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| This article is part of the series History of Australia |
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This article details the History of Adelaide from the first human activity in the region to the 20th century. The written history of Australia began when Dutch explorers first sighted the country in the 17th century Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, is named for Sir Thomas Brisbane (1773&ndash1860 British Soldier and colonial administrator born The History of Canberra details the development of the city of Canberra from the time before white settlement to Canberra 's planning by the Chicago The history of Darwin details the city's growth from a fledging settlement into a thriving colonial capital and finally a modern city The first settlement in the Australian city of Hobart was started in 1803 as a penal colony at Risdon Cove on the eastern shores of the Derwent River, amid The history of Melbourne details the city's growth from a fledging settlement into a thriving colonial capital and finally a modern commercial and financial centre as Australia's See also History of Western Australia This article details the History of Perth from the first human activity in the region to the 20th century The History of Sydney stretches back to prehistoric timesThe area surrounding Port Jackson ( Sydney Harbour) was home to many Aboriginal tribes Adelaide is a planned city founded in 1836 and the capital of South Australia. Adelaide is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of South Australia, and is the fifth largest city in Australia with a A new town, planned community or planned city is a City, Town, or Community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap South Australia is a state of Australia in the southern central part of the country
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Aboriginal settlement
- For early human settlement of Australia see Prehistory of Australia
The Adelaide plains were inhabited by the Kaurna people at the time European contact was made, their territory extending from what is now Cape Jervis to Port Broughton. The Kaurna (pronounced "Garner" people are a group of Indigenous Australians whose traditional lands lie in and around the Adelaide Plains of South Cape Jervis ( postcode 5204 is a town at the southwestern tip of Fleurieu Peninsula in South Australia, approximately 108 km south of Adelaide. Port Broughton is a small South Australian town located on the Yorke Peninsula on the east coast of Spencer Gulf. "Yerta" (an area of land) were the responsibility of Kaurna adults who inherited the land and had an intimate knowledge of its resources and features. The Kaurna led a nomadic existence within the Yerta confines in large family groups of around 30. The area where the City of Adelaide now stands was called "Tandanya" which translates as "place of the Red Kangaroo". Kaurna numbers were greatly reduced by at least two devastating epidemics of smallpox transported downstream by the Murray River. In Epidemiology, an epidemic (from Greek epi- upon + demos people is a classification of a disease that appears as new cases in a Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. The Murray River, or River Murray and sometimes informally referred to as the "Mighty Murray" is Australia 's largest River. When European settlers arrived in 1836 the Kaurna in the Adelaide Plains area numbered around 300. The Adelaide Plains ( is the area in South Australia between the Mount Lofty Ranges on the east and Gulf Saint Vincent on the west
European interest
British Captain Matthew Flinders and French Captain Nicolas Baudin independently charted the southern coast of the Australian continent. Captain Matthew Flinders, RN (16 March 1774 – 19 July 1814 was one of the most successful navigators and cartographers of his age Nicolas-Thomas Baudin ( February 17, 1754 - September 16, 1803) was a French explorer In 1802 Flinders named Mount Lofty but recorded little of the area which is now Adelaide. Year 1802 ( MDCCCII) was a Common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Mount Lofty ( elevation 727 metres AHD) is the highest point in the Mount Lofty Ranges east of Adelaide in South Australia. 28 years later Charles Sturt explored the Murray River and was impressed with what he briefly saw, later writing:
"Hurried . Captain Charles Napier Sturt (28 April 1795 – 16 June 1869 was an English explorer of Australia, part of the European Exploration of Australia The Murray River, or River Murray and sometimes informally referred to as the "Mighty Murray" is Australia 's largest River. . . . as my view of it was, my eye never fell on a country of more promising aspect, or more favourable position, than that which occupies the space between the lake (Lake Alexandrina) and the ranges of the St. Vincent Gulf, and, continuing northerly from Mount Barker stretches away, without any visible boundary". Lake Alexandrina is a Lake in South Australia, Australia, adjacent to the coast of the Southern Ocean, about 100 kilometres south-east of St Vincent's Gulf ( is a large inlet of water on the southern coast of Australia, in the state of South Australia. Mount Barker is a rapidly expanding city home to 11540 residents that is 40 Kilometres up the South Eastern Freeway, east of Adelaide, in South
