The history of Bavaria stretches from its earliest settlement through its inclusion in the Roman and Holy Roman Empires to its status as an independent kingdom and, finally, as a large and significant Bundesland (state) of the modern Federal Republic of Germany. Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Germany (Deutschland is a Federal Republic consisting of sixteen States, known in German as Länder (singular Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Contents 1 Early settlements and Roman Raetia 2 Migrations and early medieval period 3 The stem duchy of Bavaria 3.1 Bavaria and the Agilolfings under Frankish overlordship 3.2 Christianity 3.3 The Duchy during the Carolingian period 3.4 The Duchy during the Ottonian and Salian periods 3.5 The Welfs 3.6 Geographic fluctuations 4 The Wittelsbach dynasty 4.1 Partitions 4.2 Lower Bavaria 4.3 Upper Bavaria 4.4 Bavaria-Straubing 4.5 Bavaria-Ingolstadt 4.6 Bavaria-Landshut 4.7 Bavaria-Munich 5 The reunited Duchy 5.1 Renaissance and Counter-Reformation 5.2 Thirty Years' War 6 The Electorate 6.1 Absolutism 6.2 Palatinate-Bavaria 6.3 Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods 7 The Kingdom 7.1 Constitution and Revolution 7.2 German Empire 8 Modern times 9 Bibliography 10 Notes 11 See also 12 External links 13 References

Early settlements and Roman Raetia

There are numerous palaeolithic finds in Bavaria. The term Paleolithic (or Palaeolithic) (from Greek παλαιός palaios, " Old " and λίθος Lithos, "stone" Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12

The earliest known inhabitants that are mentioned in written sources were a people, probably Celts, participating in the widespread La Tène culture, whom the Romans subdued just before the opening of the Christian era, founding colonies among them and including their land in the provinces of Raetia and Noricum. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The La Tène culture was a European Iron Age culture named after the archaeological site The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Raetia (so always in inscriptions classical manuscripts usually use the form Rhaetia) was a province of the Roman Empire, bounded on the west by the country Noricum, in ancient Geography, was a Celtic kingdom (perhaps better described as a federation of by tradition twelve tribes stretching over the area of The Roman centre of administration for this area was Castra Regina, now and since the Middle Ages known as Regensburg. Regensburg ( also Ratisbon, Ratisbona Řezno originally Castra Regina) is a City (population 131000 in 2007 in Bavaria, Germany ¹

For the Roman history of the territory, see Vindelicia and Raetia. In the pre-Roman Geography of Europe, Vindelicia simply identifies the country inhabited by the Vindelici, a region bounded on the north by the Danube Raetia (so always in inscriptions classical manuscripts usually use the form Rhaetia) was a province of the Roman Empire, bounded on the west by the country

Migrations and early medieval period

During the 5th century the Romans in Noricum and Raetia came under increasing pressure from an influx of foreign peoples. The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in Anno Domini / Common Era.

One theory of the etymological origins of the name "Bavarian" is that Bai(o)arii was derived from Bai(a)haim (Boiohaemum in Latin), which is thought to be equivalent with the land of the antique tribe of the Boii and modern Bohemia (Reindel 1981). Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Boii ( Latin plural singular Boius; Greek) is the Roman name of an ancient Celtic tribe, attested at various Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the

The Bavarian name was first mentioned historically by the Franks in a list of peoples, prepared c. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group 520. The first document that also describes their location (east of the Swabians) is in the History of the Goths by the historian Jordanes dating from 551. Jordanes (also Jordanis or even Iornandes) was a 6th century Roman Bureaucrat, who turned his hand to History later in life Then follows a remark by Venantius Fortunatus in his description of his travels from Ravenna to Tours (565-571) in which he had crossed the lands of the Bavarians, referring to the dangers of travel in the region: 'If the road is clear and if the Bavarian does not stop you … then travel across the Alps. Saint Venantius Fortunatus or Venantius Honorius Clementianus Fortunatus (c '

Archaeological evidence dating from the 5th and 6th centuries points to social and cultural influences from several regions and peoples, such as Alamanni, Lombards, Thuringians, Goths, Bohemian Slavs the local Romanised population . The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni were originally an alliance of Germanic tribes located around the upper Main river ( Germany The Lombards ( Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from The Thuringii or Toringi were a Germanic tribe which appeared late during the Völkerwanderung in the Harz Mountains of central The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s Bohemians are the people of Bohemia, in the Czech Republic, inhabitants of the former Kingdom of Bohemia located in the modern day Czech Republic In Linguistics, romanization (or latinization, also spelled romanisation or latinisation) is the representation of a Word or ²  

Recent research (e. g. Wolfram and Pohl 1990) has moved away from searching for specific geographical origins of the Bavarians. It is now thought that the tribal ethnicity was established by the process of ethnogenesis, whereby an ethnic identity is formed because political and social pressures that make a coherent identity necessary. Ethnogenesis (From Greek: ethnos ( group of people nation and genesis ( a coming into being is the process by which a group of human beings comes

The stem duchy of Bavaria

Bavaria and the Agilolfings under Frankish overlordship

The Bavarians soon came under the dominion of the Franks, probably without a serious struggle. The Franks regarded this border area as a buffer zone against peoples to the east, such as the Avars and the Slavs, and as a source of manpower for the army. Sometime around 550 they put it under the administration of a duke - possibly Frankish or possibly chosen from amongst the local leading families - who was supposed to act as a regional governor for the Frankish king. The first duke we know of, and likely the first, was Garibald I, a member of the powerful Agilolfing family. Garibald I (also Garivald) (born 540 was Duke (or King of Bavaria from 555 until 591 The Agilolfings were a family of either Frankish or Bavarian nobility that ruled the Duchy of Bavaria on behalf of their Merovingian suzerains ⁶   This was the beginning of a series of Agilolfing dukes that was to last until 788.

For a century and a half a succession of dukes resisted the inroads of the Slavs on their eastern frontier, and by the time of Duke Theodo I, who died in 717, had achieved complete independence from the feeble Frankish kings. Theodo (about 625 &ndash 11 December c 716 also known as Theodo V and Theodo II, was the Duke of Bavaria from 670 or more probably 680 to Events By Place Europe March 21 — The Battle of Vincy is fought between Charles Martel and Ragenfrid. When Charles Martel became the virtual ruler of the Frankish realm he brought the Bavarians into strict dependence, and deposed two dukes successively for contumacy. Charles "The Hammer" Martel (Carolus Martellus Charles "the Hammer" (ca Pippin the Short likewise maintaining Frankish authority, and several marriages took place between the family to which he belonged and the Agilolfings, who were united in a similar manner with the kings of the Lombards. Pepin or Pippin (714 &ndash 24 September 768) called the Short, and often known as Pepin the Younger or Pepin III, was The Lombards ( Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from The ease with which the Franks suppressed various risings gives colour to the supposition that family quarrels rather than the revolt of an oppressed people motivated the rebellions.

Bavarian law was committed to writing between the years 739 and 748. Events By Place Europe Charles Martel drives the Moors out of France. Events By Place Asia January — An Earthquake strikes the Middle East from northern Egypt to northwestern Mesopotamia Supplementary clauses, added afterwards, bear evidence of Frankish influence. Thus, while the dukedom belongs to the Agilolfing family, the duke must be chosen by the people and his election confirmed by the Frankish king, to whom he owes fealty. An Oath of fealty, from the Latin fidelitas ( Faithfulness) is a pledge of Allegiance of one person to another The duke has a fivefold weregild, summons the nobles and clergy for purposes of deliberation, calls out the host, administers justice and regulates finance. A duke is a member of the Nobility, historically of highest rank below the Sovereign, and historically controlled a Duchy or a Dukedom Weregeld (alternative spellings wergild, wergeld, weregeld, etc Five noble families exist, possibly representing former divisions of the people. Subordinate to the nobles we find the freeborn, and then the freedmen. The law divides the country into gaits or counties, under their counts, assisted by judges responsible for declaring the law.

Christianity

Christianity had lingered in Bavaria from Roman times, but a new era set in when Rupert, bishop of Worms, came to the county at the invitation of Duke Theodo I in 696. The Bishopric of Worms was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire. Events Births Deaths Prince Takechi of Japan Map-bms696 He founded several monasteries, as did St. Emmeran, bishop of Poitiers, with the result that before long the bulk of the people professed Christianity and relations commenced between Bavaria and Rome. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The 8th century witnessed indeed a heathen reaction, but the arrival in Bavaria in about 734 of Saint Boniface checked apostacy. The 8th century is the period from 701 to 800 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Events Births Deaths Bilge Khan, Göktürk emperor Map-bms734 Zh-yue734年 Saint Boniface ( Latin: Bonifacius c 672 – June 5, 754) the Apostle of the Germans, born Winfrid or Wynfrith at Boniface organised the Bavarian church and founded or restored bishoprics at Salzburg, Freising, Regensburg and Passau. is the fourth-largest city in Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg. Freising is a town in Bavaria, Germany, capital of the district Freising. Regensburg ( also Ratisbon, Ratisbona Řezno originally Castra Regina) is a City (population 131000 in 2007 in Bavaria, Germany Passau ( Latin: Batavis or Batavia, also Passavium; Italian: Passavia; Czech: Pasov) is a town in

Tassilo III, who became duke of the Bavarians in 749, recognized the supremacy of the Frankish king Pippin the Short in 757, but soon afterwards refused to furnish a contribution to the war in Aquitaine. Tassilo III (b circa 741 d circa 796 was Duke of Bavaria from 748 to 787 the last of the house of the Agilolfings. Events By Place Europe June — Aistulf succeeds his brother Ratchis as king of the Lombards. Pepin or Pippin (714 &ndash 24 September 768) called the Short, and often known as Pepin the Younger or Pepin III, was Events By Place Asia March 9 — A major Earthquake strikes Palestine and Syria. Aquitaine (Aquitània Akitania archaic Guyenne / Guienne (Occitan Guiana) is one of the 26 Regions of France, in the south-western part of Moreover, during the early years of the reign of Charlemagne, Tassilo gave decisions in ecclesiastical and civil causes in his own name, refused to appear in the assemblies of the Franks, and in general acted as an independent ruler. Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his His control of the Alpine passes, and his position as an ally of the Avars and as son-in-law of the Lombard king Desiderius formed so serious a menace to the Frankish kingdom that Charlemagne determined to crush him. The Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan. Desiderius (also known as Daufer or Dauferius; Didier in French and Desiderio in Italian) was the last king of the

The details of this contest remain obscure. Tassilo appears to have done homage in 781, and again in 787, probably owing to the presence of Frankish armies. Events By Place Asia July 31 — The oldest recorded eruption of Mt Events By Place Europe Canual succeeds Talorgen as king of the Picts. But further trouble soon arose, and in 788 the Franks summoned the duke to Ingelheim, and sentenced him to death on a charge of treachery. Events By Place Europe Charlemagne conquers Bavaria. Bermudo I succeeds Mauregato as king Ingelheim am Rhein is the capital of the Mainz-Bingen district situated on the left bank of the Rhine within the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate, The King, however, pardoned Tassilo who entered a monastery and formally renounced his duchy at Frankfurt in 794. Events By Place Asia Kyoto becomes the Japanese capital ending the Nara period, and beginning the Heian period.

