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City of Cologne
 History
Culture of Cologne |
The History of Cologne, Germany's oldest major city, can be broken into several periods. Freeways Main article Cologne Beltway Freeway construction was already a major issue in Cologne in the 1920s under the leadership of Mayor
Contents |
Roman
In 39 BC, the tribe of the Ubii entered into an agreement with the Roman forces and settled on the left bank of the Rhine. Year 39 BC was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. The Ubii were a Germanic tribe first encountered dwelling on the right bank of the Rhine in the time of Julius Caesar, who formed an alliance with them The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge Their headquarters was Oppidum Ubiorum — the settlement of the Ubii, and at the same time an important Roman military base. In 50 AD, Agrippina the Younger, wife of the Emperor Claudius, who was born in Cologne, asked for her home village to be elevated to the status of a colonia — a city under Roman law. Year 50 was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Julia Agrippina; known as Agrippina Minor ( Latin for the ‘younger’, Classical Latin: IVLIA•AGRIPPINA from the year 50 Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus or Claudius I ( August 1, 10 BC &ndash October 13, AD 54 ( Tiberius Claudius Drusus from birth to A Roman colonia (plural coloniae) was originally a Roman outpost established in conquered territory to secure it It was called Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensis (a "colony of Claudius and the altar of Agrippina"), or Colonia Agrippina, "the Colony of Agrippina". In 80 AD water supply was built, the Eifel Aqueduct, one of the longest aqueducts of the Roman Empire, which delivered 20,000 cubic metres of water to the city every day. Year 80 was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. The Eifel Aqueduct was one of the longest aqueducts of the Roman Empire. The ancient Romans constructed numerous aqueducts ( Latin aquaeductūs, sing Ten years later, the colonia became the capital of the Roman province of Lower Germany Germania Inferior with a total population of 45,000 people. Germania was the Latin Exonym for
In 260 AD Postumus made Cologne the capital of the Gallic Empire which included the German and Gallic provinces, Britannia and the provinces of Hispania. Events By Place Roman Empire Gallienus becomes Emperor Gallienus defends what remains of the empire against barbarians and For the alleged son of this emperor also called Postumus see Postumus Junior; for the son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa see Agrippa Postumus The Gallic Empire (in Latin Imperium Galliarum) is the modern name for the independent realm that existed from 260 to 273, during the The Gallic Empire lasted only fourteen years.
By the 3rd century, only 20,000 people lived in and around the town. The 3rd century is the period from 201 to 300 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. In 310 AD, Emperor Constantine I had a bridge over the Rhine constructed; this was guarded by the castellum Divitia (nowadays "Deutz"). Events By Place Roman Empire While Constantine is campaigning against the Bructeri, Maximian attempts to make himself Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine
Frank, Merovingian, and Carolingian
In 355 AD, the Alemanni tribes besieged the town for 10 months. Events By Place Roman Empire August 11 — Claudius Silvanus, accused of treason proclaims himself Roman Emperor. At the time, the garrison of Colonia Agrippina was under the generalship of Marcus Vitellus. The city was captured after the months of siege and was reestablished as a Roman colonia several months afterwards by the soon-to-be Roman Emperor Julian. In 455, the Salian Franks finally captured Cologne and made it their capital city. Events By Place Western Roman Empire March 16 — Valentinian III is murdered by former soldiers of Aëtius, in revenge Salians redirects here for the eleventh-century dynasty see Salian dynasty, for Roman priests see Salii.
Prince-Bishops of Cologne
Cologne Cathedral
Cologne's first Christian bishop was Maternus. Bishops and Archbishops of Cologne Bishops of Colonia Agrippina, 88–784 All names before Maternus ('II' are to be approached with considerable Cologne Cathedral (Kölner Dom officially de Hohe Domkirche St Saint Maternus of Milan was Bishop of Milan. Maternus, also known as St He was responsible for the construction of the first cathedral, a square building erected early in the 4th century. Cologne Cathedral (Kölner Dom officially de Hohe Domkirche St As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century In 794, Hildebald (or Hildebold) was the first Bishop of Cologne to be elevated to Archbishop of Cologne. Events By Place Asia Kyoto becomes the Japanese capital ending the Nara period, and beginning the Heian period. Hildebold (died 3 September 818) was the Bishop of Cologne from 787 until 795 and the first Archbishop of Cologne thereafter Bishops and Archbishops of Cologne Bishops of Colonia Agrippina, 88–784 All names before Maternus ('II' are to be approached with considerable Bruno I (925-965), younger brother of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, founded several monasteries here. Otto I the Great ( 23 November 912 &ndash 7 May 973) son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. Subsequent Archbishops of Cologne became very influential as advisers to the Saxon, Salian and Hohenstaufen dynasties. See also Salian Franks, Salic law The Salian dynasty was a Dynasty in the High Middle Ages of four German Kings (1024-1125 From 1031, they also held the office of Arch-Chancellor of Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Between 1159 and 1167, Rainald of Dassel was Archbishop of Cologne, as well as being Imperial Chancellor and adviser to Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. Rainald of Dassel (c 1120 &ndash August 14, 1167 near Rome) was Archbishop of Cologne from 1159 to 1167 and Archchancellor of Frederick I Barbarossa (1122 &ndash 10 June 1190) was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned
In 1074 the commune was formed. Communes in Europe in the Middle Ages were sworn allegiances of mutual defense (both physical defense and of traditional freedoms among community members of a town or city By the 13th century, the relationship between the city of Cologne and its archbishop had become difficult, and after the Battle of Worringen in 1288, Cologne effectively became a free city (though this status would not be formally confirmed until 1475) and the Archbishops removed their residence to Bonn. The Battle of Worringen was fought on June 5, 1288 near the town of Worringen (also called Woeringen which is now considered to be a suburb of Bonn is the 19th largest city in Germany. Located about 20 kilometres south of Cologne on the river Rhine in the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia They would not live in Cologne again until 1821. Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year
