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For other uses, see Hispania (disambiguation). Hispania, the ancient Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula (comprising modern Portugal and Spain) may mean Places
Roman Theatre of Mérida
Roman Theatre of Mérida

Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar and a very small southern part of France). Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra ( Catalan: Principat d'Andorra) is a small Landlocked country in western Gibraltar (dʒɨˈbrɒltər is a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. When Rome was a republic, Hispania was divided into two provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa the Roman Republic, Hispania Citerior (English Hither Spain) was a region of Hispania roughly located in the northeastern coast and in the Ebro During the Roman Republic, Hispania Ulterior (English Further Spain) was a region of Hispania roughly located During the Principate, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, Baetica and Lusitania, while Hispania Citerior was renamed Tarraconensis. The Principate is the first period of the Roman Empire, extending from the beginning of the reign of Caesar Augustus to the Crisis of the Third Century, Hispania Baetica was one of three Imperial Roman provinces in Hispania, (modern Iberia) This article concerns the Roman province For the ship see RMS Lusitania. Hispania Tarraconensis was one of three Roman provinces in Hispania. Subsequently, the western part of Tarraconensis was split off, first as Hispania Nova, later renamed Callaecia (or Gallaecia, whence modern Galicia). Gallaecia or Callaecia was the name of a Roman province that comprised Galicia (occasionally Galiza) is an autonomous community in northwest Spain. From Diocletian's Tetrarchy (AD 284) onwards, the south of remaining Tarraconensis was again split off as Carthaginiensis, and probably then too the Balearic Islands and all the resulting provinces formed one civil diocese under the vicarius for the Hispaniae (that is, the Celtic provinces). Tetrarchy ( Greek: "leadership of four " can be applied to any system of government where power is divided between four individuals The Balearic Islands ( Catalan and official Illes Balears; Spanish: Islas Baleares) are an Archipelago in the western Mediterranean A Roman or civil diocese ( Latin: dioecesis, from the διοίκησις, "administration" was one of the administrative divisions Vicarius is a Latin word meaning substitute or deputy. It is the root and origin of the English word " Vicar " and Cognate to the Persian Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts

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Name

The origin of the word Hispania is much disputed and the evidence is based merely upon what are at best apparent resemblances and the sketchiest of other supporting evidence. One theory holds it to be of Punic derivation, from the Phoenician language of colonizing Carthage. Phoenician was a language originally spoken in the coastal region then called Pūt in Ancient Egyptian Canaan in Phoenician, Hebrew, and Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers It may derive from i (meaning island), and shfanim (of the Semitic root S-P-N), literally translating to "Island of the Hyrax". The Semitic languages are a Language family whose living representatives are spoken by more than 467 million people across much of the Middle East, A hyrax (from Greek 'shrewmouse' Afrikaans: klipdassie, from Dutch: klipdas 'rockbadger' is any of four Species of fairly Another theory, proposed by the etymologist Eric Partridge in his work Origins, is that it is of Iberian derivation and that it is to be found in the pre-Roman name for Seville, Hispalis, which strongly hints at an ancient name for the country of *Hispa, an Iberian or Celtic root whose meaning is now lost. The Iberian language was the language of a people identified by Greek and Roman sources who lived in the eastern and southeastern regions of the Iberian Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. The Iberian language was the language of a people identified by Greek and Roman sources who lived in the eastern and southeastern regions of the Iberian The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family. It may alternatively derive from Heliopolis (Greek for "city of the sun"). Occasionally it was called Hesperia, the western land, by Roman writers, or Hesperia ultima. Another theory derives the name from Ezpanna, the Basque word for "border" or "edge", thus meaning the farthest area or place. Basque ( native name: euskara) is the Language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain [1]

Substituting "Spanish" for Hispanicus or "Hispanic", or "Spain" for Hispania, though sometimes done by historians, is anachronistic and can be misleading, since the borders of modern Spain do not coincide with those of the Roman province of Hispania, or of the Visigothic Kingdom which briefly succeeded it. In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa The Visigothic kingdom was a Western European power from the fifth to eighth century one of the Successor states to the Western Roman Empire, originally Although the Latin term Hispania was often used during Antiquity and the High Middle Ages as a geographical name for the Iberian Peninsula, its cognates "Spain" and "Spanish" have become increasingly associated with the Kingdom of Spain alone, after its formation in the 15th century under the Catholic Kings. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean The High Middle Ages was the period of European history in the 11th 12th and 13th centuries (AD 1000&ndash1299 Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Cognates in Linguistics are words that have a common origin They may occur within a language such as shirt and skirt as two English words descended from Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Catholic Monarchs (los Reyes Católicos is the collective title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon

Pre-Roman history

Main articles: Prehistoric Iberia and Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
Main language areas in Iberia circa 200 BC.
Main language areas in Iberia circa 200 BC. The Prehistory of the Iberian peninsula begins with the arrival of the first Hominins c This is a list of the Pre- Roman peoples of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania - modern Andorra, Portugal and Spain Events By place Seleucid Empire Antiochus III's forces continue their invasion of Coele Syria and Palestine.