Gerold, a brother-in-law of Charlemagne, ruled Bavaria till his death in a battle with the Avars in 799, when Frankish counts took over the administration and assimilated the land with the rest of the Carolingian empire. Events By Topic Religion 29 November — Pope Leo III, aided by Charles the Great, returns to Rome. The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the Measures taken by Charlemagne for the intellectual progress and material welfare of his realm improved conditions. The Bavarians offered no resistance to the change which thus abolished their dukedom. Their incorporation with the Frankish dominions, due mainly to the unifying influence of the church, appeared already so complete that Charlemagne did not find it necessary to issue more than two capitularies dealing especially with Bavarian affairs.

The Duchy during the Carolingian period

The history of Bavaria for the ensuing century intertwines with that of the Carolingian empire. Stem duchies (from the German Stammesherzogtum, literally "tribal duchy" were associated with the Frankish Kingdom, especially the East The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the Given at the partition of 817 to the king of the East Franks, Louis the German, Bavaria formed part of the larger territories confirmed to him in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun. Events By Place Europe Louis the Pious divides his empire among his sons Louis the German becomes king of East Francia Louis (also Ludwig or Lewis) the German (also known as Louis II or Louis the Bavarian) (806 &ndash August 28, 876 Events By Place Europe The Treaty of Verdun divides the Carolingian Empire between the 3 sons of Louis the In the Treaty of Verdun of 843 the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious, Charlemagne 's grandsons divided his territories the Carolingian Louis made Regensburg the centre of his government and actively developed Bavaria, providing for its security by numerous campaigns against the Slavs. When he divided his possessions in 865, it passed to his eldest son, Carloman, who had already managed its administration, and after his death in 880 it formed part of the extensive territories of Emperor Charles the Fat. Events By Place Europe Ethelred succeeds as king of Wessex (or 866) See Interstate 880 for the American Freeway Events By Place Europe Oldest known mention of the city of Charles the Fat (Carolus Pinguis 13 June 839 – 13 January 888) was the King of Alemannia from 876 King of Italy from This incompetent ruler left its defence to Arnulf, an illegitimate son of Carloman. Arnulf of Carinthia (Arnulf von Kärnten Arnulf Koroški 850 &ndash December 8 899) was the Carolingian King of East Francia from 887 Due mainly to the support of the Bavarians, Arnulf could take the field against Charles in 887 and secure his own election as German king in the following year. Events By Place Asia Emperor Uda ascends to the throne of Japan. In 899 Bavaria passed to Louis the Child, during whose reign continuous Hungarian ravages occurred. Events By place Europe Edward the Elder becomes King of Wessex. Louis the Child (893 &ndash 20/ 24 September 911) sometimes called Louis IV or Louis III, was the last Carolingian ruler of Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Resistance to these inroads became gradually feebler, and tradition has it that on 5 July 907 almost the whole of the Bavarian tribe perished in battle against these formidable enemies. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. Events By Place Asia Oleg leads the Kievan Rus' in a campaign against Constantinople (see Rus'-Byzantine

During the reign of Louis the Child, Luitpold, Count of Scheyern, who possessed large Bavarian domains, ruled the Mark of Carinthia, created on the southeastern frontier for the defence of Bavaria. The Duchy of Carinthia (Herzogtum Kärnten Vojvodina Koroška was a Duchy located in southern Austria and parts of northern Slovenia. He died in the great battle of 907, but his son Arnulf, surnamed the Bad, rallied the remnants of the tribe, drove back the Hungarians, and became duke of the Bavarians in 911, uniting Bavaria and Carinthia under his rule. Arnulf (died 14 July 937) called the Bad (der Schlimme or the Evil ( der Böse) was the Duke of Bavaria from 907 until Events By Place Europe Autumn — Charles the Simple agrees to the Treaty of St The German king Conrad I unsuccessfully attacked Arnulf when the latter refused to acknowledge his royal supremacy. Conrad I or Konrad I may refer to Conrad I Count of Auxerre in 859–864 Conrad I of Germany, Duke of Franconia and King

The Duchy during the Ottonian and Salian periods

In 920 Conrad's successor as German king, Henry the Fowler of the Ottonian dynasty, recognized Arnulf as duke, confirming his right to appoint bishops, coin money and issue laws. 920 AD was a year in the 10th century Events By Place Africa The golden age of the Ghana Empire begins in Africa. The Ottonian dynasty was a dynasty of Germanic Kings (919-1024 named after its first emperor but also known as the Saxon dynasty after the family's origin

A similar conflict took place between Arnulf's son and successor Eberhard and Henry's son Otto I the Great. Eberhard was the eldest son and successor of Arnulf the Bad, Duke of Bavaria ( 907 - 937) Otto I the Great ( 23 November 912 &ndash 7 May 973) son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke Eberhard proved less successful than his father, and in 938 fled from Bavaria, which Otto granted (with reduced privileges) to the late duke's uncle, Bertold. Events By Place Asia The Liao Dynasty takes over Peking; they name Nanjing as their South Palace Berthold (c900 &ndash 23 November 947) of the Luitpolding dynasty was the younger son of the margrave Luitpold and Cunigunda and successor Otto also appointed a count palatine in the person of Eberhard's brother Arnulf to watch the royal interests. This article gives details on the history of the Count Palatine in Mediaeval European Palatinate regions and social structure

When Bertold died in 947, Otto conferred the duchy upon his own brother Henry, who had married Judith, a daughter of Duke Arnulf. Events By Place Asia The Later Jin Dynasty falls to the Later Han Dynasty (founded by Gaozu of Later Han) in Henry I (919/921 &ndash November 1, 955) was Duke of Bavaria. The Bavarians disliked Henry, who spent his short reign mainly in disputes with his people.

The ravages of the Hungarians ceased after their defeat on the Lechfeld (955), and the area of the duchy temporarily grew with the addition of certain adjacent districts in Italy. The Battle of Lechfeld ( 10 August 955) perhaps the defining event for holding off the incursions of the Magyars into Central Europe, was a decisive Events By Place Europe August 10 — Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I the Great defeats the Magyars, halting Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest

In 955 Henry's young son Henry, surnamed the Quarrelsome, succeeded him, but in 974 he became involved in a conspiracy against King Otto II. Saint Henry II ( May 6, 973 &ndash July 13, 1024) called the Holy or the Saint, was the fifth and last Holy Henry II (951&ndash995 called the Wrangler or the Quarrelsome, in German Heinrich der Zänker, was the son of Henry I and Judith of Bavaria Events By Place Africa The Carmathians are defeated in Egypt by Jawhar as-Siqilli; Fatimid rule is consolidated The rising occurred because the king had granted the duchy of Swabia to Henry's enemy, Otto, a grandson of Emperor Otto the Great, and had given the new Bavarian Eastern March, subsequently known as Austria, to Leopold, count of Babenberg. Otto I, Duke of Swabia and Bavaria ( 955 &ndash 982) was the son of Liodolf of Swabia and his wife Ida and thus a grandson of The March or Margraviate of Austria was created in 976 out of the territory that probably formed the earlier March of Pannonia. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Leopold I, also Luitpold or Liutpold (died 994 was the first Margrave of Austria from the Babenberg dynasty The revolt soon failed, but Henry, who on his escape from prison renewed his plots, formally lost his duchy of Bavaria in 976 to Otto, Duke of Swabia. For the 976 telephone prefix see Premium-rate telephone number Events By Place Byzantine Empire January 10 — At the same time Carinthia was made a separate duchy, the office of Count Palatine was reestablished, and the Bavarian church became dependent on the king instead of on the duke.

Restored in 985, Henry proved himself a capable ruler by establishing internal order, issuing important laws and taking measures to reform the monasteries. Events By Place Europe Barcelona is sacked by Al-Mansur. Greenland is colonized by Icelandic His son and successor, chosen German king as Henry II in 1002, gave Bavaria to his brother-in-law Henry of Luxembourg, after whose death in 1026 it passed successively to Henry, afterwards Emperor Henry III, and then to another member of the family of Luxembourg, ruling as Duke Henry VII. Saint Henry II ( May 6, 973 &ndash July 13, 1024) called the Holy or the Saint, was the fifth and last Holy Henry (d1026 of the House of Luxembourg, was the Count of Luxembourg (as Henry I) from 998 and the Duke of Bavaria (as Henry V) Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by Henry III ( 29 October 1017 &ndash 5 October 1056) called the Black or the Pious, was a member of the Salian Dynasty Henry VII (died 16 October 1047) was the Count of Luxembourg (as Henry II from 1026 and Duke of Bavaria from 1042 until his death In 1061, Empress Agnes, mother of and regent for the German king Henry IV, entrusted the duchy to Otto of Nordheim. Agnes of Poitou, Agnes of Aquitaine or Empress Agnes (c 1025 &ndash December 14, 1077) was regent of the Holy Roman Empire Henry IV ( November 11, 1050 &ndash August 7, 1106) was King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until Otto of Northeim (German Otto von Northeim Duke of Bavaria (born about 1020 died 11 January 1083) belonged to the rich and influential Saxon family

The Welfs

In 1070, King Henry IV deposed duke Otto, granting the duchy to Count Welf, a member of an influential Bavarian family with roots in northern Italy. Welf I (died 6 November 1101, Paphos) was duke of Bavaria from 1070 to 1077 and from 1096 to his death

In consequence of his support of Pope Gregory VII in his quarrel with Henry, Welf lost but subsequently regained Bavaria; two of his sons followed him in succession: Welf II from 1101 and Henry IX from 1120. Pope Welf II ( 1072 &ndash 24 September 1120, Kaufering) or Welfhard, called Welf the Fat, was duke of Bavaria from Henry IX (died 13 December 1126) called the Black, a member of the House of Welf, was duke of Bavaria from 1120 to 1126 Both exercised considerable influence among the German princes.

Henry IX's son Henry X, called the Proud, succeeded in 1126, and also obtained the Duchy of Saxony in 1137. Henry the Proud (c 1108 &ndash 20 October 1139) was the Duke of Bavaria ( Henry X, 1126&ndash1139 Duke of Saxony ( Henry The mediæval Duchy of Saxony was a late Early Middle Ages "Carolingian Stem duchy " covering the greater part of Northern Germany. Alarmed at this prince's power, King Conrad III refused to allow two duchies to remain in the same hands, and declared Henry deposed. Conrad III may refer to Conrad III of Germany Conrad III of Provence (Conrad I of Burgundy Conrad III of Dachau He bestowed Bavaria upon Leopold IV, Margrave of Austria. Leopold IV, the Generous (c 1108&ndash October 18, 1141) was Margrave of Austria from 1136 and Duke of Bavaria from 1139 until his When Leopold died in 1141, the king retained the duchy himself; but it continued to be the scene of considerable disorder, and in 1143 he entrusted it to Henry, surnamed Jasomirgott, Margrave of Austria. Heinrich (Henry II, (1107 &ndash January 13, 1177) Count Palatine of the Rhine, 1140-1141 Margrave of Austria from 1141 to 1156

The struggle for its possession continued until 1156, when Emperor Frederick I, in his desire to restore peace to Germany, persuaded Henry to give up Bavaria to Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony and son of Henry the Proud. Frederick I Barbarossa (1122 &ndash 10 June 1190) was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned Henry the Lion ( German: Heinrich der Löwe; 1129 &ndash 6 August 1195) was a member of the Guelph dynasty and Duke of Saxony In return, Austria was elevated from a margraviate to an independent duchy in the Privilegium Minus. The Privilegium Minus (as opposed to the later Privilegium Maius, which was a forgery is a document issued by Emperor Frederick I on September 17, It was Henry the Lion who founded Munich. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany.

