (S/RES/242 was adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council on November 22, 1967
For the first time since the end of the British Mandate, Jews could visit the Old City of Jerusalem and pray at the Western Wall to which they had been denied access by the Jordanians (in contravention of the 1949 Armistice agreement). The Western Wall (הכותל המערבי translit: HaKotel HaMa'aravi) sometimes referred to as the Wailing Wall or simply the Kotel (lit In Hebron, Jews gained access to the Cave of the Patriarchs (the second most holy site in Judaism) for the first time since the 14th Century (previously Jews were only allowed to pray at the entrance). Hebron ( al-Ḫalīl or al-Khalīl, Standard Hebrew: Ḥevron Tiberian Hebrew: Ḥeḇrôn is the largest city in the West Bank, located in the south The Cave of the Patriarchs ( Hebrew: מערת המכפלה Me'arat HaMachpela, Trans [46]. A third Jewish holy site, Rachel's Tomb in Bethlehem also became accessible. Rachel's Tomb ( Hebrew: קבר רחל Arabic: translit Qubbat Rakhil, trans Bethlehem ( بيت لحم,, lit "House of Meat" Βηθλεέμ Bethleém בית לחם Beit Lehem, lit "House of Bread" is a
After 1967 the USA began supplying Israel with aircraft. Anti-Semitic purges led to the final migration of the last Polish Jews to Israel. The Polish 1968 political crisis (also known in Polish as 'March 1968' or 'March events' Marzec 1968 or wydarzenia marcowe) describes the major Student and intellectual The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over a Millennium.
In early 1969, fighting broke out between Egypt and Israel along the Suez Canal. In retaliation for repeated Egyptian shelling of Israeli positions along the Suez Canal, Israeli planes made deep strikes into Egypt in the 1969-1970 "War of Attrition". The War of Attrition (מלחמת ההתשה حرب الاستنزاف was a Limited war fought between the Israeli military and forces of the Egyptian Republic The United States helped end these hostilities in August 1970, but subsequent U. S. efforts to negotiate an interim agreement to open the Suez Canal and achieve the disengagement of forces were unsuccessful.
In as much as the 1949 Armistice lines were no longer direct borders, and Israel now had the responsibility of administration of Golan, Gaza, West Bank, and Sinai, the opportunity to unite divided Jerusalem was taken, and formal annexation completed. In the late seventies, Israel also formally annexed the Golan. Gaza and the West Bank, overwhelmingly Palestinian, remained as administrative territories, pending a final settlement. Sinai, remained in a military occupation, although its sparse population required little administration.
In late 1969, Levi Eshkol died in office, of a heart attack, and was succeeded by Golda Meir. Golda Meir ( גּוֹלְדָּה מֵאִיר جولدا مائير born Golda Mabovitch, 3 May 1898 - 8 December 1978 known as Golda Myerson from 1917-1956
1969 - 1975: Golda Meir and Yom Kippur War
- Main article: Yom Kippur War
In the 1969 election, Golda Meir became Prime Minister with the largest percentage of the vote ever won by an Israeli party and the first female prime minister of Israel. The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War or October War (מלחמת יום הכיפורים transliterated: Milkhemet Yom HaKipurim or מלחמת יום Elections for the seventh Knesset were held in Israel on 28 October 1969 Golda Meir ( גּוֹלְדָּה מֵאִיר جولدا مائير born Golda Mabovitch, 3 May 1898 - 8 December 1978 known as Golda Myerson from 1917-1956
In September 1970 King Hussein of Jordan drove the PLO out of his country. September 1970 is known as the Black September ( in Arab history and sometimes is referred to as the "era of regrettable events Hussein bin Talal King of Jordan (حسين بن طلال Ḥusayn bin Ṭalāl) ( November 14, 1935 – February 7, 1999) was Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) (منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary The center of PLO activity now shifted to Lebanon. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية
During 1971, violent demonstrations by the Israeli Black Panthers, made the Israeli public aware of resentment among Mizrahi Jews at ongoing discrimination and social gaps. The Black Panthers (הפנתרים השחורים HaPanterim HaShhorim) are an Israeli protest movement of second-generation Jewish immigrants from Middle Eastern Mizrahi Jews or Mizrahim, ( also referred to as Edot HaMizrach (Communities of the East are Jews descended [47]
Increased Soviet antisemitism contributed to a wave of Jews braving offical sanction and applying to emmigrate to Israel. Zionology ( Russian language: сионология sionologiya) also called Soviet Anti-Zionism, was a doctrine promulgated in the Soviet Refusenik (אסיר ציון asir tzion, "zion prisoner" מסורב עליה mesorav aliyah, "one who is not allowed to perform Aliyah In the 1970s a big immigration wave of Soviet Union Jews came to Israel. Many Jews were refused exit visas and became known as Prisoners of Zion. The most famous was Natan Sharansky. Natan Sharansky (נתן שרנסקי Натан Щаранский born Anatoly Borisovich Shcharansky (Анатолий Борисович Щаранский on
In 1972, 11 members of the Israeli team to the Munich Olympics were kidnapped by Palestinian terrorists. The Munich massacre occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken The Black September Organization (منظمة أيلول الأسود munazzamat aylul al-aswad) was a Palestinian militant group founded in 1970 All 11 Israeli athletes and coaches were killed by the terrorists. Three of the terrorists were shot by members of the German security forces (apparently in a botched rescue attempt). The unharmed Palestinian hijackers were released by the Germans one month later. The Israeli government responded with an assassination campaign against the organizers. The 1973 Israeli raid on Lebanon (code-named Operation Spring of Youth) took place on the night of April 9 and early morning of April 10,
The expulsion of Soviet advisors by the new Egyptian President, Anwar Sadat, led to Israeli complacency about the military threat from the Arab world.
The Yom Kippur War began on October 6, 1973 (the Jewish Day of Atonement), the holiest day in the Jewish calendar and a day when adult Jews are required to fast (age 13 and up for men, 12 and up for women). The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War or October War (מלחמת יום הכיפורים transliterated: Milkhemet Yom HaKipurim or מלחמת יום Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Yom Kippur (יוֹם כִּפּוּר ˈjɔm kiˈpur also known in English as the Day of Atonement, is the most solemn and important of the Jewish holidays Its The Syrian and Egyptian armies launched a surprise attack against the unprepared Israeli Defence Forces. For the first few days there was a great deal of uncertainty about Israel's capacity to repel the invaders, however the Syrians were repulsed and, although the Egyptians captured some territory in Sinai, Israeli forces crossed the Suez Canal and were heading towards Cairo when a cease fire was agreed. Although the war's results were generally favourable to Israel, it cost over 2,000 dead and resulted in a heavy arms bill. The war generally made Israelis more aware of their vulnerability. Following the war, both Israelis and Egyptians showed greater willingness to negotiate. On January 18, 1974, following extensive diplomacy by US Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, a Disengagement of Forces agreement was signed with the Egyptian government, and on May 31, with the Syrian government. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German -born American bureaucrat diplomat and 1973 Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
On the international scene, the war led the Saudi Government to initiate the oil embargo against countries trading with Israel. The 1973 oil crisis began on October 17 1973 when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC consisting of the Arab members of As a result many African and Asian countries broke off relations with Israel. Israel was banned from participation in the Asian Games. The Asian Games, also called the Asiad, is a Multi-sport event held every four years among athletes from all over Asia.
