Hispanic (Spanish: hispano; Portuguese: hispânico; Latin: Hispānus, adjective from Hispānia, the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula) is a term that historically denoted relation to the ancient Hispania and its peoples. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra This is a list of the Pre- Roman peoples of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania - modern Andorra, Portugal and Spain

The term now refers to the culture and people of the Spanish-speaking countries of Hispanic America and Spain; or countries with a historical legacy from Spain, including the Southwestern United States and Florida; the African nations of Equatorial Guinea, Western Sahara and the Northern coastal region of Morocco; the Asia-Pacific nations of the Philippines, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands; and to the ethnic individuals of those cultures. The term Hispanophone ( hispanoparlante, hispanohablante or hispanófono, in Spanish) denotes Spanish-speakers and relation to the Spanish-speaking Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Southwestern area of the United States could be defined as the states west of the Mississippi River, with the qualification of a certain northern limit such as the 37 Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the The Republic of Equatorial Guinea ( República de Guinea Ecuatorial,) is a country in Central Africa. Western Sahara ( Arabic: الصحراء الغربية; transliterated: as-Ṣaḥrā' al-Gharbīyah; Sahara Occidental is a territory Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Guam ( Chamorro: cha Guåhån) officially the Territory of Guam, is an island in the western Pacific Ocean and is an organized unincorporated The Northern Mariana Islands, officially the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI is a commonwealth in Political union with the United It can also refer to the Hispanosphere geographical distribution, the same way Latin (Latino) refers to the Romance languages in general. The term Hispanophone ( hispanoparlante, hispanohablante or hispanófono, in Spanish) denotes Spanish-speakers and relation to the Spanish-speaking Latin is the name of various peoples or ethnicities related to the Latium region in the Italian Peninsula, to the Latin language, or to its descendants The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all

Contents 1 Terminology 1.1 Definitions in the USA 1.2 Hispanization 2 Hispanosphere 2.1 Europe 2.2 Hispanic America 2.3 North America 2.4 Africa 2.5 Asia-Pacific 3 Music 4 Literature 5 Religious diversity 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 See also 9 External links

Terminology

Etymologically, the term "Hispanic" is derived from Hispania,^[1] the name given by the ancient Romans to the Iberian Peninsula (present-day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar). Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra ( Catalan: Principat d'Andorra) is a small Landlocked country in western Gibraltar (dʒɨˈbrɒltər is a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar

Hispanus was the Latin name given to the people of Hispania, the Hispano-Romans. Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The Hispano-Romans were composed of people from many different origins tribes of Hispania. This is a list of the Pre- Roman peoples of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania - modern Andorra, Portugal and Spain ^[2] Some famous Hispani (plural of Hispanus) were Seneca the Elder, Seneca the Younger, Lucan, Martial, Prudentius, the Roman Emperor Trajan, the Roman Emperor Theodosius I, and also Magnus Maximus and Maximus of Hispania. Lucius or Marcus Annaeus Seneca, known as Seneca the Elder and Seneca the Rhetorician (ca Lucius Annaeus Seneca (often known simply as Seneca, or Seneca the Younger; Σένεκας in Ancient Greek literature (c Marcus Annaeus Lucanus ( November 3, 39 AD – April 30, 65 AD better known in English as Lucan, was a Roman Marcus Valerius Martialis (known in English as Martial) (March 1 40 AD - ca Aurelius Prudentius Clemens was a Roman Christian Poet, born in the Roman Province of Tarraconensis (now Northern The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, commonly known as Trajan ( September 18 53 &ndash August 9 117) was a Roman Emperor who Flavius Theodosius (January 11 347 – January 17 395 also called Theodosius I and Theodosius the Great ( Greek: Θεοδόσιος Α΄ Magnus Maximus (ca 335&ndash August 28, 388) also known as Maximianus, was an Hispanic usurper of the Western Roman Empire Maximus was Roman usurper (409 - 411 in Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula - modern Portugal and Spain) The etymology of the words Hispanic, Spanish, and Hispano-Roman has the same Latin root name, Hispania, but the connotation of the original meaning of the root word has slightly different meanings in the multiple derived modern English words:

• Hispano-Roman is used to refer to the culture and people of Hispania, ancestors of the Portuguese and Spanish peoples. The Portuguese people (os Portugueses literally the Portuguese) are the Ethnic group or Nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west (historical meaning).
• Hispania is used to refer to a province of the Roman empire, the native land of the Hispano-Romans
• Hispanic is used to refer to modern Spain, and to the Castilian language, and to the Spanish speaking nations of the Americas. A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America ^[3][4]
• Spanish is used to refer to the Castilian language, the culture, and the people of Spain (narrowing of meaning)
• Spaniard is used to refer to the people of Spain (narrowing of meaning).

Prior to the marriage of Queen Isabella of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469, the four Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, namely the Kingdom of Portugal, the Crown of Aragon, the Crown of Castile, and the Kingdom of Navarre, were collectively referred to as Hispania, the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula. Ferdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (Fernando II de Aragón y V de Castilla "el Católico" Ferran II d'Aragó "el Catòlic" Ferrando II d'Aragón The Crown of Aragon was a permanent union of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of Aragon. The Crown of Castile, as a historic entity is usually considered to have begun in 1230 with the third and definitive union of the two kingdoms of León and Castile The Kingdom of Navarre (Reino de Navarra Nafarroako Erresuma Royaume de Navarre originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a European kingdom which occupied lands on either This usage in medieval times appears to have originated in Provençal and appears to be first documented at the end of the 11th century. Provençal ( Provençau) is one of several dialects of Occitan spoken by a minority of people mostly in Provence (in southern France In the Council of Constance, the four kingdoms shared one vote. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Council of Constance is the 16th Ecumenical council.

Portugal adopted the word "Lusitanic,^[5] or "Lusitanian" to refer to its the culture and people in reference to the Lusitanians, one of the first Indo-European tribes to settle in Europe, from which later on derived the name of the Roman province of Lusitania, which was a part of Roman province of Hispania. Lusitanic ( Portuguese Lusitânico) from Latin Lusitanicus, adjective from Lusitania, the name of a Roman Lusitanian may refer to Lusitanians, a people of the western Iberian Peninsula The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were an Indo-European people living in the western Iberian Peninsula long before it became the Roman In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa This article concerns the Roman province For the ship see RMS Lusitania. Portugal's name in Latin is Lusitania. This article concerns the Roman province For the ship see RMS Lusitania. The expansion of the Spanish Empire between 1492 and 1898 brought thousands of Spanish migrants to the conquered lands, creating a large settlement that stretches all over the world and producing several multiracial populations. The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries Portuguese speakers, however, are not considered "Hispanic" by the U. S. Census Bureau.

Definitions in the USA

Further information: Racial demographics of the United States and Race and ethnicity in the United States Census and History of Latinos and Hispanics in the United States

During the 1970s, the United States Government defined the term "Hispanic" to identify Latin American individuals, and their descendants, living in the U. The United States is a diverse country racially and ethnically. The history of Latinos and Hispanics in the United States is wide-ranging spanning more than four hundred years and varying from region to region within the United States The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. S. regardless of race. ^[6]

The ethnic label Hispanic was the result of efforts by a New Mexican U. S. Senator, Joseph Montoya, who wanted a label that could be used to quantify the Spanish-speaking population for the U. Joseph Manuel Montoya ( September 24, 1915 – June 8, 1978) was a Democratic U S. Census. The label Hispanic was chosen in part because in New Mexico, people of Spanish descent such as Montoya referred to themselves as Hispanos which was anglicized as "Hispanic. New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. "

The U. S. Office of Management and Budget currently defines "Hispanic or Latino" as "a person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race". The Office of Management and Budget (OMB is a Cabinet -level office and is the largest office within the Executive Office of the President of the United States (EOP ^[7]

The terms Hispanic and Latino tend to be used interchangeably in the United States due largely to a syntax inconsistency between the English language and the Spanish language. Hispanic and Latino Americans are Americans of Hispanic or Latino descent, which comprises ancestry or origins in Hispanic America English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Some define the term "Latino" as a shortened version of the noun '"Latin American. " Others define the word "Latin" as the name of the language used by the ancient Romans, while "Latino" is the name given to the people who spoke the language.