Geographic fluctuations

During the years following the dissolution of the Carolingian empire the borders of Bavaria changed continually, and for a lengthy period after 955 expanded. To the west the Lech still divided Bavaria from Swabia, but on three other sides Bavaria took advantage of opportunities for expansion, and the duchy occupied a considerable area north of the Danube. The Lech (Licus Licca) is a River in Austria and Germany. It is a right tributary of the Danube and 264 km in length with a The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj During the later years of the rule of the Welfs, however, a contrary tendency operated, and the extent of Bavaria shrank. See also Elder House of Welf The House of Welf (or House of Guelph) is a European Dynasty that has included many German and British The immense energies of Duke Henry the Lion focused on his northern duchy of Saxony rather than on his southern duchy of Bavaria, and when the dispute over the Bavarian succession ended in 1156, the district between the Enns and the Inn became part of Austria. The Enns is a southern tributary of the Danube River and 254  km long The Inn is a River in Switzerland, Austria and Germany. It is a right Tributary of the Danube and is approximately 500km

The increasing importance of former Bavarian territories like the Mark of Styria (erected into a duchy in 1180) and of the county of Tirol had diminished both the actual and the relative strength of Bavaria, which now on almost all sides lacked opportunities for expansion. The Duchy of Styria (Herzogtum Steiermark Vojvodina Štajerska Stájerország was a duchy located in modern-day southern Austria and northern Slovenia. Tyrol is a region in Western Central Europe, which included the present day Austrian state of Tyrol (consisting of North Tyrol and East The neighbouring Duchy of Carinthia, the large territories of the Archbishop of Salzburg, as well as a general tendency to claim more independence on the part of both clerical and lay nobles: all these cramped Bavarian expansionism. The Duchy of Carinthia (Herzogtum Kärnten Vojvodina Koroška was a Duchy located in southern Austria and parts of northern Slovenia. The Archbishopric of Salzburg was an ecclesiastical state of the Holy Roman Empire, roughly consisting of the present-day state of Salzburg (the

The Wittelsbach dynasty

A new era began when, in consequence of Henry the Lion being placed under an imperial ban in 1180, Emperor Frederick I awarded the duchy to Otto, a member of the old Bavarian family of Wittelsbach, and a descendant of the counts of Scheyern. Not to be confused with Duke Otto I 976-982 Duke of Bavaria (as Otto I The Wittelsbach family is a European Royal family and a German dynasty from Bavaria. The Wittelsbach dynasty ruled Bavaria without interruption until 1918. Also the Electoral Palatinate was acquired by the Wittelsbach in 1214. The Palatinate of the Rhine (Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein later the Electoral Palatinate (Kurpfalz was a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire

When Otto of Wittelsbach gained Bavaria at Altenburg in September 1180 the duchy's borders comprised the Böhmerwald, the Inn, the Alps and the Lech; and the duke exercised practical power only over his extensive private domains around Wittelsbach, Kelheim and Straubing. The Bohemian Forest is a low Mountain range in Central Europe. The Wittelsbach family is a European Royal family and a German dynasty from Bavaria. Kelheim is a municipality in Bavaria, capital of the district Kelheim. Straubing is an independent city in Lower Bavaria, southern Germany.

Otto only enjoyed his rule for three years. His son Louis I succeeded him in 1183, played a leading part in German affairs during the early years of the reign of the emperor Frederick II, and died (assassinated) at Kelheim in September 1231. Duke Louis I of Bavaria (Ludwig I der Kelheimer Herzog von Bayern Pfalzgraf bei Rhein ( Kelheim, 23 December, 1173 &ndash 15 September Frederick II ( December 26, 1194 &ndash December 13, 1250) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was a Pretender to the title His son Otto II, called the Illustrious, the next duke, found that his loyalty to the Hohenstaufen emperors saw himself placed under a papal ban and Bavaria placed under an interdict. Not to be confused with Duke Otto II 1061-1070 Duke of Bavaria (as Otto II. In the Roman Catholic Church, the word interdict (in’tér-dikt usually refers to an Ecclesiastical penalty Like his father, Otto II increased the area of his lands by purchases, and he considerably strengthened his hold upon the duchy before he died in November 1253.

Partitions

The efforts of the dukes to increase their power and to give unity to the duchy had met with a fair measure of success; but they were soon vitiated by partitions among different members of the family, which for 250 years made the history of Bavaria little more than a jejune chronicle of territorial divisions bringing war and weakness in their train.

The first of these divisions occurred in 1255. Louis II and Henry XIII, the sons of Duke Otto II, who for two years after their father's death had ruled Bavaria jointly, split their inheritance: Louis II obtained the western part of the duchy, afterwards called Upper Bavaria, but also the Electoral Palatinate and Henry secured eastern or Lower Bavaria. Not to be confused with King Ludwig II of Bavaria. Duke Louis II of Bavaria ( German: Ludwig II der Strenge Herzog von Bayern Henry XIII of Bavaria member of the Wittelsbach dynasty ( 19 November 1235 – 3 February 1290 in Burghausen) was duke

Lower Bavaria

Henry XIII of Lower Bavaria spent most of his time in quarrels with his brother, with Ottakar II of Bohemia and with various ecclesiastics. When he died in February 1290, the land fell to his three sons, Otto III, Louis III, and Stephen I. Otto III of Bavaria, ( 11 February 1261 in Burghausen, &ndash 9 November 1312 in Landshut) member of the Stephen I ( March 14 1271 &ndash December 10 1310) was duke of Lower Bavaria from 1290 until 1310 as co-regent of his older brothers The families of these three princes governed Lower Bavaria until 1333, when Henry XV (son of Otto III) died, followed in 1334 by his cousin Otto IV; and as both died without sons the whole of Lower Bavaria then passed to Henry XIV. Henry XV duke of Bavaria, as duke of Lower Bavaria also called Henry III ( 28 August 1312 – 18 June 1333 in Natternberg Henry XIV duke of Bavaria, as duke of Lower Bavaria also called Henry II Dying in 1339, Henry left an only son, John I, who died childless in the following year, when the Wittelsbach emperor Louis IV, by securing Lower Bavaria for himself, united the whole of the duchy under his sway. John I of Bavaria ( November 29 1329 &ndash December 20 1340) (German Johann I das Kind Herzog von Niederbayern) he was the Duke

Upper Bavaria

In the course of a long reign Louis II, called "the Stern", became the most powerful prince in southern Germany. He served as the guardian of his nephew Conradin of Hohenstaufen, and after Conradin's execution in Italy in 1268, Louis and his brother Henry inherited the domains of the Hohenstaufen in Swabia and elsewhere. Conradin is also a character in the short story Sredni Vashtar. Swabia, Suabia, or Svebia ( German: Schwaben, Schwabenland or Ländle) is both a historic and linguistic He supported Rudolph, count of Habsburg, in his efforts to secure the German throne in 1273, married the new king's daughter Mechtild, and aided him in campaigns in Bohemia and elsewhere. Rudolph I, also known as Rudolph of Habsburg ( German: Rudolf von Habsburg, Latin Rudolfus) May 1, 1218 &ndash

For some years after Louis' death in 1294 his sons Rudolph I and Louis, afterwards the emperor Louis IV, ruled their duchy in common; but as their relations were never harmonious a division of Upper Bavaria occurred in 1310, by which Rudolph received the land east of the Isar together with the town of Munich, and Louis the district between the Isar and the Lech. Rudolf I of Bavaria ( October 4 1274, Basle &ndash August 12 1319) (German Rudolf I, Herzog von Bayern Pfalzgraf bei Rhein Louis IV ( 1 April[[ 282]] &ndash 11 October 1347) called the Bavarian, of the house of Wittelsbach, was the Duke of Bavaria The Isar is a river in Tirol, Austria and Bavaria, Germany. Its source is in the Karwendel range of the Alps in Tirol Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. It was not long, however, before this arrangement led to war between the brothers, with the outcome that in 1317, three years after he had become German king, Louis compelled Rudolph to abdicate, and for twelve years ruled alone over the whole of Upper Bavaria. But in 1329 a series of events induced him to conclude the Treaty of Pavia with Rudolph's sons, Rudolph and Rupert, to whom he transferred the Palatinate of the Rhine (which the Wittelsbach family had owned since 1214) and also a portion of Bavaria north of the Danube, afterwards called the Upper Palatinate (Oberpfalz). The Treaty of Pavia which divided the House of Wittelsbach two branches was signed in Pavia in 1329. The Palatinate of the Rhine (Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein later the Electoral Palatinate (Kurpfalz was a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire The Upper Palatinate (German Oberpfalz) is one of the seven administrative regions of Bavaria, Germany, located in the east of Bavaria

At the same time the two lines of the Wittelsbach family decided to exercise the electoral vote alternately, and that in the event of the extinction of either branch of the family, the surviving branch should inherit its possessions.

The consolidation of Bavaria under Louis IV. lasted for seven years, during which the emperor was able to improve the condition of the country. When he died in 1347 he left six sons to share his possessions, who agreed upon a division of Bavaria in 1349. Its history, however, was complicated by its connections with Brandenburg, Holland, Hainaut and Tyrol, all of which the emperor had also left to his sons. Brandenburg ( Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska) is one of the sixteen states of Germany. Holland is a region in the western part of the Netherlands. A maritime and economic power in the 17th century Holland today consists of the Dutch provinces of This article deals with the historical county of Hainaut for other meanings see Hainaut. Tyrol is a region in Western Central Europe, which included the present day Austrian state of Tyrol (consisting of North Tyrol and East All the six brothers exercised some authority in Bavaria; but three alone left issue, and of these the eldest, Louis V, Duke of Bavaria, also margrave of Brandenburg and count of Tyrol, died in 1361; followed to the grave two years later by his only (and childless) son Meinhard. Louis V Duke of Bavaria, called the Brandenburger (May 1315 &ndash 18 September 1361 in Zorneding near Munich) was Duke of Meinhard III ( February 9 1344 - January 13, 1363) was the son of Louis V of Bavaria with Countess Margarete Maultasch Tyrol then passed to Habsburg. Brandenburg was lost in 1373.