Captain Collet Barker, sent by New South Wales Governor Ralph Darling conducted a more thorough survey of the area in 1831, as recommended by Sturt. Collet Barker ( 31 December 1784 - 30 April 1831) was a military officer and explorer explored areas of South Australia, Western General Sir Ralph Darling, GCH (1772 – 2 April 1858) was a British colonial Governor and the seventh Governor of New Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a After swimming the mouth of the Murray River, Barker was killed by natives who may have had contact with sealers and escaped convicts in the region. Murray Mouth ( is the point at which the River Murray meets the Southern Ocean. Despite this, his more detailed survey led Sturt to conclude in his 1833 report:
"It would appear that a spot has at last been found upon the south coast of New Holland to which the colonists might venture with every prospect of success . Year 1833 ( MDCCCXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common New Holland is a historic name for the Island Continent of Australia. . . . All who have ever landed upon the eastern shore of the St. Vincent's Gulf agree as to the richness of its soil and the abundance of its pastures. "
A group in Britain led by Edward Gibbon Wakefield were looking to start a colony based on free settlement rather than convict labour. Edward Gibbon Wakefield ( 20 March, 1796 &ndash May 16, 1862) was the driving force behind much of the early colonization of South After problems in other Australian colonies arising from existing settlement methods, the time was right to form a more methodical approach to establishing a colony. In 1829 an imprisoned Wakefield wrote a series of letters about systematic colonisation which were published in a daily newspaper. For the game see 1829 (board game. Year 1829 ( MDCCCXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display He suggested that instead of granting free land to settlers as had happened in other colonies, the land should be sold. The money from land purchases would be used solely to transport labourers to the colony free of charge, who were responsible and skilled workers rather than paupers and convicts. Land prices needed to be high enough so that workers who saved to buy land of their own remained in the workforce long enough to avoid a labour shortage. Workforce (Voyager episode The workforce is the labour pool in Employment. In its narrowest definition a labor shortage is an economic condition in which there are insufficient qualified candidates (employees to fill the market-place demands
Robert Gouger, Wakefield's secretary promoted Wakefield's theories and organised societies of people interested in the scheme. Robert Gouger ( 26 June 1802 – 4 August 1846) was one of the founders of South Australia and colonial secretary. In 1834 the South Australian Association, with the aid of such figures as George Grote, William Molesworth and the Duke of Wellington persuaded British Parliament to pass the South Australian Colonisation act, succeeding where two previous organisations had failed. Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common George Grote ( November 17, 1794 – June 18, 1871) was an English classical Historian, best known in the field for a major Molesworth is a surname and may refer to Lt-Gen George Molesworth (1890-1968 Children's author Mary Louisa Molesworth Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, KP, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS ( c The South Australia Colonisation Act 1834 is the Short title of an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom with the Long title Wakefield wanted the colony's capital to be called Wellington but King William IV preferred it to be named after his consort, Queen Adelaide. Wellington (ˈwælɪŋtən is the Capital of New Zealand, the country's second largest urban area, the William IV (William Henry 21 August 1765 &ndash 20 June 1837 was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until A queen consort is the title given to the wife of a reigning king. Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen (Adelaide Louise Theresa Caroline Amelia later Queen Adelaide 13 August 1792 – 2 December 1849 was the Queen consort of William The British government appointed a Board of Commissioners from people nominated by the South Australian Association, with the task of organising the new colony and meeting the condition of selling at least £3,500 worth of land. The province and its capital were named, planned, advertised and largely sold before a single settler had set foot in their new home.