In May 1974, Palestinians attacked a School in Ma'alot, holding 100 children hostage. The Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP ( Arabic: ' الجبهة الديموقراطية لتحرير فلسطين', transliterated Al-Jabha The Ma'alot massacre was an attack by Palestinian militants on May 15 1974 in Ma'alot, Israel, in which 22 Israeli high school students aged 14-16 from 16 kids were killed along with 3 Palestinians. In November 1974 the PLO was granted observer status at the UN and Yasser Arafat addressed the General Assembly. Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini ( Arabic: محمد عبد الرؤوف عرفات القدوة الحسيني (August 24 1929 – November 11
Later that year the Agranat Commission, appointed to assess responsibility for Israel's lack of preparedness for the war, exonerated the government of responsibility and held the Chief of Staff and head of military intelligence responsible. The Agranat Commission was an official National Commission of Inquiry appointed by the Israeli government to investigate the circumstances leading to the outbreak of the David "Dado" Elazar (1925 – 1976 was the ninth Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces, serving in that capacity from 1972 to 1974 Eli Zeira (אלי זעירא (born 1928 is a former Major General in the Israel Defense Forces. Despite the report, public anger at the Government, led to Golda Meir's resignation. Golda Meir ( גּוֹלְדָּה מֵאִיר جولدا مائير born Golda Mabovitch, 3 May 1898 - 8 December 1978 known as Golda Myerson from 1917-1956
1975 - 1976: Rabin I: Operation Entebbe, start of Religious Settlements
Following Meir's resignation, Yitzhak Rabin (Chief of Staff during the Six Day War) became prime minister.
Modern Orthodox Jews (Religious Zionist followers of the teachings of Rabbi Kook), formed the Gush Emunim movement and began an organized drive to settle the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Modern Orthodox Judaism (or Modern Orthodox or Modern Orthodoxy) is a movement within Orthodox Judaism that attempts to synthesize traditional observance Religious Zionism, or the Religious Zionist Movement (a branch of which is also called Mizrachi) is an ideology that combines Zionism and religious Abraham Isaac Kook (1865–1935 was the first Ashkenazi Chief rabbi of the British Mandate for Palestine, the founder of the Religious Zionist Gush Emunim (גוש אמונים Block the faithful) was an Israeli political movement The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria Gaza (غزة, עַזָּה ʕazzā is the largest city in the Gaza Strip and the Palestinian territories.
On November 10, 1975, the United Nations General Assembly, under the guidance of Austrian Secretary General Kurt Waldheim, adopted Resolution 3379 which asserted Zionism to be a form of racism. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Kurt Josef Waldheim ( 21 December 1918 – 14 June 2007) was an Austrian Diplomat and Politician. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379, adopted on November 10, 1975 by a vote of 72 to 35 (with 32 abstentions "determine that History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the The General Assembly rescinded this resolution on December 16, 1991 with Resolution 46/86. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/86 passed on December 16, 1991, revoked Resolution 3379 with a vote of 111 to 25 with (See also Zionism and racism, Israel, Palestine and the United Nations. United Nations article Please do not remove -->Issues relating to the )
In July 1976, an Air France plane carrying 260 people was hijacked by Palestinian and German terrorists and flown to Uganda, then ruled by Idi Amin Dada. Air France (formally Société Air France) is one of the world's largest Airlines Air France is based in Paris, France, and is a subsidiary of The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - External Operations (PFLP-EO or Special Operations (PFLP-SO or Special Operations Group (PFLP-SOG were organizational Revolutionary Cells ( German: Revolutionäre Zellen or RZ) was perhaps the most successful Idi Amin Dada (mid 1920s &ndash 16 August 2003 commonly known as Idi Amin, was a Ugandan military dictator and the President of Uganda There, the Germans separated the Jewish passengers from the Non-Jewish passengers, releasing the non-Jews. The hijackers threatened to kill the remaining, 100-odd Jewish passengers (and the French crew who had refused to leave). Despite the distances involved, Rabin ordered a daring rescue operation in which the kidnapped Jews were freed. Operation Entebbe, also known as the Entebbe Raid or Operation Thunderbolt, was a counter-terrorism hostage-rescue mission carried out by the [48] UN Secretary General Waldheim described the raid as "a serious violation of the national sovereignty of a United Nations member state" (meaning Uganda). [49] Waldheim subsequently turned out to be a former Nazi officer, whose name appeared on a 1947 list of wanted war criminals submitted to the UN by Yugoslavia. [50]
In 1976, the ongoing Lebanese Civil War led Israel to allow some South Lebanese to cross the border and work in Israel. The Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990 was a multifaceted Civil war whose antecedents can be traced back to the conflicts and political compromises reached after the end The Good Fence is a popular term for Israel 's northern border with Lebanon during the period following the Lebanese Civil War during which Southern
At the end of 1976, Rabin resigned after it emerged that his wife maintained a dollar account in the United States (illegal at the time), which had been opened while Rabin was Israeli ambassador. Leah Rabin (לאה רבין née Schlossberg April 8, 1928 – November 12 2000) was the wife of Israeli Prime The incident became known as the Dollar Account affair. The Dollar Account affair (פרשת חשבון הדולרים Parashat Heshbon HaDolarim) was a political scandal that broke in Israel in 1977 following the exposure
In January 1977, French authorities arrested Abu Daoud, the planner of the Munich massacre, releasing him a few days later. Mohammad Oudeh (محمد عودة commonly known as Abu Daoud (أبو داود was the leader of the Black September, the Palestine Liberation Organisation [51]
Shimon Peres replaced him as prime minister, leading the Alignment in the subsequent elections. (שמעון פרס born Szymon Perski on August 2 1923, is the ninth President of the State of Israel. The Alignment (המערך HaMa'arakh) was an alliance of the major left-wing parties in Israel between the 1960s and 1990s The Elections for the ninth Knesset were held on 17 May 1977.