The two remaining brothers, Stephen II and Albert I, ruled over Bavaria-Landshut and Bavaria-Straubing respectively, and when Stephen died in 1375 his three sons governed his portion of Bavaria jointly. Duke Stephen II of Bavaria (1319 &ndash 13 May 1375, Landshut) (German Stephan II mit der Hafte Herzog von Bayern) after 1347 Duke of Duke Albert I or Albrecht ( July 25, 1336, Munich &ndash December 13, 1404, The Hague) was a feudal ruler In 1392, on the extinction of all the lines except those of Stephen and Albert, an important partition took place, which sub-divided the greater part of the duchy amongst Stephen's three sons, Stephen III, Frederick and John II, who founded respectively the lines of Ingolstadt, Landshut and Munich. Duke Stephen III of Bavaria ( German, in full Stephan III der Kneißl Herzog von Bayern; 1337 — September 26, 1413, Niederschönfeld Frederick (1339 &ndash 4 December 1393) was Duke of Bavaria from 1375 Duke John II of Bavaria-Munich (1341 &ndash 1397 (German Johann II Herzog von Bayern-München) since 1375 Duke of Bavaria - Munich. Ingolstadt (ˈɪŋgɔlˌʃtat Austro-Bavarian: Inglstådt) is a city in the Free State of Bavaria, Germany Landshut is a city in Bavaria in the south-east of Germany both belonging to Eastern and Southern Bavaria

The main result of the threefold division of 1392 proved a succession of civil wars which led to the temporary eclipse of Bavaria as a force in German politics. Neighbouring states encroached upon its borders, and the nobles ignored the authority of the dukes, who, deprived of the electoral vote, were mainly occupied for fifty years with intestine strife.

This condition of affairs, however, had some benefits. The government of the country and the control of the finances passed mainly into the hands of an assembly called the Landtag or Landschaft, organized in 1392. The towns, assuming a certain independence, became strong and wealthy as trade increased, and the citizens of Munich and Regensburg often proved formidable antagonists to the dukes. Thus a period of disorder saw the growth of representative institutions and the establishment of a strong civic spirit.

Bavaria-Straubing

Albert I's duchy of Bavaria-Straubing passed with Holland and Hainaut on his death in 1404 to his son William II, and in 1417 to his younger son John III, who resigned the bishopric of Liège to take up his new position. Duke William II of Bavaria-Straubing was also count William VI of Holland, count William IV of Hainaut and count William V of The Bishopric of Liège or Prince-Bishopric of Liège was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries in present Belgium When John died in 1425 this family became extinct, and after a contest between various claimants, the three remaining branches of the Wittelsbach family Ingolstadt, Landshut and Munich partitioned Bavaria-Straubing between themselves. But Holland and Hainaut passed to Burgundy.

Bavaria-Ingolstadt

Stephen III, duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt, achieved renown rather as a soldier than as a statesman; and his rule saw struggles with various towns, and with his brother, John of Bavaria-Munich. On his death in 1413 his son Louis VII, called the Bearded, succeeded. Duke Louis VII of Bavaria ( 20 December 1365 &ndash 1 May 1447, Burghausen) (German Ludwig VII der Bärtige Herzog von Before his accession, this restless and quarrelsome prince, had played an important part in the affairs of France, where his sister Isabella had married King Charles VI. Isabeau de Bavière (also Isabella of Bavaria-Ingolstadt; c 1370 &ndash September 24, 1435) was a Queen Consort of France (1385-1422 Charles VI (3 December 1368 &ndash 21 October 1422 called the Well-loved (le Bien-Aimé and the Mad (French le Fol or le Fou) was the About 1417 he became involved in a violent quarrel with his cousin, Henry XVI of Bavaria-Landshut, fell under both the papal and the imperial ban, and in 1439 came under attack from his son, Louis VIII the Lame. Henry XVI of Bavaria (1386– 30 July 1450, Landshut) (Heinrich der Reiche Herzog von Bayern-Landshut since 1393 Duke of Bavaria - Landshut This prince, who had married a daughter of Frederick I of Hohenzollern, margrave of Brandenburg, very much disliked the favour shown by his father to an illegitimate son. Frederick (Friedrich September 21, 1371 &ndash September 20, 1440) was Burgrave of Nuremberg as Frederick VI and Aided by Albert Achilles, afterwards margrave of Brandenburg, he took the elder Louis prisoner and compelled him to abdicate in 1443. When Louis the Lame died in 1445 his father came into the power of his implacable enemy, Henry of Bavaria-Landshut, and died in prison in 1447.

Bavaria-Landshut

The duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt passed to Henry, who had succeeded his father Frederick as duke of Bavaria-Landshut in 1393, and whose long reign comprised almost entirely family feuds. He died in July 1450, and his son, Louis IX (called the Rich) succeeded. Duke Louis IX of Bavaria ( February 23 1417, Burghausen &ndash January 18 1479, Landshut) (German Ludwig IX About this time Bavaria began to recover some of its former importance.

Louis IX expelled the Jews from his duchy, increased the security of traders, and improved both the administration of justice and the condition of the finances. In 1472 he founded the university of Ingolstadt, attempted to reform the monasteries, and successfully defeated Albert Achilles of Brandenburg. The University of Ingolstadt was founded in 1472 by Louis the Rich, the Duke of Bavaria at the time and its first Chancellor was the Bishop On the death of Louis IX in January 1479 his son George, also called the Rich, succeeded; and when George, a faithful adherent of the German king Maximilian I, died without sons in December 1503, a war broke out for the possession of his duchy. Duke George the Rich of Bavaria-Landshut ( 15 August 1455 &ndash 1 December 1503 Ingolstadt) (German Georg, Herzog von

Bavaria-Munich

Bavaria-Munich passed on the death of John II in 1397 to his sons Ernest and William III, but they only obtained possession of their lands after a struggle with Stephen of Bavaria-Ingolstadt. Ernest of Bavaria-Munich ( Ernst Herzog von Bayern-München) ( Munich, 1373 &ndash 2 July 1438 in Munich from 1397 Duke of Bavaria Both brothers then engaged in warfare with the other branches of the family and with the citizens of Munich. William III, a loyal servant of the emperor Sigismund, died in 1435, leaving an only son, Adolf, who died five years later; and Ernest, distinguished for his bodily strength, died in 1438. In 1440 the whole of Bavaria-Munich came to Ernest's son Albert III, who had become estranged from his father owing to his union with the unfortunate Agnes Bernauer. Albert III of Bavaria-Munich ( Albrecht III der Fromme Herzog von Bayern-München) ( 27 March 1401 &ndash Agnes Bernauer (c 1410 &ndash October 12, 1435) was the commoner wife of Albert III Duke of Bavaria. Albert, whose attempts to reform the monasteries earned for him the surname of Pious, almost became the elected king of Bohemia in 1440. He died in 1460, leaving five sons, the two elder of whom, John IV and Sigismund, reigned in common until the death of John in 1463. Duke John IV of Bavaria-Munich (German Johann IV Herzog von Bayern) ( Munich, 4 October 1437 &ndash 18 November 1463 For other nobles of the same name please see Sigismund. Sigismund of Bavaria ( 26 July 1439 &ndash 1 February The third brother, Albert, who had been educated for the church, joined his brother in 1465, and when Sigismund abdicated two years later became sole ruler in spite of the claims of his two younger brothers.

Albert IV, called the Wise, added the district of Abensberg to his possessions, and in 1504 became involved in the war which broke out for the possession of Bavaria-Landshut on the death of George the Rich. Duke Albert IV of Bavaria-Munich ( 15 December 1447 in Munich &ndash 18 March 1508 in Munich (Albrecht IV Abensberg (ˈaːbənsˌbεʁk is a town in Bavaria, Germany on the Abens a tributary of the Danube, 18 m Albert's rival was George's son-in-law, Rupert, formerly bishop of Freising, and also successor of Philip, count palatine of the Rhine. The emperor Maximilian I, interested as archduke of Austria and count of Tirol, interfered in the dispute. Rupert died in 1504, and the following year an arrangement was made at the Diet of Cologne by which the emperor and Philip's grandson, Otto Henry, obtained certain outlying districts, while Albert by securing the bulk of George's possessions united Bavaria under his rule. In 1506 Albert decreed that the duchy should pass according to the rules of primogeniture, and endeavoured in other ways also to consolidate Bavaria. He was partially successful in improving the condition of the country; and in 1500 Bavaria formed one of the six circles into which Germany was divided for the maintenance of peace. He died in March 1508, and was succeeded by his son, William IV, whose mother, Kunigunde, was a daughter of the emperor Frederick III. William IV of Bavaria ( Wilhelm IV Herzog von Bayern) ( 13 November 1493 &ndash 7 March 1550) was Duke of Bavaria from

The reunited Duchy

Renaissance and Counter-Reformation

In spite of the decree of 1506 William IV was compelled in 1516, after a violent quarrel, to grant a share in the government to his brother Louis X, an arrangement which lasted until the death of Louis in 1545. Louis X (German Ludwig X Herzog von Bayern) ( Grünwald, 18 September 1495 &ndash 22 April 1545 in Landshut

William followed the traditional Wittelsbach policy of opposition to the Habsburgs until in 1534 he made a treaty at Linz with Ferdinand, king of Hungary and Bohemia. Linz is the third largest city of Austria and capital of the state of Upper Austria (Oberösterreich Ferdinand I Holy Roman Emperor ( Alcalá de Henares (near Madrid) Kingdom of Castile (now Spain) 10 March 1503 &ndash This link strengthened in 1546, when the emperor Charles V obtained the help of the duke during the war of the league of Schmalkalden by promising him in certain eventualities the succession to the Bohemian throne, and the electoral dignity enjoyed by the count palatine of the Rhine. Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was The Schmalkaldic League (Schmalkaldischer Bund was a defensive alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid- 16th The Palatinate of the Rhine (Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein later the Electoral Palatinate (Kurpfalz was a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire William also did much at a critical period to secure Bavaria for Catholicism. The reformed doctrines had made considerable progress in the duchy when the duke obtained from the pope extensive rights over the bishoprics and monasteries, and took measures to repress the reformers, many of whom were banished; while the Jesuits, whom he invited into the duchy in 1541, made the university of Ingolstadt their headquarters for Germany. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order The University of Ingolstadt was founded in 1472 by Louis the Rich, the Duke of Bavaria at the time and its first Chancellor was the Bishop William, whose death occurred in March 1550, was succeeded by his son Albert V, who had married a daughter of Ferdinand of Habsburg, afterwards the emperor Ferdinand I. Albert V Duke of Bavaria (German Albrecht V Herzog von Bayern) ( 29 February 1528 &ndash 24 October 1579) was Duke of Bavaria Early in his reign Albert made some concessions to the reformers, who were still strong in Bavaria; but about 1563 he changed his attitude, favoured the decrees of the Council of Trent, and pressed forward the work of the Counter-Reformation. The Council of Trent was the 19th Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. The Counter-Reformation (also Catholic Reformation denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the As education passed by degrees into the hands of the Jesuits the progress of Protestantism was effectually arrested in Bavaria. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation.

Albert V patronised art extensively. Artists of all kinds resorted to his court in Munich, and splendid buildings arose in the city; while Italy and elsewhere contributed to the collection of artistic works. The expenses of a magnificent court led the duke to quarrel with the Landschaft (the nobles), to oppress his subjects, and to leave a great burden of debt when he died in October 1579.

The succeeding duke, Albert's son, William V (called the Pious), had received a Jesuit education and showed keen attachment to Jesuit tenets. William V Duke of Bavaria ( 29 September 1548 - 7 February 1626) called the Pious, (German Wilhelm V He secured the archbishopric of Cologne for his brother Ernest in 1583, and this dignity remained in the possession of the family for nearly 200 years. The Electorate of Cologne (Kurfürstentum Köln or Kurköln) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire and existed from the 10th to the early 19th In 1597 he abdicated in favour of his son Maximilian I, and retired into a monastery, where he died in 1626. Not to be confused with King Maximilian I of Bavaria (1756-1825 prince-elector of Bavaria (as Maximilian IV Joseph.