The Iberian peninsula has long been inhabited, first by early hominids such as Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis and Homo antecessor. Homo is the Genus that includes modern humans and their close relatives Homo erectus ( Latin: "upright man" is an extinct species of the genus Homo, believed to have been the first hominin Homo heidelbergensis ("Heidelberg Man" is an Extinct Species of the Genus Homo which may be the direct ancestor Homo antecessor is an extinct Hominin and a potential distinct species dating from 1 In the Paleolithic period, the Neanderthals entered Iberia and eventually took refuge from the advancing migrations of modern humans. The term Paleolithic (or Palaeolithic) (from Greek παλαιός palaios, " Old " and λίθος Lithos, "stone" The Neanderthal (neɪˈændərtɑːl also with /niː-/ and /-θɔːl/ or Neandertal, is an extinct member of the Homo genus that is known from Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus In the 40th millennium BC, during the Upper Paleolithic and the last ice age, the first large settlement of Europe by modern humans occurred. The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe Africa The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe Africa "Last glacial" redirects here For the period of maximum glacier extent during this time see Last Glacial Maximum The last glacial period These were nomadic hunter-gathereres originating on the steppes of Central Asia. Nomadic people, (from the νομάδες nomádes, "those who let pasture herds" also known as nomads, are communities of people that A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild Foraging and Hunting In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south When the last Ice Age reached its maximum extent, during the 30th millennium BC, these modern humans took refuge in Southern Europe, namely in Iberia, after retreating through Southern France. An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the Temperature of the Earth 's surface and atmosphere resulting in an expansion of continental Ice sheets The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe Africa The term Southern Europe can have four definitions geographical political climatic phytogeographic The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Southern France (or the South of France) colloquially known as Le Midi, is a loosely defined geographical area consisting of the regions of France that In the millennia that followed, the Neanderthals became extinct and local modern human cultures thrived, producing pre-historic art such as that found in L'Arbreda Cave and in the Côa Valley. --> In the history of art prehistoric art is all art produced in preliterate cultures (prehistory beginning somewhere in very late geological history The Côa Valley Paleolithic Art site is one of the largest known open air sites of Paleolithic art.

In the Mesolithic period, beginning in the 10th millennium BC, the Allerød Oscillation occurred. The Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age was a period in the development of human technology in between the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age and the Neolithic or New Stone Age The Allerød period is a part of a temperature oscillation toward the end of the last Glaciation, during which temperatures in the northern Atlantic region rose from This was an interstadial deglaciation that lessened the harsh conditions of the Ice Age. "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. "Last glacial" redirects here For the period of maximum glacier extent during this time see Last Glacial Maximum The last glacial period The populations sheltered in Iberia (descendants of the Cro-Magnon) migrated and recolonized all of Western Europe. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Cro-Magnon ( French) is one of the main types of Homo sapiens of the European Upper Paleolithic, living approximately 40000 to 10000 years Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' In this period one finds the Azilian culture in Southern France and Northern Iberia (to the mouth of the Douro river), as well as the Muge Culture in the Tagus valley. The Azilian is a name given by Archaeologists to an industry of the Epipaleolithic in northern Spain and southern France. Southern France (or the South of France) colloquially known as Le Midi, is a loosely defined geographical area consisting of the regions of France that The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra The Douro or Duero ( Latin: Durius, Spanish: Duero, Portuguese: Douro, pron. The Tagus ( Latin Tagus, Spanish Tajo, Portuguese Tejo, pron.

The Neolithic brought changes to the human landscape of Iberia (from the 5th millennium BC onwards), with the development of agriculture and the beginning of the European Megalith Culture. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos The 5th millennium BC saw the spread of Agriculture from the Near East throughout southern and central Europe Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture This spread to most of Europe and had one of its oldest and main centres in the territory of modern Portugal, as well as the Chalcolithic and Beaker cultures. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Chalcolithic (Greek khalkos + lithos ' Copper stone' period or Copper Age period known as the '''Eneolithic''' ('''Æneolithic''' is a The Bell-Beaker culture (sometimes shortened to Beaker culture, Beaker people, or Beaker folk; Glockenbecherkultur) ca

During the 1st millennium BC, in the Bronze Age, the first wave of migrations into Iberia of speakers of Indo-European languages occurred. The 1st millennium BC encompasses the Iron Age and sees the rise of successive empires The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for These were later (7th and 5th Centuries BC) followed by others that can be identified as Celts. The 7th century BC started the first day of 700 BC and ended the last day of 601 BC. The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts Eventually urban cultures developed in southern Iberia, such as Tartessos, influenced by the Phoenician colonization of coastal Mediterranean Iberia, with strong competition from the Greek colonization. Tartessos (also Tartessus) was a harbor city and its surrounding culture on the south coast of the Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca These two processes defined Iberia's cultural landscape - Mediterranean towards the southeast and a Continental in the northwest.

Carthaginian Hispania

Carthaginian influence sphere before the First Punic War.
Carthaginian influence sphere before the First Punic War.
Further information: Second Punic War

After its defeat by the Romans in the First Punic War (264 BC-241 BC), Carthage compensated for its loss of Sicily by rebuilding a commercial empire in Hispania. The Second Punic War (referred to as "The War Against Hannibal" by the Romans lasted from 218 to 201 BC and involved combatants in the western The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the The First Punic War ( 264 to 241 BC) was the first of three major wars fought between Carthage and the Roman Republic. Events By place Greece Abantidas, the son of Paseas, becomes Tyrant of the Greek city-state of Sicyon after Events By place Greece The Eurypontid King of Sparta, Agis IV, is called away from Sparta when Aratus of Sicyon Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy.