Likud Domination 1977 - 1992
1977 - 1981: Begin I: The Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty
In a surprise result, the Likud led by Menachem Begin won the 1977. Likud (ליכוד lit Consolidation) is the major centre-right political party in Israel. (מְנַחֵם בְּגִין Mieczysław Biegun Менахем Вольфович Бегин 16 August 1913 – 9 March 1992 was the sixth prime minister of the State of Israel The Elections for the ninth Knesset were held on 17 May 1977. elections. This was the first time in Israeli history that the government was not led by the left. Mizrahi anger at discrimination was a key factor in the victory and was to play an important role in Israeli politics for many years. Mizrahi Jews or Mizrahim, ( also referred to as Edot HaMizrach (Communities of the East are Jews descended Moroccan born David Levy made a major contribution to winning Mizrahi support for Begin. David Levy (דוד לוי sometimes written David Levi born December 21, 1937) is an Israeli politician
In addition to starting a process of healing the Mizrahi-Ashkenazi divide, Begin's government included Ultra-Orthodox Jews and was instrumental in healing the Zionist - Ultra-Orthodox rift. Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing Agudat Israel (אגודת ישראל "Union Israel" also Agudat Yisrael, Agudath Israel, or Agudas Yisroel) began as the original Begin's liberalization of the economy led to hyper-inflation but enabled Israel to begin receiving US financial aid. Begin actively supported Gush Emunim's efforts to settle the West Bank, thus laying the grounds for intense conflict with the Palestinian population of the occupied territories. Gush Emunim (גוש אמונים Block the faithful) was an Israeli political movement The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria
In November 1977, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat broke 30 years of hostility with Israel by visiting Jerusalem at the invitation of Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin. (מְנַחֵם בְּגִין Mieczysław Biegun Менахем Вольфович Бегин 16 August 1913 – 9 March 1992 was the sixth prime minister of the State of Israel During a 2-day visit, which included a speech before the Knesset, the Egyptian leader created a new psychological climate in the Middle East in which peace between Israel and its Arab neighbours seemed a realistic possibility. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Sadat recognized Israel's right to exist and established the basis for direct negotiations between Egypt and Israel.
Following Sadat's visit, 350 Yom Kippur war veterans organized the Peace Now movement to encourage Israeli governments to make peace with the Arabs. Peace Now ( Hebrew: שלום עכשיו - Shalom Akhshav) is a left-wing Non-governmental organization in Israel with the agenda of
In March 1978, eleven armed Lebanese-Palestinians reached Israel in boats and hijacked a bus carrying families on a day outing, killing 35 people including 13 children. Avivim school bus massacre The Coastal Road Massacre of 1978 was a Palestinian hijacking and subsequent shootout with Israeli forces involving an inter-city bus driving Three days later, Israeli forces crossed into Lebanon commencing Operation Litani. Background See also Israel-Lebanon conflict Though it took the form of an Israeli military incursion into Southern Lebanon, Operation Litani was grounded After passage of Security Council Resolution 425, calling for Israeli withdrawal and the creation of the United Nations Interim Forces in Lebanon peace-keeping force (UNIFIL), Israel withdrew its troops. The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, or UNIFIL, was created by the United Nations, with the adoption of Security Council Resolution
In September 1978, U. S. President Jimmy Carter invited President Sadat and Prime Minister Begin to meet with him at Camp David, and on September 11 they agreed on a framework for peace between Israel and Egypt and a comprehensive peace in the Middle East. James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 The Naval Support Facility Thurmont, popularly known as Camp David, is the rustic 125-acre (0 Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul It set out broad principles to guide negotiations between Israel and the Arab states. It also established guidelines for a West Bank-Gaza transitional regime of full autonomy for the Palestinians residing in these territories and for a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel. The treaty was signed on March 26, 1979, by Begin and Sadat, with President Carter signing as witness. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Under the treaty, Israel returned the Sinai peninsula to Egypt in April 1982. In 1989, the governments of Israel and Egypt concluded an agreement that resolved the status of Taba, a resort area on the Gulf of Aqaba.
The Arab League reacted to the peace treaty by suspending Egypt from the organisation and moving its headquarters from Cairo to Tunis. The Arab League ( الجامعة العربية) officially called the League of Arab States ( جامعة الدول العربية Sadat was later assassinated by members of the Egyptian army which had opposed his efforts to make peace with Israel.
Following the agreement Israel and Egypt became the two largest recipients of US military and financial aid (Iraq has now overtaken them by a large margin). [52]
1981 - 1983: Begin II: The First Lebanon War
- See also: Israel-Lebanon conflict
On the 30th June 1981, the Israeli air-force destroyed the Osirak nuclear reactor that France was building for Iraq. Operation Opera (מבצע אופרה Mivtza Opera, also known as Operation Babylon and Operation Ofra) was a surprise Israeli Air strike
Three weeks later, Begin was victorious yet again in the 1981 elections. Elections for the tenth Knesset were held in Israel on 30 June 1981
In the decades following the 1948 war, Israel's border with Lebanon was quiet compared to its borders with other neighbours. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية After the expulsion of the PLO from Jordan in 1970, however, Lebanon became the centre of their operations and hostilities on Israel's northern border increased. This helped lead to civil war in Lebanon. The Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990 was a multifaceted Civil war whose antecedents can be traced back to the conflicts and political compromises reached after the end The Israeli north, especially the town of Kiryat Shmona, was subject to constant shelling by Palestinian forces in Lebanon. Kiryat Shmona (קִרְיַת שְׁמוֹנָה lit City of the Eight is a City located in the North District of Israel on the western slopes
In June 1982, after the attempted assassination of the ambassador to Britain, Israel invaded the southern half of Lebanon during the 1982 Lebanon War to drive out the PLO, initially from Southern Lebanon and then altogether. Shlomo Argov ( December 14, 1929 - February 23, 2003) was a prominent Israeli diplomat The 1982 Lebanon War (מלחמת לבנון Milhemet Levanon) (الإجتياح Al-Ijtīāḥ, "the invasion" called by Israel the Operation Peace The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) (منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary The Israeli army occupied Beirut, the only time an Arab capital has been occupied by Israel. Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2
While a few Lebanese did at first welcome the Israelis, almost all Lebanese came to resent Israeli occupation. Heavy Israeli casualties and a lack of clear goals led to increasing disquiet at the war among Israelis as well.
In August 1982, the PLO withdrew its forces from Lebanon (moving to Tunisia). Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. The Lebanese president, Bashir Gemayel, agreed to recognize Israel and sign a peace treaty but was assassinated before any agreement was signed. Bachir Gemayel ( 10 November 1947 – 14 September 1982) (also known as Sheikh Bachir Gemayel first name also spelled The following day Christian forces entered two Palestinian refugee camps and massacred the occupants. This page is related to the 1982 events only For the 1985&ndash1987 events see War of the camps.