Thirty Years' War

Maximilian I found the duchy encumbered with debt and filled with disorder, but ten years of his vigorous rule effected a remarkable change. The finances and the judicial system were reorganised, a class of civil servants and a national militia founded, and several small districts were brought under the duke's authority. The result was a unity and order in the duchy which enabled Maximilian to play an important part in the Thirty Years' War; during the earlier years of which he was so successful as to acquire the Upper Palatinate and the electoral dignity which had been enjoyed since 1356 by the elder branch of the Wittelsbach family. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. The Upper Palatinate (German Oberpfalz) is one of the seven administrative regions of Bavaria, Germany, located in the east of Bavaria The Prince-Electors (or simply Electors) of the Holy Roman Empire ( German: Kurfürst ( pl In spite of subsequent reverses, Maximilian retained these gains at the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The term Peace of Westphalia refers to the two peace treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24 of During the later years of this war Bavaria, especially the northern part, suffered severely. In 1632 the Swedes invaded, and when Maximilian violated the treaty of Ulm in 1647, the French and the Swedes ravaged the land. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Ulm (ˈʊlm is a City in the German Bundesland of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the River Danube. After repairing this damage to some extent, the elector died at Ingolstadt in September 1651, leaving his duchy much stronger than he had found it. Ingolstadt (ˈɪŋgɔlˌʃtat Austro-Bavarian: Inglstådt) is a city in the Free State of Bavaria, Germany The recovery of the Upper Palatinate made Bavaria compact; the acquisition of the electoral vote made it influential; and the duchy was able to play a part in European politics which internal strife had rendered impossible for the past four hundred years.

The Electorate

Absolutism

Whatever lustre the international position won by Maximilian I might add to the ducal house, on Bavaria itself its effect during the next two centuries was more dubious. Not to be confused with King Maximilian I of Bavaria (1756-1825 prince-elector of Bavaria (as Maximilian IV Joseph. Maximilian's son, Ferdinand Maria (1651-1679), who was a minor when he succeeded, did much indeed to repair the wounds caused by the Thirty Years' War, encouraging agriculture and industries, and building or restoring numerous churches and monasteries. Ferdinand Maria Elector of Bavaria ( October 31, 1636 - May 26, 1679) was a Wittelsbach ruler of Bavaria and an elector In 1669, moreover, he again called a meeting of the diet, which had been suspended since 1612.

His good work, however, was largely undone by his son Maximilian II Emanuel (1679-1726), whose far-reaching ambition set him warring against the Ottoman Empire and, on the side of France, in the great struggle of the Spanish succession. Maximilian II ( July 11, 1662 - February 26, 1726) known as either Max Emanuel and Maximilian Emanuel, was a Wittelsbach Year 1726 ( MDCCXXVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714 several European powers combined to stop French succession to the Spanish throne and what would likely have been a resulting He shared in the defeat at the Battle of Blenheim, near Höchstädt, on 13 August 1704; his dominions were temporarily partitioned between Austria and the elector palatine by the Treaty of Ilbersheim, and only restored to him, harried and exhausted, at the peace of Baden in 1714; the first Bavarian peasant insurrection, known as the Bloody Christmas of Sendling, having been crushed by the Austrian occupators in 1706. The Battle of Blenheim (referred to in some countries as the Second Battle of Höchstädt) fought on 13 August 1704 was a major battle of the War of the Spanish Succession Höchstädt an der Donau is a municipality in Dillingen County Bavaria, Germany. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Year 1704 ( MDCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Palatinate of the Rhine (Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein later the Electoral Palatinate (Kurpfalz was a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire The Treaty of Ilbersheim was signed on November 7 1704, after the Battle of Blenheim. The Treaty of Baden was the Treaty that ended hostilities between France and the Holy Roman Empire, who had been at war with one another since the Year 1714 ( MDCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a

Untaught by Maximilian II Emmanuel's experience, his son, Charles Albert (1726-1745), devoted all his energies to increasing the European prestige and power of his house. Emperor Charles VII Albert ( Brussels August 6, 1697 &ndash January 20, 1745 in Munich) a member of the Wittelsbach Year 1745 ( MDCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The death of the emperor Charles VI proved his opportunity: he disputed the validity of the Pragmatic Sanction which secured the Habsburg succession to Maria Theresa, allied himself with France, conquered Upper Austria, was crowned king of Bohemia at Prague and, in 1742, emperor at Frankfurt. Charles VI (German Karl VI) ( October 1, 1685 &ndash October 20, 1740) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia The Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, a legal mechanism designed to ensure that the Austrian throne and Habsburg lands would be inherited by Emperor Charles VI Maria Theresa (Maria Theresia see also names in other languages; May 13, 1717 November 29 1780) was the Archduchess regnant This is a list of rulers of Bohemia. Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, and Lusatia are territories which are or have Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. Year 1742 ( MDCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The price he had to pay, however, was the occupation of Bavaria itself by Austrian troops; and, though the invasion of Bohemia in 1744 by Frederick II of Prussia enabled him to return to Munich, at his death on January 20 1745 it was left to his successor to make what terms he could for the recovery of his dominions. Year 1744 ( MDCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Frederick II (Friedrich II January 24 1712 August 17 1786) was a King of Prussia (1740&ndash1786 from the Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome.

Maximilian III Joseph (1745 - 1777), by the peace of Füssen signed on 22 April 1745, obtained the restitution of his dominions in return for a formal acknowledgment of the Pragmatic Sanction. Maximilian III Joseph ( 28 March 1727 – 30 December 1777) was Prince-elector and Duke of Bavaria from 1745 to 1777 Year 1777 ( MDCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Füssen is a town in Bavaria, Germany, in the district of Ostallgäu situated 5 kilometres (3 miles from the Austrian Border. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Year 1745 ( MDCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a He was a man of enlightenment, did much to encourage agriculture, industries and the exploitation of the mineral wealth of the country, founded the Academy of Sciences at Munich, and abolished the Jesuit censorship of the press. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific The Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities ( Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften) is an independent public institution located in Munich. At his death, without issue, on December 30, 1777, the Bavarian line of the Wittelsbachs became extinct, and the succession passed to Charles Theodore, the elector palatine. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 1777 ( MDCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Karl Theodor Prince-Elector Count Palatine and Duke of Bavaria (December 1724 &ndash February 16, 1799) reigned as Prince-Elector and Count After a separation of four and a half centuries, the Palatinate, to which the duchies of Jülich and Berg had been added, was thus reunited with Bavaria. The Palatinate of the Rhine (Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein later the Electoral Palatinate (Kurpfalz was a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire Berg was a medieval territory in today's North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Palatinate-Bavaria

So great an accession of strength to a neighbouring state, whose ambition she had so recently had just reason to fear, proved intolerable to Austria, which laid claim to a number of lordships —forming one-third of the whole Bavarian inheritance — as lapsed fiefs of the Bohemian, Austrian, and imperial crowns. These were at once occupied by Austrian troops, with the secret consent of Charles Theodore himself, who was without legitimate heirs, and wished to obtain from the emperor the elevation of his natural children to the status of princes of the Empire. The protests of the next heir, Charles II, Duke of Zweibrücken (Deux-Ponts), supported by the king of Prussia, led to the War of Bavarian Succession. Charles II August Christian (b Düsseldorf, October 29, 1746; d Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state The War of the Bavarian Succession was a war that occurred in 1778 and 1779. By the peace of Teschen (13 May 1779) the Innviertel was ceded to Austria, and the succession secured to Charles of Zweibrücken. The Treaty of Teschen was signed on May 13, 1779 in Cieszyn between Austria and Prussia, which officially ended the War of the Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 1779 ( MDCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Innviertel (literally German for the Inn quarter or district is a traditional Austrian region south-east of the Inn river.

For Bavaria itself Charles Theodore did less than nothing. He felt himself a foreigner among foreigners, and his favourite scheme, the subject of endless intrigues with the Austrian cabinet and the immediate cause of Frederick II's League of Princes (Fürstenbund) of 1785, was to exchange Bavaria for the Austrian Netherlands and the title of king of Burgundy. Frederick II (Friedrich II January 24 1712 August 17 1786) was a King of Prussia (1740&ndash1786 from the Frederick the Great created the Fürstenbund in Germany in 1785 to resist the encroachments of Austria. Year 1785 ( MDCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Southern Netherlands (Zuidelijke Nederlanden Países Bajos del Sur Pays-Bas du sud were a part of the Low Countries controlled by Spain ( Spanish Burgundy (Bourgogne Burgund is a region historically situated in modern-day France and Switzerland, inhabited in turn by Celts ( Gauls) For the rest, the enlightened internal policy of his predecessor was abandoned. The funds of the suppressed order of Jesus, which Maximilian Joseph had destined for the reform of the educational system of the country, were used to endow a province of the knights of St John of Jerusalem, for the purpose of combating the enemies of the faith. The Knights Hospitaller (also known as the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St The government was inspired by the narrowest clericalism, which culminated in the attempt to withdraw the Bavarian bishops from the jurisdiction of the great German metropolitans and place them directly under that of the pope. On the eve of the Revolution the intellectual and social condition of Bavaria remained that of the Middle Ages.

Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods

In 1792 French revolutionary armies overran the Palatinate; in 1795 the French, under Moreau, invaded Bavaria itself, advanced to Munich — where they were received with joy by the long-suppressed Liberals — and laid siege to Ingolstadt. Year 1792 ( MDCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1795 ( MDCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Jean Victor Marie Moreau ( February 14, 1763 &ndash September 2, 1813) was a French general who helped Napoleon Bonaparte Ingolstadt (ˈɪŋgɔlˌʃtat Austro-Bavarian: Inglstådt) is a city in the Free State of Bavaria, Germany Charles Theodore, who had done nothing to prevent wars or to resist the invasion, fled to Saxony, leaving a regency, the members of which signed a convention with Moreau, by which he granted an armistice in return for a heavy contribution (7 September 1796). Karl Theodor Prince-Elector Count Palatine and Duke of Bavaria (December 1724 &ndash February 16, 1799) reigned as Prince-Elector and Count Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Year 1796 ( MDCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year

Between the French and the Austrians, Bavaria was now in a bad situation. Before the death of Charles Theodore (16 February 1799) the Austrians had again occupied the country, in preparation for renewing the war with France. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Year 1799 ( MDCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Maximilian IV Joseph (of Zweibrücken), the new elector, succeeded to a difficult inheritance. Maximilian I (also known as Maximilian Joseph) ( May 27, 1756 &ndash October 13, 1825) was Prince-elector of Though his own sympathies, and those of his all-powerful minister, Maximilian von Montgelas, were, if anything, French rather than Austrian, the state of the Bavarian finances, and the fact that the Bavarian troops were scattered and disorganized, placed him helpless in the hands of Austria; on 2 December 1800 the Bavarian arms were involved in the Austrian defeat at Hohenlinden, and Moreau once more occupied Munich. Maximilian Josef Garnerin Count von Montgelas ( September 12, 1759 &ndash June 14, 1838) was a Bavarian statesman from a noble Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Year -of the Julian calendar. The Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar until Friday, but 12 days ahead since Saturday. The Battle of Hohenlinden was fought on December 3 1800 during the French Revolutionary Wars, near Munich, modern Germany. By the Treaty of Lunéville (9 February 1801) Bavaria lost the Palatinate and the duchies of Zweibrücken and Jülich. The Treaty of Lunéville was signed on February 9 1801 between the French Republic and the Holy Roman Empire by Joseph Bonaparte and Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1801 ( MDCCCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Tuesday Zweibrücken is a City in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, on the Schwarzbach river at the border of the Palatinate forest.

