'Hippocrates of Kos (Greek: Ἱπποκράτης)
Engraving by Peter Paul Rubens, 1638, courtesy of the National Library of Medicine. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c The United States National Library of Medicine ( NLM) operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest Medical library. [1]
Born	ca. 460 BC Kos, Greece
Died	ca. Kos or Cos ( Greek: Κως Turkish: İstanköy; Italian: Coo formerly Stanchio in English is a Greek Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία 370 BC Kos, Greece
Occupation	Physician

Hippocrates of Cos II or Hippokrates of Kos (ca. Kos or Cos ( Greek: Κως Turkish: İstanköy; Italian: Coo formerly Stanchio in English is a Greek Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health 460 BC – ca. Events By place Persian Empire Egypt revolts against Persian rule 370 BC) - Greek: Ἱπποκράτης; Hippokrátēs was an ancient Greek physician of the Age of Pericles, and was considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. Events By place Greece Cleomenes II succeeds his brother Agesipolis II as Agiad king of Sparta. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health The Golden Age is the term used to denote the historical period in Ancient Greece lasting roughly from the end of the Persian Wars in 448 BC to either the All human societies have medical beliefs that provide explanations for birth, Death, and Disease. He is referred to as the "father of medicine" in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field as the founder of the Hippocratic school of medicine. This intellectual school revolutionized medicine in ancient Greece, establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields that it had traditionally been associated with (notably theurgy and philosophy), thus making medicine a profession. The first known Greek medical school opened in Cnidus in 700 BC Theurgy (from Greek θεουργία) describes the practice of Rituals sometimes seen as magical in nature performed with the intention of Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language ^[2][3]

However, the achievements of the writers of the Corpus, the practitioners of Hippocratic medicine, and the actions of Hippocrates himself are often commingled; thus very little is known about what Hippocrates actually thought, wrote and did. The Hippocratic Corpus (Latin Corpus Hippocraticum) Hippocratic Collection, or Hippocratic Canon, is a collection of around seventy early medical works Nevertheless, Hippocrates is commonly portrayed as the paragon of the ancient physician. In particular, he is credited with greatly advancing the systematic study of clinical medicine, summing up the medical knowledge of previous schools, and prescribing practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Oath and other works. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the The Hippocratic Oath is an oath traditionally taken by physicians pertaining to the ethical practice of medicine ^[2][4]

Biography

Asklepieion on Kos

Historians accept that Hippocrates was born around the year 460 BC on the Greek island of Kos (Cos), and became a famous physician and teacher of medicine. In ancient Greece, an asclepieion (or asklepieion) was a healing temple, sacred to the god Asclepius. Kos or Cos ( Greek: Κως Turkish: İstanköy; Italian: Coo formerly Stanchio in English is a Greek Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Kos or Cos ( Greek: Κως Turkish: İstanköy; Italian: Coo formerly Stanchio in English is a Greek Other biographical information, however, is likely to be untrue (see Legends). Hippocrates of Cos II or Hippokrates of Kos ( ca. 460 BC – ca ^[5] Soranus of Ephesus, a 2nd-century Greek gynecologist,^[6] was Hippocrates' first biographer and is the source of most information on Hippocrates' person. Soranus, Greek Physician, born at Ephesus, lived during the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian (AD 98-138 Gynaecology or gynecology (see spelling differences) refers to the surgical specialty dealing with health of the female reproductive system ( Uterus Information about Hippocrates can also be found in the writings of Aristotle, which date from the 4th century BC, in the Suda of the 10th century AD, and in the works of John Tzetzes, which date from the 12th century AD. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. The Suda or Souda ( also, Suidas) is a massive 10th century Byzantine Greek historical encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean John (Johannes Tzetzes (Ιωάννης Τζέτζης (c 1110 &ndash 1180 was a Byzantine Poet and Grammarian known to have lived at Constantinople ^[2][7] Soranus stated that Hippocrates' father was Heraclides, a physician; his mother was Praxitela, daughter of Phenaretis. The two sons of Hippocrates, Thessalus and Draco, and his son-in-law, Polybus, were his students. According to Galen, a later physician, Polybus was Hippocrates’ true successor, while Thessalus and Draco each had a son named Hippocrates. Galen ( Greek: Γαληνός Galēnos; Latin: Claudius Galenus, Aelius Galenus, Claudius Aelius Galenus, or ^[8][9]