The massacre led to massive demonstrations in Israel against the war. An inquiry, appointed to investigate Israeli responsibility for the massacre, concluded that Defence Minister Sharon bore some moral responsibility and recommended that he never again be allowed to hold the post (it did not forbid him from being Prime-Minister). The Kahan Commission (ועדת כהן formally known as the Commission of Inquiry into the Events at the Refugee Camps in Beirut, was established by the Israeli government (אריאל
1984 - 1988: Shamir/Peres rotation government and first Intifada
In September 1983, Begin resigned and was succeeded by Yitzhak Shamir as prime minister. (יִצְחָק שָׁמִיר born Icchak Jaziernicki on 15 October 1915 was Prime Minister of Israel from 1983 to 1984 and again from 1986 to 1992 The 1984 election was inconclusive and led to a power sharing agreement between Shimon Peres of the Alignment and Shamir of Likud. Elections for the eleventh Knesset were held in Israel on 23 July 1984 (שמעון פרס born Szymon Perski on August 2 1923, is the ninth President of the State of Israel. Peres was prime minister from 1984-1986 and Shamir from 1986-1988.
In 1984, during a severe famine in Ethiopia, thousands of Ethiopian Jews were secretly air-lifted to Israel. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page The Beta Israel (ביתא ישראל Beta Israel, "House of Israel" Ge'ez: ቤተ እስራኤል Bēta 'Isrā'ēl, modern Bēte 'Isrā'ēl Operation Moses, (מבצע משה Mivtza Moshe) named after the biblical figure Moses, was the covert removal of Ethiopian Jews (known
In June 1985, Israel withdrew most of its troops from Lebanon, leaving a residual Israeli force and an Israeli-supported militia in southern Lebanon as a "security zone," which Israel considered a necessary buffer against attacks on its northern territory. The South Lebanon Army (SLA also "South Lebanese Army" (جيش لبنان الجنوبي transliterated: Jaysh Lubnān al-Janūbi
By July 1985 Israel's inflation, buttressed by complex index linking of salaries had reached 480% per annum and was the highest in the world. Peres introduced emergency control of prices and cut government expenditure successfully bringing inflation under control.
- Main article: First Intifada. The First Intifada (1987–1993 (also " Intifada " and "war of the stones" was a mass Palestinian uprising against Israeli
In response to the continuing Israeli settlement and occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip regions, Palestinians began the first Intifada (uprising) in 1987. Israel responded with strong military and police resistance, but failed to end the fighting. The first intifada continued until 1991. Concern at Human Rights abuses by Israeli troops led a group of Israelis to form B'Tselem, an organization devoted to improving awareness and compliance with Human Rights requirements in Israel. B'Tselem (בצלם "in the image of" as in Genesis) is an Israeli Non-governmental organization (NGO that describes
1988 - 1992: Shamir II: The Gulf War and Soviet immigration
The Alignment and Likud remained neck and neck in the 1988 elections but Shamir successfully formed a coalition. Elections for the twelfth Knesset were held in Israel on 1 November 1988
- Main article: Gulf War
In 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait, triggering the Gulf War between Iraq and a large allied force, led by the United States. The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Iraq attacked Israel with 39 Scud missiles. Scud is a series of Tactical ballistic missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War and exported widely to other countries Israel did not retaliate. Israel provided gas masks for both the Palestinian population and Israeli citizens.
In 1990, the Soviet Union finally permitted free emigration of Soviet Jews to Israel. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Prior to this, Jews trying to leave the USSR faced persecution; those who succeeded arrived as refugees. Refusenik (אסיר ציון asir tzion, "zion prisoner" מסורב עליה mesorav aliyah, "one who is not allowed to perform Aliyah
Over the next few years some one million Soviet citizens migrated to Israel, there was concern that some of the new immigrants had only a very tenuous connection to Judaism and many were accompanied by non-Jewish relatives.
1992 - 1995: Rabin II: Oslo peace talks
- Main article: Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
The coalition's victory in the Gulf War opened new possibilities for regional peace, and in October 1991 the U. S. President, George H.W. Bush and Soviet Union Premier, Mikhail Gorbachev, jointly convened a historic meeting in Madrid of Israeli, Lebanese, Jordanian, Syrian, and Palestinian leaders. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov;; born 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye Stavropol Krai) is a Russian politician The Madrid Conference was hosted by the government of Spain and co-sponsored by the USA and the USSR Shamir opposed the idea but was forced into compliance when the Bush administration withheld its loan guarantees needed by Israel to absorb the newcomers from Soviet Union.
In the 1992 elections, the Labour Party, led by Yitzhak Rabin, won a significant victory promising to pursue peace while promoting Rabin as a "tough general" and pledging not to deal with the PLO in any way. Elections for the thirteenth Knesset were held in Israel on 23 June, 1992.
On September 13, 1993, Israel and the PLO signed a Declaration of Principles (DOP) [53] on the South Lawn of the White House. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) (منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary Israeli-Palestinian conflict The Oslo Accords, officially called the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements or Declaration of Principles See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence The declaration was a major conceptual breakthrough achieved outside of the Madrid framework which specifically barred the foreign-residing PLO leaders from the process, the condition insisted upon by Itzhak Shamir. (יִצְחָק שָׁמִיר born Icchak Jaziernicki on 15 October 1915 was Prime Minister of Israel from 1983 to 1984 and again from 1986 to 1992 It established an ambitious set of objectives relating to a transfer of authority from Israel to an interim Palestinian authority. The DOP established May 1999 as the date by which a permanent status agreement for the West Bank and Gaza Strip would take effect.
In February 1994, a follower of the Kach movement killed 25 Palestinian-Arabs at the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron (Cave of the Patriarchs massacre). KACH (1340 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Adult Standards/MOR format to the Preston Idaho, USA area See also Hebron massacre (disambiguation The Cave of the Patriarchs massacre was a terrorist attack on Muslim Arabs praying at the Kach had been barred from participation in the 1992 elections (on the grounds that the movement was racist). It was subsequently made illegal.