Hanseatic League
Cologne was a leading member of the "Hanse", especially through trading with England. The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hansa) was an alliance of trading cities and their Guilds that established and maintained trade The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hansa) was an alliance of trading cities and their Guilds that established and maintained trade England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland
French Occupation
The French Revolutionary Wars resulted in the occupation of Cologne and the Rhineland in 1794. The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of major conflicts from 1792 until 1802 fought between the French Revolutionary government and several European states In the following years the French consolidated their presence. In 1798 Cologne became an arrondissement in the newly created Département de la Roer. An arrondissement is an Administrative division in some French or Dutch -speaking countries Roer is the name of a département of the First French Empire in present day Germany and the Netherlands. In the same year the University of Cologne was closed. The University of Cologne ( German Universität zu Köln) is one of the oldest universities in Europe and with over 44000 students one In 1801 all citizen of Cologne were granted the French citizenship. In 1804 Napoléon Bonaparte visited the city together with his wife Joséphine de Beauharnais. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Joséphine de Beauharnais (born Marie Josèphe Rose de Tascher de la Pagerie June 23 1763 &ndash May 29 1814) was the first The French occupation of Cologne ended in 1814.
Prussian
In 1814, Cologne was occupied by Prussian and Russian troops. Year 1814 ( MDCCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918 and from 1871 was the leading state of the German Empire, comprising Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending In 1815, Cologne and the Rhineland were allocated to Prussia. Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state
Third Reich
At the beginning of the Third Reich, Cologne was seen as a difficult territory by the Nazis because of deep-rooted communist and Catholic influences on the city. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The Nazis were always struggling for control of the city.
It was planned to rebuild a large part of the inner city, with a main road connecting the Deutz station and the main station, which was to be moved from next to the cathedral to an area adjacent to today's university campus, with a huge field for rallies, the Maifeld, next to the main station. The Maifeld, between the campus and the Aachener Weiher artificial lake, was the only part of this over-ambitious plan to be realized before the start of the war. After the war, the remains of the Maifeld were buried with rubble from bombed buildings and turned into a park with rolling hills, which was christened Hiroshima-Nagasaki-Park in August, 2004, as a memorial to the victims of the nuclear bombs of 1945. The Japanese city of ( is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture, and the largest city in the Chūgoku region of western Honshū, the largest of Japan 's ( is the Capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar An inconspicuous memorial to the victims of the Nazi regime is situated on one of the hills.
In World War II, 90% of Cologne's buildings were destroyed by Allied (mostly by the Royal Air Force (RAF)) aerial bombing raids. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. The aerial bombing of cities began in 1911 developed through World War I, grew to a vast scale in World War II, and continues to the present day On the night of 30/31 May 1942 Cologne was the target for the first 1,000 bomber raid of the war. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The City of Cologne was bombed in 262 separate air raids by the Allies during World War II. The number reported killed was between 469 and 486, of which 411 were civilians and 58 military casualties. 5,027 people were listed as injured and 45,132 as bombed out. It was estimated that from 135,000 to 150,000 of Cologne's population of nearly 700,000 people fled the city after the raid. The RAF lost 43 aircraft, 3. 9 per cent of the 1,103 bombers sent on the raid. [1]
On 10 November 1944 a dozen members of the anti-Nazi Ehrenfeld Group were hanged in public. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Ehrenfeld Group (sometimes called the Steinbrück Group) was allegedly an anti- Nazi resistance group allegedly active in the summer and autumn of 1944 Six of them were 16-year-old boys of the Edelweiss Pirates youth gang, including Barthel Schink; Fritz Theilen survived. The Edelweiss Pirates ( Edelweißpiraten) were a loose group of Youth culture in Nazi Germany. Bartholomäus (Barthel Schink ( November 27 1927 - November 10 1944) was a member of the Edelweiss Fritz Theilen, born September 27 1927, was a German member of the anti- Nazi resistance group the Edelweißpiraten during
Bookseller Gerhard Ludwig, who worked for the influential publisher Neven du Mont in 1941, was dismissed immediately when he got into trouble with the Gestapo for political reasons. Gerhard Ludwig (1909&ndash1994 was a German bookseller Born into a very poor working class family in Berlin, his mother worked in an ammunitions factory and Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The ( contraction of ge heime Sta ats' po' lizei: "Secret State Police" was the official Secret police of Nazi Germany Upon his return to Cologne after his release from Sachsenhausen concentration camp in 1946, editor Neven du Mont spotted him and complained about the release of prisoners from the camps - he still saw them as "criminals". Sachsenhausen (zaksənˈhaʊzən was a Concentration camp in Germany, operating between 1936 and 1945 Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Jews in Cologne
As early as 321 AD, an edict by the Emperor Constantine allowed Jews to be elected to the City Council. Events By Topic Roman Empire March 7 — Edict of Constantine I: The dies Solis Invicti (Sunday is proclaimed as Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut The first pogrom against the Jews was in 1349, and in 1424 they were evicted from the city, but were allowed back again in 1798. A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses Year 1798 ( MDCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a
When the Nazis came to power in 1933, the Jewish population of Cologne was about 20,000. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. By 1939, 40% of the city's Jews had emigrated. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The vast majority of those who remained had been deported to concentration camps by 1941. Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The trade fair grounds next to the Deutz train station were used to herd together the Jewish population for deportation to the death camps and for disposal of their household goods by public sale.