Soranus said that Hippocrates learned medicine from his father and grandfather, and studied other subjects with Democritus and Gorgias. Democritus ( Greek:) was a pre-Socratic Greek Materialist Philosopher (born at Abdera in Thrace ca Gorgias ( Greek: Γοργίας ca 487-376 BC Greek Sophist, Pre-socratic philosopher and Rhetorician was a native Hippocrates was probably trained at the asklepieion of Kos, and took lessons from the Thracian physician Herodicus of Selymbria. In ancient Greece, an asclepieion (or asklepieion) was a healing temple, sacred to the god Asclepius. Kos or Cos ( Greek: Κως Turkish: İstanköy; Italian: Coo formerly Stanchio in English is a Greek Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe Herodicus ( Greek: Ἡρóδιĸος was a Greek physician of the fifth century BC and a native of Selymbria. The only contemporaneous mention of Hippocrates is in Plato's dialogue Protagoras, where Plato describes Hippocrates as "Hippocrates of Kos, the Asclepiad". Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Protagoras is a Dialogue of Plato. The main Argument is between the elderly Protagoras, a celebrated Sophist, and It is uncertain as to who an Asclepiad was Some theories hold that they were Priests of an Asclepion in Ancient Greece. ^[10][11] Hippocrates taught and practiced medicine throughout his life, traveling at least as far as Thessaly, Thrace, and the Sea of Marmara. Thessalia redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Thessalia (butterfly. Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe The Sea of Marmara ( Turkish: Marmara Denizi, Greek: Θάλασσα του Μαρμαρά or Προποντίς, Bulgarian ^[9] He probably died in Larissa at the age of 83 or 90, though some accounts say he lived to be well over 100; several different accounts of his death exist. Larissa ( Greek: Λάρισα, Lárisa) is the capital city of the Thessaly periphery of Greece, and capital of the ^[9]

Hippocratic theory

Hippocrates is credited with being the first physician to reject superstitions and beliefs that credited supernatural or divine forces with causing illness. Hippocrates was credited by the disciples of Pythagoras of allying philosophy and medicine. "Pythagoras of Samos" redirects here For the Samian statuary of the same name see Pythagoras (sculptor. ^[13] He separated the discipline of medicine from religion, believing and arguing that disease was not a punishment inflicted by the gods but rather the product of environmental factors, diet and living habits. A listing of Greek mythological beings Many of the gods and goddesses had Roman and Etruscan equivalents. Indeed there is not a single mention of a mystical illness in the entirety of the Hippocratic Corpus. However, Hippocrates did work with many convictions that were based on what is now known to be incorrect anatomy and physiology, such as Humorism. Anatomy (from the Greek anatomia, from ana separate apart from and temnein, to cut up cut open is a branch of Biology that is the consideration Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical Humorism, or humoralism, was a theory of the makeup and workings of the human body adopted by Greek and Roman physicians and philosophers ^[14][15][16]

Ancient Greek schools of medicine were split (into the Knidian and Koan) on how to deal with disease. The Knidian school of medicine focused on diagnosis, but was dependent on many faulty assumptions about the human body: Greek medicine at the time of Hippocrates knew almost nothing of human anatomy and physiology because of the Greek taboo forbidding the dissection of humans. Cnidus or Knidos ( Greek: Κνίδος /Knidos at the modern-day locality called Tekir in Turkey) was an ancient Greek A taboo is a strong Social prohibition (or ban) against words objects actions or discussions that are considered undesirable or offensive by a group culture The Knidian school consequently failed to distinguish when one disease caused many possible series of symptoms. ^[17] The Hippocratic school or Koan school achieved greater success by applying general diagnoses and passive treatments. Kos or Cos ( Greek: Κως Turkish: İstanköy; Italian: Coo formerly Stanchio in English is a Greek Diagnosis is the identification by Process of elimination, of the nature of anything Its focus was on patient care and prognosis, not diagnosis. Prognosis (older Greek πρόγνωσις modern Greek πρόγνωση - literally fore-knowing foreseeing) is a medical term denoting the Diagnosis is the identification by Process of elimination, of the nature of anything It could effectively treat diseases and allowed for a great development in clinical practice. ^[18][19]