The major part of the Punic Wars, fought between the Punic Carthaginians and the Romans, was fought on the Iberian Peninsula. The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BC and were probably the largest wars yet of the ancient Carthage gave control of the Iberian Peninsula and much of its empire to Rome in 201 BC as part of the peace treaty after its defeat in the Second Punic War, and Rome completed its replacement of Carthage as the dominant power in the Mediterranean area. Events By place Carthage On Hannibal 's advice Carthage sues for peace with the Romans, ending the Second Punic The Second Punic War (referred to as "The War Against Hannibal" by the Romans lasted from 218 to 201 BC and involved combatants in the western By then the Romans had adopted the Carthaginian name, romanized first as Ispania. The term later received an H, much like what happened with Hibernia, and was pluralized as Hispaniae, as had been done with the Three Gauls. Hibernia is the Classical Latin name for the island of Ireland. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western

Roman Hispania

Main article: Roman Conquest of Hispania
Roman conquest of Hispania
Roman conquest of Hispania
Hispania under Caesar Augustus rule after the Cantabrian Wars 29 BC
Hispania under Caesar Augustus rule after the Cantabrian Wars 29 BC

Roman armies invaded Hispania in 218 BC and used it as a training ground for officers and as a proving ground for tactics during campaigns against the Carthaginians, the Iberians, the Lusitanians, the Gallaecians and other Celts. The Roman conquest of Hispania was a historical period that began with the Roman landing at Empúries in 218 BC and ended with the Roman conquest of the Iberian Events By place Carthage A Carthaginian army under Hannibal attacks Rome's Spanish allies Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers The Iberians were a set of peoples that Greek and Roman sources (among others Hecataeus of Miletus, Avienus, Herodot and Strabo The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were an Indo-European people living in the western Iberian Peninsula long before it became the Roman Gallaecia or Callaecia was the name of a Roman province that comprised Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts It was not until 19 BC that the Roman emperor Augustus (r. Year 19 BC was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was 27 BC-AD 14) was able to complete the conquest (see Cantabrian Wars). Year 27 BC was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. The Cantabrian Wars or Astur-Cantabrian Wars ( 29 BC - 19 BC) occurred during the Roman conquest of the ancient provinces of Cantabria Until then, much of Hispania remained autonomous.

Romanization proceeded quickly after the time of Augustus and Hispania was divided into three separately governed provinces (nine provinces by the 4th century). Romanization may also refer to linguistics see Romanization. Romanization was a gradual process of Cultural assimilation, in which Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century More importantly, Hispania was for 500 years part of a cosmopolitan world empire bound together by law, language, and the Roman road. The Roman Roads were essential for the growth of the Roman Empire, by enabling the Romans to move armies and trade goods and to communicate news But the impact of Hispania in the newcomers was also big. Caesar wrote on the Civil Wars that the soldiers from the Second Legion had become hispanicized and regarded themselves as hispanicus.

Many of the peninsula's population were admitted into the Roman aristocratic class and they participated in governing Hispania and the Roman empire, although there was a native aristocracy class who ruled each local tribe. The latifundia (sing. Latifundia are pieces of property covering tremendous areas The latifundia (Latin lātifundium; lātus, "spacious" + fundus, "farm estate" , latifundium), large estates controlled by the aristocracy, were superimposed on the existing Iberian landholding system.

The Romans improved existing cities, such as Lisbon (Olissipo) and Tarragona (Tarraco), established Zaragoza (Caesaraugusta), Mérida (Augusta Emerita), and Valencia (Valentia), and provided amenities throughout the empire. Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. Tarragona (tərəˈɣonə in Catalan) is a city located in the south of Catalonia and east of Spain, by the Mediterranean Sea. Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former Mérida is the capital of the autonomous community of Extremadura, Spain. Valencia ( Valencian: València, Valencia Spanish phonology --> is the capital of the Spanish autonomous The peninsula's economy expanded under Roman tutelage. Hispania served as a granary and a major source of metals for the Roman market, and its harbors exported gold, tin, silver, lead, wool, wheat, olive oil, wine, fish, and garum . Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Olive oil is a fruit oil obtained from the olive ( Olea europaea; family Oleaceae along with Lilacs Jasmine and ash trees Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Garum, also called liquamen, Agricultural production increased with the introduction of irrigation projects, some of which remain in use today. The romanized Iberian populations and the Iberian-born descendants of Roman soldiers and colonists - had all achieved the status of full Roman citizenship by the end of the 1st century. The 1st century was the Century that lasted from 1 to 100 according the Julian calendar. The emperors Trajan (r. Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, commonly known as Trajan ( September 18 53 &ndash August 9 117) was a Roman Emperor who 98-117), Hadrian (r. Year 98 was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Publius Aelius Hadrianus (January 24 76 &ndash July 10 138 as emperor Imperator Caesar Divi Traiani filius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, and Divus Hadrianus after 117-38), and Marcus Aurelius (r. Year 38 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (often referred to as "the wise" ( April 26, 121 – March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor 161-80) were born in Hispania. Year 80 was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. The Iberian denarii, also called argentum oscense by the roman soldiers, circulated until the 1st century BC after which was substituted by the roman coins.

Hispania was separated into two provinces (in 197 BC), each ruled by a praetor: Hispania Citerior ("Nearer Hispania") and Hispania Ulterior ("Farther Hispania"). Events By place Greece The Spartan ruler Nabis, acquires the important city of Argos from Philip V of Macedon Praetor was a title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to men acting in one of two official capacities the commander of an Army, either before the Roman Republic, Hispania Citerior (English Hither Spain) was a region of Hispania roughly located in the northeastern coast and in the Ebro During the Roman Republic, Hispania Ulterior (English Further Spain) was a region of Hispania roughly located The long wars of conquest lasted two centuries, and only by the time of Augustus did Rome managed to control Hispania Ulterior. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Hispania was divided into three provinces in the 1st century BC. The 1st century BC started the first day of 100 BC and ended the last day of 1 BC.