Hispanization

Hispanization is the process by which a place or a person absorbs characteristics of Hispanic society and culture. Hispanicization or Hispanization is the process by which a place or a person absorbs characteristics of Hispanic society and culture ^[8][9][10] Modern hispanicization of a place, namely in the United States, is illustrated by, but not limited to, Spanish language newspapers, radio stations, churches, as well as Latin restaurants, tortilla factories, panaderias (bakeries), taquerias (taco restaurants) and specialty music stores, clothing stores, and nightclubs. Hispanization of a person is illustrated by, but not limited to, speaking Spanish, making and eating Latin food, listening to Spanish language music, dressing in Santa Fe style or other Hispanic styles, and participating in Hispanic festivals and holidays. Hispanization is the opposite of assimilation. Assimilation is the process by which a minority culture absorbs characteristics of the dominant society and culture. In the United States Anglo culture has long been the dominant culture and, historically, U. S. immigrants have assimilated by the third generation. For example, by the third generation most Ukrainian-Americans have lost the ability to speak Ukrainian, make Ukrainian easter eggs, cook Ukrainian food, play Ukrainian music, or dance like a Cossack. A few immigrant groups to the U. S. have been slow to assimilate--Greeks, Chinese, and especially Hispanics.

One of the reasons why the assimilation of Hispanics in the U. S. is not comparable to that of other cultural groups, is that Hispanic peoples have been living in some parts of North America for centuries, in many cases well before the Anglo culture became dominant. Hispanic and Latino Americans are Americans of Hispanic or Latino descent, which comprises ancestry or origins in Hispanic America For example, California, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and Florida have been home to Hispanic peoples since the 18th century, even before the U. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the S. gained independence from Great Britain. The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 These and other Spanish-speaking territories were part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, and later Mexico, before these regions joined the United States in 1848. The Viceroyalty of New Spain (Virreinato de Nueva España was a name given to the Viceroy -ruled territories of the Spanish Empire in North America, The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Some cities in the U. S. were founded by Spanish settlers in the 17th century, prior to the creation of the Thirteen Colonies. The Thirteen Colonies were part of what became known as British America, a name that was used by Great Britain until the Treaty of Paris (1783 recognized the For example, Pensacola and St. Augustine, Florida were founded in 1559 and 1565 respectively, and Alburquerque, New Mexico was established in 1660. Pensacola is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle and the County seat of Escambia County. Therefore, in some parts of the U. S. the Hispanic cultural legacy are older than the Anglo-Saxon origin. For this reason many generations of U.S. Hispanics have largely maintained their cultural traditions and Spanish language. Hispanic and Latino Americans are Americans of Hispanic or Latino descent, which comprises ancestry or origins in Hispanic America

Language retention is a common index to assimilation, and according to the 2000 census, about 75 percent of all Hispanics spoke Spanish in the home — even many Hispanics who can trace their ancestry to the original Spanish settlement of the U. S. Southwest between 1598 and 1769. Spanish language retention rates vary geographically; parts of Texas and New Mexico have language retention rates over 90 percent, whereas parts of Colorado and California have retention rates lower than 30 percent.

Hispanic retention rates are so high in parts of Texas and New Mexico and along the border because the percentage of Hispanics living there is also very high. Laredo, Texas; Chimayo, New Mexico; Nogales, Arizona and Coachella, California, for example, all have Hispanic populations greater than 90 percent. Laredo ( "luh-RAID-o" in English in Spanish is the County seat of Webb County, Texas, United States Chimayo is a Census-designated place (CDP in Rio Arriba and Santa Fe Counties in the U Nogales is a city in Santa Cruz County, Arizona, United States. For the music and arts festival see Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival Coachella is a city in Riverside County, California In these pockets, Hispanics have always been the majority population. These communities are known within the Hispanic community as "continuous communities" because Hispanics have continuously been the majority population since they were settled in the 16th or 17th centuries. Interestingly, Anglo Americans moving into these communities often Hispanicize, creating a situation where assimilation and Hispanization are one and the same.