Hippocratic medicine and its philosophy are far removed from that of modern medicine. Now, the physician focuses on specific diagnosis and specialized treatment, both of which were espoused by the Knidian school. This shift in medical thought since Hippocrates' day has caused serious criticism over the past two millennia, with the passivity of Hippocratic treatment being the subject of particularly strong denunciations; for example, the French doctor M. Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( S. Houdart called the Hippocratic treatment a "meditation upon death". ^[20]

Humorism and crisis

Main article: Humorism

The Hippocratic school held that all illness was the result of an imbalance in the body of the four humours, fluids which in health were naturally equal in proportion (pepsis). Humorism, or humoralism, was a theory of the makeup and workings of the human body adopted by Greek and Roman physicians and philosophers Humorism, or humoralism, was a theory of the makeup and workings of the human body adopted by Greek and Roman physicians and philosophers ^[21] When the four humours, blood, black bile, yellow bile and phlegm, were not in balance (dyscrasia, meaning "bad mixture"), a person would become sick and remain that way until the balance was somehow restored. Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells ��such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products Erich Adickes, Eduard Spränger, Ernst Kretschmer, and Erich Fromm all theorized on the four temperaments (with different names and greatly Phlegm ( is sticky Fluid secreted by the Mucous membranes of Humans and other Animals. Hippocratic therapy was directed towards restoring this balance. For instance, using citrus was thought to be beneficial when phlegm was overabundant. Citrus is a common term and Genus of Flowering plants in the family Rutaceae, originating in tropical and subtropical southeast regions of ^[22]

Another important concept in Hippocratic medicine was that of a crisis, a point in the progression of disease at which either the illness would begin to triumph and the patient would succumb to death, or the opposite would occur and natural processes would make the patient recover. After a crisis, a relapse might follow, and then another deciding crisis. According to this doctrine, crises tend to occur on critical days, which were supposed to be a fixed time after the contraction of a disease. If a crisis occurred on a day far from a critical day, a relapse might be expected. Galen believed that this idea originated with Hippocrates, though it is possible that it predated him. ^[23]

A drawing of a Hippocratic bench from a Byzantine edition of Galen's work in the 2nd century AD

Hippocratic medicine was humble and passive. The Hypocratic bench or scamnum was a device invented by Hippocrates (c Galen ( Greek: Γαληνός Galēnos; Latin: Claudius Galenus, Aelius Galenus, Claudius Aelius Galenus, or The therapeutic approach was based on "the healing power of nature" ("vis medicatrix naturae" in Latin). Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. According to this doctrine, the body contains within itself the power to re-balance the four humours and heal itself (physis). ^[21] Hippocratic therapy focused on simply easing this natural process. To this end, Hippocrates believed "rest and immobilization [were] of capital importance". ^[24] In general, the Hippocratic medicine was very kind to the patient; treatment was gentle, and emphasized keeping the patient clean and sterile. For example, only clean water or wine were ever used on wounds, though "dry" treatment was preferable. Soothing balms were sometimes employed. ^[25]

Hippocrates was reluctant to administer drugs and engage in specialized treatment that might prove to be wrongly chosen; generalized therapy followed a generalized diagnosis. ^[25][26] Potent drugs were, however, used on certain occasions. ^[27] This passive approach was very successful in treating relatively simple ailments such as broken bones which required traction to stretch the skeletal system and relieve pressure on the injured area. In orthopedic medicine, traction refers to the set of mechanisms for straightening broken bones or relieving pressure on the Skeletal system. The Hippocratic bench and other devices were used to this end. The Hypocratic bench or scamnum was a device invented by Hippocrates (c

One of the strengths of Hippocratic medicine was its emphasis on prognosis. Prognosis (older Greek πρόγνωσις modern Greek πρόγνωση - literally fore-knowing foreseeing) is a medical term denoting the At Hippocrates' time, medicinal therapy was quite immature, and often the best thing that physicians could do was to evaluate an illness and induce its likely progression based upon data collected in detailed case histories. ^[16][28]

