Allahabad is one of the largest cities of the State of Uttar Pradesh in India. Allahabad ( Hindi: इलाहाबाद Urdu: الہ آباد Ilāhābād) is a city in the north Indian state of Uttar Uttar Pradesh (उत्तर प्रदेश اتر پردیش pronounced, Translation: Northern Province) referred to as '''U India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country It encompasses a large area and is an inland peninsula surrounded by the rivers Ganga and Yamuna from three sides with only one side connected to the mainland. The Ganges (ˈgænʤiːz also Ganga, Devanāgarī: hi गंगा in most Indian languages) is the major river in the Indian subcontinent For the goddess of the river who is sometimes called Yamuna see Yami The Yamuna (Sanskrit यमुना Along with a large number of areas within Allahabad City, there are several satellite cities on the other side of the rivers Ganga and Yamuna, and are considered as satellite cities of Allahabad. The Ganges (ˈgænʤiːz also Ganga, Devanāgarī: hi गंगा in most Indian languages) is the major river in the Indian subcontinent For the goddess of the river who is sometimes called Yamuna see Yami The Yamuna (Sanskrit यमुना There are also a large number of Townships and Villages near Allahabad City within Allahabad District. Allahabad district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India, and Allahabad town is the district headquarters
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History of Allahabad
Allahabad or Prayagraj is a historian's paradise. Allahabad ( Hindi: इलाहाबाद Urdu: الہ آباد Ilāhābād) is a city in the north Indian state of Uttar History lies embedded everywhere, in its fields, forests and settlements. Forty-eight kilometres, towards the southwest, on the placid banks of the Jamuna, the ruins of Kaushambi, capital of the Vatsa kingdom and a thriving center of Buddhism, bear silent testimony to a forgotten and bygone era. On the eastern side, across the river Ganga and connected to the city by the Shastri Bridge is Jhunsi, identified with the ancient city of Pratisthanpur, capital of the Chandra dynasty. Jhunsi is a satellite locality/township of the city of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. About 58 kilometres northwest is the medieval site of Kara with its impressive wreckage of Jayachand's fort. Sringverpur, another ancient site discovered relatively recently, has become a major attraction for tourists and antiquarians alike.
Prayag is an extremely important and integral part of the Ganga Yamuna Doab, and its history is inherently tied with that of the Doab region, right from the inception of the town.
The city was known earlier as Prayāga - a name that is still commonly used. That it is an ancient town, is illustrated by supposed references in the Vedas to Prayag, where Brahma, the Hindu Creator of the Universe, is believed to have attended a sacrificial ritual. Excavations have revealed Northern Black Polished ware objects in Prayag, further corroborating the conjecture that Prayag existed as a town as early as 600 B. C.
The Puranas record that Yayati left Prayag and conquered the region of Saptha Sindhu. Yayati (ययाति was a Puranic king and the son of king Nahusha. Allahabad ( Hindi: इलाहाबाद Urdu: الہ آباد Ilāhābād) is a city in the north Indian state of Uttar [1] His five sons Yadu, Druhyu, Puru, Anu and Turvashu became the main tribes of the Rigveda. Yadu (यदु is the name of one of the five Aryan clans mentioned in the Rig Veda. The Druhyu were a people of Ancient India. They are already mentioned in the Rigveda The Pūrus are a tribe or a confederation of tribes mentioned many times in the Rigveda. In Sumerian mythology and later for Assyrians and Babylonians Anu (also An; (from Sumerian *An = sky heaven was a sky-god
When the Aryans first settled in what they termed the Aryavarta, or Madhyadesha, Prayag or Kaushambi was an important part of their territory. Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable" Aryavarta ( Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त "abode of the Aryans quot is the ancient name for northern and central India, where the culture The Vatsa (a branch of the early Indo-Aryans) were rulers of Hastinapur (near present day Delhi), and they established the town of Kaushambi near present day Prayag. Vatsa (also known as Vamsa, Batsa, or Bansa) was one of the solasa (sixteen Mahajanapadas (great kingdoms of Uttarapatha WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Hastinapur (हस्तिनापुर (Hastinapura in Sanskrit) is a town and a Nagar panchayat Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population Kaushambi district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India, and Manjhanpur town is the district headquarters They shifted their capital to Kaushambi when Hastinapur was destroyed by floods.