Free passage was given to "suitable" labourers, generally men and women under 30 years of age who were healthy and of good character, expected to carry out a promise of working for wages until they have saved enough to buy land of their own and employ others, a process taking at least 3 or 4 years. Land sales were encouraged by granting one acre (4,000 m²) of town land in Adelaide for every 80 acres (324,000 m²) of rural land sold. The largest buyer of land was the South Australia Company headed by George Fife Angas, which bought enough land for South Australia to proceed, and continued to influence the colony's future development. The South Australian Company was an organisation formed on 9 October 1835 to develop the new settlement in South Australia. George Fife Angas ( 1 May 1789 – 15 May 1879) was a businessman Member of Parliament and played a significant part in the formation With the government's conditions met, King William IV signed the Letters Patent and the first settlers and officials set sail in early 1836. The Letters Patent establishing the Province of South Australia formally titled Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom erecting and establishing
European settlement
In February 1836 the John Prairie and the Duke of York set sail for South Australia. Colonel William Light, 27 April 1786 &ndash 6 October 1839, was a British military officer and first Surveyor-General They were followed in March by the Cygnet and Lady Mary Pelham, in April by the Emma, in May by the Rapid (carrying Colonel Light) and then by the Africaine (carrying Robert Gouger) and Tam o' Shanter. Most took supplies and settlers to Kangaroo Island on the present day site of Kingscote to await official decisions on the location and administration of the new colony. Kingscote is the largest town on Kangaroo Island, an island off the south coast of South Australia, with a population of about 1200 By the time the Duke of York had arrived at Kangaroo Island the HMS Buffalo (carrying Governor John Hindmarsh) was on its way. Rear-Admiral Sir John Hindmarsh KH RN (1785 – 29 July 1860) was the first
Surveyor Colonel William Light, who had two months to complete his tasks, rejected locations for the new settlement such as Kangaroo Island, Port Lincoln and Encounter Bay. Surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional space Position of points and the distances and angles between Colonel William Light, 27 April 1786 &ndash 6 October 1839, was a British military officer and first Surveyor-General Port Lincoln (postcode 5606 is a city in the Australian state of South Australia. Encounter Bay is located on the south central coast of South Australia, some 100km south of Adelaide, South Australia He was required to find a site with a harbour, arable land, fresh water, ready internal and external communications, building materials and drainage. A harbor or harbour (see spelling differences) or haven, is a place where ships may shelter from the Weather or are stored In Geography, arable land (from Latin arare, to Plough) is an agricultural term meaning land that can be used for Freshwater is a word that refers to bodies of water such as Ponds lakes rivers and streams containing low concentrations of dissolved Salts and other Total dissolved Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood the same way For other kinds of building materials see Hardware, Biology, Star formation. Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area Most of the settlers were moved from Kangaroo Island to Holdfast Bay with Governor Hindmarsh arriving in December 1836 to proclaim the province of South Australia. (For other meanings of Glenelg see Glenelg (disambiguation) Glenelg is a popular beach-side suburb of the South Australian capital of Adelaide A proclamation (Lat proclamare, to make public by announcement is an official declaration Light had to work quickly as the settlers were eager to take possession of the land they had purchased and grew impatient waiting. The Port River was sighted and deemed to be a suitable harbour, however there was no fresh water available nearby. Port River ( is a River that runs through Port Adelaide, a part of the capital of South Australia, Adelaide. The River Torrens was discovered to the south and Light and his team set about determining the city's precise location and layout. The River Torrens is the most significant river of the Adelaide Plains and was one of the reasons for the siting of the city of Adelaide, capital of South
Light favoured a location on rising ground along the Torrens valley between the coast and hills which would be free of floodwaters. Governor Hindmarsh upon arrival initially approved of the location, but changed his mind thinking that the site should instead be two miles closer to the harbour (an area unsuitable due to flooding). Other colonists thought Port Lincoln or Encounter Bay would be better sites. After much mud slinging, mainly directed towards Light, a public meeting of landholders was called on 10 February 1837, where a vote was held resulting in 218 to 127 in Light's favour, settling the issue for the meantime. A smear campaign, smear tactic or simply smear is a Metaphor for activity that can harm an individual or group's reputation by conflation with Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common
The survey was completed on 11 March 1837 which was a considerable achievement given the time taken to complete comparable surveys. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The city plan carefully fitted the topography of the area: the Torrens Valley was kept as parklands and town acres were planned on higher land to the north and south. Topography ( topo-, "place" and graphia, "writing" is the study of Earth 's Surface features or those of Planets A park is a protected area of Land and Water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped state and set aside for some purpose often to do with human Adelaide was divided into two districts north and south of the river with North Adelaide composed of 342 acre (1. 4 km²) blocks and (South) Adelaide 700 blocks, surrounded by 2,300 acres (9 km²) set aside as parklands for recreation and public functions. The grid pattern of Adelaide's streets featured a central square (Victoria Square) and four smaller squares (Hindmarsh, Hurtle, Light and Whitmore), North Adelaide featured Wellington Square. Victoria Square ( is a Public square located in the South Australian capital of Adelaide. Space for public buildings such as Government House, government stores, botanical gardens, hospital, cemetery and an aboriginal reserve were included within the parklands. Government House is the name given to some of the residences of Governors-General, Governors and Lieutenant-Governors in the Commonwealth and the Botanical gardens grow a wide variety of Plants primarily to categorize and document for scientific purposes A hospital is an institution for Health care providing treatment by specialised staff and equipment and often but not always providing for A cemetery is a place in which dead bodies and cremated remains are buried.