Professionalism

A number of ancient Greek surgical tools. On the left is a trephine; on the right, a set of scalpels. A trephine (/ˌtɹɪˈfiːn/ is a Surgical instrument with a cylindrical Blade. A scalpel is a small but extremely sharp knife used for Surgery, anatomical Dissection, and various Arts and crafts. Hippocratic medicine made good use of these tools. ^[29]

Hippocratic medicine was notable for its strict professionalism, discipline and rigorous practice. ^[30] The Hippocratic work On the Physician recommends that physicians always be well-kempt, honest, calm, understanding, and serious. The Hippocratic physician paid careful attention to all aspects of his practice: he followed detailed specifications for, "lighting, personnel, instruments, positioning of the patient, and techniques of bandaging and splinting" in the ancient operating room. An operating theater (or theatre) was a tiered Theater or Amphitheater in which students and other spectators could watch surgeons perform surgery ^[31] He even kept his fingernails to a precise length. A nail is a horn -like structure at the end of an animal's Finger or Toe. ^[32]

The Hippocratic School gave importance to the clinical doctrines of observation and documentation. These doctrines dictate that physicians record their findings and their medicinal methods in a very clear and objective manner, so that these records may be passed down and employed by other physicians. ^[33] Hippocrates made careful, regular note of many symptoms including complexion, pulse, fever, pains, movement, and excretions. ^[28] He is said to have measured a patient's pulse when taking a case history to know if the patient lied. ^[34] Hippocrates extended clinical observations into family history and environment. ^[35] "To him medicine owes the art of clinical inspection and observation". ^[16] For this reason, he may more properly be termed as the "Father of Clinical Medicine". ^[36]

Direct contributions to medicine

Clubbing of fingers secondary to pulmonary hypertension in a patient with Eisenmenger's syndrome. In Medicine, pulmonary hypertension (PH is an increase in blood pressure in the Pulmonary artery, Pulmonary vein, or pulmonary capillaries together known Eisenmenger's syndrome or Eisenmenger's reaction is defined as the process in which a left-to-right shunt in the heart causes increased flow through the pulmonary Vasculature First described by Hippocrates, clubbing is also known as "Hippocratic fingers"

Hippocrates and his followers were first to describe many diseases and medical conditions. He is given credit for the first description of clubbing of the fingers, an important diagnostic sign in chronic suppurative lung disease, lung cancer and cyanotic heart disease. In Medicine, clubbing, finger clubbing, or digital clubbing is a deformity of the Fingers and fingernails that is associated with a Lung cancer is a Disease of uncontrolled Cell growth in tissues of the Lung. A cyanotic heart defect is a group-type of Congenital heart defects ( CHD s For this reason, clubbed fingers are sometimes referred to as "Hippocratic fingers". ^[37] Hippocrates was also the first physician to describe Hippocratic face in Prognosis. The Hippocratic face ( facies Hippocratica in Latin) is the change produced in the Face by impending Death, or long Sickness, excessive Shakespeare famously alludes to this description when writing of Falstaff's death in Act II, Scene iii. William Shakespeare ( baptised Sir John Falstaff is a Fictional character who appears in three plays by William Shakespeare as a companion to Prince Hal the future King Henry V. of Henry V. ^[38][39]

Hippocrates began to categorize illnesses as acute, chronic, endemic and epidemic, and use terms such as, "exacerbation, relapse, resolution, crisis, paroxysm, peak, and convalescence. In Medicine, an acute disease is a disease with either or both of a rapid onset a short course (as opposed to a chronic course In Medicine, a chronic disease is a Disease that is long-lasting or recurrent In Epidemiology, an Infection is said to be endemic (from Greek en- in or within + demos people in a Population when In Epidemiology, an epidemic (from Greek epi- upon + demos people is a classification of a disease that appears as new cases in a A relapse (etymologically "who falls again" occurs when a person is affected again by a condition that affected them in the past Convalescence is the gradual recovery of Health and strength after Illness. "^[28][40] Another of Hippocrates' major contributions may be found in his descriptions of the symptomatology, physical findings, surgical treatment and prognosis of thoracic empyema, i. An empyema is a collection of Pus within a naturally existing anatomical cavity e. suppuration of the lining of the chest cavity. Pus is a whitish-yellow yellow or yellow-brown substance produced during Inflammatory responses of the body that can be found in regions of Pyogenic bacterial His teachings remain relevant to present-day students of pulmonary medicine and surgery. In Medicine, pulmonology (aka pneumology) is the specialty that deals with Diseases of the Lungs and the Respiratory tract. ^[41] Hippocrates was the first documented chest surgeon and his findings are still valid. Cardiothoracic surgery is the field of Medicine involved in surgical treatment of Diseases affecting organs inside the Thorax (the chest ^[41]