In the 4th century, Latinius Pacatus Drepanius, a Gallic rhetorician, dedicated part of his work to the depiction of the geography, climate, inhabitants, soldiers, and so forth of the peninsula, writing with praise and admiration:

This Hispania produces tough soldiers, very skilled captains, prolific speakers, luminous bards. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century Latinus (or Latinius) Pacatus Drepanius, one of the Latin Panegyrists flourished at the end of the 4th century AD It is a mother of judges and princes; it has given Trajan, Hadrian, and Theodosius to the Empire. Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, commonly known as Trajan ( September 18 53 &ndash August 9 117) was a Roman Emperor who Publius Aelius Hadrianus (January 24 76 &ndash July 10 138 as emperor Imperator Caesar Divi Traiani filius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, and Divus Hadrianus after Flavius Theodosius (January 11 347 – January 17 395 also called Theodosius I and Theodosius the Great ( Greek: Θεοδόσιος Α΄

With time, the name Hispania was used to describe the collective names of the Iberian Peninsula kingdoms of the Middle Ages, which came to designate all of the Iberian Peninsula plus the Balearic Islands. The Balearic Islands ( Catalan and official Illes Balears; Spanish: Islas Baleares) are an Archipelago in the western Mediterranean

The Hispaniae

Roman Hispania under Diocletian AD 293
Roman Hispania under Diocletian AD 293

During the first stages of Romanization, the peninsula was divided in two by the Romans for administrative purposes. The closest one to Rome was called Citerior and the more remote one Ulterior. The frontier between both was a sinuous line which ran from Cartago Nova (now Cartagena) to the Cantabrian Sea. Cartagena ( is a Spanish Mediterranean city and naval station in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula in the autonomous community of Region of Murcia Cantabrian Sea redirects here Not to be confused with Biscay Bay Newfoundland and Labrador or Biscayne Bay.

Hispania Ulterior comprised what are now Andalusia, Portugal, Extremadura, León, a great portion of the former Castilla la Vieja, Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, and the Basque Country. During the Roman Republic, Hispania Ulterior (English Further Spain) was a region of Hispania roughly located Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Extremadura is an autonomous community of western Spain whose capital city is Mérida. León is a province of northwestern Spain, in the northwestern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. Old Castile ( Castilla la Vieja) is a historic region of Spain, which included territory that later corresponded to the provinces of politically Santander (now Galicia (occasionally Galiza) is an autonomous community in northwest Spain. The Principality of Asturias ( Spanish: Principado de Asturias, Asturian: Principáu d'Asturies or Asturies) is an Cantabria is a Spanish province and Autonomous community with Santander as its capital city The Basque Country ( Basque Euskadi, Spanish País Vasco) is an autonomous community in northern Spain.

Hispania Citerior comprised the eastern part of former Castilla la Vieja, and what are now Aragon, Valencia, Catalonia, and a major part of former Castilla la Nueva. the Roman Republic, Hispania Citerior (English Hither Spain) was a region of Hispania roughly located in the northeastern coast and in the Ebro Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. The Valencian Community ( Valencian and official Comunitat Valenciana; Comunidad Valenciana is an Autonomous community located in central to Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain.

In the year BC 27 the general and politician Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa divided Hispania into three parts, namely dividing Hispania Ulterior into Baetica (basically Andalusia) and Lusitania (including Gallaecia and Asturias) and attaching Cantabria and the Basque Country to Hispania Citerior. Year 27 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Agrippa redirects here For other uses of the name see Agrippa (disambiguation. Hispania Baetica was one of three Imperial Roman provinces in Hispania, (modern Iberia) Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area This article concerns the Roman province For the ship see RMS Lusitania. Gallaecia or Callaecia was the name of a Roman province that comprised The Principality of Asturias ( Spanish: Principado de Asturias, Asturian: Principáu d'Asturies or Asturies) is an Cantabria is a Spanish province and Autonomous community with Santander as its capital city

The emperor Augustus in that same year returned to make a new division leaving the provinces as follows:

By the 3rd century the emperor Caracalla made a new division which lasted only a short time. The 3rd century is the period from 201 to 300 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Caracalla ( April 4 188 &ndash April 8, 217) born Lucius Septimius Bassianus and later He split Hispania Citerior again into two parts, creating the new provinces Provincia Hispania Nova Citerior and Asturiae-Calleciae. In the year 238 the unified province Tarraconensis or Hispania Citerior was re-established. Events By Place Roman Empire Carpians invade Moesia; Emperor Maximinus Thrax campaigns against them

Provinces of Hispania under the Tetrarchy
Provinces of Hispania under the Tetrarchy