In the times of the Ramayana, Prayag was made up of a few rishis' huts at the confluence of the sacred rivers, and much of the vats country was continuous jungle. The Rāmāyaṇa ( Devanāgarī: sa रामायण is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage ( Maharishi) Valmiki A rishi (ṛṣi denotes a Vedic poet by whom Vedic hymns were composed or according to post-Vedic tradition a "sage" to whom they were "originally revealed" (Ṛṣis Jungle usually refers to a dense Forest in a hot climate such as a Tropical rainforest. Lord Rama, the main protagonist in the Ramayana, spent some time here, at the Ashram of Sage Bharadwaj, before proceeding to nearby Chitrakoot. Rama ( IAST: rāma Devanāgarī: राम Khmer: Phreah Ream Thai: Phra Ram Lao: Phra Lam Tagalog: The Rāmāyaṇa ( Devanāgarī: sa रामायण is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage ( Maharishi) Valmiki An Ashram in ancient India was a Hindu hermitage where sages lived in Peace and tranquility amidst Nature. Bharadwaja (भरद्वाज / भारद्वाज was one of the great sages ( Rishis ' whose accomplishments are detailed in the Puranas. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Chitrakuta ( IAST: Chitrakūta Sanskrit: चित्रकूट (also spelt Chitrakoot
The Doaba region, including Prayag was controlled by several empires and dynasties in the ages to come. It became a part of the Mauryan and Gupta empires of the east and the Kushan empire of the west before becoming part of the local Kannauj empire which became very powerful.
Objects unearthed in Prayag indicate that it was part of the Kushana empire in the 1st century AD. In his memoirs on India, Huien Tsang, the Chinese chronicler who travelled through India during Harshavardhana's reign (A. D. 607-647), writes that he visited Prayag in A. D. 643.
When the Muslim rule came, Prayag became a part of the Delhi Sultanate when the town was annexed by Mhd Ghori in A. D. 1193. Then the Mughals took over from the slave rulers of Delhi and under them Prayag rose to prominence once again.
Acknowledging the strategic position of Prayag in the Doaba or the "Hindostan" region, at the confluence of its defining rivers which had immense navigational potentials, Akbar built a magnificent fort – one of his largest – on the banks of the holy Sangam and re-christened the town as Illahabad in 1575. Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar Triveni Sangam is the confluence of three rivers ( Ganga, Yamuna and the legendary Saraswati River) near Allahabad, India The Akbar fort has an Ashokan pillar and some temples, and is largely a military barracks. On the southwestern extremity of Allahabad lies Khusrobagh; it has three mausoleums, including that of Jehangir's first wife – Shah Begum. Khusrobagh is a locality/township of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
It was from Allahabad that Prince Salim, later to become emperor Jehangir, revolted against his father, the Mughal emperor Akbar. In 1602, prince Salim held a parallel imperial court in Akbar's fort here, ignoring the royal summons to leave Allahabad and proceed to Agra. However, before his death in 1605, Akbar named Salim his successor.
Before colonial rule was imposed over Allahabad, the city was rocked by Maratha incursions. But the Marathas also left behind two beautiful eighteenth century temples with intricate architecture.
In 1765, the combined forces of the Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II lost the Battle of Buxar to the British. Year 1765 ( MDCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Nawab of Awadh is the title of rulers who governed the state of Awadh in India in the 18th and 19th century Shah Alam II (1728&ndash1806 also known as Ali Gauhar was a Mughal emperor of India. The Battle of Buxar was fought in October 1764 between the forces under the command Although, the British did not take over their states, they established a garrison at the Prayag fort - realising its strategic position as the gateway to the north west. Governor General Warren Hastings later took Allahabad from Shah Alam and gave it to Awadh alleging that he had placed himself in the power of the Marathas.
In 1801 the Nawab of Awadh ceded the city to the British East India Company. Year 1801 ( MDCCCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Tuesday A Nawab or Nawaab ( Urdu: نواب Hindi: नवाब was originally the Subedar (provincial governor or viceroy of a For the Oudh tree see Agarwood. Awadh ( Hindi: अवध Urdu: اودھ) also known in various British historical texts as Oudh The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or Gradually the other parts of Doaba and adjoining region in its west (including Delhi and Ajmer-Mewara regions) were won by the British. When these north western areas were made into a new Presidency called the "North Western Provinces of Agra", its capital was Agra. Allahabad remained an important part of this state.
In 1834, Allahabad became the seat of the Government of the Agra Province and a High Court was established. Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common But a year later both were relocated to Agra.
In 1857,Allahabad was active in the Indian Mutiny. Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the The Indian Rebellion of 1857 began as a mutiny of Sepoys of British East India Company 's army on the 10th of May 1857 in the town of Meerut, After the mutiny, the British truncated the Delhi region of the state, merging it with Punjab and transferred the capital of North west Provinces to Allahabad, which remained so for the next 20 years.
In 1877 the two provinces of Agra (NWPA) and Awadh were merged to form a new state which was called the United Provinces. Year 1877 ( MDCCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, more commonly the United Provinces, was a Province of British India, which existed from 1902 to 1947 Allahabad was the capital of this new state till the 1920s.