The Hippocratic school of medicine described well the ailments of the human rectum and the treatment thereof, despite the school's poor theory of medicine. The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the Large intestine in some Mammals Hemorrhoids, for instance, though believed to be caused by an excess of bile and phlegm, were treated by Hippocratic physicians in relatively advanced ways. Hemorrhoids ( AmE) haemorrhoids ( BrE) emerods, or piles are varicosities or swelling and Inflammation ^[42][43] Cautery and excision are described in the Hippocratic Corpus, in addition to the preferred methods: ligating the hemorrhoids and drying them with a hot iron. Cauterize redirects here For the band see Cauterize (band Cauterization is a medical term describing the burning of the body to remove In medicine a ligature is a device similar to a Tourniquet, usually of thread or string tied around a limb blood vessel or similar to restrict blood flow Other treatments such as applying various salves are suggested as well. ^[44][45] Today, "treatment [for hemorrhoids] still includes burning, strangling, and excising". ^[42] Also, some of the fundamental concepts of proctoscopy outlined in the Corpus are still in use. Proctoscopy is a common medical procedure in which an instrument called a proctoscope (also known as a rectoscope is used to examine the Anal cavity, Rectum or ^[42][43] For example, the uses of the rectal speculum, a common medical device, are discussed in the Hippocratic Corpus. ^[43] This constitutes the earliest recorded reference to endoscopy. Endoscopy means looking inside and typically refers to looking inside the body for medical reasons using an instrument called an endoscope. ^[46][47]

Hippocratic Corpus

Main article: Hippocratic Corpus

A twelfth-century Byzantine manuscript of the Oath in the form of a cross

The Hippocratic Corpus (Latin: Corpus Hippocraticum) is a collection of around seventy early medical works from ancient Greece, written in Ionic Greek. The Hippocratic Corpus (Latin Corpus Hippocraticum) Hippocratic Collection, or Hippocratic Canon, is a collection of around seventy early medical works A cross is a geometrical figure consisting of two lines or bars perpendicular to each other dividing one or two of the lines in half Ionic Greek was a sub-dialect of the Attic-Ionic dialectal group of Ancient Greek (see Greek dialects) The question of whether Hippocrates himself was the author of the corpus has not been conclusively answered,^[48] but the volumes were probably produced by his students and followers. ^[49] Because of the variety of subjects, writing styles and apparent date of construction, scholars believe Hippocratic Corpus could not have been written by one person (Ermerins numbers the authors at nineteen)^[27]. The corpus was attributed to Hippocrates in antiquity, and its teaching generally followed principles of his; thus it came to be known by his name. It might be the remains of a library of Kos, or a collection compiled in the 3rd century BC in Alexandria. Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια ^[31][10]

The Hippocratic Corpus contains textbooks, lectures, research, notes and philosophical essays on various subjects in medicine, in no particular order. ^[48][50] These works were written for different audiences, both specialists and laymen, and were sometimes written from opposing view points; significant contradictions can be found between works in the Corpus. ^[51] Notable among the treatises of the Corpus are The Hippocratic Oath; The Book of Prognostics; On Regimen in Acute Diseases; Aphorisms; On Airs, Waters and Places; Instruments of Reduction; On The Sacred Disease; etc. The Hippocratic Oath is an oath traditionally taken by physicians pertaining to the ethical practice of medicine ^[27]

Hippocratic Oath

Main article: Hippocratic Oath

The Hippocratic Oath, a seminal document on the ethics of medical practice, was attributed to Hippocrates in antiquity. The Hippocratic Oath is an oath traditionally taken by physicians pertaining to the ethical practice of medicine The Hippocratic Oath is an oath traditionally taken by physicians pertaining to the ethical practice of medicine Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life This is probably the most famous document of the Hippocratic Corpus. Recently the authenticity of the document has come under scrutiny. While the Oath is rarely used in its original form today, it serves as a foundation for other, similar oaths and laws that define good medical practice and morals. An oath (from Anglo-Saxon āð, also called plight) is either a Promise or a Statement of Fact calling Such derivatives are regularly taken today by medical graduates about to enter medical practice. ^[52][10]