In the third century, under the Soldier Emperors, Hispania Nova (the northwestern corner of Spain) was split off from Tarraconensis, as a small province but the home of the only permanent legion is Hispania, Legio VII Gemina. Tetrarchy ( Greek: "leadership of four " can be applied to any system of government where power is divided between four individuals Legio VII Gemina ( Twin) was a Roman legion; its full name was Legio VII Gemina Felix. Beginning with Diocletian's Tetrarchy reform in AD 293, the new dioecesis Hispaniae became one of the four dioceses—governed by a vicarius—of the praetorian prefecture of Gaul (also comprising the provinces of Gaul, Germania and Britannia), after the abolition of the imperial Tetrarchs under the Western Emperor (in Rome itself, later Ravenna). Tetrarchy ( Greek: "leadership of four " can be applied to any system of government where power is divided between four individuals A Roman or civil diocese ( Latin: dioecesis, from the διοίκησις, "administration" was one of the administrative divisions The praetorian prefecture of the Gauls (ie the provinces of Gaul, in Latin: praefectura praetorio Galliarum) was one of four large Praetorian prefectures Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Germania was the Latin Exonym for Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410 The diocese, with capital at Emerita Augusta (modern Mérida), comprised the five peninsular Iberian provinces (Baetica, Gallaecia and Lusitania, each under a governor styled consularis; and Carthaginiensis, Tarraconensis, each under a praeses), the Insulae Baleares and the North African province of Mauretania Tingitana. Mérida is the capital of the autonomous community of Extremadura, Spain. Consularis is a Latin word derived from cattle Roman history Originally it was simple and adjective meaning "consular" but more interestingly it has also become Praeses (plural Praesides) a Latin word meaning "Seated in front i The Balearic Islands ( Catalan and official Illes Balears; Spanish: Islas Baleares) are an Archipelago in the western Mediterranean Mauretania Tingitana was a Roman province located in northwestern Africa coinciding roughly with the northern part of modern Morocco and spanish cities of Ceuta

Christianity was introduced into Hispania in the first century and it became popular in the cities in the second century. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Little headway was made in the countryside, however, until the late fourth century, by which time Christianity was the official religion of the Roman Empire. Some heretical sects emerged in Hispania, most notably Priscillianism, but overall the local bishops remained subordinate to the Pope. Heresy, as a blanket term describes a practice or belief that is labeled as unorthodox Priscillianism is a Christian doctrine developed in the Iberian Peninsula (the Roman Hispania) in the 4th century by Priscillian The Bishop of Rome is the bishop of the Holy See, more often referred to in the Catholic tradition as the Pope. Bishops who had official civil as well as ecclesiastical status in the late empire continued to exercise their authority to maintain order when civil governments broke down there in the fifth century. The Council of Bishops became an important instrument of stability during the ascendancy of the Visigoths. The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East

Spania at its greatest extent, around the time of its foundation.
Spania at its greatest extent, around the time of its foundation.

Rome continued to dominate the area until the collapse of the Empire in the west. The Decline of the Roman Empire, leading to the Fall of the Roman Empire, or the Fall of Rome, was the end of the Western Roman Empire. The Iberian population turned to the Visigoths, a Germanic people, for protection when Rome could no longer spare legions to guard the territory. The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic For other uses see Legion The Roman Legion (from Latin legio "military levy Conscription,"

Byzantine reconquest

Main article: Spania

A century later, taking advantage of a struggle for the throne between the Visigothic kings Agila and Athanagild, the eastern emperor Justinian I sent an army under the orders of Liberius to take back the peninsula from the Visigoths. Spania (Provincia Spaniae was a province of the Byzantine Empire from 552 until 624 in the south of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands Athanagild (died 567 was Visigothic King of Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula, today Spain and Portugal) Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus ( Greek: Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ιουστινιανός; known in English as Justinian I or Petrus Marcellinus Felix Liberius (c 465 &ndash c 554 was a Late Roman aristocrat and official whose career spanned seven decades in the highest offices of both the Ostrogothic This shortlived reconquest covered only a small strip of land along the Mediterranean coast roughly corresponding to the ancient province of Baetica, known as Spania. Hispania Baetica was one of three Imperial Roman provinces in Hispania, (modern Iberia) Spania (Provincia Spaniae was a province of the Byzantine Empire from 552 until 624 in the south of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands

Germanic Hispania

Further information: Visigoths, Suebi, Alans, Vandals
Iberian Peninsula (AD 530-AD 570)
Iberian Peninsula (AD 530-AD 570)

Rome's loss of jurisdiction in Hispania can be seen to have begun in 409, when the Germanic Suevi and Vandals, together with the Sarmatian Alans crossed the Rhine and ravaged Gaul until the Visigoths drove them into Iberia that same year. The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" The Alans or Alani (occasionally but more rarely termed Alauni or Halani) were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" The Sarmatians, Sarmatae or Sauromatae ( Old Iranian Sarumatah 'archer' Σαρμάτες The Alans or Alani (occasionally but more rarely termed Alauni or Halani) were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western The Suevi established a kingdom in what is today modern Galicia and northern Portugal. Galicia (occasionally Galiza) is an autonomous community in northwest Spain. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Alans' allies, the Hasdingi Vandals, established a kingdom in Gallaecia, too, occupying the region of Lusitania - modern Alentejo and Algarve, in Portugal. The Hasdingi were the southern tribes of the Vandals, an East Germanic tribe. This article concerns the Roman province For the ship see RMS Lusitania. Alentejo (ɐlẽˈtɛʒu is a south-central region of Portugal. The Algarve ( pron aɫ'gaɾv(ɨ is the southernmost region of mainland Portugal. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Silingi Vandals occupied the region that still bears a form of their name - Vandalusia, modern Andalusia, in Spain. The Silings or Silingi (Latin Silingae, Greek Σιλίγγαι - Silingai) were an East Germanic tribe probably part of the larger Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.