Hispanosphere

Main article: Hispanosphere

Spanish identified as the sole official language     Spanish identified as a co-official language

The countries of the Hispanic-influenced world

During the Spanish colonial period between 1492 to 1898, many people from Spain migrated to new lands they had conquered. The term Hispanophone ( hispanoparlante, hispanohablante or hispanófono, in Spanish) denotes Spanish-speakers and relation to the Spanish-speaking The term Hispanophone ( hispanoparlante, hispanohablante or hispanófono, in Spanish) denotes Spanish-speakers and relation to the Spanish-speaking The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries The Spaniards brought with them their language and culture, and integrated with the society they had settled, creating a large empire that stretched all over the world and producing several multiracial populations. Their descendants are found in the following continents and countries that were originally colonized by the Spanish people.

Today, the Hispanosphere consists of the following continents and countries:

Europe

• Spain
• Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain

Hispanic America

• Argentina
• Bolivia
• Chile
• Colombia
• Costa Rica
• Cuba
• Dominican Republic
• Ecuador
• El Salvador
• Guatemala
• Honduras
• Mexico
• Nicaragua
• Panama
• Paraguay
• Peru
• Uruguay
• Venezuela
• Puerto Rico (Territory of the United States)

North America

• Hispanics in the United States

Africa

• Equatorial Guinea
• Western Sahara
• Northern coastal region of Morocco

Asia-Pacific

• Philippines
• Guam (Territory of the United States)
• Northern Mariana Islands (Territory of the United States)

Music

Main articles: Music of Spain and Latin American music

Folk and popular dance and music also varies greatly among Hispanics. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Historically, the modern country of Spain was formed by the accretion of several independent Iberian realms ( Asturias, León, Galicia For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. El Salvador ( República de El Salvador,) is a country in Central America. Guatemala (República de Guatemala) is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west the Pacific Ocean to the southwest Honduras in Spanish, República de Honduras) is a democratic republic in Central America. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay ( Spanish: República del Paraguay; Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái) is one of the only Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} Hispanic and Latino Americans are Americans of Hispanic or Latino descent, which comprises ancestry or origins in Hispanic America The Republic of Equatorial Guinea ( República de Guinea Ecuatorial,) is a country in Central Africa. Western Sahara ( Arabic: الصحراء الغربية; transliterated: as-Ṣaḥrā' al-Gharbīyah; Sahara Occidental is a territory Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Guam ( Chamorro: cha Guåhån) officially the Territory of Guam, is an island in the western Pacific Ocean and is an organized unincorporated The Northern Mariana Islands, officially the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI is a commonwealth in Political union with the United Spanish music is often considered abroad to be synonymous with Flamenco, an Andalusian musical genre which contrary to popular belief is not widespread outside that region Latin music, includes the music of all countries in Latin America (and the Caribbean) and comes in many varieties For instance, the music from Spain is a lot different from the Hispanic American, although there is a high grade of exchange between both continents. In addition, due to the high national development of the diverse identities of Spain, there is a lot of music in the different languages the Peninsula (Catalan and Basque, mainly). Historically, the modern country of Spain was formed by the accretion of several independent Iberian realms ( Asturias, León, Galicia The Languages of Spain are the languages spoken or once spoken in Spain. Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official See, for instance, Music of Catalonia or Rock català. Catalunya (in Spain and France) has one of the oldest documented musical traditions in Europe and has had a rich musical culture continuously for at least two thousand The term Rock Català ( Catalan for Catalan Rock) is used to describe those bands singing in Catalan of any music style especially in the late 1980s and early 1990s