Legacy

Mural painting showing Galen and Hippocrates. Galen ( Greek: Γαληνός Galēnos; Latin: Claudius Galenus, Aelius Galenus, Claudius Aelius Galenus, or 12th century; Anagni, Italy

Hippocrates is widely considered to be the "Father of Medicine". Anagni, (Latin Anagnia) is an ancient town in Latium, Italy, in the hills east-southeast of Rome famous for its connections with the papacy and for the ^[49] His contributions revolutionized the practice of medicine; but after his death the advancement stalled. ^[53] So revered was Hippocrates that his teachings were largely taken as too great to be improved upon and no significant advancements of his methods were made for a long time. ^[10][24] The centuries after Hippocrates' death were marked as much by retrograde movement as by further advancement. For instance, "after the Hippocratic period, the practice of taking clinical case-histories died out. . . ", according to Fielding Garrison. Colonel Fielding Hudson Garrison, MD ( November 5, 1870 &ndash April 18, 1935) was an acclaimed medical historian, ^[54]

After Hippocrates, the next significant physician was Galen, a Greek who lived from 129 to 200 AD. Galen ( Greek: Γαληνός Galēnos; Latin: Claudius Galenus, Aelius Galenus, Claudius Aelius Galenus, or The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Galen perpetuated Hippocratic medicine, moving both forward and backward. ^[55] In the Middle Ages, Arabs adopted Hippocratic methods. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding ^[56] After the European Renaissance, Hippocratic methods were revived in Europe and even further expanded in the 19th century. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Notable among those who employed Hippocrates' rigorous clinical techniques were Sydenham, Heberden, Charcot and Osler. Thomas Sydenham (or Syndenham ( September 10, 1624 &ndash December 29, 1689) was an English Physician. William Heberden (1710 &ndash May 17, 1801) English Physician, was born in London. Jean-Martin Charcot ( 29 November 1825 – 16 August 1893) was a French Neurologist and professor of Anatomical pathology Sir William Osler 1st Baronet ( July 12, 1849 &ndash December 29, 1919 Age 70 was a Canadian Physician. Henri Huchard, a French physician, said that these revivals make up "the whole history of internal medicine". ^[57]

Image

A conventionalized image in a Roman "portrait" bust (19th century engraving)

According to Aristotle's testimony, Hippocrates was known as "the Great Hippocrates". Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. ^[58] Concerning his disposition, Hippocrates was first portrayed as a "kind, dignified, old country doctor'" and later as "stern and forbidding". ^[10] He is certainly considered wise, of very great intellect and especially as very practical. Francis Adams describes him as "strictly the physician of experience and common sense". Francis Adams (1796 – February 26, 1861) was a Scottish Medical doctor and Translator of Greek medical works ^[17]

Hippocrates statue, Parnassus Ave. in front of the Robert H. Crede Ambulatory Care Center

His image as the wise, old doctor is reinforced by busts of him, which wear large beards on a wrinkled face. Many physicians of the time wore their hair in the style of Jove and Asklepius. In Roman mythology, Jupiter was the king of the gods and the god of Sky and Thunder. Asclepius (pronounced /æsˈkliːpiːəs/, Greek, transliterated Asklēpiós; Latin Aesculapius) is the god of Medicine Accordingly, the busts of Hippocrates that we have could be only altered versions of portraits of these deities. ^[53] Hippocrates and the beliefs that he embodied are considered medical ideals. Fielding Garrison, an authority on medical history, stated, "He is, above all, the exemplar of that flexible, critical, well-poised attitude of mind, ever on the lookout for sources of error, which is the very essence of the scientific spirit". Colonel Fielding Hudson Garrison, MD ( November 5, 1870 &ndash April 18, 1935) was an acclaimed medical historian, ^[57] "His figure. . . stands for all time as that of the ideal physician”, according to A Short History of Medicine, inspiring the medical profession since his death. ^[59]The