Because large parts of Hispania were outside his control, the western Roman emperor, Honorius (r. Flavius Honorius ( September 9, 384 &ndash August 15, 423) was Roman Emperor (393- 395 and then Western Roman Emperor 395-423), commissioned his sister, Galla Placidia, and her husband Athaulf, the Visigothic king, to restore order in the Iberian Peninsula. Events By Place Roman Empire After the death of emperor Theodosius I, the Empire is re-divided into an eastern and a western half Events By Place Western Roman Empire On the death of Honorius, Joannes, a primicerius notariorum Aelia Galla Placidia (392 – November 27, 450) was the Empress consort of Constantius III, Western Roman Emperor. Ataulf (sometimes Athavulf, Atawulf, or Athaulf — "noble wolf" — Latinized as Ataulphus or Adolphus in Spanish and The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Honorius gave them the rights to settle in and to govern the area in return for defending it.

The highly romanized Visigoths entered Hispania in 415 and managed to compel the Vandals and Alans to sail for North Africa in 429. For the area code see Area code 415 Events By Place Europe The Visigoths The Alans or Alani (occasionally but more rarely termed Alauni or Halani) were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people Events By Place Western Roman Empire Vandals under Geiseric cross from the Iberian Peninsula In 484 the Visigoths established Toledo as the capital of their monarchy. Events By Place Europe December 28 — Alaric II succeeds Euric as king of the Visigoths. Toledo Spain locationpng|thumb|right|200px|Location of Toledo in Spain Successive Visigothic kings ruled Hispania as patricians who held imperial commissions to govern in the name of the Roman emperor. In 585 the Visigoths conquered the Suevi kingdom, thus controlling almost all Hispania. Events By Place Europe The Suebi kingdom on the Iberian peninsula is conquered by the Visigoths under King

Under the Visigoths, lay culture wasn't so highly developed as it had been under the Romans, and the task of maintaining formal education and government shifted decisively to the church because its Roman clergy alone were qualified to manage higher administration. As elsewhere in early medieval Europe, the church in Hispania stood as society's most cohesive institution. And it embodied the continuity of Roman order. In addition, Romans continued to run the civil administration and Latin continued to be the language of government and of commerce. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.

Religion was the most persistent source of friction between the Roman Catholic Romans and their Arian Visigothic overlords, whom the former considered heretical. At times this tension invited open rebellion, and restive factions within the Visigothic aristocracy exploited it to weaken the monarchy. In 589, Recared, a Visigothic ruler, renounced his Arianism before the Council of Bishops at Toledo and accepted Catholicism, thus assuring an alliance between the Visigothic monarchy and the Romans. Events By Place Europe October 17 — The Adige River overflows its banks flooding the church of St Reccared (or Recared) I (reigned 586—601 was Visigothic King of Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula) Arianism is the theological teaching of Arius (c AD 250-336 who was ruled a heretic by the Christian church at the Council of Nicea. As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or This alliance wouldn't mark the last time in the history of the peninsula that political unity would be sought through religious unity.

Court ceremonials - from Constantinople - that proclaimed the imperial sovereignty and unity of the Visigothic state were introduced at Toledo. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Still, civil war, royal assassinations, and usurpation were commonplace, and warlords and great landholders assumed wide discretionary powers. Bloody family feuds went unchecked. The Visigoths had acquired and cultivated the apparatus of the Roman state but not the ability to make it operate to their advantage. In the absence of a well-defined hereditary system of succession to the throne, rival factions encouraged foreign intervention by the Greeks, the Franks, and finally the Muslims in internal disputes and in royal elections. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion An election is a Decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office

According to Isidore of Seville, it is with the Visigothic domination of the zone that the idea of a peninsular unity is sought after, and the phrase Mother Hispania is first spoken. Saint Isidore of Seville ( Spanish: es ''San Isidro'' or es ''San Isidoro de Sevilla'' Latin: latin ''Isidorus Hispalensis'' (c The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Up to that date, Hispania designated all of the peninsula's lands. In Historia Gothorum, the Visigoth Suinthila appears as the first king where Hispania is dealt with as a Gothic nation. From 621 to 631 Suintila (or Swinthila, Svinthila, d 633 was Visigothic King of Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s

Moorish Hispania

Main articles: Al-Andalus and Reconquista

I greet you, oh king of Al-Andalus, she that was called Hispania by the ancients. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period

—Oton's Embassador to Abderramán III in Medina Azahara. Otto I the Great ( 23 November 912 &ndash 7 May 973) son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke Abd-ar-Rahman III ( ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh; Arabic: عبد الرحمن الثالث January 11 889 – October The Ruins of Madinat al-Zahra (in Arabic: Madinat al-Zahra, مدينة الزهراء are located about 5 kilometers from Córdoba Spain.
The Reconquista, 790-1300.
The Reconquista, 790-1300.

The North African Muslim, referred too as Moorish, conquest of Hispania (اسبانيا, Arabic: Isbānīya), which they called Al-Andalus (الأندلس), gave a new development, both in form and meaning, to the term "Hispania". A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Literary Arabic (ar اللغة العربية الفصحى "the Eloquent Arabic language" or Standard Arabic is the literary and standard variety Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or The different chronicles and documents of the high Middle Ages designate as Spania, España or Espanha only the Muslim-dominated territory. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion King Alfonso I of Aragon (1104-1134) says in his documents that "he reigns over Pamplona, Aragon, Sobrarbe y Ribagorza", and that when in 1126 he made an expedition to Málaga he "went to the lands of España". Alfonso I (1073/1074 &ndash 8 September 1134) called el Batallador, the Battler or the Warrior, was the king of Aragón For other meanings see Pamplona (disambiguation. Pamplona ( Basque: Iruñea or Iruña) is the capital city of Navarre Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. Sobrarbe is one of the comarcas (counties in the northern part of the province of Huesca, part of the autonomous community of Aragon in Spain Ribagorza is an Aragonese county or Comarca, in the north-east of the province of Huesca, Spain.