On the other side, Latin America is home to a wide variety of music, instead it's usual to speak about "Latin" music as a single genre. Hispanic Caribbean music tends to favor complex polyrhythms of African origin. Mexican music shows combined influences of mostly Spanish and Native American origin, while traditional Northern Mexican music — norteño and banda — is more influenced by country-and-western music and the polka, brought by Central European settlers to Mexico. Norteño (literally meaning "northern" in Spanish; also known as norteña or conjunto) is a genre of Mexican music. Banda (often referred to as banda sinaloense in Spanish in order to distinguish it from other types of bands since banda simply means "band" in Spanish is a The polka is a fast lively Central European Dance and also a genre of dance music familiar throughout Europe and the Americas Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The music of Hispanic Americans — such as tejano music — has influences in rock, jazz, R&B, pop, and country music as well as traditional Mexican music such as Mariachi. Tejano music (Spanish-Texan music is the name given to various forms of folk and popular music originating among the Hispanic populations of Central and Southern Texas Rock music is a genre of Popular music often though not necessarily employing Electric guitar, Bass guitar, and Drums. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Latin Pop ( Pop Latino, in Spanish) generally refers to Pop music that has what may be perceived a "Latin" influence Country music is a blend of popular musical forms originally found in the Southern United States and the Appalachian Mountains. MARIACHI, the Mixed Apparatus for Radar Investigation of Cosmic-rays of High Ionization, is an apparatus for the detection of Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECR Meanwhile, native Andean sounds and melodies are the backbone of Peruvian and Bolivian music, but also play a significant role in the popular music of most South American countries and are heavily incorporated into the folk music of Ecuador and Chile and the tunes of Colombia, and again in Chile where they play a fundamental role in the form of the greatly followed nueva canción. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. Nueva Canción (Spanish for 'new song' is a movement in Latin American music that was developed first in the Southern Cone of South America - Argentina Chile and Uruguay - In US communities of immigrants from these countries it is common to hear these styles. Latin pop, Rock en Español, Latin hip-hop, and Reggaeton styles tend to appeal to the broader Hispanic population, and varieties of Cuban music are popular with many Hispanics of all backgrounds. Latin Pop ( Pop Latino, in Spanish) generally refers to Pop music that has what may be perceived a "Latin" influence Rock en Español ( Spanish for Rock in Spanish) refers to the Spanish-language Rock music. Spanish hip hop music began in the late 1980s Break dance crews used mainly American recordings while local rappers practiced for very small underground audiences Reggaeton (also spelled reggaetón, and known as reguetón and reggaetón in Spanish) is a form of urban music which became popular

Literature

Main article: Hispanic literature

There is a huge variety of literature from US Hispanics and the Hispanic countries. The term Spanish literature refers to Literature written in the Spanish language, including literature composed in Spanish by writers not necessarily from Of the most recognized writers are Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Gabriel García Márquez, Rubén Darío, Mario Vargas Llosa, Julio Cortázar, Pablo Neruda, Jorge Luis Borges and Ernesto Sabato, amongst others. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra ( in modern Spanish; September 29, 1547 &ndash April 22, 1616) was a Spanish Novelist Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez (born March 6 1927 is a Colombian Félix Rubén García Sarmiento also known as Rubén Darío (Metapa January 18, 1867 &ndash Leon February 6, 1916) was a Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa (born March 28 1936 is a Peruvian writer Politician, Journalist, and Essayist. Julio Cortázar, born Jules Florencio Cortázar ( August 26, 1914 &ndash February 12, 1984) was an Argentine Author Pablo Neruda ( July 12, 1904 – September 23, 1973) was the pen name and later legal name of the Chilean writer and politician Ernesto Sabato (born June 24, 1911) is an Argentine writer of Italian and Arbëreshë (Italian Albanian descent

Religious diversity

With regard to religious affiliation among Hispanics, Christianity — specifically Roman Catholicism — is usually the first religious tradition that comes to mind. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Indeed, the Spaniards took the Roman Catholic faith to Latin America, and Roman Catholicism continues to be the overwhelmingly predominant, but not the only, religious denomination amongst most Hispanics. A small but growing number of Hispanics belong to a Protestant denomination. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation.