Israel and the PLO subsequently signed the Gaza-Jericho Agreement on May 4, 1994, and the Agreement on Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities on August 29, 1994, which began the process of transferring authority from Israel to the Palestinians. The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) (منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary Israeli-Palestinian conflict The Oslo Accords, officially called the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements or Declaration of Principles Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar)
On the 18th of July 1994, a Jewish day centre in Argentina was blown up , killing 85 people. The AMIA Bombing was an attack on the Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina (AMIA Argentine Israelite Jewish Mutual Association building in Buenos Aires on Argentine investigators concluded the attack was by Lebanese Hezbollah with Iranian assistance. Hezbollah (حزب الله, literally " party of God " is a Shi'a Islamic political and Paramilitary organisation
On July 25, 1994 Jordan and Israel signed the Washington Declaration which formally ended the state of war that had existed between them since 1948. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) February 2007 Declaration Post-Kyoto Protocol negotiations on greenhouse gas emissionsOn February 16, 2007, at meeting of the G8+5 Climate Change Dialogue On October 26, 1994, Israel and Jordan signed a historic peace treaty at a border post between the two countries, witnessed by US President Bill Clinton. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States [54][55]
Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat signed the historic Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip on September 28, 1995, in Washington, D.C.. Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini ( Arabic: محمد عبد الرؤوف عرفات القدوة الحسيني (August 24 1929 – November 11 Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip or Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement, or simply the Interim Agreement, also known as Oslo 2 (or Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The agreement, witnessed by President Bill Clinton on behalf of the United States and by Russia, Egypt, Norway, and the European Union, incorporates and supersedes the previous agreements and marked the conclusion of the first stage of negotiations between Israel and the PLO. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in
The agreement allowed the PLO leadership to relocate to the occupied territories and granted autonomy to the Palestinians with talks to follow regarding final status. In return the Palestinians recognized Israel's right to exist and promised to abstain from use of terror.
However the agreement was opposed by Hamas and other Palestinian factions which launched suicide bomber attacks at Israel. List of Suicide attacks carried out by Hamas The criteria used for this list deliberate attacks committed by Hamas against civilians using suicide bombers Rabin had a barrier constructed round Gaza to prevent attacks.
Tensions in Israel, arising from the continuation of terrorism and anger at loss of territory, led to the assassination of Prime Minister Rabin ostensibly by a right-wing Jewish radical on November 4, 1995, although many conspiracy theories persist. The Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin took place on November 4, 1995, at 2130 at the end of a rally in support of the Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is a frequently vandalized article and vandalism is reverted immediately
Direct Elections for the Premier 1996 - 2005
In 1996 the Israeli electoral system was changed to allow for direct election of the Premier. It was hoped this would reduce the power of small parties to extract concessions in return for coalition agreements. Instead the system resulted in increased fracturization of Israeli politics with the larger parties winning fewer votes and the smaller parties becoming more attractive to voters. By the 2006 election the system was abandoned.
1996 - 1999: Netanyahu - the peace process slows
In February 1996 Rabin's successor, Shimon Peres, called early elections. (שמעון פרס born Szymon Perski on August 2 1923, is the ninth President of the State of Israel. The May 1996 elections were the first featuring direct election of the prime minister and resulted in a narrow election victory for Likud leader Binyamin Netanyahu. Elections for the fourteenth Knesset were held in Israel alongside the first ever election for Prime Minister on 29 May, 1996. The first ever election for Prime Minister was held in Israel on 29 May 1996 alongside simultaneous Knesset elections. Likud (ליכוד lit Consolidation) is the major centre-right political party in Israel. (בִּנְיָמִין "ביבי" נְתַנְיָהוּ Binyamin "Bibi" Netanyahu, born October 21 1949, Tel Aviv) was A spate of suicide bombings reinforced the Likud position for security. Hamas claimed responsibility for most of the bombings. Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة
Despite his stated differences with the Oslo Accords, Prime Minister Netanyahu continued their implementation, but his Prime Ministership saw a marked slow-down in the Peace Process. Israeli-Palestinian conflict The Oslo Accords, officially called the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements or Declaration of Principles
Netanyahu signed the Hebron Protocol with the Palestinian Authority on January 15, 1997. Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron, also known as The Hebron Protocol or Hebron Agreement, began January 7 and was concluded from January Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar The Protocol resulted in the redeployment of Israeli forces in Hebron and the turnover of civilian authority in much of the area to the Palestinian Authority. Hebron ( al-Ḫalīl or al-Khalīl, Standard Hebrew: Ḥevron Tiberian Hebrew: Ḥeḇrôn is the largest city in the West Bank, located in the south
1999 - 2001: Ehud Barak and withdrawal from South Lebanon
In the election of July 1999, Ehud Barak of the Labour Party became Prime Minister. The Elections for the 15th Knesset were held on 17 May 1999 alongside simultaneous elections for Prime Minister. Ehud Barak (אֵהוּד בָּרָק born Ehud Brog on 12 February 1942) is an Israeli politician former Prime Minister, and
On March 21, 2000 Pope John Paul II arrived in Israel for a historic visit. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Pope
In 2000, Israel unilaterally withdrew its remaining forces from the "security zone" in southern Lebanon. Several thousand members of the South Lebanon Army left with the Israelis. The South Lebanon Army (SLA also "South Lebanese Army" (جيش لبنان الجنوبي transliterated: Jaysh Lubnān al-Janūbi
The UN Secretary-General concluded [56] that, as of June 16, 2000, Israel had withdrawn its forces from Lebanon in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 425. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. On March 19, 1978, five days after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, United Nations Security Council Resolution 425 called on Lebanon claims that Israel continues to occupy Lebanese territory called "Sheba'a Farms" (however this area was governed by Syria until 1967 when Israel took control). Golan Heights The Shebaa Farms (مزارع شبعا; חוות שבעא Havot Sheba‘a or הר דוב Har Dov) is a small area of land with disputed The Sheba'a Farms provide Hezbullah with a ruse to maintain warefare with Israel. The Lebanese government did not assert sovereignty in the area (in contravention of the UN resolution) which came under the control of Hezbollah. Hezbollah (حزب الله, literally " party of God " is a Shi'a Islamic political and Paramilitary organisation
In the Fall of 2000, talks were held at Camp David to reach a final agreement on the Israel/Palestine conflict. Ehud Barak offered to meet most of the Palestinian teams requests for territory and political concessions, including Arab parts of east Jerusalem however Arafat abandoned the talks witout making a counter proposal. [57]