Legends

Most stories of Hippocrates' life are likely to be untrue because of their inconsistency with historical evidence, and because similar or identical stories are told of other figures such as Avicenna and Socrates, suggesting a legendary origin. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born SOCRATES is the European Community action programme in the field of Education. Even during his life, Hippocrates' renown was great, and stories of miraculous cures arose. For example, Hippocrates was supposed to have aided in the healing of Athenians during the Plague of Athens by lighting great fires as "disinfectants" and engaging in other treatments. The Plague of Athens was a devastating Epidemic which hit the City-state of Athens in ancient Greece during the second year of the Peloponnesian There is a story of Hippocrates curing Perdiccas, a Macedonian king, of "love sickness". Perdiccas II ( Greek: Περδίκκας Β) was King of Macedonia from about 454 BC to about 413 BC Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most Love sickness is a non-medical term used to describe mental and physical symptoms associated with Falling in love. Neither of these accounts is corroborated by any historians and they are thus unlikely to have ever occurred. ^[60][61][62]

Kos town: The Plane Tree of Hippocrates, under which Hippocrates is said to have worked. Kos or Cos ( Greek: Κως Turkish: İstanköy; Italian: Coo formerly Stanchio in English is a Greek The Tree of Hippocrates is the plane tree (or platane, in Europe) under which according to the Legend, Hippocrates of Kos ^[63]

Another legend concerns how Hippocrates rejected a formal request to visit the court of Artaxerxes, the King of Persia. Artaxerxes (Latin Greek Ἀρταξέρξης is a corruption of Old Persian Artaxšacā, "whose reign is through arta (truth" The following is a comprehensive list of kings of Persia, which includes all of the empires ruling over geographical Iran ^[64] The validity of this is accepted by ancient sources but denied by some modern ones, and is thus under contention. ^[65] Another tale states that Democritus was supposed to be mad because he laughed at everything, and so he was sent to Hippocrates to be cured. Democritus ( Greek:) was a pre-Socratic Greek Materialist Philosopher (born at Abdera in Thrace ca Hippocrates diagnosed him as having a merely happy disposition. Democritus has since been called "the laughing philosopher". ^[66]

Not all stories of Hippocrates portrayed him in a positive manner. In one legend, Hippocrates is said to have fled after setting fire to a healing temple in Greece. Sleep temples (also known as dream temples or Egyptian sleep temples) are regarded by some as an early instance of Hypnosis over 4000 years ago Soranus of Ephesus, the source of this story, names the temple as the one of Knidos. Soranus, Greek Physician, born at Ephesus, lived during the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian (AD 98-138 Ephesus ( Hittite Apasa; Ancient Greek; Turkish Efes) was a city of ancient Anatolia. Cnidus or Knidos ( Greek: Κνίδος /Knidos at the modern-day locality called Tekir in Turkey) was an ancient Greek However centuries later, the Byzantine Greek grammarian John Tzetzes, writes that Hippocrates burned down his own temple, the Temple of Cos, speculating that he did it to maintain a monopoly of medical knowledge. John (Johannes Tzetzes (Ιωάννης Τζέτζης (c 1110 &ndash 1180 was a Byzantine Poet and Grammarian known to have lived at Constantinople In Economics, a monopoly (from Greek monos, alone or single + polein, to sell exists when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient This account is very much in conflict with traditional estimations of Hippocrates' personality. Other legends tell of his resurrection of Augustus's nephew; this feat was supposedly created by the erection of a statue of Hippocrates and the establishment of a professorship in his honor in Rome. This article concerns itself with Jesus Christ Christian, Islamic and other religious interpretations of resurrection in general Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was ^[62][60][33]

Genealogy

Hippocrates' legendary genealogy traces his paternal heritage directly to Asklepius and his maternal ancestry to Hercules. Hercules is the Roman name for the Mythical Greek hero Heracles, son of Zeus and the mortal Alcmena. ^[27] According to Tzetzes’s Chiliades, the ahnentafel of Hippocrates II is:^[67]