In view of the scarcely disguised ambitions and intrigues of the Austrian court, Montgelas now believed that the interests of Bavaria lay in a frank alliance with the French Republic; he succeeded in overcoming the reluctance of Maximilian Joseph; and, on the 24th of August, a separate treaty of peace and alliance with France was signed at Paris. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city By the third article of this the First Consul undertook to see that the compensation promised under the 7th article of the treaty of Lunéville for the territory ceded on the left bank of the Rhine, should be carried out at the expense of the Empire in the manner most agreeable to Bavaria (see de Martens, Recueil, vol. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge Friedrich Fromhold Martens, or Friedrich Fromhold von Martens, also known as Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens (Фёдор Фёдорович Мартенс in Russian vii. p. 365).

In 1803, accordingly, in the territorial rearrangements consequent on Napoleon's suppression of the ecclesiastical states, and of many free cities of the Empire, Bavaria received the bishoprics of Würzburg, Bamberg, Augsburg and Freisingen, part of that of Passau, the territories of twelve abbeys, and seventeen cities and villages, the whole forming a compact territory which more than compensated for the loss of her outlying provinces on the Rhine. 1803 ( MDCCCIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The German Mediatisation was the series of mediatisations and secularisations that occurred in Germany in 1795 &ndash 1814, during In the Holy Roman Empire, a free imperial city (in German: freie Reichsstadt) was a City formally ruled by the Emperor only &mdash The Bishopric of Würzburg (Würzburg was a Prince-bishopric in the Holy Roman Empire, located in Lower Franconia, around the city of Würzburg The Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg is historically one of the Prince-bishoprics of the Holy Roman Empire, and belonged to the Swabian Circle. Montgelas now aspired to raise Bavaria to the rank of a first-rate power, and he pursued this object during the Napoleonic epoch with consummate skill, allowing fully for the preponderance of France — so long as it lasted — but never permitting Bavaria to sink, like so many of the states of the Confederation of the Rhine, into a mere French dependency. The Confederation of the Rhine or Rhine Confederation (Rheinbund États confédérés du Rhin officially and Confédération du Rhin in practice) lasted In the war of 1805, in accordance with a treaty of alliance signed at Würzburg on 23 September, Bavarian troops, for the first time since the days of Charles VII, fought side by side with the French, and by the Treaty of Pressburg, signed on 26 December, the Principality of Eichstädt, the Margravate of Burgau, the Lordship of Vorarlberg, the countships of Hohenems and Königsegg-Rothenfels, the lordships of Argen and Tettnang, and the city of Lindau with its territory were to be added to Bavaria. The War of the Third Coalition in 1805 saw the defeat of an alliance of Austria, Portugal, Russia, and others by France and its client states Würzburg (ˈvʏɐ̯ʦbʊɐ̯k is a city in the region of Franconia which lies in the northern tip of Bavaria, Germany Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Emperor Charles VII Albert ( Brussels August 6, 1697 &ndash January 20, 1745 in Munich) a member of the Wittelsbach The Peace of Pressburg refers to four peace treaties concluded in Pressburg (today Bratislava, Slovakia) Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht. The Bishopric of Eichstätt was a small ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire. For the town in Styria, see Burgau Austria. For the town in Portugal, see Burgau Portugal. Vorarlberg is the westernmost state ( Land) of Austria. Though it is the second smallest in terms of area ( Vienna is the smallest it borders Hohenems is a town in the westernmost Austrian province of Vorarlberg, in the Dornbirn district. Königsegg-Rothenfels was a German state in far southwestern Bavaria, Germany, located north of Austria and west of Baden-Württemberg. Tettnang is a municipality in the Bodensee district in southern Baden-Württemberg in a region of Germany known as Swabia. Lindau is a German town and an island in the eastern part of the Lake Constance, the Bodensee. On the other hand Würzburg, obtained in 1803, was to be ceded by Bavaria to the elector of Salzburg in exchange for Tirol. The Archbishopric of Salzburg was an ecclesiastical state of the Holy Roman Empire, roughly consisting of the present-day state of Salzburg (the Tyrol is a region in Western Central Europe, which included the present day Austrian state of Tyrol (consisting of North Tyrol and East By the 1st article of the treaty the emperor acknowledged the assumption by the elector of the title of king, as Maximilian I. The price which Maximilian had reluctantly to pay for this accession of dignity was the marriage of his daughter Augusta with Eugène de Beauharnais. Eugène Rose de Beauharnais Prince Français Prince of Venice, Viceroy of the Kingdom of Italy, Hereditary Grand Duke of Frankfurt, 1st Duke of Leuchtenberg

For the internal constitution of Bavaria also the French alliance had noteworthy consequences. Maximilian himself was an "enlightened" prince of the 18th-century type, whose tolerant principles had already grievously offended his clerical subjects; Montgelas was a firm believer in drastic reform "from above", and, in 1803, had discussed with the rump of the old estates the question of reforms. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century But the revolutionary changes introduced by the constitution proclaimed on 1 May 1808 were due to the direct influence of Napoleon. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1808 ( MDCCCVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year A clean sweep was made of the medieval polity surviving in the somnolent local diets and corporations. In place of the old system of privileges and exemptions were set equality before the law, universal liability to taxation, abolition of serfdom, security of person and property, liberty of conscience and of the press. A representative assembly was created on paper, based on a narrow franchise and with very limited powers, but was never summoned.

In 1809 Bavaria was again engaged in war with Austria on the side of France, and by the treaty signed at Paris on 28 February 1810 ceded southern Tirol to Italy and some small districts to Württemberg, receiving as compensation parts of Salzburg, the Innviertel and Hausruck and the principalities of Bayreuth and Regensburg. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Württemberg, formerly known as Wirtemberg, is an area and a former state in Swabia, a region in southwestern Germany. The Innviertel (literally German for the Inn quarter or district is a traditional Austrian region south-east of the Inn river. Bayreuth ( pronounced) is a City in northern Bavaria, Germany, on the Red Main river in a valley between the Frankish Alb Regensburg ( also Ratisbon, Ratisbona Řezno originally Castra Regina) is a City (population 131000 in 2007 in Bavaria, Germany So far the policy of Montgelas had been brilliantly successful; but the star of Napoleon had now reached its zenith, and already the astute opportunist had noted the signs of the coming change.

The events of 1812 followed; in 1813 Bavaria was summoned to join the alliance against Napoleon, the demand being passionately backed by the crown prince Louis and by Marshal Wrede; on 8 October was signed the treaty of Ried, by which Bavaria threw in her lot with the Allies. Year 1812 ( MDCCCXII) a leap year started on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1813 ( MDCCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Ludwig I (also rendered in English as Louis I) ( August 25 1786 in Strasbourg &ndash February 29, 1868 in Nice Karl (or Carl) Philipp Josef Wrede Freiherr von Wrede 1st Fürst von Wrede ( April 29, 1767 – December 12, 1838) Events 314 - Roman Emperor Licinius is defeated by his colleague Constantine I at the Battle of Cibalae, and loses The Treaty of Ried of October 8, 1813 was a treaty that was signed between Bavaria and Austria. Montgelas announced to the French ambassador that he had been compelled temporarily to bow before the storm, adding "Bavaria has need of France". (For Bavaria's share in the war see Napoleonic Campaigns. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions )

The Kingdom

Main article: Kingdom of Bavaria. The Kingdom of Bavaria (Königreich Bayern was a German state that existed from 1806&ndash1918

Constitution and Revolution

Immediately after the first peace of Paris (1814), Bavaria ceded to Austria the Tyrol and Vorarlberg; during the Congress of Vienna it was decided that she was to add to these the greater part of Salzburg and the Innviertel and Hausruck, receiving as compensation, besides Würzburg and Aschaffenburg, the Palatinate on the left bank of the Rhine and certain districts of Hesse-Darmstadt and of the former Abbacy of Fulda. The Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 May 1814 ended the war between France and the Sixth Coalition. Year 1814 ( MDCCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Tyrol is a region in Western Central Europe, which included the present day Austrian state of Tyrol (consisting of North Tyrol and East Vorarlberg is the westernmost state ( Land) of Austria. Though it is the second smallest in terms of area ( Vienna is the smallest it borders The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich The Archbishopric of Salzburg was an ecclesiastical state of the Holy Roman Empire, roughly consisting of the present-day state of Salzburg (the The Innviertel (literally German for the Inn quarter or district is a traditional Austrian region south-east of the Inn river. The Bishopric of Würzburg (Würzburg was a Prince-bishopric in the Holy Roman Empire, located in Lower Franconia, around the city of Würzburg The Archbishopric of Mainz (Erzbistum Mainz or Electorate of Mainz (Kurfürstentum Mainz or Kurmainz) was an influential ecclesiastic and secular Prince-bishopric The Grand Duchy of Hesse (Großherzogtum Hessen was a former state that existed in modern-day Germany. But with the collapse of France the old fears and jealousies against Austria revived in full force, and Bavaria only agreed to these cessions (treaty of Munich, 16 April 1816) under the promise that, in the event of the powers ignoring her claim to the Baden succession in favour of that of the line of the counts of Hochberg, she should receive also the Palatinate on the right bank of the Rhine. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Year 1816 ( MDCCCXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Baden is a historical state in the southwest of Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine. Hochberg (high mountain may refer to princely families von Hochberg Margraves of Baden-Hochberg (formerly Baden-Hachberg The question was thus left open, the tension between the two powers remained high, and war was only averted by the authority of the Grand Alliance . At the congress of Aix (1818) the question of the Baden succession was settled in favour of the Hochberg line, without the compensation stipulated in the treaty of Munich; and by the treaty of Frankfurt, signed on behalf of the four great powers on 20 July 1819, the territorial issues between Bavaria and Austria were settled, in spite of the protests of the former, in the general sense of the arrangement made at Vienna. Year 1818 ( MDCCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Year 1819 ( MDCCCXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar in the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year A small strip of territory was added, to connect Bavaria with the Palatinate, and Bavarian troops were to garrison the federal fortress of Mainz. Mainz (ˈmaɪ̯nʦ (Mayence is a City in Germany and the capital of the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

Meanwhile, on 1 February 1817, Montgelas had been dismissed; and Bavaria had entered on a new era of constitutional reform. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 1817 ( MDCCCXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common This implied no breach with the European policy of the fallen minister. In the new German confederation Bavaria had assumed the role of defender of the smaller states against the ambitions of Austria and Prussia, and Montgelas had dreamed of a Bavarian hegemony in South Germany similar to that of Prussia in the north. It was to obtain popular support for this policy and for the Bavarian claims on Baden that the crown prince pressed for a liberal constitution, the reluctance of Montgelas to concede it being the cause of his dismissal.