But by the last years of the 12th century the whole Iberian Peninsula, whether Muslim or Christian, became known as "Spain" (España, Espanya or Espanha) and the denomination "the Five Kingdoms of Spain" became used to refer to the Muslim Kingdom of Granada, and the Christian Kingdom of León and Castile, Kingdom of Navarre, Kingdom of Portugal and Crown of Aragon (including the County of Barcelona). A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. The Kingdom of Navarre (Reino de Navarra Nafarroako Erresuma Royaume de Navarre originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a European kingdom which occupied lands on either Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Crown of Aragon was a permanent union of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of Aragon. The Count of Barcelona was the major ruler in Catalonia from the 9th until the 17th century

The process of the Reconquista (Christian Reconquest of Hispania from the Moors), produced the emergence of several Christian kingdoms, as the ones mentioned above. Some of these eventually merged into a single country. In fact, with the union of Castile and Aragon in 1479 (and especially with the incorporation of Navarre in 1512), the word "Spain" (España in Spanish, Espanha in Portuguese), began being used only to refer to the new kingdom and not to the whole of the Iberian peninsula, now composed of two independent countries, Portugal and Spain. The Crown of Castile, as a historic entity is usually considered to have begun in 1230 with the third and definitive union of the two kingdoms of León and Castile Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.

Sources and references

This article contains material from the Library of Congress Country Studies, which are United States government publications in the public domain. The Country Studies are works published by the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress ( USA) freely available for use by researchers The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

Modern sources in Portuguese and Spanish

Other modern sources

Classical sources

Other classical sources have been accessed second-hand (see references above):

Neo-modern references

See also


Roman Temple of Évora
History of Portugal
series
Topics
 Timeline of Portuguese history 

Roman aqueduct in Segovia
History of Spain series
Prehistoric Iberia
Roman Hispania
Medieval Spain
– Visigothic Kingdom
– Suebic Kingdom
– Byzantine Spania
– al-Andalus
– Reconquista
Kingdom of Spain
– Age of Expansion
– Age of Enlightenment
Reaction and Revolution
First Spanish Republic
The Restoration
Second Spanish Republic
Spanish Civil War
Spain under Franco
Transition to Democracy
Modern Spain
Topics
Economic History
Military History