First years
Hindmarsh
Colonists who had already purchased land before departing were given first choice on 23 March 1837, and the remaining areas were auctioned for between 2 and 14 guineas. Rear-Admiral Sir John Hindmarsh KH RN (1785 – 29 July 1860) was the first Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. The guinea coin of 1663 was the first English machine-struck Gold coin. Within a few weeks many of the same areas were selling for between 80 and 100 pounds which was seen as a healthy sign. The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency With the town survey completed, Light's poorly paid and ill-equipped surveying team were expected to begin another massive task of surveying at least 405 km² of rural land. Light's deputy, George Kingston was sent back to London in October 1837 to ask for more staff and equipment to speed up the process, and to have the troublesome Hindmarsh recalled. George Strickland Kingston (August 1807 in Bandon County Cork, Ireland – 1880 at sea arrived in South Australia on the Cygnet in 1836 Light, who was slowly succumbing to tuberculosis, managed to complete 243 km² by December 1837, by which time the population had increased to around 2,500. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common When Kingston returned in June 1838, 605. Year 1838 ( MDCCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common 7 km² had been completed. Light's requests however were denied, instead he could change from the trigonometrical surveys to a faster (but inferior) "running" survey, or hand control over to Kingston and confine himself to coastal surveys. Circle-trig6svg|300px|thumb|right|All of the Trigonometric functions of an angle θ can be constructed geometrically in terms of a unit circle centered at O. Light resigned in protest. Hindmarsh was to be replaced, and left before the next governor arrived on board the Alligator on 14 July 1838. Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France.
The first sheep and other livestock in South Australia were brought in from Tasmania. Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common North Terrace is one of the four terraces that bound the Central business district of the city of Adelaide, the capital city of South Australia. Livestock is the term used to refer (singularly or plurally to a Domesticated Animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to produce such as Food Tasmania is an Australian island and state of the same name It is located south of the eastern side of the Continent, being separated from it by Bass Sheep were overlanded from New South Wales from 1838, with the wool industry forming the basis of South Australia's economy for the first few years. Year 1838 ( MDCCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Vast tracts of land were leased by "Squatters" until required for agriculture. See also Leasing, Renting A lease is a Legal document, but can be an oral arrangement which confers a right on one person (called Once the land was surveyed it was put up for sale and the Squatters had to buy their runs or move on. Most bought their land when it came up for sale, disadvantaging farmers who had a hard time finding good and unoccupied land.
Farms took longer to establish than sheep runs and were expensive to set up. Despite this by 1860 wheat farms ranged from Encounter Bay in the south to Clare in the north. Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Encounter Bay is located on the south central coast of South Australia, some 100km south of Adelaide, South Australia For the town in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines see Clare Valley Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
The city's centre was intended to develop around Victoria Square, with Grote Street and King William Road which intersect the city planned extra wide to allow for future development. Victoria Square ( is a Public square located in the South Australian capital of Adelaide. Development concentrated around Rundle and Hindley Streets, two of the narrowest streets on the city plan due to their proximity to the water supply and Port Road. Many empty blocks remained until the late 1800s.