On 26 May 1818 the constitution was proclaimed. Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Year 1818 ( MDCCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The parliament was to consist of two houses; the first comprising the great hereditary landowners, government officials and nominees of the crown; the second, elected on a very narrow franchise, comprising representatives of the small land-owners, the towns and the peasants. TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A  parliament is a Legislature, especially in those By additional articles the equality of religions was guaranteed and the rights of Protestants safeguarded, concessions which were denounced at Rome as a breach of the Concordat, which had been signed immediately before. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 A concordat usually refers to an agreement between the Apostolic See and a Government of a certain country on religious matters although it is also used The result of the constitutional experiment hardly justified the royal expectations; the parliament was hardly opened (5 February 1819) before the doctrinaire radicalism of some of its members, culminating in the demand that the army should swear allegiance to the constitution, so alarmed the king that he appealed to Austria and Germany, undertaking to carry out any repressive measures they might recommend. Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Year 1819 ( MDCCCXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar in the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Prussia, however, refused to approve of any coup d'état; the parliament, chastened by the consciousness that its life depended on the goodwill of the king, moderated its tone; and Maximilian ruled till his death as a model constitutional monarch. On 13 October 1825, his son Ludwig I succeeded him. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Ludwig I (also rendered in English as Louis I) ( August 25 1786 in Strasbourg &ndash February 29, 1868 in Nice

Ludwig proved an enlightened patron of the arts and sciences, who transferred the University of Landshut to Munich, which, by his magnificent taste in building, he transformed into one of the most beautiful cities of the continent. The Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München also known as LMU, is a University in Munich and with more The earlier years of his reign were marked by a liberal spirit and the reform, especially, of the financial administration; but the revolutions of 1830 frightened him into reaction, which was accentuated by the opposition of the parliament to his expenditure on building and works of art. The 19th century is marked in Europe by a set of civil wars which marks the wake of the European Nations and the establishment of Nation states In 1837 the Ultramontanes came into power with Karl von Abel (1788-1859) as prime minister. Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Ultramontanism is a religious philosophy within the Catholic Church that places strong emphasis on the prerogatives and powers of the Pope. Karl von Abel ( September 17, 1788 – September 3, 1859) was a Bavarian statesman The Jesuits now gained the upper hand; one by one the liberal provisions of the constitution were modified or annulled; the Protestants were harried and oppressed; and a rigorous censorship forbade any free discussion of internal politics. The collapse of this régime was due, not to popular agitation, but to the resentment of Ludwig at the clerical opposition to the influence of his mistress, Lola Montez. Eliza Rosanna Gilbert ( February 17, 1821 &ndash January 17, 1861) better known by the stage name Lola Montez, was an Irish On the 17th of February 1847, Abel was dismissed for publishing his memorandum against the proposal to naturalize Lola, who was an Irishwoman; and the Protestant Georg Ludwig von Maurer took his place. Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Georg Ludwig von Maurer ( November 2, 1790 - May 9, 1872) was a German Statesman and Historian, son of a The new ministry granted the certificate of naturalisation; but riots, in which Ultramontane professors of the university took part, resulted. The professors were deprived, the parliament dissolved, and, on 27 November, the ministry dismissed. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont Lola Montez, created Countess Landsfeld, became supreme in the state; and the new minister, Prince Ludwig of Oettingen-Wallerstein (1791-1870), in spite of his efforts to enlist Liberal sympathy by appeals to pan-German patriotism, was powerless to form a stable government. Year 1791 ( MDCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common His cabinet was known as the Lolaministerium; in February 1848, stimulated by the news from Paris (Revolution of 1848 in France), riots broke out against the countess; on 11 March the king dismissed Oettingen, and on 20 March, realizing the force of public opinion against him, abdicated in favour of his son, Maximilian II. Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap The February 1848 Revolution in France ended the reign of King Louis-Philippe, and led to the creation of the French Second Republic (1848-1852 Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Maximilian II of Bavaria ( November 28, 1811 &ndash March 10, 1864) was king of Bavaria from 1848 until 1864

Before his abdication Ludwig had issued, on 6 March 1848, a proclamation promising the zealous co-operation of the Bavarian government in the work of German freedom and unity (see Revolutions of 1848 in the German states). Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap " Germany " at the time of the Revolutions of 1848 had been a collection of 39 States loosely bound together in the German Confederation. To the spirit of this Maximilian was faithful, accepting the authority of the central government at Frankfurt, and (19 December) sanctioning the official promulgation of the laws passed by the German parliament. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. But Prussia was henceforth the enemy, not Austria. In refusing to agree to the offer of the imperial crown to Frederick William IV, Maximilian had the support of his parliament. Life Frederick William was educated by private tutors many of whom were experienced civil servants such as Friedrich Ancillon. In withholding his assent to the new German constitution, by which Austria was excluded from the Confederation, he ran indeed counter to the sentiment of his people; but by this time the back of the revolution was broken, and in the events which led to the humiliation of Prussia at Olmütz in 1851, and the restoration of the old diet of the Confederation, Bavaria was safe in casting in her lot with Austria (see History of Germany). The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to The Punctation of Olmütz (Olmützer Punktation also called the Agreement of Olmütz, was a treaty between Prussia and Austria, dated November 29 1851 ( MDCCCLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Despite the lack of a German nation state prior to 1871 the History of Germany dates back to the era of the Germanic tribes.

The guiding spirit in this anti-Prussian policy, which characterised Bavarian statesmanship up to the war of 1866, was Ludwig Karl Heinrich von der Pfordten (1811-1880), who became minister for foreign affairs on 19 April 1849. The Austro-Prussian Year 1811 ( MDCCCXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common His idea for the ultimate solution of the question of the balance of power in Germany was the so-called Trias, i. e. a league of the Rhenish states as a counterpoise to the preponderance of Austria and Prussia. In internal affairs his ministry was characterised by a reactionary policy less severe than elsewhere in Germany, which led none-the-less from 1854 onward to a struggle with the parliament, which ended in the dismissal of Pfordten's ministry on 27 March 1859. Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common He was succeeded by Karl Freiherr von Schrenk von Notzing (1806-1884), an official of Liberal tendencies who had been Bavarian representative in the diet of the Confederation. Year 1806 ( MDCCCVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Important reforms were now introduced, including the separation of the judicial and executive powers and the drawing up of a new criminal code. In foreign affairs Schrenk, like his predecessor, aimed at safeguarding the independence of Bavaria, and supported the idea of superseding the actual constitution of the Confederation by a supreme directory, in which Bavaria, as leader of the purely German states, would hold the balance between Prussia and Austria. Bavaria accordingly opposed the Prussian proposals for the reorganisation of the Confederation, and one of the last acts of King Maximilian was to take a conspicuous part in the assembly of princes summoned to Frankfurt in 1863 by the emperor Francis Joseph. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Franz Joseph I Karl (- German, in English Francis Joseph I Charles, see the name in other languages) (18 August 1830 &ndash 21 November

Maximilian was succeeded on 10 March 1864 by his son Ludwig II, a youth of eighteen. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Ludwig Friedrich Wilhelm II King of Bavaria ( August 25, 1845 &ndash June 13, 1886) was king of Bavaria from 1864 until shortly The government was at first carried on by Schrenk and Pfordten in concert. Schrenk soon retired, when the Bavarian government found it necessary, in order to maintain its position in the Prussian Zollverein, to become a party to the Prussian commercial treaty with France, signed in 1862. The Zollverein or German Customs Union was formed among the majority of the states of the German Confederation in 1834 during the Industrial Revolution Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday In the complicated Schleswig-Holstein question Bavaria, under Pfordten's guidance, consistently opposed Prussia, and headed the lesser states in their support of Frederick of Augustenburg against the policy of the two great German powers. The Schleswig-Holstein Question was the name given to the whole complex of diplomatic and other issues arising in the 19th century out of the relations of the two duchies Schleswig Duke Frederick VIII (Friedrich Herzog von Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg; July 6, 1829 - January 14, 1880) claimed to Finally, in the war of 1866, in spite of Bismarck's efforts to secure her neutrality, Bavaria sided actively with Austria. The Austro-Prussian Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen Duke of Lauenburg Prince of Bismarck ( April 1, 1815 July 30, 1898)

German Empire

The rapid victory of the Prussians and the wise moderation of Bismarck paved the way for a complete revolution in Bavaria's relation to Prussia and the German question. The South German Confederation, contemplated by the 6th article of the Treaty of Prague, never came into being; and, though Prussia, in order not to excite the alarm of France, opposed the suggestion that the southern states should join the North German Confederation, the bonds of Bavaria (as of the other southern states) with the north were strengthened by an offensive and defensive alliance with Prussia, as the result of Napoleon's demand for "compensation" in the Palatinate. The Peace of Prague was a Peace treaty signed at Prague on 23 August, 1866, which ended the Austro-Prussian War. The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of This was signed at Berlin on 22 August 1866, on the same day as the signature of the formal treaty of peace between the two countries. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The separatist ambitions of Bavaria were thus formally given up; she had no longer "need of France"; and during the Franco-Prussian War, the Bavarian army marched, under the command of the Prussian crown prince, against Germany's common enemy. The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War ( 19 July, 1870 — 10 May, 1871 It was on the proposal of King Ludwig II that the imperial crown was offered to King Wilhelm I of Prussia. Ludwig Friedrich Wilhelm II King of Bavaria ( August 25, 1845 &ndash June 13, 1886) was king of Bavaria from 1864 until shortly

This was preceded, on 23 November 1870, by the signature of a treaty between Bavaria and the North German Confederation. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common By this instrument, though Bavaria became an integral part of the new German empire, she reserved a larger measure of sovereign independence than any of the other constituent states. Thus she retained a separate diplomatic service, military administration, and postal, telegraph and railway systems. The treaty was ratified by the Bavarian chambers on 21 January 1871, though not without considerable opposition on the part of the so-called Patriot Party. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Their hostility was increased by the Kulturkampf, due to the promulgation in 1870 of the dogma of papal infallibility. The German term (literally "culture struggle" refers to German policies in relation to Secularity and the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, enacted Papal infallibility is the Dogma in Catholic theology that by action of the Holy Spirit, the Pope is preserved from even the possibility of Munich University, where Ignaz von Döllinger was professor, became the centre of the opposition to the new dogma, and the Old Catholics were protected by the king and the government. The Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München also known as LMU, is a University in Munich and with more Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger ( February 28, 1799 - January 14, 1890) was a German theologian, Catholic The Old Catholic Church is a Christian denomination originating with churches (many of them German -speaking that split from the Roman Catholic Church in The federal law expelling the Jesuits was proclaimed in Bavaria on 6 September 1871 and was extended to the Redemptorists in 1873. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer (Latin Congregatio Sanctissimi Redemptoris – C Year 1873 ( MDCCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common On 31 March 1871, moreover, the bonds with the rest of the empire had been drawn closer by the acceptance of a number of laws of the North German Confederation, of which the most important was the new criminal code, which was finally put into force in Bavaria in 1879. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The opposition of the Patriot Party, however, reinforced by the strong Catholic sentiment of the country, continued powerful, and it was only the steady support given by the king to successive Liberal ministries that prevented its finding disastrous expression in the parliament, where it remained in a greater or less majority till 1887, and subsequently, as the Centre Party, continued to form the most compact party. Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The German Centre Party ( Deutsche Zentrumspartei or merely Zentrum) was a Catholic political party in Germany during the Kaiserreich