An ancient seat of learning
It was a well-known centre of education (dating from the time of the Buddha), and in the first few decades of the 20th century. Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder Allahabad University was established on 23 September 1887. it is the fourth oldest university of India after Calcutta, Bombay and Madras University. In the 19th century, the Allahabad University earned the epithet of 'Oxford of the East'. History The University of Allahabad is the fourth modern University established in India on 23 September 1887 Its jurisdiction at the time extended over a large part of north and north west India (today's U. P, Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan and M. P. ). Between 1887 and 1927 at least thirty-eight different institutions and colleges of this area were affiliated to Allahabad University. Allahabad University is also a major literary centre for Hindi. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is
It also holds the world record for the world's first letter delivered by airmail (from Prayag to Naini, just a few km. Naini is a satellite locality/township of the city of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. across the river Yamuna) (1911). For the goddess of the river who is sometimes called Yamuna see Yami The Yamuna (Sanskrit यमुना
Allahabad, the freedom struggle, and Indian politics
During the Mutiny of 1857, Allahabad had an insignificant presence of European troops. Taking advantage of this, the rebels brought Allahabad under their control. It was around this time that Maulvi Liaquat Ali unfurled the banner of revolt. Maulvi Liaqat Ali was the forerunner amongst the freedom fighters of 1857.
After the Mutiny was quelled, the Brotish established the High Court, the Police Headquarters and the Public Service Commission in the city. This transformed Allahabad into an administrative center, a status that it enjoys even today.
The fourth session of the Indian National Congress was held in the city in 1888. Indian National Congress-I (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) is a major Political party in India. Year 1888 ( MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a At the turn of the century, Allahabad also became a nodal point for the revolutionaries. The Karmyogi office of Sundar Lal in Chowk sparked patriotism in the hearts of many young men. Nityanand Chatterji became a household name when he hurled the first bomb at the European club. It was at Alfred Park in Allahabad where, in 1931, the revolutionary Chandrashekhar Azad killed himself when surrounded by the British Police. Chandrashekhar Sitaram Tiwari, better known as Chandrasekhar Azad ( Hindi: चंद्रशेखर आज़ाद Law enforcement in the United Kingdom is organised separately in Scotland, Northern Ireland, England and Wales (administration of Police matters The Nehru family homes Anand Bhavan and Swaraj Bhavan were at the center of the political activities of the Indian National Congress. Anand Bhavan is a large Mansion located in Allahabad, India. Established by Indian political leader Motilal Nehru in the 19th century it has In the years of the freedom struggle, thousands of satyagrahis, led, inter alia, by Purshottam Das Tandon, Bishambhar Nath Pande and Narayan Dutt Tiwari, went to jail. Purushottam Das Tandon पुरुशोत्तम दास टंडन August 1, 1882 &ndash July 1, 1962) was a independence fighter Narayan Dutt Tiwari (born October 18, 1925) is an Indian politician And when freedom was finally won, the first Prime Minister of free India, Jawahar Lal Nehru, and several Union ministers such as Mangla Prasad, Muzaffar Hasan, K. N. Katju, Lal Bahadur Shastri, were from Allahabad.
Allahabad is the birthplace of Jawaharlal Nehru, and the Nehru family estate, called the Anand Bhavan, is now a museum. Jawaharlal Nehru (जवाहरलाल नेहरू ʤəʋäɦəɾläl nɛɦɾu (14 November 1889 27 May 1964 was a major political leader of the Congress Party Anand Bhavan is a large Mansion located in Allahabad, India. Established by Indian political leader Motilal Nehru in the 19th century it has It is also the birthplace of Indira Gandhi, and the home of Lal Bahadur Shastri, both later Prime Ministers of India. Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi ( Indirā Priyadarśinī Gāndhī) ( Née: Nehru (19 November 1917 - 31 October 1984 was the Prime Minister of the Lal Bahadur Shastri ( Hindi लालबहादुर शास्त्री (2 October 1904 - 11 January 1966 was the third (second and acting being Gulzarilal Nanda The Prime Minister of India is head of the Council of Ministers, appointed by the President to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive Besides, Vishwanath Pratap Singh and Chandra Shekhar were also associated with Allahabad. Vishwanath Pratap Singh (विश्वनाथ प्रताप सिंह born 25 June 1931) was the 10th Prime Minister of the Chandra Shekhar Singh (चन्द्रशेखर सिंह (July 1 1927 - July 8 2007 was the 11th Prime Minister of the Republic of India Thus, Allahabad has the distinction of being the home of several Prime Ministers in India's post-independence history. This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation.