External links

This is a list of the Pre- Roman peoples of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania - modern Andorra, Portugal and Spain The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Iberian languages is a generic term for the languages currently or formerly spoken in the Iberian peninsula. Tartessos (also Tartessus) was a harbor city and its surrounding culture on the south coast of the The Tartessian language, also known as southwestern or South Lusitanian is a paleohispanic language once spoken in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula The southwest script or southwestern script, also known as Tartessian or South Lusitanian is a paleohispanic script that was the mean of written Ophiussa, also spelled Ophiusa, is the ancient name given by the ancient Greeks to what is now Portuguese territory In Latin poetry Oestreminis ("Extreme West" was a name given to the territory of what is today modern Portugal, comparable to Finis terrae, the The Iberians were a set of peoples that Greek and Roman sources (among others Hecataeus of Miletus, Avienus, Herodot and Strabo The Iberian language was the language of a people identified by Greek and Roman sources who lived in the eastern and southeastern regions of the Iberian The Iberian scripts are the Paleohispanic scripts that were used to represent the extinct Iberian language. The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were an Indo-European people living in the western Iberian Peninsula long before it became the Roman Lusitanian (so named after the Lusitani or Lusitanians) was a paleohispanic language that clearly belongs to the Indo-European family like the Lusitanian mythology is the Mythology of the Lusitanians, the Indo-European people of western Iberia, in the territory comprising most of modern The Cynetes or Conii were a one of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, living in today's Algarve and Low Alentejo regions of southern The Celtiberians (or Celt-Iberians were a Celtic people of Hallstatt culture Celtiberian (also known as northeastern Hispano-Celtic) is an extinct Indo-European language of the Celtic branch spoken by the Celtiberians The Celtiberian script is a paleohispanic script that was the main mean of written expression of the Celtiberian language, an extinct Continental Celtic the Roman Republic, Hispania Citerior (English Hither Spain) was a region of Hispania roughly located in the northeastern coast and in the Ebro During the Roman Republic, Hispania Ulterior (English Further Spain) was a region of Hispania roughly located Hispania Tarraconensis was one of three Roman provinces in Hispania. This article concerns the Roman province For the ship see RMS Lusitania. Gallaecia or Callaecia was the name of a Roman province that comprised Hispania Baetica was one of three Imperial Roman provinces in Hispania, (modern Iberia) The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" The Alans or Alani (occasionally but more rarely termed Alauni or Halani) were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or The Umayyad conquest of Hispania ( 711 – 718) began as an army of the Umayyad Caliphate consisting largely of Berbers inhabitants Conquest (710–756 See also Umayyad conquest of Hispania 710 - The Berber General Tariq ibn Ziyad takes Tangier. The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is a European Nation whose origins go back to the Early Middle Ages. This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal Pre-Roman Western Iberia (Before the 3rd century BC Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The History of Spain spans the period from Prehistoric Iberia, through the rise and fall of the first global empire, to Spain's current position The Roman Temple of Évora is located in the city of Évora, in Portugal. Évora (ˈɛvuɾɐ is a city and a municipality in Portugal. The city proper has 41159 inhabitants and the municipality has a total area of 1307 Portugal is a European Nation whose origins go back to the Early Middle Ages. The Prehistory of the Iberian peninsula begins with the arrival of the first Hominins c In Latin poetry Oestreminis ("Extreme West" was a name given to the territory of what is today modern Portugal, comparable to Finis terrae, the Ophiussa, also spelled Ophiusa, is the ancient name given by the ancient Greeks to what is now Portuguese territory The Gallaeci, Callaeci, or Callaici were a Pre- Roman Celtic single or various tribes living in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were an Indo-European people living in the western Iberian Peninsula long before it became the Roman The Celtici were a Celtic tribe of the Iberian peninsula, akin either to the Lusitanians and Gallaecians or the Celtiberians, living The Cynetes or Conii were a one of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, living in today's Algarve and Low Alentejo regions of southern The Roman conquest of Hispania was a historical period that began with the Roman landing at Empúries in 218 BC and ended with the Roman conquest of the Iberian The Second Punic War (referred to as "The War Against Hannibal" by the Romans lasted from 218 to 201 BC and involved combatants in the western The Lusitanian War, called the Purinos Polemos (meaning Fiery War) was a war of resistance fought between the advancing legions of the Roman Republic This article concerns the Roman province For the ship see RMS Lusitania. Gallaecia or Callaecia was the name of a Roman province that comprised The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East The Visigothic kingdom was a Western European power from the fifth to eighth century one of the Successor states to the Western Roman Empire, originally The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian political entity to be established in the Iberian peninsula after the collapse of the Visigothic Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. Condado de Portucale was the first County founded in Portugal. The County of Coimbra (Condado de Coimbra was a political entity instituted as a military unit of defense in the borders of the Kingdom of Galicia in the Iberian Peninsula The Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal was formed in 1065 after the County of Portugal declared Independence following Condado Portucalense was the second County founded in Portugal. The Kingdom of Portugal was Portugal 's general designation under the monarchy. The history of Portugal, in most of the 12th and 13th centuries is chiefly that of its origin as a separate state in the process of the Christian The Consolidation of the Monarchy in Portugal ( 1279 - 1415) 1279 Until the Early 14th Century The chief problems now confronting the monarchy For additional context see History of Portugal and Portuguese Empire. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta This article is a comprehensive list of all the actual possessions of the Portuguese Empire Iberian Union is a modern day term that refers to the historical political unit that governed all of the Iberian peninsula south of the Pyrenees from 1580–1640 The History of Portugal from the beginning of Maria I's reign in 1777 to the end of the Liberal Wars in 1834 spans a complex historic period in which several The Portuguese First Republic (Primeira República spans a complex 16 year period in the history of Portugal, between the end of the Constitutional Monarchy The Ditadura Nacional ( Portuguese for National Dictatorship was the name of the Portuguese regime initiated by the election of President Óscar Carmona Estado Novo ( Portuguese for " New State " pron (ɨʃ'tadu 'novu also known as the Second Republic) is the name of the Portuguese The Portuguese Third Republic is a period in the History of Portugal corresponding to the current democratic regime installed after the Carnation Revolution Euro 2004 Euro 2004 was won by Greece The final match was played by Greece and Portugal. This article covers the economic history of Portugal. Portugal was once one of the largest and most powerful political and economic powers in the world The Military history of Portugal is as long as the history of the country, either before the emergence of the socio-political reality of an independent Portuguese state The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta The Portuguese language developed in the Western Iberian Peninsula from Latin brought there by Roman soldiers and colonists starting in the 3rd century Medieval music Liturgical repertoire In the early days of the Catholic Church several local liturgies developed such as the Gallican in France the Sarum in England This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal Pre-Roman Western Iberia (Before the 3rd century BC The Aqueduct of Segovia (or more precisely the Aqueduct bridge is one of the most significant and best-preserved monuments left by the Romans on the Iberian Segovia is a city in Spain, the capital of the province of Segovia in Castile-Leon. The History of Spain spans the period from Prehistoric Iberia, through the rise and fall of the first global empire, to Spain's current position The Prehistory of the Iberian peninsula begins with the arrival of the first Hominins c After the disorders of the passage of the Vandals and Alans down the Mediterranean coast of Hispania from 408, the history of Medieval Spain The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" The Kingdom of Galicia (410-1833 was a kingdom of the Iberian Peninsula for two distinct periods Spania (Provincia Spaniae was a province of the Byzantine Empire from 552 until 624 in the south of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period The Catholic Monarchs (los Reyes Católicos is the collective title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon Habsburg Spain refers to the history of Spain over the 16th and 17th centuries (1516-1700 when this country was ruled by the Habsburg dynasty (also associated to The Age of Enlightenment (in Spanish Ilustración) came to Spain in the eighteenth century with the French Bourbon dynasty, after the decay Spain in the mid-nineteenth century was a country in turmoil Occupied by Napoleon from 1808 to 1814 a massively destructive " war of independence " ensued The First Spanish Republic started with the Abdication as King of Spain on February 10 1873, of Amadeo I, following the Hidalgo The Restoration was the name given to the period that began in December 29 1874 after the First Spanish Republic ended with the restoration of The Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of The Spanish transition to democracy was the era when Spain moved from the Dictatorship of Francisco Franco to a liberal democratic state. For all intents and purposes the history of Modern Spain began with the death of Franco on the 20 November, 1975, the accession of King Juan The Economic history of Spain covers the development of the Spanish economy over the course of its history The military history of Spain includes the history of battles fought in the territory of modern Spain, as well as her former and current overseas possessions and territories
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