Gawler
Adelaide's second Governor was Colonel George Gawler who arrived in October 1838 to a situation of almost no public finances, underpaid officials and 4000 immigrants still living in makeshift accommodation. Lieutenant-Colonel George Gawler, KH ( 21 July 1795 – 7 May 1869) was the second governor of South Australia. Lieutenant-Colonel George Gawler, KH ( 21 July 1795 – 7 May 1869) was the second governor of South Australia. He was allowed a maximum of £12,000 expenditure a year, with an additional £5,000 credit for emergencies, but was given the impression by the Colonial Office back in London that self-sufficiency of the colony was of minor importance and that government support should be relied upon. The Secretary of State for the Colonies or Colonial Secretary was the British Cabinet official in charge of managing the various British Colonies. Gawler's first goal was to address delays over rural settlement and agriculture. He persuaded Sturt in New South Wales to work for him as surveyor-general, overseeing the surveys himself in the meantime. He appointed more colonial officials with higher wages, set up a police force and took part in explorations of the surrounding terrain. Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force A governor's house, jail, police barracks, hospital, and customs house and wharf at Port Adelaide were built, as well as houses for public officials and missionaries, and outstations for police and surveyors. Port Adelaide ( is a suburb of Adelaide lying about 14 kilometres northwest of the City of Adelaide.
The land boom eased after 1839, cash and credit were scarce, explorations indicated limited good land, and British speculators became interested in New Zealand. The term business cycle or economic cycle refers to the fluctuations of economic activity during its long term growth trend Speculation, in a financial context is making an investment that increases the overall risk in a portfolio New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island In 1840 there were crop failures in the other Australian colonies, upon which Adelaide still relied for food, and the cost of living increased rapidly. Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Gawler increased public expenditure to prevent an economic collapse, which resulted in bankruptcy and later on, changes to the way the colony was run (see South Australia Act, 1842). Bankruptcy is a legally declared inability or impairment of ability of an individual or organization to pay their Creditors Creditors may file a bankruptcy petition against The South Australia Act 1842 is the Short title of an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom with the Long title An Act Over £200,000 in bills had been amassed and the land fund in London had been exhausted. The British Parliament approved a £155,000 loan (later made a gift) to bail-out the colony. A head had to roll and Captain George Grey was sent to replace Gawler. For other men with a similar name see George Grey (disambiguation or George Gray Sir George Grey, KCB ( 14 April Despite having been recalled Governor Gawler put Adelaide on a firm footing, making South Australia agriculturally self-sufficient, building infrastructure and restoring public confidence. Infrastructure typically refers to the technical structures that support a society such as Roads Water supply, Wastewater, Power grids That the manufacture of consent is capable of great refinements no one I think denies
Grey
Grey, 29 at the time, issued news of Gawler's recollection himself on the government house steps on 15 May 1841. For other men with a similar name see George Grey (disambiguation or George Gray Sir George Grey, KCB ( 14 April Government House, located in Adelaide, is the official residence of the Governor of South Australia. He slashed public expenditure, turning public opinion against him (which Grey ignored). Silver was discovered at Glen Osmond the same year, which lifted spirits and spurred on discoveries of other finds in the Mount Lofty Ranges. Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Glen Osmond is a small suburb of Adelaide in the City of Burnside located in the foothills of the Adelaide Hills. The Mount Lofty Ranges are the range of mountains to the east of Adelaide in South Australia, stretching from the southernmost point of the Fleurieu Peninsula Copper was discovered near Kapunda in 1842. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Kapunda is a town near the Barossa Valley in South Australia. In 1845 even larger deposits of copper were discovered at Burra which brought wealth to the Adelaide shopkeepers who invested in the mine. Burra is a pastoral centre and historic tourist town in the mid-north of South Australia. With a series of good harvests and expanding agriculture, Adelaide exported meat, wool, wine, fruit and wheat. In Agriculture, the harvest is the process of Gathering mature crops from the fields Reaping is the cutting of Grain John Ridley invented a reaping machine in 1843 which changed farming methods throughout South Australia and the nation at large. John Ridley ( 26 May 1806 – 25 November 1887) was an English / Australian farmer and inventor of a Threshing machine A reaper is a person (or machine who reaps or harvests (cuts and gathers crops when they are ripe Year 1843 ( MDCCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common By 1843, 93 km² of land was growing wheat (contrasted with 0. 08 km² in 1838). Toward the end of the century South Australia would become known as the "granary of Australia". From a low point in 1842 when 642 out of 1,915 houses were abandoned and there was talk of abandoning the settlement, Adelaide was a bustling city when Grey left to govern New Zealand in 1845.
Later developments
Gold discoveries in Victoria in 1851 brought a severe labour shortage which was created by the exodus of workers leaving to seek their fortunes on the goldfields. The Victorian Gold rush was a period in the history of Victoria, Australia approximately between 1851 and the late 1860s In its narrowest definition a labor shortage is an economic condition in which there are insufficient qualified candidates (employees to fill the market-place demands High demand for South Australian wheat was created however. The situation improved when prospectors returned with their gold finds.