There are also Hispanic Jews, of which most are the descendants of Ashkenazi Jews who migrated from Europe (German Jews, Russian Jews, Polish Jews, etc. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing ) to Latin America, particularly Argentina, Peru and Cuba (Argentina is host to the third largest Jewish population in the Western Hemisphere, after the United States and Canada)^[11][12] in the 19th century and during and following World War II. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Some Hispanic Jews may also originate from the small communities of reconverted descendants of anusim — those whose Spanish and Portuguese Sephardi Jewish ancestors long ago hid their Jewish ancestry and beliefs in fear of persecution by the Spanish Inquisition and Portuguese Inquisition in the Iberian peninsula and Latin America. Anusim (אנוסים plural for anús, means "forced ones" in Hebrew Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain The Portuguese Inquisition was formally established in Portugal in 1536 at the request of the King of Portugal, João III. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra There are also the now Catholic-professing descendants of marranos and the Hispano crypto-Jews believed to exist in the once Spanish-held Southwestern United States and scattered through Latin America. Marranos or Secret Jews were Sephardic Jews (Jews resident in the Iberian peninsula) who were forced to adopt Christianity or Crypto-Judaism is the secret adherence to Judaism while publicly professing to be of another faith people who practice crypto-Judaism are referred to as "crypto-Jews" The Southwestern area of the United States could be defined as the states west of the Mississippi River, with the qualification of a certain northern limit such as the 37 Additionally, there are Sephardic Jews who are descendants of those Jews who fled Spain to Turkey, Syria, and North Africa, some of who have now migrated to Latin America, holding on to some Spanish/Sephardic customs, such as the Ladino language. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan (See also History of the Jews in Latin America and List of Latin American Jews. The history of the Jews in the Americas dates back to Christopher Columbus and his first cross- Atlantic voyage on August 3, 1492 Jewish immigration to Latin America began with seven sailors arriving on Christopher Columbus ' crew )

Among the Hispanic Catholics, most communities celebrate their homeland's patron saint, dedicating a day for this purpose with festivals and religious services. A saint (from the Latin sanctus) is a human being to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated a high level of Holiness and Sanctity Some Hispanics syncretize Roman Catholicism and African or Native American rituals and beliefs. Such is the case of Santería, popular with Cuban Americans and which combines old African beliefs in the form of Roman Catholic saints and rituals. Santería, also known as La Regla de Lukumi (Lukumi's Rule and The Way of the Saints is an Afro-Cuban religious tradition derived from traditional beliefs A Cuban American ( Cubanoamericano) is a United States citizen who traces his or her "national origin" to Cuba. Other syncretistic beliefs include Spiritism and Curanderismo. Spiritism is a Christian philosophical Doctrine, established in France in the mid-nineteenth century A curandero (or curandera for a female is a traditional Folk healer or Shaman in Hispanic America, who is dedicated to curing physical and/or

While a tiny minority, there are some Hispanic Muslims in Latin America and the US. Latino Muslims are Latin Americans whose religion is Islam. In countries such as the United States, where due to a historical misunderstanding

In the United States some 70% of U. S. Hispanics report themselves Catholic, and 23% Protestant, with 6% having no affiliation. ^[13] A minority among the Roman Catholics, about one in five, are charismatics. The term charismatic movement describes the adoption from the early twentieth century onwards of certain beliefs typical of those held by Pentecostal Christians — specifically Among the Protestant, 85% are "Born-again Christians" and belong to Evangelical or Pentecostal churches. Evangelicalism is a theological movement tradition and system of beliefs most closely associated with Protestant Christianity, which identifies with the Gospel Pentecostalism is a renewalist religious movement within Christianity that places special emphasis on the direct personal experience of God through the Baptism Among the smallest groups, less than 4%, are U. S. Hispanic Jews and U. S. Hispanic Muslims. Most U. S. Hispanic Muslims are recent converts.

