Andorra is the last independent survivor of the Marca Hispanica, the buffer states created by Charlemagne to keep the Islamic Moors from advancing into Christian France. Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra ( Catalan: Principat d'Andorra) is a small Landlocked country in western The Marca Hispanica (or Spanish March, also March of Barcelona) was a Buffer zone beyond the province of Septimania, created by Charlemagne A buffer state is a Country lying between two rival or potentially hostile greater powers, which by its sheer existence is thought to prevent conflict between them Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Tradition holds that Charlemagne granted a charter to the Andorran people in return for their fighting the Moors. In the 800s, Charlemagne's grandson, Charles the Bald, named the Count of Urgell as overlord of Andorra. Charles the Bald ( 13 June 823 – 6 October 877) Holy Roman Emperor (875–877 as Charles II) and King of West Francia This is a list of the counts of Urgell. ca 798 - 870 Counts appointed by the Carolingians 798 A descendant of the count later gave the lands to the Diocese of Urgell, headed by Bishop of Urgell. The Diocese of Urgell is a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical unit in Catalonia, Spain, with origins in the fifth century AD or possibly The Diocese of Urgell is a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical unit in Catalonia, Spain, with origins in the fifth century AD or possibly
In the 11th century, fearing military action by neighboring lords, the bishop placed himself under the protection of the Lord of Caboet, a Catalan nobleman. Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. Nobility is a government-privileged title which may be either hereditary (see Hereditary titles) or for a lifetime Later, the Count of Foix became heir to the Lord of Caboet through marriage, and a dispute arose between the French Count and the Catalan bishop over Andorra. counts of Foix ruled the independent County of Foix, in what is now southern France, during the Middle Ages.
In 1278, the conflict was resolved by the signing of a pareage (pariatges), which provided that Andorra's sovereignty be shared between the Count of Foix and the Bishop of La Seu d'Urgell (Catalonia, Spain). A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight La Seu d'Urgell is the capital of the comarca Alt Urgell, in the province of Lleida, in Catalonia, Spain. Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The pareage, a feudal institution recognizing the principle of equality of rights shared by two rulers, gave the small state its territory and political form. In return, Andorra pays an annual tribute or questia to the co-rulers consisting of four hams, forty loaves of bread, and some wine. Ham is the Thigh and Rump of Pork, cut from the Haunch of a Pig or Boar. Bread is a Staple food prepared by Baking a Dough of Flour and Water. Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice As of the year 2006, Andorra's borders have remained unchanged since 1278[1].
Andorra was briefly annexed to the Crown of Aragon twice, in 1396 and 1512. The Crown of Aragon was a permanent union of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of Aragon.
Over the years the title passed to the kings of Navarre, and under the king of France Henry IV, an edict in 1607 established the head of the French state and the Bishop of Urgell as co-princes of Andorra. Henry IV (Henri IV ( 13 December 1553 &ndash 14 May 1610) ruled as King of France from 1589 to 1610 and as Henry III
In the period 1812–13, the French Empire annexed Catalonia and divided it in four departments. Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. Andorra was also annexed and made part of the district of Puigcerdà (département of Sègre). Puigcerdà is the capital of the Catalan ''comarca'' of Cerdanya, in the Girona province in Catalonia, Spain, located
In 1933 France occupied Andorra as a result of social unrest before elections. On July 12, 1934, an adventurer named Boris Skossyreff issued a proclamation in Urgel, declaring himself Boris I, sovereign prince of Andorra, simultaneously declaring war on the bishop of Urgel. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Boris Skossyreff (1896? &ndash 1989 was an adventurer who attempted to seize power in the European state of Andorra during the early 1930s He was arrested by Spanish authorities on July 20 and ultimately expelled from Spain. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold From 1936 to 1940, a French detachment was garrisoned in Andorra to prevent influences of the Spanish Civil War and Franco's Spain. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid
During the Second World War, Andorra remained neutral and was an important smuggling route between Vichy France and Spain. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944
In 1958 Andorra declared peace with Germany, having been forgotten on the Treaty of Versailles that ended the First World War and, the conflict being extended by the lack of a peace treaty, remaining legally at war. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All There are several claims of wars extended by diplomatic irregularity, often by a small country named in a Declaration of war being accidentally omitted from the concluding [1]
Andorra began as a modern state in its current form in 1993. Its status as a co-principality was reduced to symbolism, and modern parliamentary government was instituted.
Given its relative isolation, Andorra has existed outside the mainstream of European history, with few ties to countries other than France and Spain. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. In recent times, however, its thriving tourist industry along with developments in transport and communications have removed the country from its isolation. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another
See also: List of Co-Princes of Andorra
References
- ^ "World War I Ends in Andorra", UPI story in the New York Times, Sep 25, 1958. This is a list of Co-Princes of Andorra. The Principality of Andorra, in the Pyrenees Mountains on the French – Spanish border p. 66
- This article contains material from the CIA World Factbook which, as a U. The World Factbook ( ISSN; also known as the CIA World Factbook) is an annual publication of the Central Intelligence Agency of the S. government publication, is in the public domain. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
- This article contains material from the US Department of State's Background Notes which, as a US government publication, is in the public domain. The Background Notes series is a collection of works by the United States Department of State. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
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