On September 28 2000, Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon visited the Temple Mount, sparking widespread Palestinian riots. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. (אריאל The Temple Mount ( הַר הַבַּיִת, Har haBáyit) also called the Noble Sanctuary ( الحرم القدسي الشريف, al-haram This marked the beginning of the al-Aqsa Intifada. Israel claims that the Palestinians had been planning violence far in advance of Sharon's visit, and that his visit was used as an excuse for the planned violence to be launched. In his book The High Cost of Peace, Yossef Bodansky describes the event: "When Sharon expressed interest in visiting the Temple Mount, Barak ordered GSS chief Ami Ayalon to approach Jibril Rajoub with a special request to facilitate a smooth and friendly visit. Yossef Bodansky (born in Israel) is an Israeli-American Political scientist who served as Director of the Congressional Task Force on Terrorism and The Temple Mount ( הַר הַבַּיִת, Har haBáyit) also called the Noble Sanctuary ( الحرم القدسي الشريف, al-haram Amihai "Ami" Ayalon (עמיחי איילון born 27 June 1945) is an Israeli politician and Knesset member representing the Labor Party Jibril Rajoub (born 1953) served as the National Security Advisor for the Preventive Security Service during the Arafat administration. . . Rajoub promised it would be smooth as long as Sharon would refrain from entering any of the mosques or praying publicly. . . Just to be on the safe side, Barak personally approached Arafat and once again got assurances that Sharon's visit would be smooth. Arafat is a surname or given name and may refer to Yasser Arafat (1929&ndash2004 Arafat Waheed Khan (born 1981 2006 transatlantic . . " (p354)
In October 2000, Palestinians destroyed Joseph's Tomb, a Jewish shrine in Nablus. Joseph's Tomb is a shrine near the city of Nablus in the West Bank. Nablus ( sometimes Nābulus; Arabic:; næːblʊs is a Palestinian city in the northern West Bank, approximately north of Jerusalem They also stoned worshippers at the Western Wall and attacked another Jewish shrine, Rachel's Tomb. The Western Wall (הכותל המערבי translit: HaKotel HaMa'aravi) sometimes referred to as the Wailing Wall or simply the Kotel (lit Rachel's Tomb ( Hebrew: קבר רחל Arabic: translit Qubbat Rakhil, trans
In 2001, with the Peace Process increasingly in disarray, Ehud Barak called a special election for Prime Minister. Elections for Prime Minister were held in Israel on 6 February 2001 following the resignation of the incumbent Labour 's Ehud Barak Barak hoped a victory would give him renewed authority in negotiations with the Palestinians. Instead opposition leader Ariel Sharon was elected PM. (אריאל After this election the system of directly electing the Premier was abandoned.
2001 - 2006: Ariel Sharon and withdrawal from Gaza and the Northern West Bank
The failure of the peace process, increased Palestinian terror and occasionally attacks by Hizbullah from Lebanon, led much of the Israeli public and political leadership to lose confidence in the Palestinian Authority as a peace partner. Most felt that many Palestinians view the peace treaty with Israel as a temporary measure only. However many Israelis were anxious to disengage from the Palestinians.
In response to a wave of suicide bomb attacks, Sharon began construction of a barrier round the West-Bank. West bank walljpg|thumb|Aerial view looking east from the Israeli side
On December 18, 2003, Ariel Sharon announced he would consider a unilateral withdrawal from parts of the occupied territories. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. (אריאל Israel's unilateral disengagement plan ( Hebrew: תוכנית ההתנתקות Tokhnit HaHitnatkut or תוכנית ההינתקות Tokhnit HaHinatkut in This crystallized as a plan for total withdrawal from the Gaza Strip.
In 2004, the Black Hebrews were granted permanent residency in Israel. The African Hebrew Israelite Nation of Jerusalem (also known as The African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem or Black Hebrews) is a small spiritual group whose
In 2005 civilians were evacuated from Gaza (some forcibly) and the residential buildings demolished. A civilian under International humanitarian law is a person who is not a member of his or her Country 's Armed forces. Disengagement from the Gaza Strip was completed on September 12, 2005. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Military disengagement from the northern West Bank was completed ten days later.
Following the withdrawal, the Israeli town of Sderot was subject to constant shelling from Gaza. Sderot (שְׂדֵרוֹת a western Negev City, in the Southern District of Israel. The Qassam rocket ( صاروخ القسام; also Kassam) is a simple steel Rocket filled with explosives produced by Hamas.
In 2005 Sharon left the Likud and formed a new party called Kadima. Kadima (קדימה lit Forward) is a political party in Israel. He was joined by many leading figures from both Likud and Labour.
On April 14, 2006, Ariel Sharon suffered a severe hemorrhagic stroke and Ehud Olmert became Acting Prime Minister. Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. (אריאל A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain Ehud Olmert (אהוד אולמרט ɛˈhud ˈolmeʁt born September 30, 1945) is the 12th and current Prime Minister of Israel and the former leader Deputy leaders in Israel fall into three categories Acting Prime Minister Deputy Prime Minister and Vice Prime Minister [58]
2006 - present: Ehud Olmert
Olmert was elected Prime Minister after his party, Kadima, won the most seats in the 2006 legislative elections. Kadima (קדימה lit Forward) is a political party in Israel. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Elections for the 17th Knesset were held in Israel on 28 March 2006.
On June 25, 2006, a Hamas force crossed the border from Gaza and attacked a tank, kidnapping a wounded Israeli soldier, Gilad Shalit. On July 12, Hezbollah attacked Israel from Lebanon, shelled Israeli towns and attacked a border patrol, kidnapping two wounded Israeli soldiers. Planning phase See also 2000-2006 Shebaa Farms conflict On November 21, 2005, Hezbollah guerrillas infiltrated northern Israel in what Israel These kidnappings led Israel to declare the Second Lebanon War, which lasted through August of 2006. Background See also Israel-Lebanon conflict The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO had engaged in cross-border attacks from Southern Lebanon
See also
- History of Levant
- History of the Jews in the Land of Israel
- History of Zionism
- Paris Peace Conference, 1919
- Faisal-Weizmann Agreement (1919)
- 1949 Armistice Agreements
- Camp David Accords (1978)
- Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty (1979)
- Madrid Conference of 1991
- Oslo Accords (1993)
- Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace (1994)
- Camp David 2000 Summit
- History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
- Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
- Projects working for peace among Israelis and Arabs
- List of Middle East peace proposals
- International law and the Arab-Israeli conflict
Further reading
- Berger, Earl The Covenant and the Sword: Arab-Israeli Relations, 1948-56, London, Routledge K. The Levant is a geographical term that refers to a large area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in The History of the Jews in the Land of Israel begins with the ancient Israelites (also known as Hebrews) who settled in the Land of Israel. Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization Although the Zionist movement was created by Theodor Herzl in 1897 the history of Zionism can be seen as beginning The 1949 Armistice Agreements are a set of agreements signed during 1949 between Israel and its neighbors Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, The Madrid Conference was hosted by the government of Spain and co-sponsored by the USA and the USSR Israeli-Palestinian conflict The Oslo Accords, officially called the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements or Declaration of Principles The Middle East Peace Summit at Camp David of July 2000 took place between United States President Bill Clinton, Israeli Prime Minister Projects that work to foster peaceful and productive co-existence between Israelis and Arabs (including Palestinians fall into various categories Peace proposals of Count Folke Bernadotte (1947-1948 UN Security Council Resolution 242 (November 22 1967 Land for peace Paul, 1965.