Meanwhile the royal dreamer, whose passion for building palaces was becoming a serious drain on the treasury, had been declared insane, and, on 10 June 1886, his uncle, Prince Luitpold, became regent. Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Luitpold Prince Regent of Bavaria (Prinzregent Luitpold Karl Joseph Wilhelm Ludwig von Bayern ( 12 March 1821 &ndash 12 December 1912) Three days later, on 13 June, Ludwig II was found dead in Lake Starnberg. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Lake Starnberg ( Starnberger See) in southern Bavaria is Germany 's fourth largest lake and a popular recreation area for the nearby city of Munich The question of whether his death was self-imposed, accidental, or the result of malicious conspirators remains unanswered. However, it was reported at the time and today is widely accepted that it was a suicide. Due to the insanity of Ludwig's brother, King Otto I, Prince Luitpold continued as regent. Otto I of Bavaria (Otto Wilhelm Luitpold Adalbert Waldemar von Wittelsbach 27 April 1848 &ndash 11 October 1916 was King of Bavaria from 1886 to 1913

After 1871 Bavaria shared to the full in the rapid development of Germany; but her particularism, founded on traditional racial and religious antagonism to the Prussians, was by no means dead, though it exhibited itself in no more dangerous form than the prohibition, reissued in 1900, to display any but the Bavarian flag on public buildings on the emperor's birthday; a provision which was subsequently modified so as to allow the Bavarian and imperial flags to be hung side by side. Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar

Following Prince Luitpold's death in 1912, his son, Prince Ludwig, became regent. Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting A year later, Ludwig deposed his cousin, Otto, and proclaimed himself King Ludwig III of Bavaria. Ludwig III ( Ludwig Luitpold Josef Maria Aloys Alfried; English: Louis Leopold Joseph Mary Aloysius Alfred) ( January 7, 1845 During the First World War, Ludwig's eldest son, Crown Prince Rupprecht, commanded the Bavarian army and became one of the leading German commanders on the Western Front. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria or Crown Prince Rupert of Bavaria ( German: Kronprinz Rupprecht von Bayern) ( 18 May 1869 &ndash

Modern times

Main articles: Bavarian Soviet Republic and Beer Hall Putsch. The Bavarian Soviet Republic, also known as the Munich Soviet Republic ( German: Bayerische Räterepublik or Münchner Räterepublik) was The Beer Hall Putsch (also known as the Munich Putsch) was a failed Coup d'état that occurred between the evening of Thursday November 8

Republican institutions replaced royal ones in Bavaria during the upheavals of November 1918. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Provisional National Council Minister-President Kurt Eisner declared Bavaria to be a free state on November 7, 1918. Kurt Eisner ( May 14 1867 in Berlin – February 21, 1919 in München)was a Bavarian Politician Free state is a term occasionally used in the official titles of some states Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Munich became a hotbed of extremism: the Bavarian Soviet Republic (Bayerische Räterepublik or Münchner Räterepublik) had a short-lived existence, but inspired fearful reactions: the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch involving Erich Ludendorff and Adolf Hitler took place in the same city. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. The Bavarian Soviet Republic, also known as the Munich Soviet Republic ( German: Bayerische Räterepublik or Münchner Räterepublik) was Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Beer Hall Putsch (also known as the Munich Putsch) was a failed Coup d'état that occurred between the evening of Thursday November 8 Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff (sometimes given incorrectly as von Ludendorff) (9 April 1865–20 December 1937 was a German Army officer, Generalquartiermeister Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately For most of the Weimar Republic, though, Bavaria was dominated by the relatively mainstream conservative Bavarian People's Party. The term Weimar Republic ( ˈvaɪmarɐ repuˈbliːk is used by historians to signify the democratic and Republican period of Germany from 1919 to 1933 The Bavarian People's Party (Bayerische Volkspartei was the Bavarian branch of the Centre Party, which broke off from the rest of the party in 1919 to pursue An attempt supported by a wide coalition of parties, to establish Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, as a Staatskommisar with dictatorial powers in 1932 to counter the Nazis failed due to the hesitant Bavarian government under Heinrich Held^[1][2]. Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria or Crown Prince Rupert of Bavaria ( German: Kronprinz Rupprecht von Bayern) ( 18 May 1869 &ndash Heinrich Held ( 6 June 1868 – 4 August 1938) was a Catholic Politician and Minister President of

With the rise of the Nazis to power in 1933, the Bavarian parliament was dissolved without new elections. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Instead, the seats were allocated according to the results in the national election of March 1933, giving the Nazis and its coalition partner, the DNVP a narrow two seat majority due to the fact that the seats won by the KPD were declared void. The German National People's Party (Deutschnationale Volkspartei DNVP was a national-conservative party in Germany during the time of the Weimar Republic The Communist Party of Germany ( German Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands &ndash KPD) was a major political party in Germany between 1918 With this controling power, the NSDAP was declared the only legal party and all other parties in Germany and Bavaria were dissolved. In 1934, the Bavarian parliament was, like all other state paliaments, dissolved too^[3] Shortly after, Bavaria itself was broken up during the reorganisation of the Reich^[4]. Instead of the states, Reichsgaue were established as administrative sub-divisions. A Reichsgau (plural Reichsgaue) was an administrative sub-division created in a number of the areas annexed to Nazi Germany between 1938 and Bavaria was split into five regions, the Reichsgaue Schwaben, München-Oberbayern, Bayrische Ostmark, Franken and Main-Franken. Swabia, Suabia, or Svebia ( German: Schwaben, Schwabenland or Ländle) is both a historic and linguistic Franconia (Franken is a historic region of Germany comprising the northern parts of the modern state of Bavaria and the area to its immediate west

During the 12 years of Nazi rule, Bavaria was one of Hitlers favorite locations, spending much time in his residence at the Obersalzberg. A Reichsgau (plural Reichsgaue) was an administrative sub-division created in a number of the areas annexed to Nazi Germany between 1938 and Obersalzberg is a mountainside above the village of Berchtesgaden in Bavaria, Germany. The KZ in Dachau, near Munich, was the first to be established. Dachau was a Nazi German Concentration camp, and the first one opened in Germany located on the grounds of an abandoned munitions Factory near the Dachau is a town in Bavaria, in the southern part of Germany It is a major district town—a Große Kreisstadt —of the administrative But Bavaria was also the scene of passive resistance to the regime, the most well known of this being the Weiße Rose^[5]. Also see Die weiße Rose (opera and Sophie Scholl – Die letzten Tage The White Rose (die Weiße Rose was a non-violent Nürnberg, Bavarias second-largest city, became the scene of massive rallys, the Reichsparteitage^[6]. The Nuremberg Rally (officially Reichsparteitag, meaning national party convention was the annual rally of the NSDAP (Nazi Party in the years 1923 to 1938 in Ironically, the last of those in 1939, titled Reichsparteitag des Friedens (Reichsparteitag of peace), was canceled due to the outbrake of the second world war. After the war, carefully chosen for this reason, the city became the location of the war crimes trials, the Nuremberg Military Tribunals. The Subsequent Nuremberg Trials (more formally the Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals) were a series of twelve U

While Bavaria had approxiamtly 54. 000 Jewish people living in its borders at the turn of the 20th century, by 1933 still 41. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ 000 lived in the state. By 1939, this number had shrunk to 16. 000, and few of those survived the Nazi rule^[7].

Following World War II it was for a period under American occupation, who reestablished the state on 19 September 1945^[8], and during the Cold War it was part of West Germany. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In 1946 Bavaria lost the Rhenish Palatinate. Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Palatinate (Pfalz Pfälzer dialect Palz) historically also Rhenish Palatinate (palatinatum Renensis Rheinpfalz is a region in south-western Germany The destruction caused by aerial bombings during the war in addition to the fact that Bavaria had to take in over two million refugees from the parts of Germany now under Soviet occupation caused major problems for the authorities^[9]. An airstrike is a Military strike by Air forces on either a suspected or a confirmed enemy ground position A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia.

The first post-war state elections were held on 30 June 1946, when 180 delegates were choosen. The main task of those delegates was to draft a new Bavarian constitution, since the day-to-day running of the state still lay with the US authorities at this stage. The new constitution was accepted by a public vote on 1 December 1946, the same day the first post-war state parliament (German: Landtag) was elected^[10].

Since the war, it has been politically dominated by the Christian Social Union, the successor of the Bavarian People's Party and sister party of the Christian Democratic Union, the main center-right party in Germany. The Bavarian People's Party (Bayerische Volkspartei was the Bavarian branch of the Centre Party, which broke off from the rest of the party in 1919 to pursue The Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands) is the largest Political party in Germany. Only between 1954 and 1957 the CSU was in opposition. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) At this time Bavaria was governed by a four-party-government under the leadership of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. Bavaria is home to the only separatist party in Germany - the Bavarian Party. The Bavaria Party (Bayernpartei is a Political party in the state of Bavaria in southern Germany. This party would like to have an independent Free State of Bavaria. Since the 1960s Bavaria has seen a dynamic development to one of Europe's leading economic zones, the country is not longer mainly an agricultural region but hosts a variety of high tech industry. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969

On April 19, 2005 Bavarian-born Joseph Ratzinger was elected Pope. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Ratzinger, who was born in Marktl am Inn, had been the Prefect for the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and Dean of the College of Cardinals prior to his election. Marktl, or often called Marktl am Inn ("Little Market on the Inn River " is a village and historic market municipality in the state of Bavaria After being elected Pope, Ratzinger took the name Benedict XVI. Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger Benedict is the eighth German Pope, and is the second non-Italian Pope since Pope Adrian VI. Pope Adrian VI ( Utrecht, March 2, 1459 &ndash September 14, 1523) born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens, son of

Bibliography

• Reindel, K. (1981). Die Bajuwaren. Quellen, Hypothesen, Tatsachen. Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters 37:451-473.
• Schutz, H. (2000). The Germanic Realms in Pre-Carolingian Central Europe, 400-750 New York: Peter Lang.
• Strayer, J. (Ed. ) (1983) Dictionary of the Middle Ages; New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
• Wolfram, H. , and W. Pohl (Eds) (1990). Typen der Ethnogenese unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Bayern. Vol. 1. Wien: Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Notes

(The publications referred to are listed in the Bibliography section above. )

1. Dictionary of the Middle Ages: "Bavaria" (vol 2, p. 133)
2. Schutz, pp. 284, 287.
3. Schutz, p. 287
4. Schutz, p. 292

See also

• List of rulers of Bavaria
• List of Premiers of Bavaria
• Kingdom of Bavaria

External links

• Map of Bavaria 1789
• Haus der Bayrischen Geschichte, History of the Bavarian Parliament - (Geschichte des Bayerischen Parlaments 1819 - 2003, in German)

References

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