An image of Hippocrates on the floor of the Asclepieion of Kos, with Asklepius in the middle. The Chiliades (more properly the Book of Histories) is a work of the 12th century by John Tzetzes, a Byzantine grammarian An Ahnentafel (or Ahnenreihe) is a Genealogical numbering system that allows one to list a person's ancestors in a particular order In ancient Greece, an asclepieion (or asklepieion) was a healing temple, sacred to the god Asclepius. Asclepius (pronounced /æsˈkliːpiːəs/, Greek, transliterated Asklēpiós; Latin Aesculapius) is the god of Medicine

1. Hippocrates II. “The Father of Medicine”
2. Heraclides
4. Hippocrates I.
8. Gnosidicus
16. Nebrus
32. Sostratus III.
64. Theodorus II.
128. Sostratus, II.
256. Thedorus
512. Cleomyttades
1024. Crisamis
2048. Dardanus
4096. Sostatus
8192. Hippolochus
16384. Podalirius
32768. Asklepius

Namesakes

Some clinical symptoms and signs have been named after Hippocrates as he is believed to be the first person to describe those. Asclepius (pronounced /æsˈkliːpiːəs/, Greek, transliterated Asklēpiós; Latin Aesculapius) is the god of Medicine Hippocratic face is the change produced in the countenance by death, or long sickness, excessive evacuations, excessive hunger, and the like. The Hippocratic face ( facies Hippocratica in Latin) is the change produced in the Face by impending Death, or long Sickness, excessive Clubbing, a deformity of the fingers and fingernails, is also known as Hippocratic fingers. In Medicine, clubbing, finger clubbing, or digital clubbing is a deformity of the Fingers and fingernails that is associated with a Hippocratic succussion is the internal splashing noise of hydropneumothorax or pyopneumothorax. Hydropneumothorax implies presence of both air and fluid in the pleural space ( i Hippocratic bench (a device which uses tension to aid in setting bones) and Hippocratic cap-shaped bandage are two devices named after Hippocrates. The Hypocratic bench or scamnum was a device invented by Hippocrates (c ^[68] Hippocratic Corpus and Hippocratic Oath are also his namesakes. The Hippocratic Corpus (Latin Corpus Hippocraticum) Hippocratic Collection, or Hippocratic Canon, is a collection of around seventy early medical works The Hippocratic Oath is an oath traditionally taken by physicians pertaining to the ethical practice of medicine The drink hypocras is also believed to be invented by Hippocrates. Hypocras (various spellings include ypocras, hippocras and hipocras) is a drink made from Wine, possibly heated and mixed with spices most Risus sardonicus, a sustained spasming of the face muscles may also be termed the Hippocratic Smile. Risus sardonicus is a highly characteristic abnormal sustained spasm of the facial muscles that is most often observed as a symptom of Tetanus.

In modern age, a lunar crater has been named after him — the Hippocrates. This is a list of craters on the Moon. The large majority of these features are Impact craters The crater nomenclature is governed by the International Hippocrates is a lunar crater on the far side of the Moon. It is located in the northern region of the lunar surface to the north of Stebbins Hippocratic Museum, a museum on the Greek island of Kos is dedicated to him. The Hippocratic Museum is a Museum, on the Greek Island of Kos, dedicated to the ancient Greek Physician Hippocrates A museum is a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development open to the public which acquires conserves researches communicates and exhibits the The Hippocrates Project is a program of the New York University Medical Center to enhance education through use of technology. The Hippocrates Project is a program of the New York University Medical Center which works with modern technologies to "enhance the learning process" New York University ( NYU) is a private, Nonsectarian, Coeducational Research University in New York City. Project Hippocrates (an acronym of "HIgh PerfOrmance Computing for Robot-AssisTEd Surgery") is an effort of the Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science and Shadyside Medical Center, "to develop advanced planning, simulation, and execution technologies for the next generation of computer-assisted surgical robots. Project Hippocrates (an acronym of " HI ghly P erf' O' rming C omputer for R obot- A ssis' TE' d S urgery" The School of Computer Science (SCS at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA is a leading private school for Computer "^[69]

Notes

References

A woodcut of the reduction of a dislocated shoulder with a Hippocratic device. For the origins of the technique and non-artistic use see Woodblock printing; for the related technique invented in the 18th century see Wood engraving In Materials science, a dislocation is a Crystallographic defect, or irregularity within a Crystal structure.

Further reading