- Bethell, Nicholas The Palestine Triangle: the Struggle Between the British, the Jews and the Arabs, 1935-48, London: Deutsch, 1979 ISBN 023397069X. Nicholas William Bethell 4th Baron Bethell ( 19 July 1938 &ndash 8 September 2007) was a British Historian of Central
- Bregman, Ahron A History of Israel, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002 ISBN 0333676327.
- Butler, L. J. Britain and Empire: Adjusting to a Post-Imperial World I. B. Tauris 2002 ISBN 1-86064-449-X
- Darwin, John Britain and Decolonisation: The Retreat from Empire in the Post-War World Palgrave Macmillan 1988 ISBN 0-333-29258-8
- Davis, John, The Evasive Peace: a Study of the Zionist-Arab Problem, London: J. Murray, 1968.
- Eytan, Walter The First Ten Years: a Diplomatic History of Israel, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1958
- Israel Office of Information Israel’s Struggle for Peace, New York, 1960.
- Herzog, Haim The Arab-Israeli Wars: War and Peace in the Middle East from the War of Independence to Lebanon, London: Arms and Armour; Tel Aviv, Israel: Steimatzky, 1984 ISBN 0853686130. Chaim Herzog (חיים הרצוג September 17, 1918 – April 17, 1997) served as the sixth President of Israel (1983–1993 following
- Laqueur, Walter Confrontation : the Middle-East War and World Politics, London: Wildwood House, 1974, ISBN 0704500965. Walter Zeev Laqueur (born 26 May 1921) is an American historian and political commentator
- Laqueur, Walter & Barry Rubin (editors) The Israel-Arab Reader: a Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict, New York, N. Y. : Penguin Books, 1984 ISBN 0-14-022588-9.
- Lucas, Noah The Modern History of Israel, New York: Praeger, 1975.
- Gilbert, Martin Israel : A History, New York: Morrow, 1998 ISBN 0688123627. Sir Martin John Gilbert, CBE, DLitt (born October 25, 1936) is a British Historian and the author of over eighty books
- O’Brian, Conor Cruise The Siege: the Saga of Israel and Zionism, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986 ISBN 0671600443. Conor Cruise O'Brien (Conchubhar Crús Ó Briain (also colloquially known as 'The Cruiser' born 3 November 1917 is an Irish politician writer and academic
- Oren, Michael Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002 ISBN 0195151747. Michael B Oren (born in 1955) is an American - Israeli scholar historian author and IDF military officer best known for his best-selling and
- Pappe, Ilan The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1947-51, London: I. Ilan Pappé ( אילן פפה, born 1954) is a professor of history at the University of Exeter. B. Tauris, 1992 ISBN 1850433577.
- Rubinstein, Alvin Z. (editor) The Arab-Israeli Conflict: Perspectives, New York: Praeger, 1984 ISBN 0030687780.
- Lord Russell of Liverpool, If I Forget Thee; the Story of a Nation’s Rebirth, London, Cassell 1960.
- Sachar, Howard M. A History of Israel, New York: Knopf, 1976 ISBN 0394485645.
- Samuel, Rinna A History of Israel: the Birth, Growth and Development of Today’s Jewish State, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1989 ISBN 0297793292.
- Schultz, Joseph & Klausner, Carla From Destruction to Rebirth: the Holocaust and the State of Israel, Washington, D. C. : University Press of America, 1978 ISBN 0819105740.
- Segev, Tom The Seventh Million: the Israelis and the Holocaust, New York: Hill and Wang, 1993 ISBN 0809085631. Tom Segev (born March 1 1945 in Jerusalem) is an Israeli Journalist, and Historian.
- Talmon, J.L. Israel Among the Nations, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1970 ISBN 0297002279. Jacob Leib Talmon (1916-1980 was an Orthodox Jewish Professor of Modern History at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
- Wolffsohn, Michael Eternal Guilt? : Forty years of German-Jewish-Israeli Relations, New York: Columbia University Press, 1993 ISBN 0231082746. Michael Wolffsohn (May 17 1947- is an Israeli-born German historian
- Facts about Israel: History, Jerusalem: Israel Information Centre, 2003.
Further reading on Lavon Affair
- Doron Geller: The Lavon Affair [2]
- List of books and articles covering the affair [3]
- Jack Riemer: Author unravels the scandal that brought down Ben-Gurion [4]
- Israeli government's summary (in Hebrew) [5]
References
- ^ Original copy
- ^ Jerusalem in the Crusader Period Jerusalem: Life throughout the ages in a holy city] David Eisenstadt, March 1997
- ^ See The History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem by Joshua Prawer, 1988, see also http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_cru1.htm (accessed Nov. 2007)
- ^ How to Respond to Common Misstatements About Israel. Anti-Defamation League (2006). The Anti-Defamation League ( ADL) is an Interest group founded in 1913 by B'nai B'rith in the United States whose stated aim is "to stop Retrieved on 4 October 2006.
- ^ The Population of Palestine Prior to 1948. MidEastWeb. org (2005). Retrieved on 4 October 2006.
- ^ [1]
- ^ God, Guns and Israel, Jill Hamilton, UK 2004, Especially chapter 14.
- ^ God, Guns and Israel, Jill Hamilton, UK 2004, Especially chapter 15
- ^ A Survey of Palestine prepared for the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, 1946, chapter 1
- ^ Palestine Royal Commission Report (the Peel report) London 1937, chapter 10, page 283.
- ^ Darwin, J: "Britain and Decolonisation", page 115. Palgrave Macmillan, 1988
- ^ Darwin, J: "Britain and Decolonisation", page 116, 117. Palgrave Macmillan, 1988
- ^ Yehuda Bauer, Brichah: Flight and Rescue, Random house 1970). Yehuda Bauer (born 1926 is a historian and scholar of the Holocaust.
- ^ Darwin, J: "Britain and Decolonisation", page 117. Palgrave Macmillan 1988
- ^ The Times 30/7/46 pg. 4 3/8/1946 Pg. 4. That is almost 20% of the entire Jewish population of Palestine.