The first seeds of the idea of Pakistan were sown in Allahabad. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and On 29 December 1930, Allama Muhammad Iqbal's presidential address to the All-India Muslim League proposed a separate Muslim state for the Muslim majority regions of India. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The All India Muslim League ( Urdu: آل انڈیا مسلم لیگ Bengali:?????? ??? founded at Dhaka in 1906 was a political party in British A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion
Literary past
Allahabad is famous for the literary geniuses it has produced. Many famous writers of Hindi literature had a connection with the city. Notable amongst them are Mahadevi Varma, Sumitranandan Pant, Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala', Upendra Nath 'Ashk' and Harivansh Rai Bachchan. Mahadevi Varma ( Hindi: महादेवी वर्मा March 24 1907 September 11 1987) was one of the most famous modern Hindi Sumitranandan Pant (सुमित्रानन्दन पंत ( May 20[[ 900]] December 28, 1977) was one of the most famous modern Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala' (सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी 'निराला' ( January 22, 1896 October 15, 1961 Harivanshrai "Bachchan" Srivastav ( November 27, 1907 January 18, 2003) was a distinguished Hindi poet of Another noteworthy poet isRaghupati Sahaybetter known under the name of Firaq Gorakhpuri. Raghupati Sahay 'Firaq' Gorakhpuri (1896-1982 was one of the most noted contemporary Urdu poets from India. Raghupati Sahay 'Firaq' Gorakhpuri (1896-1982 was one of the most noted contemporary Urdu poets from India. Firaq was a major Urdu poet of the last century and an outstanding literary critic as well. Both Firaq and Harivansh Bachchan were professors of English at Allahabad University. History The University of Allahabad is the fourth modern University established in India on 23 September 1887 Firaq Gorakhpuri and Mahadevi Varma were awarded the Jnanpith Award, the highest literary honour conferred in the Republic of India in 1969 and 1982 respectively. The Jnanpith Award is a literary award in India. Along with the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship, it is one of the two most prestigious literary honours in the country India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Rajendra Yadav, Mamta and Ravindra Kalia, Kamaleshwar, Doodhnath Singh and many other new age literary writers and critics like Namwar Singh began their literary careers from Allahabad. The city is still home to many young and upcoming literary figures. It has also been one of the biggest centres of publication of Hindi literature, examples are Lok Bharti, Rajkamal and Neelabh. Allahabad has also produced a great Lyricst Virag Mishra who most recently won the Stardust award [1] for Standout Performance by a Lyricist - Virag Mishra (Zinda Hoon Main)
Allahabad holds a place in Urdu literature as well. Akbar Allahabadi, for example, is the most well-read poets of modern Urdu Literature. Apart from him, poets like Nooh Narwi,Tegh Allahabadi. Raaz Allahabadi, Firaq Gorakhpuri, Asghar Gondvi, and numerous others have brightened the name of Allahabad all over the world. Short story writers, Azam Kuraivi, Ibn e Safi,Adil Rasheed all are from Allahabad. Critics like Dr. Aijaz Husain,Dr. Aqeel Rizwi, Hakeem Asrar Kuraivi also hail from the Allahabad. In today's context one of the biggest in Urdu writing is Shamsur Rahman Faruqi who edits Shabkhoon from Allahabad which is known all over the Urdu world as a pioneer in Post Modernist literature. Shamsur Rahman Faruqi (born 1935 is an eminent Urdu Critic, Poet and theorist who has nurtured a whole generation of Urdu writers since the 1960s Shabkhoon is an Urdu literary journal published by Shamsur Rahman Faruqi from Allahabad in India.
The famous English author and Nobel Laureate (1907) Rudyard Kipling also spent time at Allahabad working for The Pioneer as an assistant editor and overseas correspondent. The Nobel Prize in Literature (Nobelpriset i litteratur is awarded annually since 1901 to an author from any country who has in the words from the will of Alfred Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Joseph Rudyard Kipling (30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936 was an English Author and poet
Eminent Sanskrit scholars like Sir Ganganath Jha, Dr Baburam Saxena, Pandit Raghuvar Mitthulal Shastri and Professor Suresh Chandra Srivastava were both the student and the teacher in University of Allahabad. The most prominent Arabic and Persian scholars that Allahabad ever had were Dr. Abdul Sattar Siddiqui, his colleague Muhammad Naeemur Rehman and his student Professor Hindi. Professor Naeemur Rehman was known for his extremely well organized personal library of tens of thousands of books which was open for all to benefit from.
Another major landmark of the literary past of Allahabad were the publishers "Kitabistan" owned by the Rehman brothers -- Kaleemur Rehman and Obaidur Rehman. They published thousands of books including those by Nehru and others. They became the first ever publishers from India to open a branch in London in 1936.
References
- ^ Talageri 1993, 2000; Elst 1999
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