South Australians were keen to establish trade links with Victoria and New South Wales, however overland transport was too slow. A £4,000 prize was offered in 1850 by the South Australian government for the first two people to navigate the River Murray in an iron steamboat as far as its junction with the Darling River. For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link A steamboat or steamship, sometimes called a steamer, is a ship in which the primary method of propulsion is steam power, typically driving a Propeller The Darling River is the third longest river in Australia, flowing 1390 km from northern New South Wales to its confluence with the Murray River at In 1853 William Randell of Mannum and Francis Cadell of Adelaide, unintentionally making the attempt at the same time, raced each other to Swan Hill with Cadell arriving first. Year 1853 ( MDCCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Mannum is a historic town on the west bank of the Murray River in South Australia, east of Adelaide. Swan Hill is a city in the north west of Victoria Australia. It is located on the Murray Valley Highway, on the south bank of the Murray River
South Australia became a Self-governing colony in 1856 with the ratification of a new constitution by the British parliament. A self-governing colony is a Colony with an elected Legislature, in which Politicians are able to make most decisions without reference to the Ratification is the act of giving official sanction or approval to a formal document such as a treaty or constitution A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity Secret ballots were introduced, and a bicameral parliament was elected on 9 March 1857, by which time 109,917 people lived in the province. The secret ballot is a voting method in which a Voter 's choices are confidential In Government, bicameralism (bi + Latin la ''camera'' chamber is the practice of having two legislative or Parliamentary chambers Thus a bicameral Premier Robert Torrens devised a land title system in 1858 which adapted the principles of shipping registers, emulated in the other Australian colonies and overseas in places such as Singapore. See Premiers of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of Premier For his father the economist and MP see Robert Torrens (economist; for the Irish cricketer see Roy Torrens. Torrens title is a system of land title where a register of land holdings maintained by the state guarantees an indefeasible title to those included in the register Singapore
Further copper discoveries were made in 1859 at Wallaroo and in 1861 at Moonta. Wallaroo ( is a port town on the western side of Yorke Peninsula in South Australia. Moonta ( is a town located on the Yorke Peninsula of South Australia, 165 kilometres north-northwest of the state capital of Adelaide. In 1860 the Thorndon Park reservoir was opened, finally providing an alternative water source to the turbid River Torrens. Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by individual particles ( suspended solids) that are generally invisible to the Naked eye During John McDouall Stuart's 1862 expedition to the north coast of Australia he discovered 200,000 km² of grazing territory to the west of Lake Torrens and Lake Eyre. John McDouall Stuart ( 7 September 1815 &ndash 5 June 1866) was the most accomplished and most famous of all Australia's inland explorers Lake Torrens is a 5700 square kilometre Endorheic saline rift lake in South Australia. Lake Eyre (pronounced "air" is the lowest point in Australia, at approximately ( AHD) below sea level and on the rare occasions that it fills the South Australia was made responsible for the administration of the Northern Territory. The Northern Territory is a federal territory of Australia, occupying much of the center of the mainland continent as well as the central northern regions In 1867 gas street lighting was implemented, the University of Adelaide was founded in 1874, the South Australian Art Gallery opened in 1881 and the Happy Valley Reservoir opened in 1896. A street light, lamppost, street lamp, light standard or lamp standard, is a raised source of Light on the edge of a Road The University of Adelaide (colloquially Adelaide University or Adelaide Uni) is a Public university located in Adelaide, South Australia The Art Gallery of South Australia (AGSA located on the cultural Boulevard of North Terrace in Adelaide, is the premier arts institution in the Australian Happy Valley Reservoir is one of the oldest Reservoirs in South Australia, having been built between 1892 and 1897 at a cost of AU$ 1
In the 1890s Australia was affected by a severe economic depression, ending a hectic era of land booms and tumultuous expansionism. In Economics, a depression is a term commonly used for a sustained downturn in one or more national economies Financial institutions in Melbourne and banks in Sydney closed. Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 The national fertility rate fell and immigration was reduced to a trickle. The total fertility rate ( TFR, sometimes also called the fertility rate, period total fertility rate (PTFR or total The value of South Australia's exports nearly halved. Drought and poor harvests from 1884 compounded the problems with some families leaving for Western Australia. A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply Western Australia is a state occupying the entire western third of the Australian continent. Adelaide was not as badly hit as the larger gold-rush cities of Sydney and Melbourne, and silver and lead discoveries at Broken Hill provided some relief. Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly For the Local Government Area of Broken Hill see City of Broken Hill Broken Hill is an isolated Mining city and Local Government Area Only one year of deficit was recorded but the price paid was retrenchments and lean public spending. A budget deficit occurs when an Entity (often a Government) spends more Money than it takes in Wine and Copper were the only industries not to suffer a downturn. Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice
Electric street lighting was introduced in 1900 and electric trams were transporting passengers in 1909. A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train
28,000 men were sent to fight in World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Adelaide enjoyed a post-war boom but with the return of droughts, entered the depression of the 1930s, later returning to prosperity with strong government leadership. Secondary industries helped reduce the state's dependence on primary industries. The 1933 census recorded the state population at 580,949 which was less of an increase than other states due to the state's economic limitations.