- ^ Butler, L. J. : "Britain and Empire", page 78. I. B. Tauris, 2002
- ^ Arab states against Israel , 1948 - A map from New York Times including Mutawakkilite Yemen
- ^ Pollack, 2004; Sadeh, 1997
- ^ size of forces depends on which source is usedBenny Morris, in the Birth revisited, 2003, p. Benny Morris (born 1948 is an Israeli historian identified with the New Historians school a group of Historians who dispute the traditional Israeli 34]],Yoav Gelber, Palestine 1948, 2006, p. Yoav Gelber (יואב גלבר (born 1943 is a professor at the University of Haifa, and a visiting professor at the University of Texas. 51, D. Tal War in Palestine 1948 (2004) page 20 estimates 9,000 fighters entered Palestine between 12/47 and 4/48. Ilan Pappe, The ethnic cleansing of Palestine, 2006, p. Ilan Pappé ( אילן פפה, born 1954) is a professor of history at the University of Exeter. 44 estimates 10,000 of which 3 to 5,000 foreign, Tal says the Haganah had 15,000 fighters by March, Morris says the Haganah had 35,780 by May. Benny Morris, in the Birth revisited, 2003, p. Benny Morris (born 1948 is an Israeli historian identified with the New Historians school a group of Historians who dispute the traditional Israeli 16 /Yoav Gelber, Palestine 1948, 2006, p. Yoav Gelber (יואב גלבר (born 1943 is a professor at the University of Haifa, and a visiting professor at the University of Texas. 73. / D. Tal - War in Palestine 1948 (2004) page 362 estimates there were 15,000 Jewish men under arms in March 1948 but by August this was up to 70,000
- ^ Benny Morris, 'Birth revisited', 2003, p. 16, 17
- ^ The declaration of war can be read at: http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/arab_invasion.html
- ^ גיוס חוץ לארץ (Hebrew). hagana. co. il. Retrieved on 2007-12-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office
- ^ NationMaster - UN membership date (most recent) by country
- ^ Group seeks justice for 'forgotten' Jews - International Herald Tribune
- ^ Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, 2003. Benny Morris (born 1948 is an Israeli historian identified with the New Historians school a group of Historians who dispute the traditional Israeli
- ^ By Israeli traditional and "new" historians such as Yoav Gelber, Tom Segev and Ilan Pappé, Palestinian historians such as Nur Masalha, and foreign historians and scholars such as Avi Shlaim in the UK, Henry Laurens in France and Norman Finkelstein in the USA.
- ^ See e. g. , Nur Masalha, The expulsion of the Palestinian
- ^ See Ilan Pappé, The ethnic cleansing of Palestine.
- ^ Tom Segev, 1949. Tom Segev (born March 1 1945 in Jerusalem) is an Israeli Journalist, and Historian. The First Israelis. , 1986.
- ^ Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and its Repercussions in the 1950s and After Dvora Hacohen, Syracuse University Press, 2003
- ^ Source: Professor Moshe Sikron, http://www.lib.cet.ac.il/pages/item.asp?item=12938 (Hebrew)
- ^ Mishtar HaTsena (in Hebrew), Dr Avigail Cohen & Haya Oren, Tel-Aviv 1995
- ^ Haaretz 8/1/1952, http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3306796,00.html (Hebrew accessed 10/10/2007)
- ^ Dalia Ofer, Holocaust Survivors as Immigrants: The Case of Israel and the Cyprus Detainees in Modern Judaism, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Feb. , 1996), pp. 1-23
- ^ Israel's Military Aid to Africa, 1960-66, Abel Jacob in The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 9, No. 2 (Aug. , 1971), pp. 165-187
- ^ (Hebrew) http://www.knesset.gov.il/lexicon/heb/lavon.htm
- ^ Middle East Review of International Affairs Volume 2, No. 4 - November 1998 ISRAEL AND THE UNITED STATES: CAN THE SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP SURVIVE THE NEW STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENT? http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/1998/issue4/jv2n4a7.html
- ^ http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Egypt/Missile/2362.html accessed 18/10/2007 Nasser and the Missile Age in the Middle East (Contemporary Security Studies) by Owen Sirrs, Routledge 2006 The Germans involved had worked on the V1 and V2 programs.
- ^ http://www.wymaninstitute.org/articles/2003-04-syria.php
- ^ History of the Third Knesset
- ^ The Eichmann Trial and American Jewry: A Reassessment, Françoise S. Ouzan in Jewish Political Studies Review 19:1-2 (Spring 2007)
- ^ Obituary:Isser Harel | Independent, The (London) | Find Articles at BNET.com
- ^ http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/his_periods3.html accessed 17/10/2007
- ^ http://hnn.us/articles/751.html accessed 17/10/2007
- ^ http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1627015,00.html, http://www.sixdaywar.co.uk/timeline.htm, Whose Voice? Nasser, the Arabs, and 'Sawt al-Arab' Radio By Laura M. James in TBS (Transnational Broadcasting Studies) 16 2006 http://www.tbsjournal.com/James.html
- ^ http://www.chabad.org/special/israel/points_of_interest_cdo/aid/588225/jewish/Cave-of-the-Patriarchs.htm Accessed December 2007
- ^ 30 years to the Black Panthers in Israel by Sami Shalom Chetrit, http://www.kedma.co.il/Panterim/PanterimTheMovie/EnglishArticles.htm accessed October 2006
- ^ http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Terrorism/entebbe.html accessed 17/10/2007 many websites erroneously describe the hostages as Israelis. Although most were Israeli, they were all Jewish and the terrorists policy was to hold Jews.
- ^ National Review, July 9, 2007, Vol. LIX, No. 12, see also http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/14/world/europe/14cnd-waldheim.html?_r=1&pagewanted=3&hp&oref=slogin
- ^ Sequels Running Out of Answers - TIME
- ^ L'Affaire Daoud: Too Hot to Handle - TIME
- ^ for further information see http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/trade/files/98-916.pdf accessed November 2007
- ^ Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements Jewish Virtual Library
- ^ Main Points of Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty October 26, 1994 Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- ^ Treaty of Peace between The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and The State of Israel King Hussein website
- ^ Security Council endorses Secretary-General's conclusion on Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon as of 16 June United Nations, 18 June 2000
- ^ Israeli Proposal to Palestinians and Syria Information Regarding Israel's Security (IRIS)
- ^ Hasson, Nir (11 April 2006). Cabinet approves appointment of Ehud Olmert as interim PM (HTML). Retrieved on 2006-11-06. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with
External links
- The Jewish History Resource Center Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
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- The Jewish Agency for Israel — The Department for Zionist Education
- The UNISPAL web site contains the full texts of hundreds of official documents, including those of the League of Nations and the United Nations, the British government, the Israeli government, the Palestinian authority, and many others.
- Economic History of Israel from EH. NET's Encyclopedia
- Israel History Timeline
- "History of Israel: Key events", BBC
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