On Kristallnacht in 1938, Cologne's synagogues were set on fire. Kristallnacht ( literally "Crystal night" or the Night of Broken Glass was a Pogrom in Nazi Germany on November 9–10 1938 Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of
Postwar Cologne
Despite Cologne being the largest city in the region nearby, Düsseldorf was chosen as the political capital of the newly set-up Federal State North Rhine-Westphalia. Düsseldorf (ˈdʏsəldɔɐf is the capital city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Germany (Deutschland is a Federal Republic consisting of sixteen States, known in German as Länder (singular North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen usually shortened to NRW, official short form NW is the westernmost and - in terms of population and economic output - the With Bonn being chosen as the (provisional) capital of the Federal Republic, Cologne took benefit being sandwiched between the two important political centers of former West Germany. Bonn is the 19th largest city in Germany. Located about 20 kilometres south of Cologne on the river Rhine in the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( The city became home to a large number of Federal agencies and organizations. After reunification in 1990 a new situation has been politically co-ordinated with the new federal capital city of Berlin. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany.
In 1945 architect and urban planner Rudolf Schwarz called Cologne the "world's greatest heap of debris". Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Rudolf Schwarz may refer to Rudolf Schwarz (architect (1897-1961 German architect Rudolf Schwarz (conductor (1905-1994 Austrian-born Schwarz designed the masterplan of reconstruction in 1947, which called for the construction of several new thoroughfares through the downtown area, especially the 'Nord-Süd-Fahrt' (North-South-Drive). Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Masterplan took into consideration the fact that even shortly after the war a large increase in automobile traffic could be anticipated. Plans for new roads had already to a certain degree evolved under the Nazi administration, but the actual construction became easier in times when the majority of downtown lots were undeveloped. The destruction of famous romanesque churches like St. Gereon's Basilica, Great St. Martin, St. St Gereon's Basilica ( Basilika Sankt Gereon) is a Basilica church in Cologne, Germany, dedicated to Saint Gereon. Great Saint Martin Church is a Romanesque Catholic church in Cologne, Germany. Maria im Capitol and about a dozen others in World War II meant a tremendous loss of cultural substance to the city. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The rebuilding of those churches and other landmarks like the Gürzenich was not undisputed among leading architects and art historians at that time, but in most cases, civil intention prevailed. The reconstruction lasted until the 1990s, when Romanesque church of St. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 Kunibert was finished.
It took some time to rebuild the city. In 1959 the city's population reached pre-war numbers again. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Afterwards the city grew steadily, and, in 1975, the number exceeded 1 million inhabitants for about one year. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Since then, the number lingers slightly underneath.
In the 1980s and 1990s Cologne's economy prospered from two factors: First, the steady growth in the number of media companies, pertaining to both the private and the public sector. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 Catering especially to these companies is the newly developed Media Park, which creates a strongly visual focal point in downtown Cologne and includes the KölnTurm, one of Cologne's most prominent highrises. And second, a permanent improvement of the diverse traffic infrastructure, which makes Cologne one of the most easily accessible metropolitan areas in Central Europe.
Due to the economic success of the Cologne Trade Fair, the city arranged a large extension to the fair site in 2005. Cologne Trade Fair are an International Exhibition Center located in Cologne, Germany. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. At the same time the original buildings, which date back to the 1920s are rented out to RTL, Germany's largest private broadcaster, as their new corporate headquarter. The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada RTL Group ( is Europe's largest TV radio and production company and is majority-owned by German media conglomerate Bertelsmann.
External links
- Edicts of the "Kurfürstentum" of Cologne, 1461-1816 online
- Map of the Archbishopric of Cologne in 1789
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