Footnotes

References

• De la Garza, Rodolfo O., and Louis Desipio. Ethnic Ironies: Latino Politics in the 1992 Elections (1996)
• What is a Hispanic? Legal Definition vs. Racist Definition.Montalban-Anderssen. (1996)
• What is a Hispanic? Legal Definition vs. Racist Definition. Romero Anton Montalban-Anderssen. Large file with footnotes (1996)

See also

Aztec Criollo Cuban-American lobby Afro-Latino Black Hispanic Famous Hispanic Americans Hispanicity Hispania Hispanic cultural legacy in the Philippines Hispanic culture Hispanic Paradox Hispanophone Iberian Ibero-America Inca Indigenous peoples Isleños

Languages of Spain Latino List of United States cities with a majority Hispanic population Maya civilization Maya peoples Nationalities of Spain Spain Spaniard Spanish Empire Spanish in the United States Spanish language Spic White Hispanic Hispanic British

External links

• Spanish Arts: Painting, Sculpture, Music, Architecture, Literature
• Centro Virtual Cervantes
• Biblioteca Virtual Cervantes
• Testament of Isabella of Castile
• Immigration, Hispanics and the curse of the Black Legend
• Hispanic Americans in the U.S. Army
• Famous Hispanics
• Hispanic Community in U.S. - Stats and Facts.
• Mexica Movement Indigenous rights and education organization that aggressively challenges the application of the Hispanic label toward people of Mexican and Central American descent. Aztec is a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who achieved political The Cuban-American lobby is a general term for the various groups largely made up of Cuban exiles in the United States and their descendants who pressure the U An Afro-Latin American (also Afro-Latino) is a Latin American person of at least partial Black African ancestry the term may also refer to historical This article contains a list of notable Hispanic and Latino Americans, citizens of the United States with ancestry or origins in Hispanic America or Spain History Hispanidad or Spanish linguistic and cultural diffusion began on 12 October 1492 when Christopher Columbus initiated its Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar The British historian Arnold J Toynbee once asserted in one of his works that "the Philippines is a Latin American country that was transported to Hispanic (hispano hispánico hispânico Hispānus adjective from ''Hispānia'', the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula) is a term that historically The Hispanic Paradox refers to the Epidemiological finding that Hispanics in the U The term Hispanophone ( hispanoparlante, hispanohablante or hispanófono, in Spanish) denotes Spanish-speakers and relation to the Spanish-speaking Ibero-America is a term which started to be used in the second half of the 19th century to refer collectively to the countries in the Americas which were formerly colonies The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical Isleño (plural isleños) (Îlois is the Spanish word meaning " Islander. The Languages of Spain are the languages spoken or once spoken in Spain. The following is a partial list of United States cities towns and census-designated places in which a majority (over 50% of the population is Hispanic or Latino The Maya civilization is a Mesoamerican Civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the Pre-Columbian Americas The Maya peoples constitute a diverse range of the Native American peoples of southern Mexico and northern Central America. Historically, the modern country of Spain was formed by the accretion of several independent Iberian realms ( Asturias, León, Galicia Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries The Spanish language is the second most-common language in the United States after English. This article concerns itself with Americans whose race is white and whose ethnicity is Hispanic or Latino; i The groups states that the US government's usage of the term "Hispanic" is a top-down method of ethnically cleansing their indigenous identities.
• PBS 'A Cultural Identity' Examines the creation of the Hispanic label by Richard Nixon.
• Los Angeles Times 'A Look Beyond The Label' Newspaper editorial criticizing the usage of the terms "Hispanic" and "Latino" as being oversimplifications of what is essentially a Mexican-dominant group, not all being Spanish speakers.
• Separated by a Common Language: The Strange Case of the White Hispanic A White Argentine questions the application of the Hispanic label to non-white Spanish speakers.
• The History of Immigration
• U.S. Hispanic Market in 2010
• Hispanic Business magazine
• Hispanic Genealogy
• Hispanic Heritage Foundation
• Hispanic Online Market
• Hispanic Market in the U.S.
• Marketing to US Hispanics and Latin America Conference
• Parchepinga - Non profit hispanic virtual community from Arizona
• HispanicSMB.com - Hispanic Business Portal
• Politicos Latinos Website listing the USA's major Latino/Hispanic Politicians
• Diario Las Americas Website for Miami's Original Hispanic Daily Newspaper
• Hispanic Digital Network The Nation's First Internet Advertising Network of U. S. Hispanic Newspapers, Magazines and Media Portals
• Hispanic PR Wire Leading News Distribution Service Reaching U. S. Hispanic Media and Opinion Leaders

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