World War II brought industrial stimulus and diversification to Adelaide under the leadership of Thomas Playford. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Sir Thomas Playford, GCMG (5 July 1896 – 16 June 1981 was a South Australian politician and a well known farmer 70,000 men and women enlisted and shipbuilding was expanded at Whyalla. Whyalla is the third most populous City in South Australia after Adelaide and Mount Gambier. Adelaide's transformation from an agricultural service centre to a twentieth century city was complete.
After the war, an assisted migration scheme brought 215,000 emigrants of all nationalities to South Australia between 1947 and 1973. Electrical goods were manufactured in former munitions factories and Holden cars were assembled in 1948. GM Holden Ltd is an Australian automaker based in Port Melbourne Victoria. A pipeline from Mannum brought River Murray water to Adelaide in 1954 and an airport opened at West Beach in 1955. Mannum is a historic town on the west bank of the Murray River in South Australia, east of Adelaide. The Murray River, or River Murray and sometimes informally referred to as the "Mighty Murray" is Australia 's largest River. An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land West Beach (postcode 5024 is a seaside suburb of
The Dunstan Government of the 1970s saw something of an Adelaide 'cultural revival' - establishing a wide array of social reforms and overseeing the city becoming a centre of the arts. Donald Allan Dunstan, AC, QC (21 September 1926 – 6 February 1999 was an Australian Politician. Adelaide hosted the Australian Grand Prix between 1985 and 1996 on a street circuit in the city's east parklands, before losing it in a controversial move to Melbourne. The Australian Grand Prix is a Formula One race that is part of the annual Formula One championship season Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 The 1992 State Bank collapse plunged both Adelaide and South Australia into economic recession, and its effects can still be felt today. The State Bank of South Australia was a Bank owned by the Government of South Australia. Recent years have seen the Clipsal 500 V8 Supercar race make use of the former Formula One circuit and renewed economic confidence under the Rann Government. The Clipsal 500 is an annual racing carnival for Touring Cars held in the east end of Adelaide on a shortened form of the Adelaide Street Circuit, V8 Supercars is a Touring car racing category operated under the regulations of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA Michael David Rann (born 5 January 1953) Australian politician is the 44th Premier of South Australia, serving since 2002.
References
- Elizabeth Kwan Living in South Australia: A Social History Volume 1:From Before 1836 to 1914 (1987)
- Kathryn Gergett and Susan Marsden Adelaide: A brief History (1996)
- Derek Whitelock Adelaide: From Colony to Jubilee (1985)
See also
- Timeline of Adelaidean history
- Light's Vision
- Proclamation Day
- Australian Overland Telegraph Line
- Thomas Peel
External links
This is a timeline of Adelaide history. Prior to 1800s The Kaurna peoples' traditional lands lie in and around the Adelaide Plains The first surveyor-general of Adelaide, South Australia, Colonel William Light designed a layout and development programme for the city Proclamation Day is the name of a number of days either commemorating or marked by a Proclamation being issued The Australian Overland Telegraph Line was a 3200 km Telegraph line that connected Darwin with Port Augusta in South Australia. Mr Peel he moans took him from England to Swan River West Australia means of subsistence and of production to the amount of £50000Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic